pembangunan pltb oleh kadin

8/11/2019 Pembangunan PLTB Oleh Kadin

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PRE FEASIBILITY STUDYFOR

RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECT BIO MASS POWER PLANT 30 MW (2x15 MW)

AT PULAU LAUT, SOUTH ALIMANTAN PRO!INCE


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.

PT. Aztec Resources (PTAR) is an IPP Developer that specializes in Renewable

Energy / reen Energy in con!unction with their cooperation with "uantu# $ioEnergy %ro# &pain.

PTAR sees an opportunity to i#prove the energy #i' in &outh ali#antan byeveloping an pro#oting a $io #ass power plant together with Inhutani II a

&tate *wne Enterprise belonging to the +inistry o% ,orestry an +inistry o% &tate *wn Enterprises.

The #utual bene-cial cooperation between PTAR an Inhutani II in eveloping a$io#ass Power Plant will also i#prove the %orest utilization an port%olio o% Pulau

aut &outh ali#antan ,orest especially in the %urther business plan the

cooperation will see0 the possibilities to pro uce woo pellet in the sa#e Plant. The engineering esign o% the plant will opti#ize the utilization o% all outputs(eg.heat) so the plant can operate in a #ulti %unction #anner which is thepro ucing power an woo pellets econo#ically.

The %act an the generous availability o% e'isting ,orestry Plantations at Pulauaut have contribute to eci e this as a 0ey area %or eveloping the so calle

$io +ass Power Plants. 1here its allowing the use o% available green energycontributing to the In onesian Roa +ap %or eveloping Renewable Energieswithin the Energy +i' an contributing to the general green house gase#issions with a ouble e2ect3 &ubstituting obsolete an ine4cient iesel

generation plants5 an using 6*7 neutral bio #ass %uel instea o% other types o% %ossil %uel.

The Pro!ect will be evelope in an e'isting ti#ber plantation concession(I8P99 :9TI) awar e to PT Inhutani II that starte operation i.e. Plantationo% Acacia +angiu# as #ain species alrea y run in its thir cycles #eaning it hasbeen running pro uctively %or al#ost 7; (twenty) years. This concession has ane'tension o% 7; 9a gross out o% which the net usable is


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Analyzing the i2erent #etho s o% pro ucing electricity %ro# $io +ass the #ostsuitable an latest technology has been chosen in or er to #a'i#ize the bio#ass usage an in general the pro uctivity o% the %acilities always loo0ing %orthe best Cuality/price relationship.

As #entione earlier the %oreseen installe total capacity o% the plant is @; +1net reCuiring #illionPro!ect ,inance Debt 8&G ;.> #illion

These co#putations will be calculate #ore etaile at the ,easibility stu y toensure the %easibility an pro-tability o% the pro!ect.


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CONTENTS

I. Executive Summary.II. Backgrou !

". Cou try E ergy Sector #re$e t $ituatio a ! E viro me ta%i$$ue$.

&. Su''%y (ema ! Ba%a ce i Sout) *a%ima ta a ! #o+erSo%utio

,. Bio Ma$$ #o+er #%a t a$ t)e u%timate $o%utio-. Be e t$ /or t)e regio0. Bu$i e$$ #%a Summary O12ective.

A. TEC3NICA4.

III. Site (e$cri'tio". Name o/ t)e Site&. #%a tatio Co ce$$io,. 4a ! U$e a ! ge era% $ocio eco omic 1ackgrou ! o/ t)e area-. 5e era% i /ra$tructure /aci%itie$0. Sy c)ro i6atio +it) t)e %oca% 5ri!

IV. #re%imi ary #%a t (e$ig". Bio Ma$$ /ue% $'eci catio $ a ! avai%a1i%ity.&. #o+er #%a t a ! E%ectricity 5e eratio,. A$) !i$'o$a% arra geme t$.-. Bioma$$ Su''%y

7ue% Avai%a1i%ityMet)o! o/ $ourci g 1ioma$$.#%a tatio i$$ue$ a ! tra $/er 'rice$.

0. E viro me ta% a ! Socia% Co $i!eratio $

B. 7INANCIA4S.

V. 7i a cia% #arameter$ a$$um'tio $

C. OT3ERS.

VI. #ro2ect (eve%o'me t #%a

(. 4E5A4.

VII. I $titutio a% coo'eratio


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A''e !ix ". Su''ort 4etter$ /rom #T I )uta i II a ! Regio a%Aut)oritie$

A''e !ix &. 4ega% I$$ue$

4IST O7 TAB4ES

4IST O7 7I5URES

B


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II. Backgrou !

II." T)e #re$e t $ituatio o/ I !o e$ia E ergy Sector a ! it$E viro me ta% i$$ue$ .

6li#ate change is a global issue where the part o% the strategy to co#bat thethreat involves cutting carbon e#issions. The provision o% electricity %ro# cleanrenewable sources will play a vital role tac0ling the proble#.

*n the other han as population e'pan s an evelop in ustrializingecono#ies will reCuire a itional an iverse energy sources. Energy %orecast

#o els are increasingly shi%ting towar s a iverse energy #i' whereinrenewable have an increasingly i#portant role to play.

*% course In onesia is not an e'ception where each country has to evelopaccor ing to its own nee s ob!ectives available resources an socio:politicalreality. In spite o% the tre#en ous evelop#ent o% In onesia especially in thelast ?; years with partially %ortunate vast accountability %or raw #aterials anthe ever i#proving political environ#ent In onesia is still a eveloping countrywhich %aces such i#portant challenges when it co#es to Electricity &upplyIn ustry3

ac0 o% access by #any people to a2or able electricity supply. 8n er:invest#ent in electricity in%rastructure. *ther sector ine4ciencies (-nancing in%rastructures etc) Poor overnance. 8npre ictable regulations. 8necono#ic electricity pricing an a verse environ#ental outco#es. 9ow to cope with high e#an growth both in ustrial an o#estic.

In onesia is a per%ect e'a#ple o% the above issues but also it has an a eissue which is its vast an heterogeneous territory with #ore than ?@ ;;; islanan 7/@ o% its territory being water5 as such the govern#ent has starteespecially uring this eca e a series o% #easures inten ing to ta0e the wholeenergy sector o2 an to a eCuate it to the 1orl Regulations establishe tocounter attac0 the reen 9ouse as ( 9 ) e#issions an to %ollow the roa#ap establishe to cope with In onesian contribution to the lobal Planet6li#ate 6hange.

>

I !o e$ia E%ectri catio Rate8


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,or e'a#ple as shown on the above table in ali#antan the electri-cation rateis only a @F which is signi-cantly low an certainly lower than the average inthe 6ountry.

This graphic above e#phasis even #ore that issue since speci-cally consi ersthe &outh ali#antan region is as one o% the %ocus o% Energy 6risis Area an alsoon both the eneration an the Distribution. This %act an the generousavailability o% e'isting ,orestry Plantations have contribute to eci e this as a0ey area %or eveloping the so calle $io +ass Power Plants. 1here its allowingthe use o% available green energy contributing to the In onesian Roa +ap %or

eveloping Renewable Energies within the Energy +i' an contributing to thegeneral green house gas e#issions with a ouble e2ect3 &ubstituting obsoletean ine4cient iesel generation plants5 an using 6*7 neutral bio #ass %uelinstea o% other types o% %ossil %uel.

The In onesian new Energy Policy is base on %our (


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Decentralization o% energy syste# with an increasing protagonist o% localan regional govern#ents.Rural areas electri-cation with the goal o% having ;F co#plete by 7;7;.

$ase on the HElectrical eneral Plan (R8 ) 7;;B:7;7B the %orecast %or theelectric al e#an in In onesia be #ultiply by a %actor o% three (@). This iseCuivalent to an average annual growth o% >F.

*n the other han the e'pecte In onesia HEnergy +i' towar s 7;7 is3

Re uce oil share %ro# F (7;; ) to 7;F in 7;7 . This is especiallyevi ent in &outh ali#antan with a high epen ence on ol %ashion ieselengines base Power Plants.Increasing use o% other energy sources in 7;7 .

o 6oal %ro# ? .>F in 7;; to @@Fo iCue-e 6oal to #ore than 7F.o atural as %ro# 7;F to @;Fo *ther ew an Renewable Energies to ? F.

Re uce Energy consu#ption intensity by ?F annually.I#prove Energy in%rastructures con itions.

Please chec0 in A''e !ix & about the relevant overn#ent an o4cialregulations establishe in this sector.

At present a%ter the 6openhagen Protocol an the ever increasing 1orlpressure on the environ#ent the cli#ate change an the control over the 9along with the i##ense renewable resources that In onesia posses there is anincreasing %elling both internally in the country an outsi e that Hit is notenough an that probably is the goal establishe %or Renewable Energies onthe Roa +ap with a ? F %or year 7;7 was not as aggressive as it can be.

,ro# a strict econo#ical point o% view it is really worth it to review this since

the strategy o% a high substitution o% oil by gas an coal an the relatively low


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incre#ent o% Renewable Energies ta0ing into consi eration the i##enseCuantity o% the# an their potential see#s #uch un%ocuse .

An alternative woul be to e icate #ore o% those coal an gas resources %orthe e'port #ar0et an evelop the sources o% Renewable Energies even %urther.In this way an a e value in the %or# o% carbon cre its (6lean Developing+echanis# or 6D+) has to be inclu e into the eCuation that with the priceincreasing ten ency %or all %ossil %uels the econo#ic a vantage o% RenewableEnergies in general an speci-cally the $io +ass beco#es sel% evi ent. Thisbeco#es evi ent in the ne't table. ote that the $io +ass is the secon largestin ter#s o% potential but it is only utilize in less than ?F o% that potential.

II.& Su''%y a ! (ema ! 1a%a ce i Sout) *a%ima ta . T)e #o+erSo%utio

1e have seen alrea y the opportunity that the area o2ers to evelop this PilotPlant. et us concentrate now on the speci-c area o2ere to the pro!ect %or this

evelop#ent. To chec0 speci-cally the case o% &outh ali#antan which is thecase in our analysis let us re%er to the %ollowing Table II.7.?. 1e can appreciatehow the oa is at the present ti#e an how is e'pecte to evolve to the%oreseeable %uture to 7;?=.

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Table II.2.1 Electrical Load in South Central Kalimantan

It is interesting to see the electri-cation ratio is growing %ro# F in 7;?; to>;F in 7;?=. This pro!ection has to be a e to the %act that #ost o% thee'isting power generation to ay is base on obsolete iesel engines veryine4cient an ina eCuate with the new energy policies.

The energy sales are esti#ate to basically ouble in the ne't = yearsespecially on the resi ential an in ustrial sectors. 9owever the powercontracte increases only ;F in the sa#e perio in icating the increasing ine4ciency generation an istribution. In general the perspective is to evelopthe syste# in such a way that the pro uction is always ahea o% thereCuire#ents an no e-cit is presente in any given perio .

The ne't Table II.7.7 presents the energy #i' capacity increase. The totalpro uction i2ers %ro# the previous table because this one inclu es the East

ali#antan province also since the Distribution &yste# has been esigne to

have all those regions interconnecte as part o% the general ali#antanevelop#ent plan. The i ea is to try to have a general balance %or the whole

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islan an cover so#e areas with lower resources or #ore i4cult %orgeneration with the over pro uction on other areas.

Table II.2.2 Energy Mix Forecast in South and East Kalimantan

The interesting part is that we can see a lot o% pro!ects o% generating plants withcapacities between 7; an


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+ass is #ore econo#ically viable because o% the size an the availability o% thesoli %uel.

,inally an to illustrate %urther the above #entione co##ents the %ollowing-gure presents the &outh ali#antan interconnection syste# an all thepotential pro!ects un er evelop#ent an pro!ecte %or the ne't = years.

It is interesting to notice that with the total istribution evelop#ent the pro!ectarea o% otabaru o2ers an i#peccable situation in ter#s o% its interconnectionto the gri having a substation very close an the new lines interconnecting tothe total syste#. That per#its the Power Plant to be part o% the integrate

ali#antan &yste#.

&o in or er to %ul-ll the electricity supply an e#an balance in 7;?; an to7;?= at the &outh ali#antan syste# there are a nu#ber o% power generationplants progra##e . ew power generation plants #ust utilize pri#er energythat is available in ali#antan Province li0e available $io +ass in the %or# o% %orestry plantations5 this shoul constitute a priority %or the region.

Also to strengthen the reliability o% the &outh an 6entral ali#antan syste#P will change their ol ine4cient iesel engines running in oil ($$+) intopower plants #ore ecologically an operation e4cient. *il is subsi ize anvery e'pensive with costs o% electricity o% 77 cents o% G per wh. This shoul be

evelope in parallel with the strengthen o% the trans#ission an istributionnetwor0 to anticipate the growth o% electricity e#an in the syste#.

1e believe that 6lean $io +ass Technology will be one o% the 0ey %actors toacco#plish the ob!ectives.

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II., Bio Ma$$ #o+er #%a t a$ t)e u%timate $o%utio .

This Pilot Pro!ect will be a bio #ass powere generator. It will use clean woochip %ro# certi-e sustainable %orestry operations to power the plant. 6leanwoo chips are classi-e as a renewable energy source by In onesian an ingeneral worl wi e legislations an it is erive %ro# plant #atter.In an operation calle H&hort Rotation ,orestry %ast growing species have beenplante on isuse or #arginal lan an on a B year rotation ?>F o% theplantation woul be harveste each year in a cycle. Re:growth replaces harvestan absorbs 6*7 creating a carbon neutral %uel. *n the other han en uring%orest cover provi es a long ter# carbon store an wil li%e bene-ts contributingalso on a parallel e2ect in stopping the e%orestation.

This ecological vision o% electricity generation contributes in stabilizing theat#ospheric 6*7 levels by halting the one:way Jows o% 6oal an *il out o% longter# carbon stores. In this way energy nee s are #et by accelerating terrestrialcarbon cycling #a'i#izing photosynthesis an capturing respiration.

The woo chips are an e'cellent source o% energy an in this speci-c case in&outh ali#antan with no signi-cant geother#al resources the nee %orsubstitution o% the ol %ashion iesel run engines the very li#ite electrical gri

an the availability o% rea y to go sustainable plantations loo0s li0e the bestalternative is the HIn 6oncession ,orestry $io +ass Power Plant with a 6apacitythat balances3 ReCuire De#an 5 e'perience an in%rastructure in the region5econo#y o% scale5 an %orest plantation capacity.

In this case the repeatable Pilot Pro!ect Plant will have a Power enerationcapacity o% @; +w an epen ing on the -nal %orestry yiel there is thepossibility to pro uce $io +ass soli %uel in the way o% 1oo Pellets %or e'portor %or o#estic consu#ption in cogeneration with coal. This will allow to3signi-cantly increase the plantation Je'ibility5 i#prove the power plante4ciency by using the waste energy on a pro uction process5 an contributewith the cash Jow an revenue generation.

&o su##arizing 1hy $io +ass3

It is a iverse an versatile %uel that can be converte into electricity gasheat or liCui %uels an can either be use solely or by co:-ring in powerstations.$io#ass is a wi ely available resource an speci-cally in this case in the%or# o% %orestry rea y to go plantation. 1ith a clear econo#ical

a vantage over other %or#s o% $io#ass or %ossil %uels.

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$io#ass is also re%erre as a carbon neutral %uel lea ing to a net 6*7e#ission re uction i% use to substitute %ossil %uels. In this speci-c case itis also #uch better than coal in ter#s o% sul%ur content an ash contentwith its environ#ental an econo#ical a itional a vantage that thisrepresent.$io#ass appears to be the #ost i#portant o% the renewable in ter#s o% technical an econo#ical %easibility uring the ne't %ew eca es. $io#assenergy is viewe to ay as the %uture energy source %or evelop#ent anin ustry.

II.- Be e t$ /or t)e regio .

The pro!ect activity will contribute to the sustainable evelop#ent o% the &outhali#antan area in the %ollowing ways3

Enhance regional econo#ic sustainability by re ucing the countries an inparticular the local epen ence in the iesel base power generationwhich is ine4cient costly an environ#entally not %rien ly. Average ageo% e'isting pro uction %acilities is about 7 to @; years.Pro#ote the use o% renewable energy %or power generation which causesan abate#ent o% 9 e#issions an increasing the power supply securityin the region. This pro!ect is the per%ect can i ate %or 6D+ activity so toincrease the revenue.Pro#ote the concept o% istribute generation which shall cause lesstrans#ission an istribute power ine4ciencies in the region.I#prove stability an also power Cuality o% electricity supply in local areas.Enhance &outh ali#antan econo#ic e4ciency through #ore e4cient useo% energy %orest plantations.Increase local e#ploy#ent uring pro!ect construction phase an uringoperation phase both at the #ill site an in the e'ploitation o% the %orest.Increase inco#e an liCui ity to local econo#y through #any activities( irect an in irect) such as transportation operating #aintenance etc.It can be an e'port %uel region with its a itional econo#ical bene-ts.It can start a rational an attractive base %or %oreign invest#ent in theregion.

II.; Bu$i e$$ #%a Summary.

In review o% raw #aterial supply reCuire volu#es an associate costs capitalinvest#ent an potential selling prices via power purchase agree#ents withP that this pro!ect is -nancially viable an provi e signi-cant bene-ts toco##unity an businesses in the area.

1ith an invest#ent o% 8&D GBB ;;; ;;; the power plant an trans#ission linewill be %ully co##issione an provi e a ET electricity supply o% ,9 M+ < &&-mi%%io ki%o+att )our$ 'er year.

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The pro!ect paybac0 perio is e'pecte to be ?7 years with an IRR ? .@F

,ro# co##ence#ent o% -nance being rawn own the power plant can beco##issione an operational in appro'i#ately ?= #onths.

A. TEC3NICA4 SECTION

III. Site (e$cri'tioIII." #ro2ect Site 4ocatio ...

This Pilot Pro!ect has been eci e to be evelope in &outh ali#antan in theProvince o% ali#antan &elatan basically to #a0e sustainable use o% the originalplantations an the substantial $io +ass available in the region5 being also in aprivilege situation with respect to a big living center $an!ar#asin it o2ere theper%ect alternative %or the ob!ective o% starting #a0ing another use in aresponsible an sustainable #anner o% an available resource an to contributegreatly with the Roa +ap establishe in In onesia %or an environ#entallycleaner %uture %or 7;7 .

?B


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The Pro!ect will be evelope in an e'isting ti#ber plantation concession(I8P99 :9TI) awar e to PT Inhutani II that starte operation i.e. Plantationo% Acacia +angiu# as #ain species alrea y run in its thir cycles #eaning it hasbeen running pro uctively %or al#ost 7; (twenty) years. This concession has ane'tension o% 7; 9a gross out o% which the net usable is


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The

Plantation calle PT. I 98TA I II (Pulau aut 8nit) is situate in @K L ; East ongitu e within

Pulau aut %orest group otabaru Regent &outh ali#antan Province as per the#ap above an it is about @;; # %ro# $an!ar#asin with a relatively sounnetwor0 o% roa s an electrical trans#ission.

?=


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PT. I 98TA I II is a &tate *wne 6o#pany which its ?;;F shares belong to theovern#ent o% In onesia %or#e initially on ove#ber ?7 ? > accor ing toartini +ulya i &9 sworn Public otary un er otary Act o. >>. 6urrently the

co#pany is operating un er the +inister o% ,orestry icense nu#ber& .@;/+enhut:II/7;;B ate ,ebruary ?@ 7;;B.

The speci-c location %or the Power Plant will be #ost li0ely close or within the%orestry concession ue to the relative soun in%rastructures in the area.9owever this will nee a %urther analysis uring the %easibility stu y stagewhere all the %actors will be analyze in etail.

III., 4a ! U$e a ! 5e era% Socio Eco omic 1ackgrou ! o/ t)e area.

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an escription is BF ry @F wet an ?F peatlan with its topographyconsists o% F relatively Jat terrain (; : =K) an the re#aining ?F is between=K : ? K. The lan is situate between ? M ?; #eters above sea level with itssoil characteristic consists o% co#bination yellow re po zollic latosol analluvial. eologically the soil contents palaeogent an alluviu# se i#entsstones.

De#ographically total population o% Pulau aut regent is >@ 7@;. 1here thenu#bers o% pro uctive age (?>: years ol ) are 7? >; #en an ? >;7wo#en. +a!ority o% Pulau aut resi ents are +osle# ( =.?F) 6hristians hol?.>F while others are at ;.7F. People o% Pulau aut are 7;F %ar#ers 7 F-sher#en @;F tra ers an 7 F are having #i'e occupations.

There are 7@7 pri#ary schools ? !unior high school %acilities 7? high schoolsan even 7 higher learning institutions (colleges). *n the other han throughoutthe islan you can -n 7?@ #osCues 7 churches an > other worship shrines.

III.- 5e era% i /ra$tructure$ /aci%itie$ .

+ain access o% Pulau aut resi ents is in ee by #o e o% roa transportation. Travel istance %ro# RegentLs capital o% otabaru to site by roa is about 7hours. I% you wish to travel by air %ro# $an!ar#asin (capital o% &outh

ali#antan) to Pulau aut is about @; #inutes while access by roa is aroun =

hours to site. Total length o% roa s outsi e the concession in Pulau aut %orpro uction as well as #ar0eting purposes is aroun ; %eet size barge.

There is also ? airstrip built in Pulau aut that can cater s#all aircra%ts an orhelicopters.

,ive big rivers (&e#aras River &e0ara#bu River &ebanti River *0a:o0a Riveran abunan +as River) are locate within the concession that can be Cuiteuse%ul as source o% water supply.

Pulau aut area is having $ ("N ? ##) while the least rain%all happens in &epte#ber(= ##)

7;


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III.0

Sy c)ro i6atio +it) t)e %oca% 5ri!

7?


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The Power Plant will have basically two ob!ective areas to serve. The localreCuire#ents at the Pulau aut internally in the islan that are #erely about +w5 an the rest will be connecte via sub#arine cable to the nearestsubstation in the ne't -gure na#e as $atu icin. This is an appro'i#ate

istance o% ?; # an the invest#ent cost %or this interconnection will beseparate %ro# the pro!ect an inclu e into general Trans#ission anDistribution ?; year plan.

IV. #re%imi ary #%a t (e$ig .

IV." BIO MASS 7UE4 S#ECI7ICATIONS

5e era% a$'ect$ o/ +oo! a$ a /ue%

The characteristics a2ecting the properties o% woo as a %uel are3 heat rateche#ical co#position #oisture content ensity har ness the a#ount o% volatile #atters the a#ount o% soli carbon ash content an co#position the

#elting behavior o% ash the slugging behavior o% ash an the a#ount o% i#purities ust an %ungi spores.

1oo %uel chips %or instance are o%ten #a e o% various tree species withvarious proportions o% woo bar0 %oliage branches bu s an even cones. Thiscauses variation in the %uel properties.

Appro'i#ately one hal% o% %resh !ust %allen tree is water. The other hal% consistso% ry #atter o% woo appro'i#ately = F o% which consists o% volatile #atters

?< F o% soli carbon an ; F o% ash. 1hen woo is co#buste itsco#ponents will change into stea# o% water (9 7*) carbon io'i e (6* 7)

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nitrogen o'i es ( * 7) sul%ur o'i es (&* 7) an ash. 1oo has practically nosul%ur at all as its share in woo is ; ; F at the highest. The average che#icalcontent o% woo %uels is shown in Table IV.".

T"#$% I!&1' T % " %*"+% %-. "$ / % / //4 %$6

4i$t a ! Va%ue$ o/ =oo! 7ue% #arameter$A su##ary o% typical woo %uel characteristics is presente in Ta1%e IV.&>7i i$) +oo! /ue%$ +it) ty'ica% ra ge$ o/ variatio

4oggi gre$i!ue

c)i'$

=)o%e treec)i'$ 4og C)i'$ Stum' C)i'$

So/t+oo!Bark

Birc)Bark

Moi$ture co te t8 +?@/re$) c)i'$ 09?;9 -0?00 -9?00 ,9?09 09?;0 -0?00

Net ca%ori c va%ue i !rymatter8 M Dkg " .0?&9 " .0?&9 " .0?&9 " .0?&9 " .0?&9 &"?&,

Net ca%ori c va%ue a$receive!8 M Dkg ;?F ;?F ;?"9 ;?"" ;?F :?""

Bu%k !e $ity a$ receive!8kgD%oo$e m, &09?-99 &09?,09 &09?,09 &99?,99 &09?,09 ,99?-99

E ergy !e $ity8 M=)Dm,o/ 1u%k vo%ume 9.:?9.F 9.:?9.F 9.:?9.F 9. ?".9 9.0?9.: 9.;?9.

A$) co te t i !ry matter8+?@ "?, "?& 9.0?& "?, "?, "?,

3y!roge co te t i !rymatter 3 8 +?@ ;?;.& 0.-?; 0.-?; 0.-?; 0.:?0.F ;.&?;.

Su%')ur co te t i !rymatter S 8 +?@ G9.90 G9.90 G9.90 G9.90 G9.90 G9.90

Nitroge co te t i !ry 9.,?9.0 9.,?9.0 9.,?9.0 9.,?9.0 9.,?9.0 9.0?9.

7@


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matter N 8 +?@

Moisture Content

The #oisture content o% woo signi-cantly inJuences the net calori-c heatingvalue since vaporizing water reCuires energy. The #oisture content o% %reshwoo %uel varies %ro# ; to B; percent o% the weight o% the total #ass. Ingeneral the #oisture content o% woo %uels varies usually %ro# 7; to B percentan is inJuence a#ong other things by the cli#atic con itions the ti#e o% year tree species the part o% ste# in Cuestion an by storage phase.

The e2ect o% #oisture content on the heating value o% woo is clearly e-ne in

7igure IV." .

7igure IV."> The e ect o! moisture content on the heating "alue o! #ood $%&h'%g(

It is thus obvious that the acCuisition o% energy per # @ o% woo %uel increases asthe ry #atter content per # @ increases an the #oisture content ecreases.

The ry #atter content o% the chip #easure varies consi erably. This isinJuence by the basic ensity an the soli volu#e content o% chips. $asic

ensity (0g/# @) in icates the relationship o% ry #ass to soli volu#e #easure

or how #uch ry woo weighs per a soli #easure o% woo .

I% a plant has been esigne to use #oist %uels no technical proble#s will occurbut high #oisture content will i#pact the overall %easibility o% the energypro uction3

the #ore water %uel contains : lower heating value : %uel e4ciency islower

the #ore water %uel contains : bigger boiler volu#e nee e : #oree'pensive boiler

7


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Transportation o% water is not %easible ,urther #ost auto#ation syste#scannot react to rapi variations in #oisture content resulting ininco#plete co#bustion which increases e#issions.

)article Si*e +istribution

The particle size an #oisture content o% irect woo %uels or %orest %uels areo%ten very heterogeneous. The particle size varies %ro# saw ust:li0e nee le anbar0 #aterial to stic0s o% woo an branch pieces. The size o% the wooparticles is inJuence both by the original raw #aterial being chippe an bythe chipper types. The #ore stern woo the raw #aterial contains the #oreeven the particle size istribution will be. The con ition o% chipper 0nives as wellas the aperture size o% the screen in the chipper also inJuences the particle size.6hips pro uce with crushers have typically coarser particles co#pare to thechips pro uce with chippers.

There is a large variety o% i2erent chippers available. 1oo chip users alwayse-ne the size an Cuality. 8sually size is e-ne so that F o% chips #ust %all

un er ia#eter o% @; ## < ## or B; ##. +a'i#u# #oisture content (w:F)allowe is usually e-ne %or chips to be un er


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the tree.

The ash also contains heavy #etals causing an un esirable environ#entale2ect but the content o% heavy #etals is nor#ally lower than in other soli%uels.

A special characteristic o% ash is its heat conservation property. ,or woo stovesthe ash layer at the botto# o% the stove %or#s a heating sur%ace trans%erringheat to the -nal burnout o% the char. ,or heating syste#s using a grate the ashcontent is i#portant in or er to protect the grate against heat %ro# the Ja#es.

1oo also contains salts that are o% i#portance to the co#bustion process. It ispri#arily potassiu# ( ) an partly so iu# ( a) base salts resulting in stic0yash which #ay cause eposits in the boiler unit. The a an content in wooare nor#ally so low that it will not cause proble#s with tra itional heatingtechnologies.

Typical #ineral %ractions in woo chips e'presse as percentage o% the ry#atter (D+) o% the woo is shown in Table IQ.@. 6o#pare to straw the content in woo chips is appro'. ?; ti#es lower.

% of DMPotassium (K) 0.1Sodium (Na) 0.015

Phosphorus (P) 0.02Calcium (Ca) 0.2Ma !"sium (M ) 0.0#

T"#$% I!&3' T78. "$ -. %*"$ ./ 6 /* W//4 M" %*."$&

,ro# a practical point o% view an ta0ing into consi eration3

&i#ilar re%erences on bio#ass power plants The electricity e#an in the area an the character o% energy

substitution that this pro!ect has The ReCuire Je'ibility because o% the non:e'act nature o% $io +ass. The #anaging ability o% the ,orest concession in size The learning curve ele#ent inherent to a Pilot Pro!ect

The conclusion is that this Pilot Plant shoul be able to eliver @; +we net to thegri in substitution %or the eCuivalent size o% currently iesel generationsyste#s %or the i%e 6ycle o% the plant (@; years).

9owever the %orest yiel esti#ate is very conservative an the bio#assavailability is very sensible to it. &o we can thin0 in another scenario #oreopti#istic in which the %orest yiel #ay be 7;; T#/9a. In this case the Powerplant can be


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using that e'cess o% bio#ass to pro uce si#ple soli %uel in the %or# o% 1ooPellets with currently in high e#an in the worl an with costs o% selling that

!usti%y the invest#ent easily.

,urther#ore the Power Plant can be evelope in #o ules o% ?B to ?> +we soa%ter the -rst 7 years o% operation the pro uction capacity can be increase bysi#ply a ing #ore #o ules an then giving a tre#en ous growth Je'ibility tocope with the ever increasing e#an an the nee to 0eeping in substitutingthe iesel power generation.

8n er this scenario the Pro!ect Proposal woul be3

A @; +w net 1oo $io +ass Power Plant .. anA ?;;.;;; T#/year o% 1oo Pellets o% in ustrial Cuality %or e'port.

IV.& #O=ER #4ANT AN( E4ECTRICITY 5ENERATION.

Analyzing the i2erent #etho s o% pro ucing electricity %ro# $io +ass the #ostsuitable an latest technology has been chosen in or er to #a'i#ize the bio#ass usage an in general the pro uctivity o% the %acilities always loo0ing %orthe best Cuality/price relationship.

As #entione earlier the %oreseen installe total capacity o% the plant is @; +wnet reCuiring ays o% continuousoperation. *n the other han the syste# is provi e with evices %or #atterre#oval assuring that way the strict environ#ental regulations to be %ollowe .

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,or this size o% $io +ass Power Plant the #ost econo#ical an e4cient boilersyste#s are either3 Qibrating rate water coole 5 or $ubbling ,lui ize $e .Di2erent suppliers o2er each one or both o% the# so the -nal syste# will bechosen base on the best e4ciency/econo#ic elivery. The plant will co#priseo% either boiler that will generate stea# %ro# woo y bio#ass at a te#peratureappro'. o% B; S6 an a pressure o% =7 bars. The hot co#bustion gas will Jowvertically own through the boiler raising stea# which is subseCuently passeon the stea# turbine on a stan ar Ran0ing type o% ther#o yna#ically stea#cycle. The turbine is connecte to a power generator which in turn rotates angenerates the reCuire electricity.

The -nal selection o% power plant esign will be eter#ine by3

E4ciency

6ost o% output ratio Reliability * + 6osts Environ#ental 6ontrols 6APEU

The Power Plant ECuip#ent is typically ivi e in two categories HcoreeCuip#ent an Hperipheral (au'iliary an ancillary) eCuip#ent3

6*RE. Re%ers to the #ain syste#s reCuire %or #ain conversion processes

%ro# %uel to electricity or heat.o ,uel 9an ling an preparation syste#o $oilero 9eat Recovery stea# generatorso Pri#e +overs. &tea# Turbineso enerator.

A8UI IARV.o 9eat E'changerso &tea# ECuip#ento Trans%or#erso 6ontrol an +onitoring &yste#o 6o#bustion ECuip#ento E#ission 6ontrol3 6o#bustion +easures an ,lue as Treat#ento 1ater Treat#ento *thers.

IV., AS3 (IS#OSA4 .

The total a#ount o% ash pro uce by the plant with this 0in o% raw #aterial %uelan assu#ing a #a'i#u# content o% @F %or Acacia is about


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close the nutrient cycle at least partially. ,or this size o% $io +ass Plant an therelatively low ash content o% the woo %uel co#pare let us say with coal itshoul be relatively easy to han le the Ash resi ual in a econo#ical way.

IV.- BIO MASS SU##4Y H..

Fuel ,"ailability . As an initial conservative approach it has been consi ere ayiel o% ?


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1hile in general one o% the costing an co#plicate activities o% bio #ass powergeneration is the logistics involve with the so bul0y %uel #aterial in this casethis issue has been #ini#ize to the best since the power plant will be builtwithin the %orestry concession.)lantation Issues and trans!er -rices. &ince the pro!ect sponsor an theraw #aterial supplier is the sa#e co#pany Inhutani II (A &tate *wn Enterprise)it shoul be relatively easy to on the one han assure the availability o% thereCuire raw #aterial on a ti#ely %ashion an on the other to establish atrans%er price that #a0es the pro!ect very viable. The cycles are basically in Byears %ro# planting to harvesting so nor#ally the %orest is #anage by ivi ingthe concession in B parts #ore or less si#ilar an go one by one cloc0 wise.&ince this %orestry is alrea y #ature the -rst year will be harvesting starting theplanting only on the secon year on the previous harveste lot.

Appropriate use o% %orestry #anage#ent tools inclu ing thinning pruningprescribe burning as well as ta0ing no action in currently healthy stan s helpsprevent catastrophic wil -res an helps create an #aintain resilientwatershe s which in turn support co##unities wil li%e an recreationalopportunities an enhance overall %orest aesthetics. &ynergistically theseenviron#ental e2ects create socioecono#ics issues %or co##unities ranging%ro# water availability to sustaine ti#ber pro uction through non ti#ber%orest pro ucts creation.

9owever the %orestry #anage#ent is in epen ent %ro# the power plantoperation so the Power plant will receive the logs at the log yar at a speci-cprice all inclu e . The initial conversation with the %orestry co#pany in icatesprices o% about @; 8&G/#W elivere on the woo yar at the power plant. Then

there are so#e other associate costs %or internal transportation an han ling

@;


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plus the woo chipping an treating be%ore going into the boiler %or incinerationan co#bustion.

IV.0 ENVIRONMENTA4 AN( SOCIA4 CONSI(ERATIONS H

The propose power generation co#bination oes not lea to any a itionala verse i#pact on the environ#ent.

6onsi ering the air 'o%%utio 8 the stea# boiler is eCuippe with ustprecipitating eCuip#ent ensuring Jue gas an usts concentration inco#pliance with environ#ental regulation o% In onesia. The air pollution i#pactwill be negligible. It is so#eti#es use%ul to co#pare potential bio #asse#issions with coal e#issions because both are soli %uels using si#ilarconversion technologies to pro uce power. &o burning bio #ass to generatepower typically pro uces less &*X e#issions than coal because it contains lesssul%ur typically5 the relation is li0e ? to @. Also bio #ass contains less nitrogenresulting in a signi-cantly lower e#ission o% *'.

As %or the +ater nee e %or the syste# is use only %or cooling there%ore theischarge water oes not cause environ#ental pollution. *nly s#all

wastewater will be ischarge %ro# boiler an it is treate in the water treat#entplant. &o the i#pact is not signi-cant.

The oi$e is controlle to reCuire li#its by selecting the correct rotating

eCuip#ent that copes with the speci-cations i#pose to the suppliers.1ithout a etaile socio econo#ic analysis however %ew in ications can begiven right away. ,or instance it is e'pecte that the construction o% the plantwill provi e wor0 %or a signi-cant a#ount o% people over a perio o% B to ?;#onths while plant operations will create per#anent !obs %or


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applying %or 6lean Developing +echanis# an #a0e goo use o% the 6arbon6re its that this plant will have.

This last issue has not been inclu e into the -nancial eCuations at this stagesince the price %or the 6arbon 6re its is not clear in In onesia yet.

$. 7INANCIA4 SV. 7i a cia% Eva%uatioV." I tro!uctio to 7i a cia% Eva%uatio

The -nancial evaluation in this chapter appraises the pro-t o% the invest#entthrough a set o% the -nancial analyses. It is to assess the egree to which thePro!ect will generate revenues su4cient to #eet its -nancial obligations toassess the incentives %or investors an to ensure output %orecasts consistentwith -nancial charges.

The evaluation in icator or e4ciency o% invest#ent is #easure in the %ollowingsections by using et Present Qalues ( PQ) an -nancial internal rates o% return(,IRR). The ,IRR is the rate o% iscount which eCuates the present values o% thecost an bene-t strea#s over 7 years o% the operation perio . There are two0in s o% ,IRRs %ocuse in this report5 i) the Pro!ect IRR which is an ,IRR be%orethe -nancial charges or any #oney trans%ers an ii) Return on ECuity (R*E)which represents another ,IRR %ro# the investorLs point o% view.

V.& A$$um'tio $ i 7i a cia% Eva%uatio

(?) Evaluation Perio The -nancial evaluation in this chapter assu#es 7< #onths o% the constructionan 7 years o% the co##ercial operation therea%ter.

(7) 6urrency The ollar o% the 8nite &tate o% A#erica (8& Dollar) is use in the -nancialevaluation. The e'change rate between In onesian Rupiah an 8&D is Rp.

;;;/8&D.

(@) 6apital E'pen iture (6APEU) an *perational E'pen iture (*PEU) The total capital e'pen iture (6APEU) is su##e as given in the %ollowing table.9ere the har ware covers not only the power plant to generate the electricitybut the power trans#ission %acilities to trans#it the electricity to the e'istingpower networ0. The -nancial charges which are etaile in the %ollowingsections are the cost reCuire %or %or#ulating the pro!ect -nance an necessaryinsurance pre#iu# to be incurre be%ore the co##ercial operation. The initial

wor0ing capital (I16) is #onetary reserve %or the Pro!ect 6o#pany one yearbe%ore the co##issioning.

@7


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Descriptions A#ount otes

9ar ware 6ost 8&GB?.;#ill

Power Plant 8&G< .;#ill@; +1 o% the bio#ass power plant

Trans#ission ines8&G?B.;

#ill


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(B) Electricity &alesAll o% salable electricity is assu#e to be sol to P the electricity o2:ta0er onthe basis o% a 7 years long electricity sales contract or the Power PurchaseAgree#ent (PPA). This -nancial evaluation assu#es =.@8&Y/01h o% the basicelectricity tari2 which is a unit electricity price o% the -rst year o% theco##ercial operation with no consi eration o% price escalation. The basicelectricity tari2 has been chosen as the balance price #a0ing the Pro!ectattractive enough not only %or the investor but the o2:ta0er. The basic electricitytari2 =.@8&Y/01h is aroun Rp. > ;/01h which is ==F to the regulate price %or the s#all an #e iu# scale renewable energy power plant in ali#antan.In this -nancial evaluation all o% pay#ent %ro# P to the Pro!ect 6o#pany isassu#e to be in 8& Dollar.

(>) Price Escalation an Electricity Tari2 Increase

In this -nancial evaluation 7F p.a. o% the price escalation is assu#e to thecost ite#s o% which price escalation see#s not to be co#pensate by the o2:ta0er un er the electricity sales contract.

(=) Discount Rate?;F p.a. o% the iscount rate is assu#e in this -nancial evaluation.

( ) Depreciation an A#ortizationIt is assu#e that all o% the har ware (tangible assets) is epreciate ancounte as the accounting e'penses. The applie #etho is the straight line %or7 years o% epreciation with zero resi ual values.

(?;) Ta'es The %ollowing ta' con itions are assu#e %or the pro!ect i#ple#entation anoperation.

QAT will be %ully pai by the Pro!ect 6o#pany. 7 F o% pro-t ta' to the Pro!ect 6o#pany %or the operation years

without any ta' holi ays.

V., 7i a cia% Eva%uatio $

The Pro!ect IRR which is an ,IRR be%ore the -nancial charges or any #oneytrans%ers is analyze to be ?;.@F a%ter 7 years o% the co##ercial operation.

The present worth o% the net bene-t %ro# the Pro!ect is obtaine to be 8&G?.#illion assu#ing ?;F p.a. o% the iscount rate an 7= years o% the totalevaluation years. The -nancial strea# is given in the %ollowing table.

The +inisterial Decree o. @?/7;; sets %orth Rp. = 7.=/01h o% the electricity tari2 %orpower plants which use renewable energy in s#all an #e iu# scale in ali#antan. Re%er to

Regulation o% +inister o% Energy an +ineral Resources u#ber @? o% 7;; on Power PurchasePrice by PT P (Persero) %ro# Electric Power Plant which uses renewable energy in s#all an#e iu# scale or e'ec power.

@


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7i a cia% Stream /or #ro2ect IRR

Ta0ing the -nancial charges into account the pro!ect cash Jow has beensi#ulate with enough egree to which the Pro!ect woul generate revenues

su4cient to #eet its -nancial obligations an reasonable ivi en to theinvestors. The pro!ectLs cash Jow over 7 years o% the co##ercial operation istabulate as %ollows3

@


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V.- Se $itivity A a%y$i$

The sensitivity analysis has been a e to the above -nancial analysis toe'a#ine i% the Pro!ectLs pro-tability can be sustaine un er un%oreseencon itions. The e'a#ination cases are5 6ase ? %or ?;F capital e'pen iture up6ase 7 %or ?;F bene-t less an 6ase @ %or the co#bine case o% 6ases ? an 7.

The sensitivity analysis evaluates that the Pro!ect woul have enoughsustainability even with such un%oreseen con itions as co#pare in the%ollowing table.

F. " ."$ I 4. " /*6 / B"6% C"6% " 4 S% 6. . . 7 A "$76.68nit3 8&G #illion

6ases 6ase ; 6ase ? 6ase 7 6ase @

Descriptions $ase 6ase ?;F 6ost 8p ?;F $ene-tess 6ase ?Z7

Pro!ectIRR

IRR ?;.@F .BF =.7F >. FPQ ?. :7.? :=.; :??.

R*E IRR ? .@F ?@.>F ??.@F ?;.;FPQ .@ B.@ :;.7 :@.7

The -nancial results obtaine using the assu#ptions above #entione on thecosts calculation are3

Tari2 with P =.@ 8&/01hPay $ac0 Perio ?7 years$rea0:even = yearsR*E ? F

ECuity Invest#ent

8&G 7?.> #illionPro!ect ,inance Debt 8&G ;.> #illion

This si#ply corroborates the %act that $io +ass Power Plants #ay o2ertre#en ous opportunities that even econo#ically is not only viable but in %actvery pro-table. ,in ing this in what can be consi ere basically an in%rastructurepro!ect is very appealing an certainly very #otivating to pursue it an push itover having also the a e value o% all the socio econo#ical an environ#entalbene-t.

C. OT3ERS.?

VI. #RO ECT (EVE4O#MENT #4AN H.

In or er to opti#ize the ti#ing %or the pro!ect i#ple#entation it is beingeci e to apply a %ast trac0 approach when co#e to sche uling. This #eans

that a consecutive activity #ay start be%ore -nishing the previous one an runin parallel %or as #uch ti#e as possible.

@>


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7i i$) 1yPresentation o% Pre ,easibility &tu y :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: +ilestone&tarting PointPre I#ple#entation ,inancing ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: +onth 7,easibility &tu y ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

+onth Environ#ental I#pact Assess#ent ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

+onth BPer#its an icenses :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

+onth B,inancial Pac0age ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

+onth = Ten ering o% ECuip#ent &upply ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

+onth =,inancial 6lose ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

+onth =Detaile Technical Design ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

+onth ?7ECuip#ent Delivery ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

+onth ?=6ivil 1or0s an 6onstruction :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

+onth ?>Erection an ,inal 6onstruction :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

+onth 7?6o##issioning &tart 8p an Test Run ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

+onth 776o##ercial *peration :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::+onth 7

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