pemikiran politik islam

7/31/2019 Pemikiran Politik Islam

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QKLCBCXMD Q@GC^CB CYGML

Nkdomd j{j{x ymsm mb{c' lkybcq{d jmxmdo mnm `xmdo smdo hkdmx,hkdmx

j{j{x' hmfwm ymsm q{dsm bk~kxhm~mymd mbmnklcb nc hcnmdo cdc$ Lkdocdom~ xcwmsm~

qkdncncbmd smdo ykgmlm cdc nc~klq{f l{gmc nmxc qkdncncbmd nmymx' lkdkdomf

nmd ~cdooc ykl{mdsm nc jmg{x ykb{gkx$ B`dykb{kdycdsm' cdc ~kd~{ hkxqkdomx{f

qmnm `hskb bmjcmd smdo mbmd nchmfmy$ Lcymgdsm' gc~kxm~{x smdo ncmi{ fmdsmgmf

hkx{qm nm~m ykb{dnkx &hmim: ~kxjklmfmd#$ H{bmd smdo hkxhmfmym Mxmh ykhmomc

y{lhkx mygcdsm$

^{gcymd cdc ~cnmb gmcd fmdsmgmf ykbknmx xkegkbyc cd~kgkb~{mg yk`xmdo

hkxqkdncncbmd ykb{gkx' hkxmomlm Cygml nmd hkxlcdm~ qmnm bmjcmd bkcygmlmd

{l{ldsm nmd qklcbcxmd q`gc~cb Cygml bf{y{ydsm$ C~{ ymjm bmgm{ nmqm~$ Nkdomd

bkxkdnmfmd fm~c ymsm mb{c ~kxnmqm~ hmdsmb imim~ nmgml ~{gcymd cdc ykfcdoom

hkg{l gmsmb ncykh{~ ykhmomc ~{gcymd cglcmf$ [d~{b c~{ ykl{m czcdbmdgmf ymsm

{d~{b ~cnmb lcd~m lmme$ Ykhmh gkhcf mncg hcgm Mdnm lklh{m~ ~{gcymd nkdomd ~klm

smdo ymlm ykhmomc b`lqmxmycdsm$

C$ QKDNMF[G[MD

Lkdjkgmdo wmem~dsm == F/598 L' Dmhc L{fmllmn YM_ y{nmf

lklqxkncbyc qkxqkimfmd nc bmgmdomd {lm~ Cygml$ Bki{mgc jcbm lkxkbm ~k~mq

lkdjmgmdbmd ysmxcmf &f{b{l Cygml# smc~{: b`nk qxcgmb{ nmgml qcbcxmd lm{q{d

qkxh{m~md yk~cmq l{ygcl smdo hkxy{lhkx qmnm: Qkx~mlm' mg Bc~mh &mg ]{xmd#

smdo lkx{qmbmd wmfs{ Cggmfc$ Bkn{m' mg Y{ddmf Dmhmwcssmf &~xmncyc# smdo ~cnmb

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2/21

gmcd hkx{qm qxcgmb{ dmhc ykhmomc xkegkbyc mqgcbmyc mg Bc~mh &Lmnjcn' =33>#$ Nkdomd

nklcbcmd' ysmxcmf lkdimb{q qkxy`mgmd l`xmg' qxcgmb{ nmd m~{xmd chmnmf$

^kxlmy{b lmymgmf q`gc~cb bkdkomxmmd

Mg ]{xmd ~cnmb ymlm nkdomd f{b{l q`yc~ce nmd xcymgmf ~k`g`ocm$ ^k~mqc cm

lkx{qmbmd y{lhkx mjmxmd k~cy qxchmnc nmd y`ycmg hkxnmymxbmd ~m{fcn: Nmd Bmlc

~kgmf ~{x{dbmd bkqmnml{ Bc~mh &mg ]{xmd# nkdomd lklhmwm bkhkdmxmd'

lklhkdmxbmd mqm smdo mnm ykhkg{ldsm' smc~{ bc~mh,bc~mh &smdo nc~{x{dbmd

ykhkg{ldsm# nmd hm~{ {jcmd ~kxfmnmq bc~mh,bc~mh smdo gmcd c~{' lmbm q{~{ybmdgmf

qkxbmxm lkxkbm lkd{x{~ mqm smdo Mggmf ~{x{dbmd nmd jmdomdgmf bml{ lkdocb{~c

fmwm dmey{ lkxkbm nkdomd lkdcdoomgbmd bkhkdmxmd smdo ~kgmf nm~mdo

bkqmnml{&mg Lmcnmf2 >6#$

Yk~kgmf L{fmllmn wmem~' qkdoomd~cdsm smdo ncbkdmg ykhmomc mg Bf{gmem

mg Xmyscncd ncmd~mxmdsm: Mh{ Hmbmx' [lmx chd Bfm~~mh' [~ylmd chd Meemd nmd Mgc

chd Mh{ ^fmgch lkgmdj{~bmd bkqklclqcdmddsm$ ^k~mqc lkxkbm fmdsm ykhmomc

qklclqcd {lm~$ H{bmd qkdmeycx {~mlm xcymgmf Cygml smdo lkdjmnc fmb qkx`oxm~ce

L{fmllmn ykhmomc {~{ymd Cggmfc$

[ymfm qkx~mlm qklh{b{md mg ]{xmd smdo ncykh{~ l{yfme ncgmb{bmd

qmnm lmym bfmgcemf qkx~mlm Mh{ Hmbmx m~my {y{g [lmx chd Bfm~~mh smdo bkgmb

~kxqcgcf ykhmomc bfmgcemf bkn{m$ Qx`skb cdc ykgkymc nc lmym bfmgcemf bk~com [~ylmd

chd Meemd$ C~{gmf smdo lkdjmnc mi{md ymlqmc ykbmxmdo &Lmnjcn' =33>#$

Yky{mc nkdomd lmby{n mwmg ~{gcymd cdc' bmjcmd ~kd~mdo Qklcbcxmd Q`gc~cb

Cygml &Ec}f Ycsmymf# hkxycem~ n{ommd &nzmddc#$ Mx~cdsm' cm lkdkxclm qkx{hmfmd

zmlmd smdo q{dsm nclkdyc g{my$ Ykgmcd c~{ lkdocbm~ nmd wmjch nc~mm~c$ ^kxlmy{b

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3/21

`gkf l{j~mfcnsmdo fmycg cj~cfmn,dsm hkxhknm &Mzfmx' =335#$ ^{gcymd cdc lkl{m~

yklhcgmd q`b`b hmfmymd ykhmomc hkxcb{~: Qkx~mlm' cgl{ bkcygmlmd nmd

qklcbcxmd q`gc~cb$ Bkn{m' ykjmxmf nmd q`gc~cb Cygml$ Bk~com' ec~dmf hkymx nmd

qkxqkimfmd {lm~$ Bkklqm~' qkx{hmfmd hkd~{b qklkxcd~mfmd Cygml$ Bkgclm'

qmfml nmgml Cygml nmd qklcfmbmd q gc~cb$ Bkkdml' cd~kgkb~{mg Cygml nmd

bk{~{fmd {lm~$ Bk~{j{f' fkggkdcylk nmgml qklcbcxmd Cygml$ Bknkgmqmd' Cygml'

q`gc~cb nmd dkomxm$ Bkyklhcgmd' bfmgcemf' y~x{b~{x nm{gmf mg Cygml nmd wcgmsmf

Cygml$

CC$ CGL[ BKCYGMLMD NMD QKLCBCXMD Q@GC^CB

Mnm klqm~ bmjcmd bkcgl{md nmgml Cygml smdo qkxg{ ncbk~mf{c nmd

ncqmfmlc nc hmwmf cdc:

=$ Ec}f: lklhcnmdoc ykoc,ykoc e xlmg qkxchmnm~md nmd f{b{l$ Ycem~dsm

kby`~kxcy~cb &gmfcxcmf#$

8$ ^mymw{e: lklhcnmdoc ykoc,ykoc qkdofmsm~md nmd qkdomlmgmd bkmomlmmd

cdncucn{mg$ Ycem~dsm ky`~kxcy~cb &hm~cdcmf#$

9$ Emgymemf: lklhcnmdoc ykoc,ykoc smdo hkxycem~ qkxkd{domd yqkb{gm~ce ~kd~mdo

fcn{q nmd Mggmf Y_^ nkdomd hkxhmomc nkxcumycdsm$

>$ Bmgml: lkx{qmbmd ~k`g oc ncmgkb~cy smdo lklhmfmy yclq{g,yclq{g

bkqkximsmmd' bkkymmd Mggmf Y_^ nmd q`b`b,q`b`b mjmxmd Cygml$ Cdc ncykh{~

j{om ykhmomc cgl{ m}mcn &m}cnmf m~m{ ~m{fcn# m~m{ [yf{g mg Ncd &Lmnjcn'

=33;#$

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4/21

Yklkd~mxm qklcbcxmd q gc~cb Cygml &ec}f ycsmymf# bgmycb j{om lkl{m~

klqm~ bkikdnkx{domd nc hmwmf cdc:

=$ Hkxbmc~md nkdomd gkoc~clmyc m~m{ f{b{l Cygml$

8$ Hcx`bxmyc smdo lkdo{dobmqbmd y~x{b~{x nmd fckxmxbc qklkxcd~mfmd Cygml$

9$ H{nmsm smdo lkx{qmbmd k~cbk~ nmd ~xmncyc qkdo{mym Cygml$

>$ Myqkb k~cy smdo hkx{qm dmykfm~ nmgml b`d~kby k~cbm hmoc qkdo{mym Cygml$

Nc ycyc gmcd mnm ~com qkdnkbm~md nmgml lkgcfm~ f{h{domd md~mxm Cygml

nkdomd dkomxm:

=$ Cygml h{bmdgmf yklm~m,lm~m momlm nmgml qkxyqkb~ce Hmxm~ smdo

lkdsmdob{~ f{h{domd md~mxm lmd{ycm nkdomd ^{fmd$

8$ Cygml mnmgmf momlm nmgml qkxyqkb~ce Hmxm~ smdo ~cnmb hkxf{h{domd nkdomd

lmymgmf dkomxm$

9$ Cygml ~cnmb lkl{m~ ycy~kl dkomxm ~k~mqc lkl{m~ ykqkxmdobm~ ~m~m dcgmc k~cbm

hmoc bkfcn{qmd hkxhmdoym nmd hkxdkomxm &Mzfmx' =335#$

CCC$ YKJMXMF NMD Q@GC^CB CYGML

Ykjmxmf nmd q gc~cb chmxm~ ykbkqcdo lm~m {mdo nkdomd n{m ycyc smdo

hkxhknm$ Ykjmxmf mnmgmf q`gc~cb lmym gmg{ nmd q`gc~cb mnmgmf ykjmxmf lmym bcdc$

Nkdomd bm~m gmcd' bmgm{ hkxhcimxm ~kd~mdo q`gc~cb Cygml lmbm lm{ ~cnmb lm{

fmx{y hkxhcimxm ~kd~mdo ykjmxmf Cygml q{gm$

Ykqkdcdoomg L{fmllmn ykjmxmf lkdim~m~ bkqklclqcdmd {lm~ hkxmgcf bk

~mdomd mg Bf{gmem mx Xmyscncd: Mh{ Hmbmx' [lmx chd Bfm~~mh' [~ylmd chd Meemd

nmd Mgc chd Mh{ ^fmgch$

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5/21

Hchc~ qkxqkimfmd ncl{gmc nkdomd mg Ec~dmf mg B{hxm &ec~dmf hkymx

qkx~mlm# nmgml ykjmxmf q`gc~cb Cygml nkdomd ~kxh{d{fdsm bfmgcemf bk~com [~ylmd

chd Meemd `gkf ykbkg`lq`b `xmdo Mxmh Lkycx q{xc~md smdo xmncbmg$ Lkxkbm

lkdomdoomq bkqklclqcdmd [~ylmd smdo nkyq`~cy fmdsm lkdo{d~{dobmd

q{mbdsm ykdncxc &Hmdc [lmssmf#$ Cdncbmycdsm ~kxgcfm~ nmxc qkdklqm~md bkg{mxom

nkbm~dsm O{hkxd{x Nmlmyb{y L{mwcsmf chd Mh{ Y{esmd nmgml y~x{b~{x

qklkxcd~mfmd$

^kxqcgcfdsm Mgc chd Mh{ ^fmgch ykq{q{ ykbmgco{y lkdmd~{ L{fmllmn

ykhmomc bfmgcemf bk~com ~cnmb ykx~m lkx~m lkxknmbmd bk~komdomd m~my bmy{y

qklh{d{fmd cdc$ L{mwcsmf ~cnmb lkdomb{c bkqklclqcdmd Mgc smdo hkxmymg nmxc

Hmdc Fmyscl$ Bki{mgc cm lkdo{y{~ ~{d~my nmd lkdomncgc qkgmb{ qklh{d{fmd

[~ylmd$ Cx`dcydsm' Mgc smdo ~kxbkdmg ykhmomc yk`xmdo smdo hkxqcbcxmd jkxdcf nmd

hkxfm~c,fm~c nmgml hkx~cdnmb cdc mbfcxdsm lmgmf nc~{n{f ykhmomc lmy~kx lcdn

nmgml qkxcy~cwm bkjc c~{$ Ykhmh cm nc~{ncdo hkxmlhcyc lkdjmnc bfmgcemf nmd

bkikwm bk~cbm ~kxqcgcfdsm [~ylmd ykhmomc bfmgcemf bk~com n{g{$

^{n{fmd smdo ncmdoomq ~cnmb hkxnmymx cdc lklci{ qkxmdo Yfceecd &nmkxmf

md~mxm Cxmb nmd Yscxcm# ~mf{d 5;6 md~mxm qkdocb{~ Mgc nkdomd qkdocb{~ L{mwcsmf$

Cdcgmf smdo ncbkdmg ykhmomc ec~dmf hkymx bkn{m nmgml ykjmxmf q`gc~cb Cygml$

Ykimxm lcgc~kx Mgc lkdo{doo{gc L{mwcsmf ~k~mqc cm bmgmf ykimxm ncqg`lmyc$

Gmwmddsm lklcd~m okdim~md ykdjm~m nkdomd lkgk~mbbmd mg ]{xmd nc {j{do

qknmdodsm ykhmomc yclh g lkdskxmf$ Bkl{ncmd l{gmcgmf ~mfmq qkxmdo

ncqg`lmyc smdo lklmdo ymdom~ ncb{mymc L{mwcsmf smdo ~kxbkdmg gcicd hkxycgm~

gcnmf$ Hkxhknm jm{f nkdomd y`y`b Mgc smdo ~kxbkdmg j{j{x$ Ykx~m ykgmg{

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6/21

lkdom~mbmd smdo hkdmx mnmgmf hkdmx nmd smdo ymgmf mnmgmf ymgmf$ ^k~mqc

nmgml q`gc~cb g`ocbmdsm hkxhknm$ ^`dobm~ b`lmdn` hkxmgcf bk ~mdomd L{mwcsmf

smdo ykokxm lklcdnmfbmd q{ym~ qklkxcd~mfmd nmxc Lmncdmf &Mxmh Ym{nc# bk

Nmlmyb{y &Yscxcm#$ Nmxc ycdcgmf l{gmc hmhmb hmx{ nmgml ykjmxmf q`gc~cb Cygml$

CU$ EC^DMF HKYMX NMD QKXQKIMFMD [LM^

Ec~dmf hkymx qkx~mlm mnmgmf ~kxh{d{fdsm [~ylmd chd Meemd nmd ec~dmf

hkymx bkn{m qkxmdo Yfceecd md~mxm qkdocb{~ Mgc chd Mh{ ^fmgch nkdomd qkdocb{~

L{mwcsmf chd Mh{ Y{esmd$ Bkn{m qkxcy~cwm cdc q{dsm b`dykb{kdyc hkymx nmgml

qkxjmgmdmd ykjmxmf q`gc~cb Cygml hkxcb{~dsm$

Mnm n{m qcfmb smdo ~cnmb q{my: bm{l Bfmwmxcj &Qklhkg`~# nmd bm{l

Yscmf &Qmx~mc Mgc#$ Bfmwmxcj ~cnmb lkds{bmc hmcb L{mwcsmf lm{q{d Mgc$ Ykx~m

lkdomdoomq bkn{mdsm lmd{ycm hkxn`ym smdo ~cnmb gmsmb ncykh{~ l{ygcl gmoc

smdo fmgmg nmxmfdsm {d~{b nch{d{f$ Ykhmgcbdsm Yscmf jmnc qkdn{b{do yk~cm Mgc$

L{mwcsmf smdo hkgmjmx hmdsmb nmxc qklh{d{fmd [~ylmd g`g`y nmxc lm{~$ ^k~mqc

lmgmdo hmoc Mgc smdo ~kwmy ~mf{d 55=$

^cdoomgmf L{mwcsmf ymdo qkdo{mym ~{doomg l{gmc lkdofmhcyc ym~{ qkx

ym~{ l{y{fdsm$ ^cnmb fmdsm Bfmwmxcj ~k~mqc j{om Yscmf smdo ykbmxmdo hmdsmb

hkxl{bcl nc Cxmd nmd ykhmocmd Cxmb$ Ymgmf ym~{ qkxcy~cwm smdo qmgcdo ~kxbkdmg

mnmgmf qklhmd~mcmd i{i{ L{fmllmn' Clml F{ykcd chd Mgc `gkf Smzcn chd

L{mwcsmf nc Bmxhmgm &Cxmb#$ Mfgc ykjmxmf Cygml lkd{~{xbmd bkqmgm F{yykcd

ncqkdoomg nmd ncykqmb bk ymdm bk lmxc `gkf qmy{bmd Smycn hmomcbmd qkxlmcdmd

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7/21

ykqmb h`gm$ Qkxcy~cwm ~xmocy cdc ncqkxcdom~c ykimxm hkymx,hkymxmd ykhmomc fmxc

Mys{xm yk~cmq ~mdoomg =1 L{fmxml `gkf qkdocb{~ Yscmf nc Cxmd$

Hkxhknm nkdomd Bfmwmxcj smdo lklmdnmdo lmd{ycm yknkxmjm~ nc

fmnmqmd Mggmf Y_^ nmd ~cnmb lkdomb{c qxcukgyk Mxmh ]{xmcys' Yscmf

lkdn{b{do Mgc bmxkdm hkxf{h{domd nmxmf nkdomd L{fmllmn$ Cy~xc Mgc' Em~clmf

hcd~c L{fmllmn mnmgmf mdmb qkxklq{md bkymsmdomd dmhc$ Nmxc qmymdomd cdc

gmfcxgmf Fmyymd nmd F{yykcd smdo bkn{mdsm ~kxh{d{f$ Fmyymd ncxmi{d nmd

F{yykcd ncyklhkgcf `gkf qmy{bmd Smzcn$ Qkxbklhmdomd ykgmdj{~dsm' Yscmf q{d

~kxqkimf,hkgmf ykhmomc hkxcb{~:

=$ C~ydm Mysmxcmf &Yscmf =8 Clml# smdo lms`xc~my nc Cxmd nmd ykhmocmd Cxmb cdc

lklcgcf ycbmq ncml nmd gkhcf nkl`bxm~ nmxcqmnm Cylmcgcssmf &Mzxm' =335#$

Ymlqmc mhmn UC lkxkbm ~cnmb lkdoo{dmbmd Hmfmym Qmxyc$ ^mf{d =;1=

ncdmy~c Ymemucmf smdo hkxb{mym nc Cxmd lkdjmncbmd C~ydm Mysmxcmf cdc ykhmomc

momlm dkomxm$

8$ Zmcncssmf smdo ncmlhcg nmxc dmlm Zmcn' i{i{ gmbc,gmbc Clml F{yykcd smdo

j{om bmbmb Clml bk,; nmd qmlmd Clml bk,5$ Lkxkbm hmdsmb hkxl{bcl nc

Smlmd$

9$ Cylmcgcssmf smdo ncmlhcg nmxc dmlm q{~xm y{g{do Clml bk,5$ Lkxkbm

lkdomdoomq mg ]{xmd lklcgcbc lmbdm mgko`xcy hkxycem~ hm~cdcmf smdo ykimxm

xmfmycm nchkxcbmd qmnm Mgc nmd bk~{x{dmddsm$ Mjmxmd {g~xm kgc~cy cdc

lkdmlqmbbmd ncxc nmgml ncdmy~c ]mxlmgcssmf smdo hkxb{mym nc Hmfxmcd nmd

ncdmy~c Em~clcssmf mfgc wmxcy Mgc nmd Em~clmf lkgmg{c Cylmcg smdo hkxb{mym nc

Lkycx ~mf{d 353 ==?=$

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8/21

>$ Lmfzmh Dczmxc~mf{d =13> ncmlhcg nmxc dmlm ym{nmxm gmbc,gmbc Fmyymd chd mg

Ymhhmf smdo fcgmdo$ Cm lkd`gmb lkdomb{c bfmgcemf mg L{y~mgc nc ^cl{x nmd

bkgmb mhmn VCV hkxb{mym nc mdmb hkd{m Cdncm$ Clmldsm smdo ~kxbkdmg mnmgmf

Mom Bfmd$

;$ D{ymcxcm~m{Mgmwcsmdo hkxb{mym lkgmg{c qmx~mc y`ycmgcy Hm~f nc Yscxcm lmgmf

lkdomdoomq Mgc ykdncxc ykhmomc Mggmf Y_^$

5$ Nx{zk smdo ncqclqcd `gkf Clml L{ym Ymnx qkdocb{~ C~ydm Msmxcmf nc Gchmd`d

lkdom~mbmd Mggmf Y_^ l{di{g nmgml ncxc dmhc nmd Clml$

?$ Nmxmzc qmnm mhmn VC lkdsm~mbmd bfmgcemf Em~clcssmf Fmbcl &355 =18=#

ykhmomc qkxw{j{nmd Mggmf Y_^$ Lkxkbm ~cnmb hkxq{mym nc h{gmd Xmlmnfmd

nmd ~cnmb lkd{dmcbmd X{b{d Cygml bk,; dmcb fmjc bk Lkbmf &L`x~clkx' =36=#$

U$ QKX[HMFMD HKD^[B QKLKXCD^MFMD CYGML

^mlqcgdsm L{mwcsmf chd Mh{ Y{esmd nmgml qkd~my q gc~cb Cygml

lkdo{hmf hkd~{b qklkxcd~mfmd Cygml smdo nkl`bxm~cy bk l`dmxbc mhy g{~$

^kgcfm~ bk~cbm Smzcn chd L{mwcsmf lkdoomd~cbmd bkn{n{bmd msmfdsm ykhmomc

bfmgcemf hkxnmymxbmd omxcy bk~{x{dmd smdo ~cnmb gmcd nmxc ~xchmgcylk Mxmh qxm

Cygml smdo lkdsclqmdo nmxc qxcdycq Cygml smdo nkl`bxm~cy nmd komgc~kx$ Q{ym~

qklkxcd~mfmd q{d ncqcdnmfbmd bk Nmlmyb{y &Yscxcm# smdo ykl{gm

hkxbkn{n{bmd nc Lmncdmf &Mxmh Ym{nc# smdo n{g{dsm hkxdmlm Sm~yxch nmd icbmg,

hmbmg qkxbklhmdomd Cygml qmyim fcjxmf,dsm dmhc nmxc Lkbmf$

Ykjmxmf lkdim~m~ bkb{mymmd Hmdc [lmssmf &55= ?>3# q{d

nc~{lhmdobmd `gkf Hmdc Mhhmyscmf &?>3 =8;6# smdo lkx{qmbmd bk~{x{dmd

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9/21

qmlmd dmhc' Mhhmy$ Q{ym~ qklkxcd~mfmd q{d hkxqcdnmf gmoc bk Bf{xmymd &Cxmd#

~k~mqc ncmgcfbmd bk Hmofnmn &Cxmb# b ~m smdo ncmdoomq gkhcf b`yl`q gc~md$

Bkjmsmmddsm q{d hkxmbfcx yk~kgmf ncg{g{fgmd~mbbmd `gkf qmy{bmd hmxhmx

L`do`gcm$ Yc~{myc umb{l cdc nclmdemm~bmd `gkf Y{g~md Lmlg{b nc Lkycx {d~{b

lkgkqmybmd ncxc nmxc bkb{mymmd Hmofnmn nkdomd lkdncxcbmd bkbfmgcemfmd

h`dkbm$ ^mqc ~mf{d =;=? ncykxh{ `gkf Hmdc [~ylmdcssmf &=833 =38># smdo

hkxb{mym nc ^{xbc$ Smdo ~kxmbfcx cdc ykhkdmxdsm lmycf bk~{x{dmd L`do`gcm g{mx

hmocmd ykgm~md nmdm{ Hmcbmg ykhkgmf {~mxm O{x{d O`hc$ Lkxkbm lkdoklhmxm bk

Mycm Hmxm~ Nmsm nmd lkdomgmlc qx`yky cygmlcymyc nmxc mhmn UC V$

^mf{d =1?= ^{xbc Ymgj{b lkdomgmfbmd Hczmd~c{l nc Lmdzcbkx~ nkbm~

nmdm{ Umd nmd lkdo{mymc nm~mxmd Mdm~`gcm smdo lklci{ Qkxmdo Ymgch ykgmlm

8;1 ~mf{d md~mxm qmy{bmd Hmxm~ &Bxcy~kd# nkdomd qmy{bmd ^cl{x &Cygml#$ ^mf{d

=>;9 Y{g~md L{fmllmn CC smdo hkxokgmxmg Em~cf nmxc Hmdc [~ylmdcssmf lkxkh{~

B`dy~md~cd`qkg ch{ b`~m X`lmwc ^cl{x smdo hkxmomlm Bxcy~kd @x~`n`b nmd

lkdoomd~c dmlmdsm lkdjmnc Cy~mlh{g$ ^mf{d =38= lkds{y{g Mbbm jm~{f bk

~mdomd qmy{bmd Cygml &Ysmecc' =33;#$

Kbyqmdyc hkymx,hkymxmd {d~{b lklqkxg{my Nmx mg Cygml &nmkxmf Cygml#

m~my Nmx mg Fmxh &nmkxmf bmecx# cdc ncl{dobcdbmd bmxkdm xmym qkximsm ncxc smdo

~cdooc nc bmgmdomd {lm~ Cygml smdo lkdo{mymc q`gc~cb nmd lcgc~kx$ ^k~mqc bk~cbm

bkn{mdsm gkqmy nmxc ~mdomd lkxkbm ykcxcdo lkgklmfdsm Hmdc [~ylmdcssmf

lmbm lmym bkjmsmmddsm q{d hkxmbfcx$ Q{dimbdsm ~mdoomg = @b~`hkx =388

bk~cbm C~~cfmn uk ^kxmbbc smdo ncqclqcd `gkf Bklmg M~m~{xb smdo ncokgmxc `gkf

Hmxm~ ykhmomc Hmqmb Hmdoym ^{xbc l`nkxd$ Ykhmgcbdsm nc bmgmdomd ykhmocmd

3


10/21

l{ygcl lkdcgmc y`y`bdsm ~cnmb gmcd nmxc yk`xmdo qkdobfcmdm~ bk~{x{dmd Smf{nc

smdo lkds{y{q nmd lkgmb{bmd qklh{y{bmd nmxc nmgml ycy~kl bkbfmgcemfmd$ Cm

lkdomlhcg mgcf bkb{mymmd nmd lkdofmq{ybmd ycy~kl bkbfmgcemfmd$ Ykgmdj{~dsm

lkdo{hmf ^{xbc lkdjmnc xkq{hgcb ykb{gkx bkhmxm~,hmxm~md ~mdoomg 9 Lmxk~ =38>$

Hkxhmdncdo ~kxhmgcb nkdomd Hmxm~ smdo lklmy{bc mhmn qkdikxmfmd

&kdgcof~kdlkd~# lmbm Cygml lklmy{bc mhmn bkokgmqmd &~fk nmxb mok#

&Hmfdmymwc' =335#$

UC$ QMFML NMGML CYGML NMD QKLCFMBMD Q@GC^CB

=$ ]mnmxcssmf: smdo ncqkg`q`xc Bfmwmxcj qkximsm qmnm bklmlq{md lmd{ycm$

Qkdocb{~dsm hmdsmb smdo nch{x{ nmd nch{d{f `gkf qkdo{mym Hmdc [lmssmf$

Ncmd~mxmdsm Lmhmn mg J{fmdc &61 F/533 L# ~kxh{d{f nc lmym bfmgcemf Mhn{g

Lmgcb chd Lmxwmd nmd ]fmsgmd mg Nclysm}c &=1; F/?89 L# ~kxh{d{f nc lmym

bfmgcemf Fcysml chd Lmgcb$

8$ Jmhmxcssmf: smdo ncn{b{do `gkf L{mwcsmf nklc y~m~{y }{` bkb{mymmd Hmdc

[lmssmf lkdomd{~ qmfml bk~kxqmbymmd lmd{ycm$

[d~{b lklqkxym~{bmd {lm~ l{di{g b`dykq Jmlmmf smdo ncykh{~ j{om

L{~mzcgmf C' {d~{b lklhknmbmddsm nkdomd L{~mzcgmf CC' smdo ncmdoomq dk~xmg

ykimxm q`gc~cb$ B`dykq cdc ncqkg`q`xc `gkf bmgmdomd cd~kgkb~{mg Cygml nc Lmncdmf

&Fcjmz#' Nmlmyb{y &Yscxcm#' Hmyxmf nmd B{emf &Cxmb# smdo n{m ncmd~mxmdsm:

Mhn{ggmf chd [lmx nmd Mhn{ggmf chd Mhhmy lkxcd~cy hkxncxcdsm o`g`domd mg

Y{ddmf &~xmncyc# smdo lkdkxclm b`dykq Jmlmmf nmd lkdskh{~ ncxc lkxkbm

ykhmomc mfg Y{ddmf wmg Jmlmmmf &o`g`domd Y{ddc# &Lmnjcn' =33>#$

=1


11/21

Yklkd~mxm qkx~kl{md Jmhmxcssmf nkdomd b`dykq Jmlmmf lkgmfcxbmd

b`dykq hmx{ Cxjm nkdomd qkdn{b{dodsm bm{l L{xjcmf$ Hkxhknm nkdomd

Bfmwmxcj' L{xjcmf lkdomdoomq l{ygcl smdo hkxn`ym lmycf ~k~mq ncmdoomq

l{ygcl ymlqmc y~m~{y f{b{l lkxkbm nc~kd~{bmd `gkf Y_^ nc fmxc bcmlm~ dmd~c$

Yk`xmdo qklcbcx Cygml hkxqmfml ]mnmxcssmf smdo hkxdmlm mg Fmyymd mg

Hmyxc &61 =98 F/533 ?>3 L# smdo hkxncml nc Hmyxmf &Cxmb# lklhkd~{b

fmg}mf &gcdobmxmd qkdomjmxmd#$ L{xcndsm smdo hkxdmlm _myfc chd M~fm lkxcd~cy

L{~mzcgmf CC &lkxkbm smdo lklcymfbmd ncxc# ykhmomc jmgmd ~kdomf md~mxm

qkdncxcmd Bfmwmxcj nkdomd L{xjcmf nmgml lklmdnmdo kbycy~kdyc l{ygcl smdo

hkxn ym$ Lkxkbm lkdom~mbmd mbmg ymlm nkdomd wmfs{ nmgml lklmfmlc

momlm$ Qmfml cdc hmdsmb ncqkdomx{fc `gkf fkggkdcylk &ecgymem~ S{dmdc# smdo

xmyc`dmg nmd ycy~klm~cy$

Qkxbklhmdomd ykgmdj{~dsm L{~mzcgmf CClkdim~m~ gklhmxmd fc~ml nmgml

ykjmxmf q`gc~cb Cygml nkdomd lkgmb{bmd lcdfmf &cdb{cycyc# nc lmym bkb{mymmd

bfmgcemf Hmdc Mhhmycssmf mg Lml{l &6=9 669#$ ^c~cb qkxfm~cmd lkxkbm gkhcf

~kx~{j{ qmnm n{m fmg: [yf{g mg Ncd &qxcdycq,qxcdycq q`b`b momlm# nmd cgl{ Bmgml

&~k`g`oc xmyc`dmg#$ H{bmd qmnm [yf{g mg Ec}f &qxcdycq,qxcdycq j{xcyqx{nkdyc#$

UCC$ CD^KGKB^[MG CYGML NMD BK[^[FMD [LM^

[ymfm qkx~mlm smdo ncgmb{bmd `gkf qmxm cd~kgkb~{mg Cygml {d~{b lkdjmom

bk{~{fmd {lm~ ncxcd~cy `gkf Mhn{ggmf chd [lmx nmd Mhn{ggmf chd Mhhmy smdo

lkl{di{gbmd o`g`domd Y{ddc$

==


12/21

Nmgml b`d~kby ysmxcmf ncxcd~cy [yf{g mg Ec}f `gkf Clml Ysmecc &81> F/6=3

L# smdo lkx{qmbmd ymgmf yk xmdo qkdncxc klqm~ lmfzmh smdo ncmb{c$ ^com

gmcddsm mnmgmf Mh{ Fmdcemf &=;1 F/?1? L#' Mdmy chd Lmgcb & =?3 F/?3; L# nmd

Mflmn chd Fmlhmg &8>= F/6;; L#$ Ykl{mdsm lkx{j{b qmnm xkgm~cucylk cd~kxdmg

Cygml$

Yklkd~mxm nmgml Cgcl L{y~fmgmf mg Fmnc~y &lk~ nk nmd ~k xc fmnc~y#

l{di{g mg B{~{h mg yc~~mf &bc~mh smdo kdml#: mg H{bfmxc &8;5 F/6?1 L#' L{ygcl

&85= F/6?; F#' chd Lmjmf &8?9 F/665 L#' Mh{ Nmw{n &8?; F/665 L#' mg ^mxlcnzc

&8?3 F/638 L# nmd mg Dmymc &919 F/3=5 L#$ N{m nmxc smdo ncykh{~ qkx~mlm mg

Yfmfcfmcd &`~kd~cb#$

Mh{ mg Fmyymd mg Mysmxc &911 F/3=; L# smdo n{g{dsm qkdocb{~ L{~mzcgmf

CC hkxmgcf jmnc qkdocb{~ Y{ddc lklmbmc imxm,imxm L{~mzcgmf CC {d~{b hkxmn{

mxo{lkd~myc$ Cm lklmfmlc Cygml ykimxm ycy~klm~cy smdo nchmdo{d hkxnmymxbmd

lk~`n`g`oc yb gmy~cb nmd Mxcy~`~kgcmd$ Nkdomd nklcbcmd nmgml hcnmdo cgl{

Bmgml bm{l l{ygcl ~cnmb ~kxqkimf,hkgmf gmoc &Lmnjcn' =33;#$

UCCC$ FKGGKDCYLK NMGML QKLCBCXMD CYGML

Qkxcd~cy fkggkdcylk nc ^cl{x ^kdomf mnmgmf Cybmdnmx Smdo Mo{do smdo

nmgml gc~kxm~{x Hmxm~ ncykh{~ Mgkvmdnkx ^fk Oxkm~ smdo lkdomgmfbmd Qkxycm

~mf{d 99= YL$ L{xcn Mxcy~`~kgky cdc lkdo{mymc nmkxmf smdo ymdom~ g{my' l{gmc

nmxc Y{domc Cdn{y ymlqmc nkdomd Gm{~ ^kdomf$ Cm lklq{dsmc ~com `xmdo

jkdnkxmg: Md~co`d{y hkxb{mym nc Lmikn`dcm &nmkxmf mymg Cybmdnmx Smdo Mo{do#'

Ykgk{i{y hkxb{mym nc Yscxcm nmd Q~`gkls hkxb{mym nc Lkycx$

=8


13/21

Ncymlqcdo qkdmbg{bmd lcgc~kx' Cybmdnmx Smdo Mo{do j{om lkdncxcbmd

q{ym~,q{ym~ cd~kgkb~{mg fkggkdcylk: Cybmdnmxcmf &Lkycx#' Lky`q`~mlcm' Md~cìf'

Knkyym nmd Nmlmyb{y &Yscxcm#$

Qkdomx{f fkggkdcylk &=91 9>1 F/?;1 3;1 L# nmgml qklcbcxmd Cygml

~kxjmnc nc mbfcx bkb{mymmd bfmgcemf Hmdc [lmssmf Bfmgcn chd Smzcn &6> F/?1> L#

nmd nc lmym bkjmsmmd bfmgcemf Hmdc Mhhmycssmf mg Lml{l &=36 8=3 F/6=9

699 L#$ Smdo ~kxmbfcx cdc hmfbmd yklqm~ lkdncxcbmd hmc~ mg Fcblmf &wcylm

bkmxcemd#$

Qkdomx{f Mxcy~`~kgky ymdom~ ~kxmym nmgml mg Lmd~c} &gòcbm e`xlmg#

nkdomd lk~`nk ycy~klm~cy nmd xmyc`dmg$ Lmgmf ecgy{e S{dmdc b{d` cdc ncykh{~ mg

L{mggcl mg Mwwmg&o{x{ smdo qkx~mlm#$

Hkoc~{ q{gm mjmxmd dk`qgm~ dcylk Qg ~cd{y smdo lklmbmc b`dykq mg

Emcngcssmf &qklmdimxmd# smdo lkdkomybmd mnmdsm ~xmdykdnkdyc mg Mfyg mg

Mwwmg&mymg smdo qkx~mlm# smdo ymdom~ lklhkbmy nmgml y{ecylk$ Nmxc ycdcgmf

l{di{g mg Emgymemf &ecgymem~#$ Ecgy{e dk`qgm~ dcylk Sm}{h chd Cyfm} mg Bcdnc &8?;

F/6?1 L# mnmgmf qklcbcx Cygml qkx~mlm smdo lkdocygmlbmd fkggkdcylk smdo

qmomd &yscxcb# c~{$ Ncy{y{g chd X{ysn &;3> F/=36 L# nmgml bmxsmdsm Emyg mg

Lm}mgsmdo lkwmjchbmd lklqkgmjmxc ecgymem~ nmd gòcbm nmgml ysmxcmf &Lmnjcn'

=33>#$ Jm{f ykhkg{ldsm mhmn CC F ~kgmf l{di{g cgl{ Bmgml smdo ncxcd~cy `gkf

L{~mzcgmf CCsmdo j{om ncqkdomx{fc `gkf fkggkdcylk cdc$

CV$ CYGML' Q@GC^CB NMD DKOMXM

=9


14/21

Qmnm cd~cdsm mjmxmd Cygml lkl{m~ fmg,fmg ykhmomc hkxcb{~: ~m{fcn' hkxh{m~

hmcb qmnm `xmdo ~{m' lkgmxmdo qkxh{m~md bkjc hmcb smdo gm~kd lm{q{d smdo

lmdceky' lkgmxmdo qklh{d{fmd bki{mgc smdo ncfmgmgbmd `gkf Mggmf Y_^'

lkgmxmdo lklmbmd fmx~m mdmb sm~cl ymlqmc smdo hkxymdob{~md nkwmym'

lkgmxmdo lkdo{xmdoc ~clhmdomd' lkgmxmdo hkxh`f`do' lklkd{fc jmdjc Mggmf

Y_^ &qkxcd~mf,Dsm# nmd lkdocb{~c jmgmd,Dsm smdo g{x{y &Hmfdmymwc' =335#$

Nmgml b`d~kby ec}f ycsmymf Cygml mnmgmf momlm ykbmgco{y cnk`g`oc$

Ykhmh dkomxm nmd qklkxcd~mfmd mnmgmf kbycy~kdyc Cygml$ Dkomxm mnmgmf

~fmxc}mf &~{d~{~md `qkxmyc`dmg# smdo ykimxm ysmxcmf lkdjmncbmd Cygml ykhmomc

x{j{bmd$ Mx~cdsm' Cygml ~cnmb mbmd fcn{q ~mdqm mnmdsm dkomxm smdo lkdkxmqbmd

f{b{l Cygml nkdomd nmwmf nmd jcfmn$ Yklkd~mxm bfmgcemf ykhmomc bkqmgm

dkomxm ~cnmb lmy{l &hkhmy nmxc n`ym#$ Ykhmh dkomxm smdo ncqclqcddsm mnmgmf

dkomxm n{dcmwc$ Hkd~{b qklkxcd~mfmddsm h{bmd `~ bxmyc' nkl`bxmyc m~m{

~k`bxmyc$ Nkdomd nklcbcmd b`dykq wm~fmdcsmf &dmyc`dmgcylk# ~cnmb yky{mc

nkdomd Cygml &Dmhfmdc' =33?#$

Hkhkxmqm qklcbcx Cygml bgmycb nc hmwmf cdc lkdi`hm lkdkgmmf f{h{domd

md~mxm Cygml' q`gc~cb nmd dkomxm:

=$ Mh{ Dmyx L{fmllmn mg Emxmhc &6?1# smdo fcn{q nc lmym Hmdc Mhhmycssmf

hkxb{mym$ Qklcbcxmddsm ymdom~ cnkmgcy~cb smdo hkxl{mxm qmnm ecgymem~

bkdmhcmd$ Lkd{x{~dsm lmd{ycm mnmgmf lmbfg{b y`ycmg$ Lmysmxmbm~ ~kxhmoc:

dm~c`d y~m~k &lmysmxmbm~ yklq{xdm hkymx#' xkoc dmg y~m~k &lmysmxmbm~

yklq{xdm yknmdo# nmd ic~s y~m~k &lmysmxmbm~ yklq{xdm bkicg#$ Smdo ~kxmbfcx

=>


15/21

cdcgmf qmgcdo cnkmg lkd{x{~ mg Emxmhc$ Bfmgcemf lkx{qmbmd qkxqmn{md md~mxm

yk`xmdo dmhc nkdomd ecgy{e smdo lklq{dsmc bkmfgcmd nmd qklhmwmmd k~cy$

8$ Mh{ Fmyymd Mgc chd Fmhch Lmwmxnc mg Hmyfxc &95> >;1 F/3?; =1;3 L#

ykhmgcbdsm hkxqcbcxmd xkmgcy~cb$ Qklcbcx Cygml hkxlmfzmh Ysmecc cdc nmgml

bmxsmdsm mg Mfbml mg Y{g~fmdcssmf &b`dy~c~{yc {l{l {d~{b dkomxm#

lkdskh{~bmd dkomxm lkx{qmbmd qkxw{j{nmd mfgmg Fmgg wm mh M}n &b`d~xmb

y`ycmg# ykimxm y{bm xkgm smdo lkl{m~ {dy{x gkocygm~ce nmd bfmgcemf smdo

lkdom~{x kdml ykdnc nmgml dkomxm: momlm ykhmomc qkdokdnmgc dmey{'

qkdo{mym smdo hkxwchmwm' bkmncgmd' y~mhcgc~my dkomxm' bky{h{xmd ~mdmf nmd

fmxmqmd fcn{q$ Lkd{x{~dsm bfmgcemf fmx{ygmf hkxk~dcy Mxmh ]{xmcys$ Ykhmh

k~dcy Qkxycm nmd ^{xbc bkgcfm~mddsm lm{ lklhkx`d~mb ~kxfmnmq Hmdc

Mhhmycssmf$ Y{bykyc bfmgcemf hcym lkx{j{b qmnm ~com ~cqk: qklcg{ &Mh{

Hmbmx#' ycy~kl b`lcyc &[lmx chd Bfm~~mh# nmd ycy~kl qkd{dj{bmd gmdoy{do

`gkf bfmgcemf smdo hkxb{mym nkdomd lklkqkxfm~cbmd myqcxmyc {lm~ &[~ylmd

chd Meemd#$

9$ Mh{ Fmlcn L{fmllmn chd L{fmllmn mg ^{yc mg Ofmzmgc &=1;6 ====#

smdo ncokgmxc F{jjmf mg Cygml bmxkdm qkdok~mf{mddsm smdo g{my ~kd~mdo

Cygml$ Cm hkxqkdnmqm~ lmd{ycm mnmgmf lmbfg{b y`ycmg smdo lklkxg{bmd

xkokdkxmyc nmd kby`ycy~kl fcn{q$ Nmgml b`d~kby q`gc~cb hkx{qm moxmxcm'

fmdbml' bkfmbclmd nmd jmbym mo{do$ Momlm nmd dkomxm chmxm~ ykbkqcdo

lm~m {mdo nkdomd n{m ycyc smdo hkxhknm$ Cm lkgcfm~ dmhc q{dsm nclkdyc

n{dcm nmd mbfcxm~$ Yklkd~mxm y{g~md lkx{qmbmd hmsmdomd Mggmf Y_^ nc h{lc

{d~{b lkdjmom bk~kx~chmd n{dcm nklc mbfcxm~$

=;


16/21

>$ ^m}c mg Ncd Mh{ Mhn Mflmn chd Mhn mg Fmgcl chd Mhn Ymgml chd ^mclcsmf

&=858 =986 # fcn{q nc lmym bkx{d~{fmd Hmdc Mhhmycssmf smdo nc~mbg{bbmd

`gkf qmy{bmd L`do`gcm$ Cm lkdobxc~cb bkbfmgcemfmd smdo ~cnmb nmqm~ gmoc

ncfmxmqbmd {d~{b lkdkombbmd Nm{gmfmg Cygml$ Cm j{om lkxmo{bmd umgcnc~my

bkbfmgcemfmd hkxmymg nmxc mg ]{xmd nmd my Y{ddmf$ Nc ymlqcdo c~{ cm j{om

lkdobxc~cb ~k`xc Yscmf ~kd~mdo clmlmf smdo ~cnmb q{dsm nmymx nmgml mg

]{xmd nmd Fmnc~y$ Qmdnmdomddsm ~kd~mdo kbycy~kdyc dkomxm lcxcq nkdomd

S{dmdc b{d`$ ^k~mqc xmyc`dmgc~mydsm hkxhknm smc~{ bksmbcdmddsm ~kxfmnmq

Cygml$ Dkomxm mnmgmf qkxw{j{nmd ~{omy y{ic smdo nc~{d~{~ Cygml {d~{b

lkdnkbm~bmd ncxc bkqmnm Mggmf Y_^$ Chd ^mclcsmf lkd`gmb dkomxm Cygml

smdo ~{doomg nmd {dcukxymg$ Lkd{x{~dsm' clmdgmf smdo lkdsm~{bmd hkhkxmqm

dkomxm Cygml$

;$ Chd Bfmgn{d &=998 =>15# nmgml bmxsmdsm L{}mnnclmf lkl{m~ cd~kxqxk~myc

~kd~mdo dkomxm nmd bkb{mymmd$ Bkfcn{qmd q gc~cb fmdsm nclcgcbc `gkf

lmd{ycm$ Cm lkgcfm~ kbycy~kdyc dkomxm hkxnmymxbmd qx`yky y`yc`g`ocy nmd

momlm$ Md~mxm bkb{mymmd nmd qkdo{mym hkxycem~ Lcdmg [l{x mg Cnfmecsmf

&xkgmyc`dmg#$ Mx~cdsm' qkdo{mym lcgcb xmbsm~$ Ykhmgcbdsm' xmbsm~ q{d lcgcb

qkdo{mym$ Qkdo{mym smdo hmcb mnmgmf mg Lmfl{nmf &qkx~kdomfmd#$ Fmb,fmb

bkqmgm dkomxm: ofcgmhmf &n`lcdmyc#' mg Y{g~fmd &qklkxcd~mfmd# nmd mg

Smn}mfcxmf &~kbmdmd#$ F{h{domd md~mxwmxom dkomxm ~cnmb ykgmg{ ncnmymxc

`gkf f{b{l momlm$ ^k~mqc `gkf l`xmgc~my b`dukdyc`dmg$ Ykdmnm nkdomd chd

^mclcssmf' cm hkxqkdnmqm~ gkhcf hmcb qkdo{mym smdo mncg lkybcq{d bmecx

nmxcqmnm qkdo{mym smdo zmgcl lkybcq{d Cygml$

=5


17/21

Nc ymlqcdo c~{ l{di{g q{gm hkhkxmqm qklcbcx Cygml l`nkxd nc hmwmf cdc

smdo j{om lkdkgmmf f{h{domd md~mxm Cygml' q`gc~cb nmd dkomxm:

=$ Jmlmg{nncd mg Meofmdc &=696# smdo q{dsm nclkdyc g{my lkgkhcfc chd

^mclcssmf &Yscxcm# lm{q{d Mhn{g _mffmh &Mxmh Ym{nc#$ Cd~cdsm' cm bklhmgc

bk mjmxmd Cygml ymgmecsmf$ [d~{b lkdom~myc n`lcdmyc Hmxm~ fmx{y ncycmym~c

nkdomd lklqkgmjmxc cq~kb,dsm ykimxm kekb~ce$ Cm j{om lkdomdj{xbmd hkxncxcdsm

Jmlcmf Cygmlcsmf &Qmd Cygmlcylk#$ J{om ncqkxg{bmd xke`xlmyc q`gc~cb Cygml

nkdomd lkdo{hmf hkd~{b qklkxcd~mfmd Cygml nmxc bkbfmgcemfmd bk xkq{hgcb$

8$ L{fmllmn Mhn{f &=6>3# hkxhknm nkdomd o{x{dsm mg Meofmdc' cm ~cnmb qkn{gc

nkdomd hkd~{b dkomxm Cygml smdo ncqcgcf$ Smdo qkd~cdo lklcgcbc {dy{x

ncdmlcy smdo nmqm~ ncyky{mcbmd nkdomd ncdmlcbm zmlmd lkgmg{c cj~cfmn$

9$ Xmyscn Xcnfm &=65; # lklhmd~mf ~kycy Mhn{f smdo ~k~mq lkdofkdnmbc

hkd~{b bkbfmgcemfmd nmgml qklkxcd~mfmd Cygml$ Ykhmh cdc lkx{qmbmd

bkwmjchmd ysmxcmf smdo kbycy~kdycdsm ncqkxg{bmd nmgml xmdobm lkdkxmqbmd

ysmxcmf Cygml$ Nkdomd nklcbcmd' yk`xmdo bfmgcemf fkdnmbdsm j{om yk`xmdo

em}cf &mfgc f{b{l# &Mgc' =338#$

V$ BFMGCEMF' Y^X[B^[X NM[GMF MG CYGML NMDNMX MG CYGML

Hkxhknm nkdomd Bxcy~kd: Xkdnkx ~` Imkymx ~fm~ `e ~fk Imkymxy mdn ~`

O`n ~fm~ `e ~fk O`ny&Lm~c{y2 =?# lmbm nmgml Cygml: _mfmc `xmdo,`xmdo smdo

hkxclmd' ~mm~gmf bkqmnm Mggmf nmd qm~{fcgmf Xmy{g{ggmf ykx~m qmxm qklclqcdl{

&md Dcyym2 ;3#$ Bmgm{ Bxcy~kd qkximsm ^{fmd ykdncxc lkdjmnc lmd{ycm nmd

lkdskgmlm~bmd ycem~ lmd{ycm nkdomd lkdjmncbmd lcgcb,Dsm lmbm hmoc Cygml c~{

=?


18/21

ymlm ymjm nkdomd lkdofcdm ^{fmd$ Ykhmh lkdjm{fbmd lmd{ycm nmxc Bkkymmd

Mggmf Y_^ nmd lklh{bm qcd~{ bkl{ysxcbmd$ Mx~cdsm' Cygml ~cnmb gmcd bkqmyxmfmd

mhmnc qmnm bkfkdnmb Mggmf Y_^ smdo gkhcf ~kqm~ nco`g`dobmd ykhmomc xku`g{yc

qkxlmdkd &L`x~clkx' =36>#$

Bfmgcemf mnmgmf wmbcg {lm~ nmgml {x{ymd bkb{mymmd nmd qklkxcd~mfmd

{d~{b lkdkxmqbmd ysmxcmf Cygml$ Bfmgcemf &Mlcx{g L{blcdcd# ~cnmb lklq{dsmc

lkd~kxc' ~k~mqc l{mwcd &qklhmd~{ bfmgcemf#$ Bkb{mymmd mnm nc ~mdomd {lm~'

~k~mqc {lm~ ~cnmb hcym hkoc~{ ymjm lklkim~ bfmgcemf bki{mgc `gkf lmfbmlmf

lmnzmgcl$ ^cnmb mnm hm~my jmhm~md bfmgcemf' bki{mgc hcgm lkdsmgmfc ysmxcmf Cygml

nkdomd ymdbyc qklkim~md$ [d~{b c~{ qkxg{ ncbk~mf{c hkhkxmqm fmg ykhmomc

hkxcb{~:

=$ Cdm}mn&ysmxm~ ymf#: l{ygcl' gmbc,gmbc' hmgcof &nkwmym#' hkxmbmg' mncg' lkxnkbm

nmd lkgmbymdmbmd mlmdm~$

8$ Mengmgcsmf &ysmxm~ bk{~mlmmd#: l{j~mfcn' qklhkxmdc' bk~{x{dmd Mxmh ]{xmcys

nmd Hmdc Fmyscl$

Mnm hkhkxmqm qkxhknmmd md~mxm Nm{gmf mg Cygml nkdomd ~k`bxmyc'

l`dmxbc nmd nkl`bxmyc ykhmomc hkxcb{~:

=$ ^k`bxmyc lkdkxmqbmd ycy~kl l`dmy~cycylk &bkqkdnk~mmd# ykhmomc wmbcg

bkxmjmmd ^{fmd nc h{lc$ Yklkd~mxm bfmgcemf fmdsmgmf qklclqcd dkomxm

n{dcmwc$

8$ L`dmxbc lkdkxmqbmd wcgmsm~{g mhnc &q{~xm lmfb`~m#$ Yklkd~mxm bfmgcemf nc

hmcm~`gkf {lm~ nkdomd xcnfm nmd bkhkhmymd lklcgcf$

=6


19/21

9$ Nkl`bxmyc lkdomb{c bknm{gm~md nc ~mdomd xmbsm~$ Yklkd~mxm bfmgcemf nmd

{lm~ ~cnmb hkxfmb lklh{m~ m~{xmd ykdncxc' bki{mgc lkdomi{ qmnm mg ]{xmd

nmd my Y{ddmf$

Ycdobm~ bm~m' qcgmx qklkxcd~mfmd Cygml mnm klqm~ ykhmomc hkxcb{~:

=$ Bknm{gm~md hkxnmymxbmd ysmxcmf Cygml$

8$ Bkb{mymmd lcgcb {lm~$

9$ Qklcgcfmd bfmgcemf f{b{ldsm emxnf{ &wmjch# hmoc ykg{x{f bm{l l{ygclcd$

>$ Bfmgcemf q{dsm fmg qkx`oxm~ce lkgmb{bmd ~mhmddc&mn`hyc# f{b{l Cygml$

Yklkd~mxm y~x{b~{xNm{gmf mg Cygml ykhmomc hkxcb{~:

=$ Bfmgcemf ykhmomc bkqmgm dkomxm$

8$ L{mwcd ~mewcnf &qklhmd~{ bfmgcemf nc hcnmdo qklkxcd~mfmd#$

9$ L{mwcd ~mdecnz&qklhmd~{ bfmgcemf nc hcnmdo mnlcdcy~xmyc#$

>$ Mlcx{g jcfmn&qmdogclm qkxmdo#$

;$ _mgc&qklclqcd nmkxmf#$

5$ ]mngc&fmbcl#$

?$ Lmyfmgcf nm{gmf &nkqmx~klkd dkomxm# smdo j{om lkdo{x{yc ofmdclmf

&xmlqmymd qkxmdo#$

6$ Lmjkgcy {llm~ &gklhmom wmbcg xmbsm~# smdo ykl{mdsm hkxnmymxbmd memg

&qkxh{m~md# Xmy{g{ggmf &Dmhfmdc' =33?#$

Bkqm~{fmd qmnm bfmgcemf o{o{x mqmhcgm bfmgcemf l{x~mn &bkg{mx nmxc

momlm Cygml#' ocgm m~m{ lkdjmnc ~mwmdmd l{y{f$ Ykl{mdsm ncq{~{ybmd `gkf

lmfbmlmf lmnzmgcl smdo hkxfmb lklkim~ bfmgcemf$ Mnm klqm~ ysmxm~ Nmx mg

Cygml &wcgmsmf Cygml# ~{dn{b qmnm bfmgcemf ykhmomc hkxcb{~:

=3


20/21

=$ Bkb{mymmd wcgmsmf ~`d`l Cygml' h{bmd qx`~kb~mxcm~ dkomxm bmecx$

8$ Bkmlmdmd Cygml$

9$ Qkdkxmqmd ysmxcmf Cygml$

>$ Bfmgcemf,dsm nc hmcm~nkdomd lklkd{fc cdm}mnlkybcq{d ~cnmb mengmgcsmf$

Mg Lmwmxnc nmgml bmxsmdsm mg Mfbml my Y{g~fmdcssmf lkd{dj{bbmd

cy~cgmf h{ofm~&jmlmb# nmxc hmofcd &~{doomg# smdo hkxmx~c n{xfmbm$ Nmgml b`d~kby

bkbfmgcemfmd lkybcq{d lkdsclqmdo nmxc qkdnmqm~ lmysmxmbm~ Cygml' ~k~mqc

ykgmlm ykyk`xmdo m~m{ ykbkg`lq`b `xmdo lmycf ~mm~ bkqmnm bfmgcemf ~cnmb

h`gkf ncqkxmdoc$

Chd ^mclcsmf lkdomdj{xbmd ycbmq ymhmx ~kxfmnmq qkdo{mym zmgcl ykgmlm

smdo hkxymdob{~md lmycf yfmgm~$ O g`domd Y{ddc nmd Yscmf Zmcncssmf

lkdom~mbmd bkqmgm dkomxm smdo zmgcl ~cnmb h gkf ncb{nk~m bmxkdm nmqm~

lkdclh{gbmd bkbmim{md lkybcq{d nkdomd mgmymd mlx lmx{e dmfs l{dbmx

&lkds{x{f qmnm bkhmcbmd nmd lkgmxmdo bkzmgclmd#$

H{ofm~ cdc nccd~kxqxk~myc ykimxm hkxhknm `gkf hkxhmomc lmfzmh'

ncmd~mxmdsm ykhmomc hkxcb{~:

=$ Fmdcemf: qklhmdobmdomd ykyk xmdo m~m{ ykbkg lq`b `xmdo bkqmnm bkqmgm

dkomxm ~mdqm fm} &mgmymd smdo hkdmx# nmd ~mdqm ysm{bmf &bkb{m~md#$

8$ Lmgcb: bkqmgm dkomxm smdo zmgcl ~cnmb h`gkf lkdcdnmy qklhmdobmdo$

9$ Ysmekc: qklhmdobmdomd ykbkg`lq`b `xmdo nkdomd ysm{bmf bkqmnm bkqmgm

dkomxm nkdomd emycn&mgmymd smdo ~cnmb nmqm~ nc~kxclm#$

NME^MX Q[Y^MBM

81


21/21

Mgc' L{b~c$ Mgml Qcbcxmd Cygml L`nkxd nc Cdncm nmd Qmbcy~md$ Hmdn{do: Lczmd'=338$

Mly~x`do' Bmxkd$ L{fmllmn Ymdo Dmhc: Ykh{mf Hc oxmec Bxc~cy &~kxj$#$Y{xmhmsm: Xcymgmf O{y~c' =335$

PPPPPPPPPPPPP$ Ykjmxmf ^{fmd: Bcymf Qkdimxcmd ^{fmd smdo Ncgmb{bmd @gkf@xmdo,@xmdo Smf{nc' Bxcy~kd nmd Cygml Ykgmlm >111 ^mf{d &~kxj$#$Hmdn{do: Lczmd' 811=$

Md Dmhfmdc' ^m}cs{nncd$ Ycy~kl Qklkxcd~mfmd Cygml: N`b~xcd' Ykjmxmf nmdXk}mgc~my Klqcxcb&~kxj$#$ Hmdocg: Mg Czzmf' =335$

Mzfmx' L{fmllmn$ Ecgymem~ Q`gc~cb: Qkxhmdncdomd Md~mxm Cygml nmd Hmxm~$Jmbmx~m: Q^$ Xmjm Oxmecdn` Qkxymnm' =335$

Mzxm' Mzs{lmxnc$ Qkxo`gmbmd Q`gc~cb Cygml: Nmxc E{dnmlkd~mgcylk' L`nkxdcylkFcdoom Q`y~ L`nkxdcylk$ Jmbmx~m: Smsmymd _mbme Qmxmlmncdm' =335$

Hmfdmymwc' Ymgcl Mgc mg$ _mwmymd Q`gc~cb Cygml &~kxj$#$ Jmbmx~m: Q{y~mbm Mg,Bm{~ymx' =335$

Lmmxce' Mflmn Ysmecc$ Lklh{lcbmd Cygml$ S`osmbmx~m: Q{y~mbm Qkgmjmx' =33;$

Lmnjcn' D{xif`gcy &kn$#$ Bfmymdmf Cd~kgkb~{mg Cygml$ Jmbmx~m: H{gmd Hcd~mdo'=33>$

PPPPPPPPPPPPP $Cygml' N`b~xcd nmd Qkxmnmhmd: Ykh{mf ^kgmmf Bxc~cy ^kd~mdo

Lmymgmf Bkclmdmd' Bklmd{ycmd nmd Bkl`nkxdmd$ Jmbmx~m: Smsmymd_mbme Qmxmlmncdm' =33;$

L`x~clkx' Knwmx$ Cygml nmd Bkb{mymmd &~kxj$#$ Hmdn{do: Lczmd' =33>$

Y{gmslmd' Mhn{g Fmlcn Mh{$ Bxcycy Qklcbcxmd Cygml &~kxj$#$ Jmbmx~m: LkncmNmwmf' =33>$

_cjms`' B{d~`$ Qmxmncolm Cygml: Cd~kxqxk~myc [d~{b Mbyc$ Hmdn{do: Lczmd' =339$

8=

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