multiculturalisme: menuju pendidikan berbasis multikulturalisme

7/23/2019 MULTICULTURALISME: Menuju Pendidikan Berbasis Multikulturalisme

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pgw|g o gkpgvg dgar+ Uburkllrjkyg Giigj Agjg abklbpgjro

iglo Agjg Abklbkgi+‑ *WU+ gi!Jrmrvgp) 0?= 75/+

Drvgklkyg ~bagjgagk `gk ~bkbvg~gk ubegvg ~vgdpou covagk

Giigj U\P opr abkybfgfdgk hvgkl Ouiga pbvmbfgd `giga jgi!jgi

abvrlodgk+ Jgi pbvubfrp abkmgò ~bkybfgf pbvmgòkyg dhkciod ygkl

po`gd ~bvkgj fbvjbkpo+ Agdgkyg) dhkub~ ~bòòdgk aripodriprvgi

~bvir ubegvg pbvru!abkbvru rkprd ouga~godgk db~g`g aguygvgdgp

abigiro fbvfglgo chvra gpgr abòg+ Jgi pbvubfrp fbvprmrgk glgvprafrj `giga òvo ubpog~ hvgkl dbug`gvgk jo`r~ `giga ugpr

fgklug ygkl aba~rkygo dbvglgagk fr`gyg) ubjokllg gdjovkyg

foug ugiokl abkljgvlgo `gk abkljhvagpo ubpog~ ~bvfb`ggk+

Kgark) aripodriprvgiouab `giga ~bklbvpogk ygkl ibfoj

uburgo `gk òpbvoag rkprd dbfrprjgk dhkpba~hvbv g`gigj

fgj|g hvgkl!hvgkl `gvo fbvfglgo dbfr`gyggk ubegvg ~bvagkbk

`g~gp jo`r~ fbv`ga~oklgk ugpr `bklgk ygkl igok+ Fgkygd sbvuo

aripodriprvgiouab abkbdgkdgk ~bkpoklkyg fbigmgv pbkpgkl

dbfr`gyggk!dbfr`gyggk igok) abkehfg abagjgao abvbdg ubegvg

~bkrj `gk ba~gpod+ Aripodriprvgiouab mrlg abkloa~iodguodgk

urgpr dbjgvrugk rkprd abklg~vbuoguo dbfr`gyggk!dbfr`gyggkigok+ Aripodriprvgiouab arkeri dg~gk `gk òagkg~rk dbpodg



O Gi!Wrvgk `gk ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi :


~bv`glgklgk `gk dgra ògu~hvg ygkl jo`r~ `gvokyg abkmgò

~bkpokl) `gk oko abkljbk`gdo ugiokl g`g~pguo ubjokllg ubarg

dbiha~hd aba~bvhibj dbagmrgk `gvo ~bvprdgvgk ygkl uocgpkygagpbvogi `gk agkrcgdprvgi agr~rk driprvgi fbvr~g lglgugk!

lglgugk `gvo fbvfglgo ~bkmrvr `rkog+

Dgvbdpbvoupod ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi opr abio~rpo prmrj

dha~hkbk ygopr fbigmgv jo`r~ `giga ~bvfb`ggk) abafgklrk polg

gu~bd arprgi *ugiokl ~bvegyg) ~bklbvpogk) gk abkljgvlgo/) pbvfrdg

`giga fbvcodov) g~vbuoguo `gk okpbv`b~bk`bkuo) ubvpg vbuhiruo

dhkciod `gk vbdhkuoioguo kovdbdbvgugk+ @gvo fbfbvg~g dgvgdpbvoupod

opr) ochvariguodgk bklgk gygp!gygp gi!Wrv‟gk ubfglgo gioi) fgj|g

dhkub~ ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi pbvkygpg ubigvgu `bklgk gmgvgk

Ouiga `giga abklgprv pgpgkgk jo`r~ agkruog ò ardg frao oko)

pbvrpgag `giga dhkpbdu ~bkòòdgk+

7+ Fbigmgv Jo`r~ `giga ^bvfb`ggk+

^bkòòdgk ubigag oko ibfoj òhvobkpguodgk ~g`g polg ~oigv)

ygopr abkgafgj ~bklbpgjrgk) ~bafbdgigk dbpbvga~oigk jo`r~

*iocb udoii/) `gk abkbdgkdgk egvg abkmgò hvgkl uburgo dbvgkldg

fbvcodov ~bubvpg òòd+ Vbgiopgukyg `giga dbjo`r~gk ygkl pbvru

fbvdbafgkl) dbpolg ~oigv pbvubfrp drvgkl fbvjguoi abkmg|gf dhkòuo

aguygvgdgp ygkl ubagdok abkllihfgi+ Agdgkyg) ò~bvirdgk ugpr

~oigv upvgpblou ygopr fbigmgv ugiokl abkljgvlgo gdgk ~bvfb`ggk)

ubjokllg gdgk pbvfgklrk vbiguo gkpgvg ~bvuhkgi `gk okpvg ~bvuhkgi+

@giga pbvaokhihlo Ouiga) vbgiopgu gdgk ~bvfb`ggk pgd `g~gpò~rkldovo iglo) uburgo W+U+ Gi!Jrmrvgp) 0? =75 ygkl abkbdgkdgk



Agdj`gibkg) U+^`+O O ?


fgj|g Giigj U\P abkeo~pgdgk agkruog ygkl pbvòvo `gvo fbvfglgo

mbkou dbigaok) urdr) fgklug) `gk okpbv~vbpguo fbvfb`g!fb`g `bklgk

prmrgk iopg‟gvgcr ― rkprd ugiokl abklbkgi+

6+ Abafgklrk Polg Gu~bd Arprgi+

Dbpolg jgi opr ygopr abafgklrk ugiokl ~bvegyg *arprgi

pvrup/) abagjgao ugiokl ~bklbvpogk *arprgi rk`bvupgkòkl/) `gk

abkmrkmrkl uodg~ ugiokl abkljgvlgo *arprgi vbu~bep/+ Dbpolg

jgi pbvubfrp ubfglgo dhkubdrbkuo ihlou gdgk dbagmbardgk `gk

dbjblbahkodgk) agdg ò~bvirdgk ~bkòòdgk fbvhvobkpguo db~g`g

dbfbvugaggk `gk ~bkgkgagk uodg~ phibvgk) `bahdvgpou) ubvpg

dbubpgvggk jgd+

Oa~ibabkpguo abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk òarigo `gvo uodg~ ugiokl

abkljgvlgo `gk abkljhvagpo `bklgk pbpg~ abkmrkmrkl pokllovgug ~bvugprgk `gk ~bvugr`gvggk+ Jgi pbvubfrp `giga Ouiga ig}oa

òubfrp pgugarj *phibvgkuo/+

Fgkygd gygp gi!Wrv‟gk ygkl abkbdgkdgk pbkpgkl ~bkpoklkyg

ugiokl ~bvegyg) ~bklbvpogk) `gk abkljgvlgo hvgkl igok+ @o gkpgvgkyg

gygp ygkl abklgkmrvdgk rkprd abkmgrjo uocgp fbvfrvrd ugkldg gk

abkegvo dbugigjgk hvgkl igok ub~bvpo pbv`g~gp giga W+U+ gi!Jrmrvgp)

0?= 76 ygopr ’Jgo hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl fbvoagk) mgrjoigj dbfgkygdgk

`gvo ~vgugkldg) uburkllrjkyg ubfglogk ~vgugkldg opr g`gigj

`hug `gk mgklgkigj dgar abkegvo!egvo dbugigjgk hvgkl igok `gk

mgklgkigj ubfgjglogk dgar abkllrkmokl ubfgjglogk ygkl igok+‑

Po`gd ar`gj abkmgprjdgk shkou `gk abklb`b~gkdgkdigvocodguo *pgfgyyrk/ pbvagdprf `giga W+U+ gi!Jrmrvgp) 0?= 3 ygdko



O Gi!Wrvgk `gk ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi 7>


’Jgo hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl fbvoagk) modg `gpgkl db~g`gar hvgkl

cguod abafg|g urgpr fbvopg) agdg ~bvodugigj `bklgk pbiopo glgv

dgar po`gd abkoa~gdgk urgpr aruofgj db~g`g urgpr dgra pgk~gabklbpgjro dbg`ggkkyg ygkl abkybfgfdgk dgar abkybugi gpgu

~bvfrgpgkar opr+‑

Po`gd abagdugdgk dbjbk`gd db~g`g hvgkl igok) WU+ gi!

Fgwgvgj *7/= 623 ygkl fbvfrkyo= ’Po`gd g`g ~gduggk rkprd

*abagurdo/ glgag *Ouiga/4 uburkllrjkyg pbigj mbigu mgigk ygkl

fbkgv `gvo~g`g mgigk ygkl ugigj+‑

5+ Dbpbvfrdggk `giga Fbv~odov+

^bkòòdgk ubyhlygkyg abafbvodgk ~bklbpgjrgk fgvr

pbkpgkl fglgoagkg fbvcodov `gk fbvpok`gd) fgjdgk abklg`h~uo

`gk fbvg`g~pguo pbvjg`g~ driprv fgvr ygkl fbvfb`g) igir ovbu~hku`bklgk codovgk pbvfrdg `gk pgd pbvdbugk bdudiruoc+ ^bubvpg òòd

ò`hvhkl rkprd abklbafgkldgk dbaga~rgk fbvcodov ubjokllg

po`gd pbvdbdgkl giga fbvcodov+ bkljgvlggk gi!Wrv‟gk fglo abvbdg

ygkl aba~bvlrkgdgk gdgi) foug òmgòdgk frdpo vb~vbubkpgpoc

fgj|g dhkub~ gmgvgk Ouiga ugklgp vbu~hkuoc pbvjg`g~ dhkub~

fbvcodov+ Ugigj ugprkyg gygp ygkl abkbvgkldgk fbpg~g pokllokyg

`bvgmgp hvgkl ygkl fbvoiar ygopr W+U+ gi!Armggòiigj) 2:= 77 ygopr

’Jgo hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl fbvoagk) g~gfoig òdgpgdgk db~g`gar=

’Fbvig~gkl!ig~gkligj `giga agmbiou‑) agdg ig~gkldgkigj)

kouegyg Giigj gdgk abafbvo dbig~gklgk rkprdar+ @gk g~gfoig

òdgpgdgk= ’Fbvòvoigj dgar) agdg fbvòvoigj) kouegyg Giigj gdgkabkokllodgk hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl fbvoagk ò gkpgvgar `gk hvgkl!





hvgkl ygkl òfbvo oiar ~bklbpgjrgk fbfbvg~g `bvgmgp+ @gk Giigj

Agjg Abklbpgjro g~g ygkl dgar dbvmgdgk+‑

Gygp ygkl abkmbigudgk Ouiga po`gd abklbkgi dbmrar`gk`gk `hlagpouab) òmbigudgk `giga W+U+ gi!Fgwgvgj *7/=7<> ygkl

fbvfrkyo= ’@gk g~gfoig òdgpgdgk db~g`g abvbdg= ’Odrpoigj g~g

ygkl pbigj òprvrkdgk Giigj)‑ abvbdg abkmg|gf= ’*Po`gd/) pbpg~o

dgao jgkyg abklodrpo g~g ygkl pbigj dgao g~gpo gvo *~bvfrgpgk/

kbkbd ahygkl dgao‑+ ’*G~gdgj abvbdg gdgk abklodrpo mrlg/)

|gigr~rk kbkbd ahygkl abvbdg opr po`gd abklbpgjro urgpr g~g

~rk) `gk po`gd abk`g~gp ~bprkmrd8 ‑+

0+ G~vbuoguo `gk Okpbv`b~bk`bkuo+

Dgvgdpbvoupod oko abklb`b~gkdgk pgpgkgk uhuogi ygkl

egvb *~b`rio/) òagkg ubarg gkllhpg aguygvgdgp `g~gp ugioklabkrkmrddgk g~vbuoguo `gk ababiojgvg vbiguo) dbpbvodgpgk)

dhjbuo) `gk dbpbvdgopgk uhuogi ygkl vbdgp) dgvbkg fglgoagkg~rk

mrlg agkruog po`gd foug urvsosb pgk~g odgpgk uhuogi ygkl òkgaou+

Dhkub~ ub~bvpo oko fgkygd pbvagdprf `giga gi!Wrv‟gk+ Ugigj

ugprkyg pbv`g~gp `giga W+U+ gi!Ago`gj) 2= 6 ygkl abkbvgkldgk

fbpg~g ~bkpoklkyg ~vokuo~ phihkl abkhihkl `giga dbfgmodgk)

ababiojgvg uhio`gvopgu `gk odgpgk uhuogi *pgd|g/) `gk abkljok`gvo

phihkl abkhihkl giga dbmgjgpgk+ ’@gk phihkl!abkhihkligj dgar

`giga *abklbvmgdgk/ dbfgmodgk `gk pgd|g) `gk mgklgk phihkl!

abkhihkl `giga fbvfrgp `hug `gk ~bigkllgvgk+ @gk fbvpgd|gigj

dgar db~g`g Giigj) uburkllrjkyg Giigj gagp fbvgp uodug!Kyg+‑Gygp pbvubfrp abklouygvgpdgk fgj|g phihkl abkhihkl `g~gp





abklgkpgvdgk agkruog) fgod ubfglgo okòso`r gpgr dbiha~hd) db~g`g

ubfrgj pgpgkgk aguygvgdgp ygkl dhdhj `giga fokldgo ~bvugprgk

`gk dbfbvugaggk `giga dbfgodgk) dbmrmrvgk `gk dbpggpgk+

2+ Vbuhiruo Dhkciod `gk Vbdhkuoioguo+

Dhkciod `giga fbvfglgo jgi jgvru òjok`gvo+ ^bkòòdgk

jgvru abarkluodgk òvo ubfglgo ugpr egvg `giga vbuhiruo dhkciod+

G`g~rk vbuhiruo dhkciod fbira erdr~ pgk~g vbdhkuoioguo) ygdko

r~gyg ~bv`gagogk abigiro ~bklga~rkgk gpgr abaggcdgk

*chvlosbkbuu/+ ^bafbvogk ga~rk gpgr aggc `giga vbdhkuoioguo

g`gigj pok`gdgk pb~gp giga uoprguo dhkciod dharkgi+ @giga gmgvgk

Ouiga) ubirvrj ragp agkruog jgvru abklb`b~gkdgk ~bv`gagogk)

eokpg gago gk vgug gagk fglo ubirvrj agdjird+ Gi!Wrv‟gk ubegvg

pblgu abklgkmrvdgk rkprd abafbvo aggc) abafoafokl db gvgjdbub~gdgpgk `gago `bklgk egvg aruyg|gvgj) `r`rd ugpr abmg

`bklgk ~vokuo~ dguoj ugygkl+ Jgi pbvubfrp pbv`g~gp `giga W+U+

guy!Uyrrvg) 06= 0> ygkl fbvfrkyo ’@gk fgigugk urgpr dbmgjgpgk

g`gigj dbmgjgpgk ygkl ubvr~g) agdg Fgvgkluog~g abaggcdgk

`gk fbvfrgp fgod agdg ~gjgigkyg gpgu *pgkllrklgk/ Giigj+

Uburkllrjkyg @og po`gd abkyrdgo hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl igioa+‑

G~gfoig pbvmgò ~bvubiouojgk) Ouiga abkg|gvdgk mgirv

~bv`gagogk abigiro ògihl rkprd abkeg~go arcgdgp `bklgk po`gd

abafb`gdgk vgu) |gvkg driop) bpkod) dbfr`gyggk gk fgjdgk glgag+

Dbug`gvgk pbvjg`g~ dbjo`r~gk aripodriprvgi ~g`g gdjovkyg gdgk

abkmbiag abkmgò urgpr dbugprgk jgvahkou ygkl abafbvodgkehvgd ~bvugaggk `giga u~ovop `gk abkpgi+ Rkprd abvbgiouguodgk





prmrgk ariog opr ygopr ~bv`gagogk `gk ~bvugr`gvggk gfgò ò

gkpgvg hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl ~g`g vbgiopgukyg abagkl abaoiodo

glgag `gk oagk fbvfb`g) ~bvirigj dovgkyg g`g dbfbvgkogk rkprdabklgmgd ~ojgd!~ojgd fbvdha~bkpbk abigdrdgk ~bvrfgjgk ò

fo`gkl ~bkòòdgk) pbvrpgag abigiro drvodrirakyg ygkl fbvfguou

dbgkbdgvglgagk+

^gvgòlag ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi `gk r~gyg!r~gyg rkprd

abkbvg~dgkkyg o Ok`hkbuog doko abk`g~gp ~bvjgpogk ubvoru dgvbkg

vbibsgkuo `gk rvlbkuokyg ygkl pokllo+ ^bklbafgklgk ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi opr òjgvg~dgk `g~gp ab|rmr`dgk aguygvgdgp

aripodriprvgi) ygopr urgpr aguygvgdgp agmbard gvo igpgv fbigdgkl

bpkou) fr`gyg) glgag `gk ubfglgokyg) kgark aba~rkygo pbdg`

`gk eopg!eopg ygkl ugag `giga abafgklrk fgklug `gk kblgvg+

@gvo rvgogk ò gpgu) abkmgò mbigu fglo dopg fbpg~gdbgkbdgvglgagk fr`gyg abvr~gdgk dbkouegyggk `giga jo`r~+

Dbjo`r~gk ygkl pbkgkl `gk `gago ò gkpgvg fbvagega ~bvfb`ggk

`giga fbvaguygvgdgp ~bvir òuhuogiouguodgk glgv fbkgv!fbkgv

pbv|rmr`) ugigj ugprkyg abigiro ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi+

^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ~g`g okpokyg pgd fbvpbkpgklgk

`bklgk gmgvgk Ouiga+ Dbgkbdgvglgagk mrupvr abkmgò dbdgyggk

okpbibdprgi rkprd odgmo) ubfglgoagkg fbfbvg~g gygp gi!Wrv‟gk ygkl

abkmbigudgk jgi opr+ Abigiro ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi òjgvg~dgk

ubpog~ okòso`r gpgr dbiha~hd foug abkbvoag `gk abkljgvlgo

~bvfb`ggk) jo`r~ fbv`ga~oklgk ubegvg `gago `gk pbkgkl abudo

fgkygd ~bvfb`ggk) ubjokllg gdgk pbvfbkprd ubfrgj kblgvg `gk fgklug ygkl `gago `gk ubmgjpbvg+TQ



72

Aripodriprvgi `giga

^bvu~bdpoc OuigaOuagoiLrvr UAGK 7 Ubrkr``hk) Gebj Rpgvg


`bklgk uygvogp Ouiga+ Dbgkbdgvglgagk ygkl g`g mrupvr abkmgò

dbdgyggk okpbibdprgi rkprd òdgmo) ubfglgoagkg fbfbvg~g gygp

gi!Wrv‟gk ygkl abkmbigudgk jgi pbvubfrp+ @bklgk ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi) ojgvg~dgk ubpog~ okòso`r gpgr dbiha~hd abkbvoag

`gk abkljgvlgo ubpog~ ~bvfb`ggk) jo`r~ fbv`ga~oklgk `bklgk

`gago `gk pbkgkl+ Ubjokllg pbvfbkprd ubfrgj kblgvg `gk fgklugygkl `gago `gk ubmgjpbvg+

G+ ^bk`gjrirgk

Dbvglgagk dbfr`gyggk hibj aguygvgdgp ig}oa òubfrp

aripodriprvgi+ Ok`hkbuog g`gigj ugigj ugpr kblgvg aripodriprvgi

pbvfbugv ò `rkog) òpokmgr `gvo dhkòuo uhuoh!driprvgi agr~rk

lbhlvgcou ygkl fblopr fbvglga `gk irgu+7 \oigygjkyg irgu pbvòvo

`gvo vofrgk ~rigr) dbvglgagk fr`gyg) urdr) vgu gk glgag g`gigj

dbdgyggk pgd pbvkoigo ygkl òaoiodo fgklug oko+

Dopgf ureo gi!Wrv‟gk ygkl òprvrkdgk db~g`g Kgfo Arjgaag`

7 Gokri_gwok) bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi4 Evhuu!Eriprvgi Rk`bvupgkòkl rkprd

@bahdvguo `gk Dbgòigk)ebp+db!7*_hlygdgvpg=ôigvAbòg)6>>2/)jia+0+



O Aripodriprvgi `giga ^bvu~bdpoc Ouiga73


UG\+ g`gigj igk`gugk ~hdhd glgag Ouiga `giga ubarg uouo

dbjo`r~gk ragpkyg+ Gi!Wrv‟gk abafbvodgk jrmmgj `gk frdpo

~bkmbigugk pbkpgkl ~vokuo~!~vokuo~ Ouiga ygkl abkmgò okpougvo`gd|gj+6 @bklgk vb`gduo ygkl mbigu `gk gdrvgp) abafbvo ~bprkmrd

~g`g hvgkl Ouiga pbkpgkl dbdrguggk Giigj) glgv agkruog abkmgò

aguygvgdgp ygkl o`bgi ò `rkog+

Ouiga g`gigj glgag rkosbvugi ygkl abkmrkmrkl pokllo koigo!

koigo dbagkruoggk) ~bvugaggk jgd `gk abklgdro dbvglgagk

igpgv fbigdgkl fr`gyg `gk dbagmbardgk+ Aripodriprvgi) abkrvrp

Ouiga) g`gigj gprvgk Prjgk *urkkgpriigj/ ygkl po`gd gdgk fbvrfgj)

mrlg po`gd arkldok òig|gk gpgr òokldgvo+ Ubpog~ hvgkl gdgk

abkljg`g~o dbagmbardgk ò agkg~rk `gk `giga jgi g~g~rk+5

Rkldg~gk oko abkllgafgvdgk fgj|g Ouiga ugklgp abkljgvlgo

aripodriprvgi dgvbkg Ouiga g`gigj glgag ygkl `bklgk pblguabklgdro ~bvfb`ggk ubpog~ okòso`r rkprd jo`r~ fbvugag `gk

ugiokl abkljhvagpo ugpr `bklgk ygkl igokkyg+

F+ Igpgv Fbigdgkl Agugigj+

Giigj U\P+ abkeo~pgdgk agkruog `bklgk fbvfglgo ~bvfb`ggk

ur~gyg foug ugiokl fbvokpbvgduo rkprd abklbkgi gkpgvg ugpr bklgk

ygkl igokkyg+ ^bvfb`ggk fgklug `gk urdr pbkpr gdgk abigjovdgk

fbvagega fr`gyg ò pbklgj aguygvgdgp+

6 Ujgyyrv Vgjagk) Uovgj Kgfg|oygj) pbvm+ Dgpjrv Urjgv o) ebp+ db!5>

*Mgdgvpg=^rupgdgGi!Dgrpugv)6>>?/)jia+757+

5

Ark`}obvUr~gvpg) Ouigaoe Aripoeriprvgi B`regpohk= Ubfrgj Vbbduo gpgu ^bkòòdgk Glgag Ouiga ò Ok`hkbuog)ebp+db!7*Mgdgvpg=Gi!Ljg}gioEbkpbv)6>>:/)

jia+2+



Ouagoi O 7<


Fbvgkldgp `gvo ~bvfb`ggk opr) agdg ubpog~ fr`gyg gdgk

aba~rkygo khvag gpgr upgk`gv pokldgj igdr ygkl pbv`g~gp ò

`giga aguygvgdgp+0

Ubòdop fgkygd khvag!khvag opr fbvigokgkgkpgvg ugpr okòso`r gpgr dbiha~hd bklgk okòso`r gpgr dbiha~hd

igok) dgvbkg uoupba koigo `gk dbygdokgk ygkl fbvdbafgkl `giga

aguygvgdgp pbvpbkpr+ @opokmgr gvo ur`rp dbfr`gyggk) abaougjdgk

ugpr dbiha~hd aguygvgdgp `gvo dbiha~hd aguygvgdgp ygkl igok

ubjokllg fbvdbafgkl koigo!koigo `gk dbygdokgk ygkl fbvfb`g+2 Oko

abkmgò dbkygpggk ygkl abigpgvfbigdgklo poafrikyg fbvagega

~bvfb`ggk `gk dbvglgagk fr`gyg+

^g`g ~vhubukyg) okpbvgduo ygkl fbvigklurkl fgod ubegvg

okòso`r agr~rk dbiha~hd pbvkygpg fgkygd abkoafridgk agugigj

pbvubkòvo+ ^bvagugigjgk ygkl arkeri ò pbklgj dbjo`r~gk

aba~rkygo igpgv fbigdgkl ygkl fbvgkbdg vglga+Hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl fbvdha~bpbk `giga fo`gklkyg) ubaougi

~bardg glgag) phdhj aguygvgdgp fgjdgk fovhdvguo ~babvokpgj

pbigj fbvr~gyg `bklgk fbvfglgo egvg glgv pbveo~pg jgvahkouguo

dbjo`r~gk fgod giga pgpgvgk aodvh gpgr~rk agdvh abigiro ugiokl

abkljgvlgo `gk abkljhvagpo ubpog~ ~bvfb`ggk ygkl g`g+ R~gyg!

~gyg pbvubfrp abigiro fgkygd egvg ygkl òpba~rj ub~bvpo ib|gp

priougk `gk `giga dblogpgk!dblogpgk dbaguygvgdgpgk+

Pbpg~o) dbkygpggk ygkl pbvmgò ò aguygvgdgp) djrurukyg

aguygvgdgp Gebj) uggp oko fbira uburgo jgvg~gk+ Aguoj ubvokl

0 Ugkg~ogjCgougi) Uhuohihlo ^bkòòdgk)*Urvgfgyg=RugjgKguohkgi)pp/)jia+

5<?+

2 Ofo` +)jia+5:7+



O Aripodriprvgi `giga ^bvu~bdpoc Ouiga7:


pbvmgò lbubdgk!lbubdgk dgvbkg urgpr ~bvfb`ggk abklgdofgpdgk

~bvagugigjgk ygkl po`gd ar`gj rkprd oubibugodgk+ Fgkygd cgdphv

ygkl abigpgvfbigdgklo ~bvagugigjgk ygkl arkeri db ~bvardggk)abkmgò dhkciod ygkl fbvargvg ~g`g ~bvfb`ggk okòso`r gpgr

dbiha~hd+

Foig dbiha~hd dbaguygvgdgpgk ygkl hfybdpoc abklgigao

òuhvlgkouguo uhuogi) agkruog gdgk dbjoigklgk foafoklgk) dhkpvhi

uhuogi) `gk ugkduo uhuogi+ ^hig dbjo`r~gk fgkygd ò|gvkgo dbiogvgk

`gk dhkciod!dhkciod okpbvkgi `gk bdupbvkgi ygkl ubagdok okpbkuoc+3

^bvagugigjgk gpgr dhkciod ygkl arkeri fbvgdofgp abkmgò

ubfrgj pok`gdgk ygkl pbvdg`gkl abafgjgygdgk dbjo`r~gk giga

fbvfgklug `gk fbvkblgvg ygkl ababegj ~bvugprgk `gk dbugprgk

vb~rfiod oko+

@giga iokldr~ dbglgaggk) abkmgò dhkciod jhvouhkpgigkpgv ragp ubglgag agr~rk fb`g glgag *dbygdokgk/+ Dhkciod!

dhkciod fbvigpgvfbigdgkl glgag ubdgvgkl okpbkuopgukyg ubagdok

abkokldgp+ @gvo dhkciod pbvubfrp pgd ubòdop abigjovdgk dbiha~hd!

dbiha~hd ygkl fbvuodg~ vgòdgi `gk gkgvdjou+

Ubvoklkyg dhkciod `gk ~bvagugigjgk ygkl arkeri `gvo uouo

dbglgaggk pbigj abvbfgdkyg gduo!gduo pbvhvouab) gkgvdjouab

pbvjg`g~ okòso`r gpgr dbiha~hd `gk pba~gp ofg`gj ygkl

gdjovkyg abkllgkllr ~bv`gagogk `gk dbpbkgklgk aguygvgdgp+

Pbvdg`gkl ~bvoigdr pbvubfrp po`gd jgkyg abvrlodgk òvo ubkòvo

gpgr dbiha~hdkyg) fgklug `gk kblgvg mrlg prvrp òvrlodgk+

3 DgvpokoDgvphkh) Jylobkb Abkpgi )ebp+db!<*Fgk`rkl=Agk`gvAgmr)6>>>/)

jia+7?3+



Ouagoi O 7?


Dbvrurjgk `bao dbvrurjgk ygkl pbvmgò mrlg abkmgò frdpo

fgj|g fgklug ygkl agyhvopgu vgdygpkyg fbvglgag Ouiga oko fbira

gpgr fgjdgk pgd abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk) ibfoj urdg abagdugdgkdbjbk`gd òvo gpgr dbiha~hdkyg ubkòvo+

E+ ^bkpoklkyg ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi

^bkòòdgk `g~gp ògvpodgk ubfglgo ubfrgj ~vhubu `bklgk abph`b!

abph`b pbvpbkpr ubjokllg hvgkl aba~bvhibj ~bklbpgjrgk)

~bagjgagk) `gk egvg fbvpokldgj igdr ygkl uburgo `bklgk

dbfrprjgk+<

Gdgv dgpg aripodriprvgiouab g`gigj dbfr`gyggk+ Ubegvg

bpoahihlou) aripodriprvgiouab òfbkprd `gvo dgpg aripo *fgkygd/)

driprv *fr`gyg/) `gk ouab *giovgk(~gjga/+: @giga dgpg pbvubfrp)

pbvdgk`rkl ~bklgdrgk gdgk dbjo`r~gk agkruog ygkl aba~rkygodbfr`gyggk fbvgkbdg vglga `bklgk ublgig dbrkodgkkyg+

^bkòòdgk abvr~gdgk |gjgkg ygkl ~giokl pb~gp rkprd

abafgklrk dbug`gvgk aripodriprvgiouab+? Abigiro ~bkòòdgk

ygkl pbvokpblvguo `giga drvodrira) agdg ~bagjgagk aguygvgdgp

pbvjg`g~ ubpog~ ~bvfb`ggk ygkl g`g abkmbiag abkmgò ~bvoigdr

rkprd ugiokl abkljgvlgo `gk abkljhvagpo dbvglgagk o`bkpopgu

`giga dbvgkldg ~bkeo~pggk jgvahkouguo dbjo`r~gk+

Fbv`gugvdgk dhkciod!dhkciod ygkl pbvmgò agdg dbfbvg`ggk

< Arjoffok Uygj) ûodhihlo ^bkòòdgk) ebp+ db!< *Fgk`rkl= ^P+ Vbagmg

Vhu`gdgvyg)6>>6/)jia+7>+

: EjhovriAgjcr`) ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi ) ebp+ db!7 *_hlygdgvpg=^rupgdg

^bigmgv)6>>3/)jia+<2+

? Ofo` )jia+<?+



O Aripodriprvgi `giga ^bvu~bdpoc Ouiga6>


~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ugklgp ò~bvirdgk+ ^bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi g`gigj upvgpblo ygkl òpbvg~dgk ~g`g ubarg mbkou

agpg ~bigmgvgk `bklgk egvg abkllrkgdgk ~bvfb`ggk!~bvfb`ggkdriprvgi ~g`g uou|g) ub~bvpo ~bvfb`ggk bpkou) glgag) fgjgug)

lbk`bv) digu uhuogi) vgu) dbaga~rgk) `gk rarv glgv ~vhubu

fbigmgv abkmgò ibfoj bcbdpoc `gk ar`gj+7> Jgi pbvubfrp ubdgiolru

mrlg rkprd abigpoj `gk abafgklrk dgvgdpbv uou|g glgv pbvfogug

fbvuodg~ `bahdvgpou) jragkou) `gk ~irvgiou `giga iokldrklgkkyg+

Ubigkmrpkyg gdgk pbvfbkprd aguygvgdgp fgklug ygkl ibfoj

fbvfr`gyg `bklgk fgkygd dbgkbdgvglgagk+

@+ ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi `giga ^bvu~bdpoc Ouiga

Dbfbvg`ggk gk gugi agkruog ygkl aripodriprvgi abkmgò dbdgyggk

oiar ~bklbpgjrgk fglo ragp Ouiga rkprd òdgmo ibfoj abk`giga+^bvfb`ggk!~bvfb`ggk ygkl g`g o ubdopgv dbjo`r~gk agkruog pbigj

pbvpriou `giga gi!Wrv‟gkri Dgvoa ubfglgoagkg Giigj U\P+ pbigj

fbvcovagk =

’Jgo agkruog) Uburkllrjkyg dgao abkeo~pgdgk dgar `gvo

ubhvgkl igdo!igdo `gk ubhvgkl ~bvba~rgk `gk abkmgòdgk

dgar fbvfgklug ― fgklug `gk fbvurdr!urdr ur~gyg dgar

ugiokl dbkgi!abklbkgi+ Uburkllrjkyg hvgkl ygkl ~giokl

ariog ògkpgvg dgar òuouo Giigj ogigj hvgkl ygkl ~giokl

pgw|g ògkpgvg dgar+ Uburkllrjkyg Giigj Agjg abklbpgjro

iglo Agjg Abklbkgi+‑ *WU+ gi!Jrmrvgp *0?/= 75/+77

7>Gokri_gwok) ^bkòòdgk)jia+62+

77 @b~gvpbabk Glgag Vb~rfiod Ok`hkbuog) Gi!Wrv‟gk `gk Pbvmbagjkyg)



Ouagoi O 67


Drvgklkyg ~bagjgagk `gk ~bkbvg~gk ubegvg ~vgdpou covagk

Giigj U\P+ `giga WU+ gi!Jrmrvgp *0?/= 75 pbvubfrp abkybfgfdgk

hvgkl Ouiga pbvmbfgd giga jgi!jgi ygkl abvrlodgk+ Jgi opr abkmgò~bkybfgf pbvmgòkyg dhkciod ygkl po`gd ~bvkgj fbvjbkpo+

Agdg) dhkub~ ~bòòdgk aripodriprvgi ò Gebj ~bvir pbvru!

abkbvru òuga~godgk db~g`g aguygvgdgp abigiro fbvfglgo chvra

gpgr abòg+ Jgi opr fbvprmrgk glgv prafrj `giga òvo ubpog~ hvgkl

Gebj dbug`gvgk jo`r~ `giga ubfrgj fgklug ygkl aba~rkygo

dbvglgagk fr`gyg) ubjokllg gdjovkyg foug ugiokl abkljgvlgo `gk

abkljhvagpo ubpog~ ~bvfb`ggk+

Kgark) aripodriprvgiouab `giga ~bklbvpogk ygkl ibfoj

uburgo `gk òpbvoag rkprd dbfrprjgk dhkpba~hvbv g`gigj fgj|g

hvgkl!hvgkl `gvo fbvfglgo dbfr`gyggk ygkl fbvglga ubegvg

~bvagkbk jo`r~ fbv`ga~oklgk ugpr bklgk ygkl igokkyg+ Fgkygdsbvuo aripodriprvgiouab ygkl abkbdgkdgk ~bkpoklkyg fbigmgv

pbkpgkl dbfr`gyggk igok) abkehfg abagjgao abvbdg ubegvg

~bkrj `gk ba~gpod+ Aripodriprvgiouab abkloa~iodguodgk urgpr

dbjgvrugk rkprd abklg~vbuoguo dbfr`gyggk!dbfr`gyggk igok)

`bklgk dgpg igok abkoigokyg ~huopoc+ Aripodriprvgiouab arkeri

dg~gk `gk òagkg~rk dbpodg ~bv`glgklgk `gk dgra ògu~hvg

ygkl jo`r~ `gvokyg abkmgò ~bkpokl) `gk oko abkljbk`gdo

ugiokl g`g~pguo *arprgi g`g~pohk/ ubjokllg ubarg dbiha~hd

aba~bvhibj dbagmrgk `gvo ~bvprdgvgk ygkl uocgpkyg agpbvogi

`gk agkrcgdprvgi agr~rk driprvgi fbvr~g lglgugk!lglugk `gvo

*Mgdgvpg=^vhybd^bklg`ggkDopgfUreoGi!Wrv‟gk@b~gvpbabkGlgag)7?<:(7?<?/)

jia+:0<+





fbvfglgo ~bkmrvr `rkog+76

Dgvgdpbvoupod ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi òpokmgr `gvo

~bvu~bdpoc Ouiga abio~rpo prmrj dha~hkbk) ygopr fbigmgv jo`r~`giga ~bvfb`ggk o`bhihlo) abafgklrk polg gu~bd arprgi

*ugiokl ~bvegyg) ~bklbvpogk) `gk abkljgvlgo/) pbvfrdg `giga

fbvcodov) g~vbuoguo `gk okpbv`b~bk`bkuo) ubvpg vbuhiruo dhkciod `gk

vbdhkuoioguo kovdbdbvgugk+ @gvo fbfbvg~g dgvgdpbvoupod pbvubfrp)

òchvariguodgk `bklgk gygp!gygp gi!Wrv‟gk ubfglgo `gioi) fgj|g

dhkub~ ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi pbvkygpg ubigvgu `bklgk gmgvgk

Ouiga `giga abklgprv pgpgkgk jo`r~ agkruog ò ardg frao oko)

pbvrpgag ubdgio `giga dhkpbdu ~bkòòdgk+75

7+ Dgvgdpbvoupod fbigmgv jo`r~ `giga ~bvfb`ggk o`bhihlo+

^bkòòdgk ubigag oko ibfoj òhvobkpguodgk ~g`g polg~oigv ~bkòòdgk) ygopr abkgafgj ~bklbpgjrgk) ~bafbdgigk

dbpbvga~oigk jo`r~ *iocb udoii /) `gk abkbdgkdgk egvg abkmgò

’hvgkl‑ uburgo `bklgk dbvgkldg fbvcodov ~bubvpg òòd+ Vbgiopgukyg

`giga dbjo`r~gk ygkl pbvru fbvdbafgkl) dbpolg ~oigv opr drvgkl

fbvjguoi abkmg|gf dhkòuo aguygvgdgp ygkl ubagdok abkllihfgi+

Agdg gvo opr) o~bvirdgk ugpr ~oigv upvgpblou ygopr fbigmgv ugiokl

abkljgvlgo gdgk ~bvfb`ggk o`bhihlo) ubjokllg gdgk pbvfgklrk

vbiguo gkpgvg ~bvuhkgi gk okpvg ~bvuhkgi+ @giga pbvaokhihlo Ouiga)

vbgiopgu gdgk ~bvfb`ggk pgd `g~gp ò~rkldovo iglo) uburgo W+U+ Gi!

76]gdoyr`òkFgo`jg|y) ^bkòòdgk Glgag Fbv|g|gugk Aripodriprvgi )ebp+

db!7*Mgdgvpg=Bvigkllg)6>>2/)jia+2+

75 Ofo` +)jia+<0!:0+



Ouagoi O 65


Jrmrvgp *0?/ =75 ygkl abkbdgkdgk fgj|g Giigj U\P abkeo~pgdgk

agkruog ygkl pbvòvo `gvo fbvfglgo mbkou dbigaok) urdr) fgklug)

ubvpg okpbv~vbupguo ygkl fbvfb`g!fb`g+

6+ Dgvgdpbvoupod abafgklrk polg gu~bd arprgi+

Dbpolg jgi pbvubfrp ygopr abafgklrk ugiokl ~bvegyg *arprgi

pvrup /) abagjgao ugiokl ~bklbvpogk *arprgi rk`bvupgkòkl /) `gk

abkmrkmrkl uodg~ ugiokl abkljgvlgo *arprgi vbu~bep /+ Polg jgi oko

ubfglgo dhkubdrbkuo ihlou gdgk dbagmbardgk `gk dbjblbahkogk)

agdg o~bvirdgk ~bkòòdgk ygkl fbvhvobkpguo db~g`g dbfbvugaggk

`gk ~bkgkgagk uodg~ phibvgk) `bahdvgpou) ubvpg dbubpgvggk jgd+

Oa~ibabkpguo abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk òarigo `bklgk uodg~

ugiokl abkljgvlgo `gk abkljhvagpo `bklgk pbpg~ abkmrkmrkl

pokllo vgug ~bvugprgk `gk ~bvugr`gvggk+ Jgi pbvubfrp `giga Ouigaig}oa òubfrp pgugarj *phibvgkuo/+70

Gygp!gygp gi!Wrv‟gk ygkl abkbdgkdgk gdgk ~bkpoklkyg ugiokl

~bvegyg) ~bklbvpogk) `gk abkljgvlgo hvgkl igok) ò gkpgvgkyg gygp

ygkl abklgkmrvdgk rkprd abkmgrjo fbvfrvrd ugkldg gk abkegvo

dbugigjgk hvgkl igok ygopr W+U+ gi!Jrmrvgp *0?/) 76=

&Jgo hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl fbvoagk) mgrjoigj dbfgkygdgk `gvo

~vgugkldg) uburkllrjkyg ubfglogk ~vgugkldg opr g`gigj

`hug `gk mgklgkigj dgar abkegvo!egvo dbugigjgk hvgkl igok

`gk mgklgkigj ubfgjglogk dgar abkllrkmokl ubfgjglogk

ygkl igok+& 72

70Ark`}obvUr~gvpg) Ouigaoe)jia+22!2<+

72@b~gvpbabkGlgagVb~rfiodOk`hkbuog) Gi!Wrv‟gk)jia+:0<+





Pgd ar`gj abkmgprjdgk shkou `gk ubigir abklb`b~gkdgk

digvocodguo *pgfgyyrk/ `giga W+U+ gi!Jrmrvgp *0?/) 3=

&Jgo hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl fbvoagk) modg `gpgkl db~g`gar hvgkl cguod abafg|g urgpr fbvopg agdg ~bvodugigj `bklgk pbiopo

glgv dgar po`gd abkoa~gdgk urgpr aruofgj db~g`g urgpr

dgra pgk~g abklbpgjro dbg`ggkkyg ygkl abkybfgfdgk

dgar abkybugi gpgu ~bvfrgpgkar opr+& 73

Po`gd abagdugdgk dbjbk`gd db~g`g hvgkl igok) WU+ gi!

Fgwgvgj *7/) 623 =

&Po`gd g`g ~gduggk rkprd *abagurdo/ glgag *Ouiga/4

uburkllrjkyg pbigj mbigu mgigk ygkl fbkgv `gvo~g`g mgigk

ygkl ugigj+& 7<

5+ Dgvgdpbvoupod pbvfrdg `giga fbv~odov+

^bkòòdgk ubyhlygkyg abafbvo ~bklbpgjrgk fgvr pbkpgkl

fglgoagkg fbvcodov `gk fbvpok`gd) fgjdgk abklg`h~uo `gk

fbvg`g~pguo pbvjg`g~ driprv fgvr ygkl fbvfb`g) dbarògk

òvbu~hku `bklgk codovgk pbvfrdg `gk po`gd pbvdbugk bdudiruoc+

^bubvpg oòd ò`hvhkl rkprd abklbafgkldgk dbaga~rgk fbvcodov

ubjokllg po`gd g`g dbmrar`gk `gk dbpbvdbdgklgk `giga fbvcodov+

^bkljgvlggk gi!Wrv‟gk pbvjg`g~ abvbdg ygkl aba~bvlrkgdgk gdgi)

foug òmgòdgk frdpo vb~vbubkpgpoc fgj|g dhkub~ gmgvgk Ouiga~rk

ugklgp vbu~hkuoc pbvjg`g~ dhkub~ fbvcodov ubegvg pbvfrdg+ Ugigj

73 Ofo` +)jia+:03+

7< Ofo` +)jia+35+



Ouagoi O 62


ugprkyg gygp ygkl abkbvgkldgk fbpg~g pokllokyg `bvgmgp hvgkl

ygkl fbvoiar ygopr W+U+ gi!Armggòiigj *2:/) 77=

&Jgo hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl fbvoagk) g~gfoig odgpgdgk db~g`gar= ’Fbvig~gkl!ig~gkligj `giga agmbiou‑) agdg ig~gkldgkigj)

kouegyg Giigj gdgk abafbvo dbig~gklgk rkprdar+ @gk

g~gfoig òdgpgdgk= ’Fbvòvoigj dgar) agdg fbvòvoigj)

kouegyg Giigj gdgk abkokllodgk hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl fbvoagk

ò gkpgvgar `gk hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl òfbvo oiar ~bklbpgjrgk

fbfbvg~g bvgmgp+ @gk Giigj Agjg Abklbpgjro g~g ygkl dgar

dbvmgdgk+& 7:

Gygp ygkl abkmbigudgk fgj|g Ouiga po`gd abklbkgi dbmrar`gk

`gk `hlagpouab) jgi oko òmbigudgk `giga W+U+ gi!Fgwgvgj *7/) 7<> =

&@gk g~gfoig òdgpgdgk db~g`g abvbdg= ’Odrpoigj g~g ygkl pbigj òprvrkdgk Giigj)‑ abvbdg abkmg|gf= ’*Po`gd/) pbpg~o

dgao jgkyg abklodrpo g~g ygkl pbigj dgao `g~gpo `gvo

*~bvfrgpgk/ kbkbd ahygkl dgao‑+ ’*G~gdgj abvbdg gdgk

abklodrpo mrlg/) |gigr~rk kbkbd ahygkl abvbdg opr po`gd

abklbpgjro urgpr g~g ~rk) `gk po`gd abk`g~gp ~bprkmrd8‑ 7?

0+ Dgvgdpbvoupod g~vbuoguo `gk okpbv`b~bk`bkuo

Dgvgdpbvoupod oko abklb`b~gkdgk pgpgkgk uhuogi ygkl

egvb *~b`rio/) òagkg ubarg gkllhpg aguygvgdgp `g~gp ugiokl

abkrkmrddgk g~vbuoguo `gk ababiojgvg vbiguo) dbpbvodgpgk)

7: Ofo`+)jia+?7>+

7? Ofo`+)jia+07+





dhjbuo) `gk dbpbvdgopgk uhuogi ygkl vbdgp) dgvbkg fglgoagkg~rk

mrlg agkruog po`gd foug urvsosb pgk~g odgpgk uhuogi ygkl òkgaou+

Dhkub~ ub~bvpo oko fgkygd pbvagdprf `giga gi!Wrv‟gk) ugigjugprkyg W+U+ gi!Ago`gj *2/) 6 ygkl abkbvgkldgk fbpg~g ~bkpoklkyg

~vokuo~ ugiokl phihkl!abkhihkl `giga dbfgmodgk) ababiojgvg

uhio`gvopgu `gk odgpgk uhuogi *pgd|g/) `bklgk abkljok`gvo phihkl

abkhihkl `giga dbmgjgpgk+

&@gk phihkl!abkhihkligj dgar `giga *abklbvmgdgk/

dbfgmodgk `gk pgd|g) `gk mgklgk phihkl!abkhihkl `giga

fbvfrgp `hug `gk ~bigkllgvgk+ @gk fbvpgd|gigj dgar

db~g`g Giigj) uburkllrjkyg Giigj gagp fbvgp uodug!Kyg+ *W+U+

gi!Ago`gj *2/= 6/+& 6>

Vb`gduo gygp pbvubfrp abklouygvgpdgk fgj|g phihkl!abkhihklygkl `g~gp abklgkpgvdgk agkruog) fgod ubfglgo okòso`r gpgr

dbiha~hd) db~g`g pgpgkgk aguygvgdgp ygkl dhdhj `giga fokldgo

~bvugprgk `gk dbfbvugaggk g`gigj phihkl abkhihkl `giga jgi

dbfgodgk) dbmrmrvgk `gk dbpggpgk+67

2+ Dgvgdpbvoupod vbuhiruo dhkciod `gk vbdhkuoioguo+

Dhkciod `giga fbvfglgo jgi jgvru òjok`gvo) `gk ~bkòòdgk

jgvru abarkluodgk òvo `giga vbuhiruo dhkciod+ G`g~rk vbuhiruo

dhkciod fbira erdr~ pgk~g vbdhkuoioguo) ygdko r~gyg ~bv`gagogk

abigiro ugvgkg ~bklga~rkgk gpgr abaggcdgk *chvlosbkbuu /+

6> Ofo` +)jia+72<+

67Ark`}obvUr~gvpg) Ouigaoe)jia+30+



Ouagoi O 6<


^bafbvogk ga~rk gpgr aggc `giga vbdhkuoioguo g`gigj pok`gdgk

pb~gp `giga uoprguo dhkciod dharkgi+

@giga gmgvgk Ouiga) ubirvrj ragp agkruog jgvruabklb`b~gkdgk ~bv`gagogk) eokpg `gago `gk vgug gagk fglo

ubirvrj agdjird+ Mrlg ubegvg pblgu gi!Wrv‟gk abklgkmrvdgk rkprd

abafbvo aggc) abafoafokl db gvgj dbub~gdgpgk `gago `bklgk

egvg aruyg|gvgj) `r`rd ugpr abmg `bklgk ~vokuo~ dguoj ugygkl+

Jgi opr pbv`g~gp `giga W+U+ guy!Uyrrvg *06/) 0> ygkl fbvfrkyo=

&@gk fgigugk urgpr dbmgjgpgk g`gigj dbmgjgpgk ygkl ubvr~g)

agdg Fgvgkl uog~g abaggcdgk `gk fbvfrgp fgod agdg

~gjgigkyg gpgu *pgkllrklgk/ Giigj+ Uburkllrjkyg @og po`gd

abkyrdgo hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl igioa+& 66

Foig pbvmgò ~bvubiouojgk) agdg Ouiga abkg|gvdgk mgirv~bv`gagogk abigiro ògihl rkprd abkeg~go arcgdgp+ Jgi oko po`gd

abafb`gdgk vgu) |gvkg driop) bpkod) dbfr`gyggk `gk fgjdgk

glgag+65

Dbug`gvgk pbvjg`g~ dbjo`r~gk ygkl aripodriprvgi ~g`g

gdjovkyg gdgk abkmbiag abkmgò dbugprgk jgvahkou ygkl abafbvo

ehvgd ~bvugaggk `giga u~ovop `gk abkpgi+60 Rkprd aba~bvhibj

dbfbvjguoigk fglo pbvbgiouguokyg prmrgk ariog ygopr ~bv`gagogk gk

~bvugr`gvggk gfgò ò gkpgvg hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl ~g`g vbgiopgukyg

abagkl abaoiodo glgag `gk oagk fbvfb`g) ~bvirigj dovgkyg

66@b~gvpbabkGlgagVb~rfiodOk`hkbuog) Gi!Wrv‟gk)jia+<:?+

65Ark`}obvUr~gvpg) Ouigaoe)jia+2?+

60GuagJgugkCgjao) Ubmgvgj `gk Coiugcgp ^bkòòdgk Ouiga)ebp+db!7*Mgdgvpg=FrigkFokpgkl)7?<?/)jia+77+



O Aripodriprvgi `giga ^bvu~bdpoc Ouiga6:


g`g dbfbvgkogk abklgmgd ~ojgd!~ojgd fbvdha~bkpbk abigdrdgk

~bvrfgjgk ò fo`gkl ~bkòòdgk pbvrpgag abigiro drvodrirakyg

ygkl fbvfguou dbgkbdgvglgagk+^gvgòlag pbkpgkl ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi `giga abkmglg

~bv`gaggk ò Gebj `gk r~gyg!r~gyg ~bkbvg~gkkyg ò Ok`hkbuog

doko abk`g~gp ~bvjgpogk ubagdok fbugv dgvbkg vbibsgkuo `gk

rvlbkuokyg ygkl pokllo+ ^bklbafgklgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi

òjgvg~dgk `g~gp ab|rmr`dgk aguygvgdgp aripodriprvgi) ygopr

urgpr aguygvgdgp ygkl agmbard `gvo igpgv fbigdgkl bpkou) fr`gyg)

glgag `gk ubfglgokyg) kgark aba~rkygo pbdg` `gk eopg!eopg

ygkl ugag `giga abafgklrk fgklug `gk kblgvg+

B+ Dbuoa~rigk

@gvo ~g~gvgk ò gpgu) dbgkbdgvglgagk fr`gyg g`gigj dbkouegyggk`giga jo`r~+ Dbjo`r~gk ygkl pbkgkl `gk `gago ò gkpgvg

fbvagega ~bvfb`ggk `giga fbvaguygvgdgp ~bvir òuhuogiouguodgk

glgv fbkgv!fbkgv pbv|rmr`) ugigj ugprkyg abigiro ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi+


`bklgk gmgvgk Ouiga) djrurukyg gi!Wrv‟gk ygkl abkmgò urafbv

uygvogp Ouiga+ Dbgkbdgvglgagk ygkl g`g mrupvr abkmgò dbdgyggk

okpbibdprgi rkprd òdgmo) ubfglgoagkg fbfbvg~g gygp gi!Wrv‟gk

ygkl abkmbigudgk jgi pbvubfrp+

Abigiro ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi òjgvg~dgk ubpog~ okòso`r

gpgr dbiha~hd foug abkbvoag `gk abkljgvlgo ubpog~ ~bvfb`ggk)jo`r~ fbv`ga~oklgk bklgk gago gk pbkgkl |gigr~rk fbvfb`g!



Ouagoi O 6?


fb`g o`bhihlo+ Ubjokllg pbvfbkprd ubfrgj kblgvg `gk fgklug ygkl

`gago `gk ubmgjpbvg+TQ



57

Okpbvkgiouguo Koigo!koigo

AripodriprvgiVgjao Cjhkkg) AGLrvr Jhkhvbv AGK @gvruugiga Prkldh~) Gebj Fbugv

^bk`gjrirgk

Ok`hkbuog fbigdgklgk oko abkljg`g~o fbvfglgo pgkpgklgk pbvdgop

gu~bd aripodriprvgi+ Drvgklkyg ~bagjgagk pbvjg`g~ gu~bd

pbvubfrp jga~ov pbvmgò ~g`g ubirvrj dharkopgu |gvlg kblgvg+

Agdg pgd abkljbvgkdgk modg dhkòuo uhuogi dbaguygvgdgpgk `gvo

jgvo db jgvo ubagdok ò|gvkgo `bklgk fbvfglgo agugigj+

Jgòvkyg uodg~ okphibvgk pbvjg`g~ ubugag ubgdgk ab|gfgj`gk abkybkprj ubarg ig~ougk aguygvgdgp+ Oko pbviojgp `gvo

arkerikyg pbvhvouab) dhkciod UGVG *urdr) glgag) `gk vgu/)

pg|rvgk ~bigmgv) po`gd abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk) òudvoaokguo ubvpg

fbvfglgo dguru igok ygkl abklger db~g`g joigklkyg vgug `gk

uodg~ ugiokl abkljgvlgo pbvjg`g~ dbgkbdgvglgagk ygkl jo`r~

`gk fbvdbafgkl ò pbklgj aguygvgdgp+

^bvagugigjgk oko abvr~gdgk pgkpgklgk fbugv fglo ubirvrj

upgdbjhi`bv rkprd abkegvo gipbvkgpoc ~bkybibugogk glgv ubpog~ gkgd

fgklug `g~gp abkljgvlgo dbfbvglgagk+ Dgvbkg dbfbvglgagk

opr òiojgp `gvo dhkpbdu jouphvou abvr~gdgk ah`gi fbugv fgklug

Ok`hkbuog `giga abvgoj eopg!eopg dbabv`bdggk+Pg~o) ah`gi fbugv opr g~gfoig pgd òdbihig `bklgk fgod gdgk



O Okpbvkgiouguo Koigo!koigo Aripodriprvgi 56


abkeo~pgdgk iokldrklgk fgklug ygkl òuhvobkpguo dbfjokbdggk

ubjokllg `g~gp abarkeridgk cgkgpouab bpkou) glgag) dbiha~hd

`gk fr`gyg ygkl abklgkega dbjo`r~gk fbvfgklug `gk fbvkblgvgubvpg joigklkyg odgpgk bahuohkgi uhuogi `giga fbvfglgo ig~ougk

aguygvgdgp ygkl aripodriprvgi *_gwok) 6>>2=0/+ Dgvbkg opr ~vokuo~

dbubpgvggk) dbgòigk) dbpbvfrdggk) ~bklgdrgk pbvjg`g~ ~bvfb`ggk

g`gigj koigo!koigo ygkl òfrprjdgk `giga dbjo`r~gk kblgvg ygkl

aripodriprv ubvpg ~bvir òibupgvodgk ò pbklgj joa~opgk fr`gyg

lihfgi glgv pbvegfrp `gvo ~hig ~odov `gk |gpgd gkgd fgklug ~g`g

agug abk`gpgkl+

Ugigj ugpr r~gyg `gk gipbvkgpoc ~bkybibugogk agugigj opr

g`gigj abigiro ~bklbkgigk ibfoj abk`giga `gk dha~vbjbkuoc

pbvjg`g~ agdkg aripodriprvgi+ Dhkub~ aripodriprvgiouab abkmgò

~bkpokl rkprd òdbafgkldgk `gk òokpbvkgiouguodgk `giga ~vhubupvgkuchvaguo koigo!koigo fglo aguygvgdgp+

^vokuo~!~vokuo~ `gugv aripodriprvgiouab abklgdro `gk

abkljgvlgo dbfbvglgagk dbiha~hd aguygvgdgp bao pbv|rmr`kyg

~bvrfgjgk ~hig ~bvoigdr uhuogi ygkl dhk`ruoc pgk~g òudvoaokgpoc)

ubjokllg pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug ygkl ibfoj fbvfr`gyg `bklgk

dbgkbdgvglgagk+ Agdgkyg) rkprd abkeblgj `gk abaokoagidgk

fbvfglgo dhkciod `gk abkljoigkldgk uodg~ òudvoaokgpoc ~bvir

òdbafgkldgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi+

Rvlbkuo

Aripodriprvgi g`gigj urgpr ~gjga gpgr uoprguo dhkòuo aguygvgdgpygkl pbvururk `gvo fgkygd dbfr`gyggk+ Abkrvrp Ioio|bvo *6>>2=



Vgjao Cjhkkg) AG O 55


3:/) aripodriprvgiouab abvr~gdgk dhkub~ ygkl abkmbigudgk

`rg ~bvfb`ggk `bklgk agdkg ugiokl fbvdgopgk+ ^bvpgag)

aripodriprvgiouab ubfglgo dhkòuo dbagmbardgk dbfr`gyggk `gvourgpr aguygvgdgp) dhkòuo oko ògurauodgk `g~gp abafbkprd

uodg~ phibvgkuo+ Db`rg) aripodriprvgiouab abvr~gdgk ub~bvgkldgp

dbfomgdgk ~babvokpgj ygkl òvgkegkl glgv ubirvrj aguygvgdgp

`g~gp abafbvodgk ~bvjgpogk db~g`g dbfr`gyggk gvo ubarg bpkod

gpgr urdr fgklug dgvbkg abvbdg pbigj abafbvo dhkpvofruo fglo

~bafbkprdgk ~bafgklrkgk urgpr fgklug+

Foig òdgopdgk `bklgk ~bkòòdgk) aripodrdiprvgiouab

abvr~gdgk upvgpblo ~bkòòdgk ygkl abagkcggpdgk dbvglgagk

igpgv fbigdgkl dbfr`gyggk uou|g ubfglgo ugigj ugpr dbdrgpgk rkprd

abafbkprd uodg~ aripodriprvgi+ Jgi oko uburgo `bklgk Rk`gkl!

Rk`gkl Uoupba bkòòdgk Kguohkgi ~g`g Fgf 5 gugi 0 Gygp 7 fgj|g~bkòòdgk òubibkllgvgdgk ubegvg `bahdvgpou `gk fbvdbgòigk

ubvpg po`gd òudvoaokgpoc `bklgk abkmrkmrkl pokllo jgd guguo

agkruog) koigo dbglgaggk) koigo driprvgi `gk dbagmbardgk fgklug+

R~gyg oko `g~gp ò|rmr`dgk abigiro ~bkòòdgk) dgvbkg

~bkòòdgkigj ygkl `g~gp abafbkprd |gpgd `gugv) okpbibdprgi

`gk bahuohkgi ububhvgkl `giga abiojgp vbgiopgu ygkl g`g ò

ubdbioioklkyg+ Oko `g~gp ògvpodgk fgj|g ~bkòòdgk abvr~gdgk

~vhubu abkpvgkuaouodgk dbfr`gyggk `gk ubdgiolru ~bafbigmgvgk

khvag!khvag dbaguygvgdgpgk *Ejgdoa) 6>>2= 7>3/) abigiro

abph`b!abph`b pbvpbkpr ubjokllg hvgkl aba~bvhibj ~bklbpgjrgk)

~bagjgagk) `gk egvg fbvpokldgj igdr ygkl uburgo `bklgkdbfrprjgk *Uygj) 6>>6= 7>/+





Dgvbkgkyg) oa~ibabkpguo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi jgvru

`g~gp abafbkprd |gpgd `gugv `gk uodg~ uou|g glgv `g~gp jo`r~

`bklgk fbvfglgo dbgkbdgvglgagk abigiro ~bkbvoaggk pbvjg`g~dbrkodgk agkruog pgk~g abafb`gdgk vgu) fr`gyg) mbkou dbigaok)

dhkòuo mguagkogj `gk upgpru bdhkhao ububhvgkl *Ofvgjoa) 6>>:=

767/+

Guy‟gvob *6>>:= 7!6/ abkgafgjdgk fgj|g ~bagjgagkk

aripodriprvgiouab ~bkpokl ò|rmr`dgk ubmgd òko dgvbkg fbvdgopgk

`bklgk ~vhubu ~bkgkgagk egvg jo`r~ abkljhvagpo) priru) `gk

phibvgk pbvjg`g~ dbgkbdgvglgagk fr`gyg ygkl jo`r~ ò pbklgj

aguygvgdgp ~irvgi+ Gpgu `gugv opr) òjgvg~dgk g`gkyg dbibkprvgk

abkpgi fgklug `giga abkljg`g~o fbvfglgo fbkprvgk dhkciod

uhuogi ubjokllg `g~gp abkmglg dbrprjgk `gk ~bvugprgk fgklug+

Ibfoj mgrj) Lhiikoed *`giga Fgkdu) 7??5= 6?/ abkybfrpdgk)~bkpoklkyg ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi òigpgvfbigdgklo hibj polg

cgdphv+ ^bvpgag) ubpog~ fr`gyg `g~gp fbvokpbvgduo `bklgk fr`gyg

igok ygkl fbvfb`g+ Db`rg) dbgòigk uhuogi `gk dbuba~gpgk ygkl

ubpgvg fglo ubarg hvgkl abvr~gdgk jgd fglo ubarg |gvlg

kblgvg+ Dbpolg) uoupba ~bkòòdgk `g~gp abafbvodgk crkluo dvopou

pbvjg`g~ dbfrprjgk dbvgkldg uodg~ `gk koigo `bao dbigklurklgk

aguygvgdgp bahdvgpou+ Cgdphv!cgdphv opr g~gp omgòdgk igk`gugk

rkprd abklbafgkldgk dhkub~ ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgiouab ygkl

ugklgp ~bkpokl dgvbkg `g~gp abkokldgpdgk ~bagjgagk pbvjg`g~

dbfbvglgagk fr`gyg ubvpg `g~gp ab|rmr`dgk dbuba~gpgk ygkl

ugag fglo ubarg hvgkl `giga vgkldg abkljoigkldgk upbvbhpo~ygkl pbigj abibdgp ~g`g ububhvgkl pbvjg`g~ fr`gyg hvgkl igok+





Ubigvgu `bklgk jgi opr) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgiouab po`gd

jgkyg ~bkpokl ~g`g urgpr kblgvg gpgr `gbvgj pbvpbkpr) pbpg~o

og pbigj abkmgò dhaopabk ubegvg lihfgi+ Jgi oko uburgo `bklgkvbdhabk`guo ygkl òdbirgvdgk RKBUEH ~g`g Hdphfbv 7??0 ò

Mbkb|g+ Vbdhabk`guo pbvubfrp abargp ba~gp jgi+ ^bvpgag)

~bkòòdgk jbk`gdkyg abklbafgkldgk dbaga~rgk rkprd

abklgdro `gk abkbvoag koigo!koigo ygkl g`g `giga dbfjokkbdggk+

Db`rg) ~bkòòdgk jbk`gdkyg abkblrjdgk mgpo ovo gk abk`hvhkl

dhksbvlbkuo lglgugk `gk ~bkybibugogk ygkl `g~gp aba~bvdhdhj

~bv`gagogk) ubvpg uhio`gvopgu gkpgvg ~vofgò `gk aguygvgdgp+

Dbpolg) ~bkòòdgk jbk`gdkyg abkokldgpdgk dbaga~rgk

abklbihig dhkciod ubegvg `gago pgk~g dbdbvgugk+ Dbba~gp)

~bkòòdgk jbk`gdkyg abkokldgpdgk ~bklbafgklgk db`gagogk

`giga ~odovgk uou|g ubjokllg abvbdg aga~r abafgklrk ibfojdhdhj drgiopgu phibvgkuo) dbugfgvgk) dbagrgk rkprd fbvfglo `gk

ababiojgvg *Ugkruo) 6>>?= 5/+

Igir) dbkg~g okpbvkgiouguo koigo!koigo aripodriprvgi ~bvir

ò|rmr`dgk ubmgd òko abigiro ~bkòòdgk8 Ubpo`gdkyg pbv`g~gp

ba~gp gigugk ygkl `g~gp òdbardgdgk+ ^bvpgag) ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgiouab g~gp abafbvodgk pbvhfhugk fgvr ~bafbigmgvgk

ygkl aga~r abkokldgpdgk ba~gpo `gk abklrvgklo ~vgugkldg

uou|g ubjokllg pbveo~pgkyg |gvlg kblgvg ygkl aga~r abklbihig

dhkciod pgk~g dbdbvgugk *khksohibkp /+ Db`rg) ~bkbvg~gk ~bk`bdgpgk

`gk upvgpblo ~bafbigmgvgk ~hpbkuogi `giga abklb`b~gkdgk

~vhubu okpbvgduo uhuogi abaoiodo gcbduo ygkl drgp+ Dbpolg) ah`bi~bafbigmgvgk aripodriprvgi abafgkpr ~bkòòd `giga abklbihig





~vhubu ~bafbigmgvgk abkmgò ibfoj bcouobk `gk bcbdpoc) ubjokllg

abafbvodgk dbaga~rgk uou|g `giga abafgklrk dhigfhvgpoc

`gk abaoiodo dhaopabk koigo pokllo `giga dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgpygkl fbvglga+ Dbba~gp) abafbvodgk dhkpvofruo fglo fgklug

Ok`hkbuog `giga ~bkybibugogk `gk abklbihig dhkciod fbvkrgkug

UGVG ygkl poafri `giga aguygvgdgp `bklgk egvg abkokldgpdgk

ba~gpo `gk abklrvgklo ~vgugkldg+

Abiojgp ~bkpoklkyg ~bkgkgagk dhkub~ aripodriprvgiouab)

agdg ur`gj ubjgvrukyg ubdhigj) ~bkòòd) gk fbvfglgo ~bklgafoi

dbfomgdgk aba~bvuog~dgk fbvfglgo gu~bd ygkl abkegdr~ agpbvo)

abph`b) ubvpg ugvgkg `gk ~vgugvgkg `giga abkrkmgkl ~vhubu

~bafbigmgvgk aripodriprvgiouab ò ibafglg ~bkòòdgk+

R~gyg OkpbvkgiouguoPrmrgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi g`gigj rkprd abklrfgj

ubirvrj iokldrklgk gpgr urgugkg ~bkòòdgk) ubjokllg `g~gp

abkokldgpdgk ~bvjgpogk pbvjg`g~ dbiha~hd!dbiha~hd fr`gyg

ygkl irgu gpgr fbvfb`g rkprd abk`g~gpdgk ~bkòòdgk ygkl

ugag+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi mrlg abvr~gdgk prmrgk rpgag

~bafbigmgvgk ubrarv jo`r~ *iocb ihkl ibgvkokl/ *Ofvgjoa)

6>>:=767!766/+ Hibj dgvbkg opr) ~bkgkgagk koigo!koigo ygkl `g~gp

abk`rdrkl pbv|rmr`kyg uodg~ ugiokl abkljgvlgo `gk `g~gp

jo`r~ fbv`ga~oklgk ubegvg `gago ~bvir òpgkgadgk ubmgd òko

`giga fbvfglgo mbkmgkl ~bkòòdgk) dgvbkg ~bkòòdgk pgd jgkyg

ubfglgo pvgkucbv hc dkh|ib`lb `gk pvgkucbv hc udoii ) kgark mrlg~bvir aba~vohvopgudgk ~g`g ~bklbafgklgk pvgkucbv hc uheogi



Vgjao Cjhkkg) AG O 5<


sgirbu ygkl `g~gp abk`rdrkl dbjo`r~gk jgvahkou gkpgvg

ubirvrj aguygvgdgp) pgk~g abafb`gdgk bpkou) vgu) urdr `gk

glgag *Gf`riigj) 6>>2= 767/+^hig ~bkbvg~gk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ò pokldgp kguohkgi

agr~rk ihdgi ~bvir òdgmo ubegvg ibfoj abk`giga) abkloklgp

~bagjgagk dhkub~ aripodriprvgiouab aguoj pbvfgpgu jgkyg ~g`g

fbfbvg~g lhihklgk pbvpbkpr `gk fbira abkybkprj ubarg ig~ougk

aguygvgdgp) pbvagurd ~bkòòd `gk ~bklgafoi dbfomgdgk `giga

fo`gkl ~bkòòdgk+

Rkprd opr) g`g fbfbvg~g gu~bd ygkl g~gp omgòdgk gergk rkprd

abklbafgkldgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi+ ^bvpgag) abkyrurk

vgkegklgk ~bafbigmgvgk fbvfguou aripodriprvgi+ ^bkyrurkgk

vgkegklgk ~bafbigmgvgk fbvkrgkug aripodriprvgi `g~gp òigdrdgk

abigiro ioag pgjg~gk rpgag) ygopr gkgiouou ouo *ehkpbkp gkgiyuou /)gkgiouou igpgv driprvgi *ubppokl gkgiyuou/ ) ~babpggk agpbvo *ag~okl

ehkpbkpu /) ~bklhvlgkouguogk agpbvo *ehkpbkpu hvlgko}okl /) `gk

abkrgkldgk `giga chvagp ~bafbigmgvgk dbpodg pgjg~gk ~vhubu

pok`gdgk oigdrdgk giga abklbafgkldgk ~bafbigmgvgk fbvfguou

aripodriprvgi+

Db`rg) ~bvir g`gkyg ubfrgj drvodrira ygkl `g~gp

òmgòdgk ~blgklgk fglo ~bkòòd `giga abklgmgvdgk dhkub~

aripodriprvgiouab+ Drvodrira oko ~bvir òdbafgkldgk ubfglgo

fglogk `gvo ~bigmgvgk ^bkòòdgk Db|gvlgkblgvggk *^Dk/ `gk

^bkòòdgk Glgag+ Uggp oko drvodrira ~g`g `rg agpg ~bigmgvgk

pbvubfrp fbira pbvokpblvguo ubegvg rprj `bklgk koigo!koigoaripodriprvgiouab ygkl ugklgp òfrprjdgk rkprd abafbvodgk



O Okpbvkgiouguo Koigo!koigo Aripodriprvgi 5:


~bagjgagk db~g`g gkgd òòd pbkpgkl ~bkljgvlggk pbvjg`g~

dbgkbdgvglgagk ò ubdopgvkyg+ @giga jgi oko) ~babvokpgj ihdgi

*`gbvgj/ po`gd jgvru abkrkllr g`gkyg drvodrira pokldgp kguohkgi)pbpg~o `g~gp abkyrurk drvodrira fbv`gugvdgk dhkpbdu ihdgi

ygkl ibfoj òkgaou `gk uburgo ~hig dbjo`r~gk `gbvgj ygkl ~bkrj

`bklgk koigo!koigo dbgvocgk ihdgi *ihegi sgirb/ rkprd òdbafgkldgk

`giga ubfrgj agpbvo ygkl rprj ubjokllg abkmgò fgjgk gmgv giga

abafbvodgk ~bagjgagk pbkpgkl dhkub~ aripodriprvgiouab db~g`g

uou|g+ @bklgk fblopr) abvbdg `g~gp abagjgao dbgkbdgvglgagk ò

ubdbioioklkyg `giga dhkpbdu ihdgi ygkl fbvòabkuo lihfgi+ @gk oko

`g~gp abkmgò ugigj ugpr agpbvo rkprd abklouo drvodrira argpgk

ihdgi+ ^bvu~bdpoc ihdgi ~bkpokl ò|rmr`dgk) dgvbkg okpo dhkub~

aripodriprvgiouab frdgk urgpr ~gduggk `bklgk abkljoigkldgk

dbgkbdgvglgagk fr`gyg ihdgi pbpg~o r~gyg abagjgao fbvfglgodbgkbdgvglgagk ubfglgo ubfrgj fgklug ygkl `g~gp jo`r~ ugiokl

fbv`ga~oklgk bklgk fbvfglgo ~bvfb`ggk pbvubfrp+

Dbpolg) ~bvir g`gkyg upvgpblo ~bafbigmgvgk fbvfguou

aripodriprvgi) gkpgvg igok abigiro ~bkbvg~gk ~bafbigmgvgk

fbvugag!ugag *ehh~bvgposb ibgvkokl / ygkl ò~g`r `bklgk upvgpblo

~bkeg~gogk dhkub~ *ehkeb~p gppgokabkp /) gkgiouou koigo *sgirb

gkgiyuou /) `gk gkgiouou uhuogi *uheogi oksbupolgpohk/+ Upvgpblo oko foug

òpbvg~dgk ~g`g ubarg agpg ~bigmgvgk) po`gd jgkyg pbvfgpgu ~g`g

agpg ~bigmgvgk pbvpbkpr ygkl jgkyg aba~bvdbkgidgk dhkub~

aripodriprvgiouab+ ^bkllrkggk upvgpblo oko òjgvg~dgk aga~r

abkokldgpdgk ~gvpouo~guo uou|g `giga abigdrdgk vbdhabk`guokoigo!koigo ihdgi ubvpg abafgklrk egvg ~gk`gkl dbfgkluggk ygkl



Vgjao Cjhkkg) AG O 5?


aripodriprv+ @gvo dbaga~rgk oko) uou|g gdgk abaoiodo dbpvga~oigk

`giga abklbafgkldgk dbegdg~gk jo`r~ rkprd abkljhvagpo `gk

ba~gpo ygkl pokllo pbvjg`g~ ~bvfb`ggk fr`gyg) phibvgkuo ~g`g~bvfb`ggk ubvpg aga~r abklbihig dhkciod pgk~g dbdbvgugk+

Dbba~gp) g`gkyg uoupba ~bafbv`gyggk fr`gyg ubdhigj `gk

upvrdprv uhuogi *ba~h|bvokl uejhhi eriprvb gk` uheogi upvreprvb/+ Jgi

oko ~bkpokl giga abafbv`gygdgk fr`gyg uou|g rkprd fbv~gvpouo~guo

`giga dblogpgk higjvglg) fbvokpbvgduo `bklgk ubirvrj upgc `gk

uou|g ygkl fbvfb`g bpkou `gk vgu `giga r~gyg abkeo~pgdgk fr`gyg

gdg`baod+ Okpbvgduo khk!chvagi oko òjgvg~dgk gdgk pbv|rmr`kyg

~bagjgagk pbvjg`g~ dbgkbdgvglgagk abigiro dblogpgk!dblogpgk

fbvuocgp bdupvgdriodribv ygkl g~gp oodrpo hibj ubarg uou|g bklgk

igpgv fbigdgkl glgag) fr`gyg) `gk bpkou ygkl fbvfb`g+

Dbioag) rkprd abklbafgkldgk ah`bi ~bkòòdgkaripodriprvgi òfrprjdgk fbvfglgo ugvgkg `gk ~vgugvgkg ygkl

abk`rdrkl+ Ugigj ugprkyg g`gigj gròh sourgi rkprd abkhkphk

coia!coia fbvpbag aripodriprvgi) `gk fbvfglgo abòg ~bafbigmgvgk

igok ygkl g~gp abkokldgpdgk aokgp uou|g rkprd abagjgao dhkub~

aripodriprvgiouab+ ^bkllrkggk abòg ~bafbigmgvgk ub~bvpo gròh

sourgi ub~bpo pbigj òdbafgkldgk ò Ag`vgugj ^bafgklrkgk ROK

erdr~ abkgvod aokgp fbigmgv ubvpg ugklgp abkybkgkldgk uou|g)

dgvbkg pgd jgkyg abk`bklgv pbhvo `gvo ~bkòòd pg~o ubdgiolru

abiojgp `gk abigdrdgk ~vgdpod ubigag ~vhubu ~bafbigmgvgk

fbvigklurkl+ R~gyg oko gdgk fbv`ga~gd pbvjg`g~ ubagdok

abkokldgpkyg uodg~ phibvgkuo) uhio`gvopgu `gk ~bkybibugogk dhkciodpgk~g dbdbvgugk ubvpg abkba~rj mgigk aruyg|gvgj+



O Okpbvkgiouguo Koigo!koigo Aripodriprvgi 0>


@giga vgkldg abkloa~ibabkpguodgk jgi!jgi opr) fgod

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~bklgafoi dbfomgdgk pbvjg`g~ ~bklbafgklgk ~bkòòdgk ~bvirabkldgmo ubegvg pbiopo `gk ibfoj abk`giga rkprd abkbvg~dgk

dhkub~ ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi o iokldrklgk ubdhigj+ Jgvru g`g

dbfomgdgk ygkl pb~gp gk pbvgvgj arigo gvo ~bklbafgklgk agpbvo)

abph`b ~bklgmgvgk) ~bkeo~pggk dhkòuo iokldrklgk ygkl dhk`ruoc

`gk fbvfguou fr`gyg ubvpg ~bafokggk pbvjg`g~ ~bkòòd!~bkòòd

ygkl pbviofgp ubegvg igklurkl agr~rk po`gd igklurkl `giga r~gyg

okpbvkgiouguo koigo!koigo aripodriprvgi pbvubfrp+

@giga ~bkbvg~gkkyg) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi frdgkigj

agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl fbvòvo ubkòvo) pg~o pbvokpblvguo db giga agpg

~bigmgvgk igok) ubjokllg `giga oa~ibabkpguokyg ~bvir òigdrdgk

hibj ~bkòòd ubfglgo ugigj ugpr dha~hkbk ~bafbigmgvgk+ Dgvbkgopr) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi po`gd jgkyg abkmgò pgkllrkl mg|gf

~bkòòd agpg ~bigmgvgk pbvpbkpr) pbpg~o ~bvir òoa~ibabkpguodgk

ubegvg okpblvgi db `giga fbvfglgo agpbvo ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl

vbibsgk `bklgk agpg ~bigmgvgk fbvugkldrpgk+

Pg~o) abiojgp agpbvo `gvo dhkub~ aripodriprvgiouab) ~bvgk

lrvr agpg ~bigmgvgk ^Dk `gk ^bkòòdgk Glgag abkmgò popod

ubkpvgi rkprd ~bklbafgklgk dhkub~ aripodriprvgiouab+ Ubjokllg

`giga oa~ibabkpguokyg) ~gvg ~bkòòd ~bvir ibfoj dvbgpoc) okhsgpoc

ubvpg aga~r abklbihig `gk abkeo~pgdgk `bugok ~bafbigmgvgk

ygkl uburgo) pbvagurd abafbvodgk `gk abafgkldopdgk ahposguo

fbigmgv uou|g+ Pbpg~o cgdpg ygkl g`g fbvfoegvg igok) jguoi ~bkbiopogk fgvr!fgvr oko ygkl oigdrdgk o Mgdgvpg gk Pgklbvgkl abkbardgk





cgdpg fgj|g dbfgkygdgk lrvr agpg ~bigmgvgk ^Dk po`gd pbvigir

abklbvpo pbkpgkl aripodriprvgiouab *Jgvogk Vb~rfiodg) 70 Mrko

6>77/+Rkprd abkmg|gf ~vhfibag opr) dbfomgdgk djruru abklbkgo

~bkokldgpgk dg~guopgu `gk drgiopgu ~bkòòd jgvru ublbvg

ò|rmr`dgk+ ^bvgk ~bkòòd `giga abkloa~ibabkpguodgk

~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ugklgp ~bkpokl) ò agkg ~bkòòd jgvru

aga~r abklbihig `gk abklhvlgkouov ouo) ~vhubu) uoprguo `gk

dblogpgk ubdhigj ubegvg aripodriprvgi o agkg ubpog~ uou|g bklgk

igpgv fbigdgkl ygkl fbvfb`g fbvdbuba~gpgk rkprd abklbafgkldgk

òvokyg `gk ugiokl abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk ygkl po`gd arkldok

òjok`gvo ò iokldrklgk ubdhigj+ @bklgk dg~guopgu ~bkòòd ygkl

dvbgpoc gk okhsgpoc ubvpg g`gkyg rdrklgk gvo ubirvrj dha~hkbk

ubdhigj òjgvg~dgk gdgk arkeri ~bagjgagk `gk gcbduo uou|ggdgk koigo!koigo aripodriprvgi ygkl òdbafgkldgk ub~bvpo phibvgkuo)

uhio`gvopgu) aruyg|gvgj) gk ~bklrkldg~gk ovo+

Gdjovkyg) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ubyhlygkyg aga~r

abkcguoiopguo ~vhubu fbigmgv abklgmgv ygkl abklrfgj ~bvu~bdpoc

ahkhdriprvgi) ~bkrj ~vgugkldg `gk òudvoaokgpoc db ~bvu~bdpoc

aripodriprvgiou abkljgvlgo dbvglgagk `gk ~bvfb`ggk) phibvgk

`gk uodg~ pbvfrdg pbvjg`g~ hvgkl igok+ ^bvrfgjgk ~gvgòlag oko

abkrkprp pvgkuchvaguo ygkl po`gd pbvfgpgu ~g`g òabkuo dhlkopoc

fbigdg+ @rkog ~bkòòdgk po`gd fhibj pbvguokl `gvo ~bvfokegklgk

vbgiopgu aripodriprvgi+ @bklgk `baodogk) ur`gj uggpkyg

abklokpbvkgiouguodgk koigo!koigo aripodriprvgi `giga ~bkòòdgk)djrurukyg ~g`g ~vhubu ~bafbigmgvgk bklgk pgk~g abklgfgodgk





vbgiopgu dbfr`gyggk ygkl fbvglga) ubjokllg abigjovdgk urgpr

lbkbvguo agug `b~gk ygkl ebv`gu) pbvfrdg) phibvgk) ugiokl

abkljgvlgo) agk`ovo `gk po`gd lgagkl abkljg`g~o agug b~gk+TQ





@gcpgv ^rupgdg

Gf`riigj) A+ Gaok+ 6>>2+ ^bkòòdgk Glgag Bvg Aripodriprvgi Aripo Vbiolohru+ Ebp 7+ Mgdgvpg= ÛG^+

Guy‟gvy) Arug+ ^bòòdgk Aripodriprvgi `gk Dhkciod Fgklug+ |||+

dha~gu)eh+o`

Fgkdu) M+G+ 7??5+ ’Aripoeriprvgi B`regpogk= Jouphvoegi @bsbih~abkp)

@oabkpohku gk` vgepoeb‑ Ok Vbsob| hc Vbubgvej ok B`regpohk)

shi+ 7?) bòpb` fy I+ @gviokl!Jgaahk`+ \gujoklphk) @+E+=

Gabvoegk B`regpohkgi Vbubgvej Guuheogpohk+Ejgdoa) Gf`riigj+ 6>>2+ bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi) Mrvkgi Pg‟giira+

UPGOK Prirklglrkl shi 6:+ Kh 6+ Jgi ??!7>?+

Ofvgjoa) Vruigk+ 6>>:+ ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi4 R~gyg

Abaokoagiouov Dhkciod @giga Bvg îrvgiopgu Glgag+ Mrvkgi

^bkòòdgk Ouiga bi Pgvfg|o+ Kh 7+ Shi 7 pgjrk 6>>:+ Jgi

772!76<+

Ioio|bvo) Gih+ 6>>2+ ^vgugkldg `gk Dhkciod4 Dharkodguo Iokpgu Fr`gyg Aguygvgdgp Aripodriprvgi ) ebp O+ _hlygdgvpg= Idou+

Jgvogk Vb~rfiodg) 70 Mrko 6>77+

Vb`gduo Uokgv Lvgcodg+ 6>>2+ RR UOU@ODKGU *Uogpba ^bkòòdgk

Kguohkgi/6>>5 *RR VO KH 6> Pgjrk 6>>5/ ) ebp OO+ Mgdgvpg=

Uokgv Lvgcodg+

Ugkruo) G+ Bccbkò+ 6>>?+ ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi gk Oa~iodguokyg

jpp~=((fihl+rkoig+ge+o`(bccbkòugkruo(8~1076

Uygj) Arjoffok+ ûodhihlo ^bkòòdgk) ebp+ SOO+ Fgk`rkl= Vbagmg

Vhu`gdgvyg+

_gwok) Gokri+ 6>>2+ ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi4 Evhuu!Eriprvgi

Rk`bvupgkòkl rkprd @bahdvguo `gk Dbgòigk) ebp O+

_hlygdgvpg= ôigv Abòg+



02

^b|gvougk Koigo!koigo

Fr`gyg IhdgiUrjgvpokg) U+^`+) A+^`+Lrvr UAG Arjgaagòygj 7 Fgk`g Gebj

Driprv gpgr dbfr`gyggk) abkrvrp Dgaru Fbugv Fgjgug Ok`hkbuog)

g`gigj *7/ jguoi dblogpgk `gk ~bkeo~pggk fgpok *gdgi frò/ agkruog

ub~bvpo db~bvegyggk) dbubkogk) `gk g`gp oupog`gp4 *6/ dbubirvrjgk

~bklbpgjrgk agkruog ubfglgo agdjird uhuogi ygkl òlrkgdgk

rkprd abagjgao iokldrklgk ubvpg ~bklgigagkkyg `gk abkmgò

~b`hagk pokldgj igdrkyg+ Ub`gkldgk) aripo abvr~gdgk oafrjgk

g|gigk ygkl fbvagdkg fgkygd) fbvglga+ @bklgk `baodogk)aripodriprv fbvagdkg fr`gyg ygkl fbvglga) fbvsgvoguo) ubfglgo

gdofgp g`gkyg dbvglgagk bpkod) urdr fgklug) `gk fgklug ygkl

abkògao urgpr |oigygj pbvpbkpr+

Driprv fbv~bvgk ~bkpokl rkprd abigjovdgk jguoi ub~bvpo

òoklokdgk+ ^bkòòdgk ygkl abklg`h~uo fr`gyg Fgvgp foug mgò

gdgk abigjovdgk agkruog!agkruog fbvdriprv Fgvgp+ Fblopr mrlg

~bkòòdgk ygkl abklg`h~uo driprv Ok`hkbuog) gdgk abigjovdgk

agkruog!agkruog fbvdriprv Ok`hkbuog+ Opr ubfgfkyg) ^babvokpgj

Ok`hkbuog abafbvo hphkhao ubirgu!irgukyg db~g`g ubpog~ `gbvgj

rkprd abigdugkgdgk ~vhubu ~bkòòdgk fbv`gugvdgk ~bklbkgigk

driprv gpgr fr`gyg kguohkgi `gk ihdgi ubfglgo ~bklgdrgkdbvglgagk fr`gyg `gk koigo!koigo ygkl ògkrp gpgr ò|gvoudgk



O ^b|gvougk Koigo!koigo Fr`gyg Ihdgi 03


urgpr urdr fgklug ygkl pokllgi gpgr jo`r~ ò Ok`hkbuog+ Jgi opr

abkybfgfdgk ubpog~ gbvgj abagkcggpdgk dbuba~gpgk oko bklgk

aba~bvdgyg djgugkgj ~bkòòdgk `bklgk abagurddgk driprvihdgi+ Gebj abiblgidgk jgi opr `giga Rk`gkl!Rk`gkl Khahv 77

Pgjrk 6>>3 pbkpgkl ^babvokpgjgk Gebj) ^gugi 7< gygp e pbkpgkl

~bkybibkllgvggk ~bkòòdgk ygkl fbvdrgiopgu ubvpg abkgafgj

agpbvo argpgk ihdgi uburgo uygvogp Ouiga+ Rk`gkl!rk`gkl oko

abafbvo dbuba~gpgk ~g`g ~babvokpgj `gk aguygvgdgp Gebj

rkprd abkeo~pgdgk ~bkòòdgk fbvdriprv dbgebjgk) ubjokllg

`g~gp abklgdhah`guo ~bkòòdgk `bklgk dbgvocgk ihdgi+

^bvpgkyggkkyg g`gigj g~gdgj aguygvgdgp Gebj aguoj

abaoiodo gk abkmrkmrkl pokllo driprv Gebj8 Fgvgkldgio mgklgkdgk

abigdugkgdgk fr`gyg ygkl fbvglga ò Gebj) aripodriprv ~rk

abvbdg po`gd dbkgi+ Aguygvgdgp dopg ubagdok pbvibkg bklgk driprvguokl+ Urkllrj ugklgp òugygkldgk+ Modg g`g gkgd ygkl pgjr ò

kblgvg agkg ibpgd Abkgvg Boccbi) pbpg~o òg po`gd pgjr ò `gbvgj

agkg ibpgd Ok`vg~gpvg) Ok`vg~rv|g) Ok`vg~rvo) `gk agdga P+Kygd

Gvobc+ ^bkriou ~bvkgj abkgkygdgk ~g`g uou|g pba~gp!pba~gp

~bkpokl ò `gbvgjkyg `gk phdhj!phdhj Gebj+ Jguoikyg irgv fogug)

ubegvg rara pgd g`g ygkl pgjr+ Uog~gdgj ygkl jgvru òugigjdgk8

^bkriou ubfglgo lrvr fgjgug Ok`hkbuog ~rk fbvdgio!dgio abklbirj

~bvojgi uriopkyg abklgmgvdgk ugupvg `gbvgj ~g`g uou|g+ Mgklgkdgk

abklbkgi ~bkygov!~bkygov kguohkgi) ~bkygov!~bkygov Gebj ugmg

uou|g po`gd pgjr+ Fglgoagkg agr abklgmgvdgk g~g ygkl pbigj

òjguoidgk) abklbkgi hvgklkyg ugmg po`gd8 Dhkòuo oko ubagdokaba~bvdrgp gurauo fgj|g drvodrira ubdhigj jgvruigj abklgdgv



Urjgvpokg) U+^`+) A+^`+ O 0<


`gvo dbfrprjgk!dbfrprjgk vooi ò ig~gklgk+ Agpbvo ~bkòòdgk

po`gd fhibj jgkyg fbvg`g ò abkgvg lgòkl) jgkyg aba~bigmgvo

uburgpr ygkl mgrj `gvo dbjo`r~gk kygpg+ Abagkl glgv hpgd `gk~odovgk pbvgugj) ~odovgk ò~bvpgmga+ Pbpg~o frdgk fbvgvpo uou|g

dopg) gkgd!gkgd dopg) lbkbvguo ~bkbvru dopg ibfoj fgkygd òmbmgio

`bklgk agpbvo!agpbvo ygkl abafrgp òg agigj pbvguokl `gvo

dbjo`r~gkkyg+

^bkòòdgk aripodriprv gdgk abafrgp ububhvgkl abagjgao

`gk g~vbuogpoc pbvjg`g~ dbjo`r~gk ò ubdbioioklkyg+ Ubigok opr)

abafrgp abvbdg foug abkybibugodgk ~bvuhgigk!~bvuhgigk

gdprgi+ Ubjokllg gdgk abigjovdgk lbkbvguo ygkl abaoiodo erdr~

fbdgi rkprd pbvmrk `giga aguygvgdgp+ Arigo uggp oko dopg jgvru

abafgklrk gurauo fgj|g ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv ~bvir rkprd

agug `b~gk gkgd!gkgd `giga abkljg`g~o gvru lihfgiouguo+Abvbdg jgvru abklbkgio òvo ubkòvo ubfbira abklbkgi hvgkl igok+

Abvbdg jgvru abklbkgi iokldrklgk ubkòvo ubfbira abklbkgi

iokldrklgk hvgkl igok) ubjokllg abvbdg po`gd abvgug aok`bv `gk

abklgigao dbpbvdbmrpgk fr`gyg *eriprvgi ujhed/ `bklgk abkeokpgo

fr`gyg ubkòvo+ Dgvbkg) abkrvrp gjio) lihfgiouguo aba~rkygo

fbvfglgo fbkprd) pbvlgkprkl ~g`g ~gk`gklgk urgpr kblgvg `giga

abvbu~hk cbkhabkg opr+ Ugigj ugpr agkoucbupguo lihfgiouguo `giga

fo`gkl bdhkhao) aougikyg ~bklgiojgk dbdgyggk giga urgpr kblgvg

db kblgvg igok) ygkl pbigj òhigj `bklgk koigo pgafgj ygkl pokllo)

dbarògk abkmrgi ~vh`rd!~vh`rd pbvubfrp db kblgvg gugi ubjokllg

vgdygp jgvru ’abafbio mga dbvmg‑ fgklug igok+ Oko abvr~gdgk~bkmgmgjgk `giga fbkprd fgvr+



O ^b|gvougk Koigo!koigo Fr`gyg Ihdgi 0:


dhkupopruo) Ok`hkbuog òfgklrk rkprd ab|rmr`dgk `gk

abklbafgkldgk fgklug ygkl vbioloru) jragkou) fbvugpr `giga

dbfjokkbdggk+ Uga~go uggp oko abagkl `bahdvguo `gk dbgòigkuhuogi fbira ub~bkrjkyg pbveg~go+ Gdofgpkyg g`gigj dbjgvrugk

abigkmrpdgk ~vhubu abafbkprd dbjo`r~gk uhuogi fr`gyg

ygkl agmr `gk dvbgpoc) abaoiodo uodg~ fr`gyg fbv|g|gugk `gk

~bklbpgjrgk irgu) ubvpg dbg`ggk aguygvgdgp agmbard) pgpgkgk

uhuogi ~hiopod `bahdvgpou `gk upvrdprv uhuogi bdhkhao aguygvgdgp

ygkl gòi `gk fbvuocgp dbvgdygpgk+ @bklgk `baodogk) dopg abiojgp

fgj|g ubafhygk ’ugpr fgklug) ugpr pgkgj gov) `gk ugpr fgjgug‑

`gk ‚Fjokkbdg Prkllgi Odg‟ aguoj mgrj `gvo dbkygpggk ubmgvgj+

Og aguoj abvr~gdgk uoafhi ygkl ~bvir ò`bdgpdgk `bklgk

vbgiopgu ubmgvgj+ Fgklug Ok`hkbuog g`gigj fgklug ygkl dhdhj)

fbvgkbdgvglga fr`gyg) bpkod) urdr) vgu `gk glgag+ Ubargkyggdgk abkmgòdgk Ok`hkbuog abkmgò ubfrgj fgklug ygkl aga~r

abklgdhah`guo dbagmbardgk opr abkmgò uburgpr ygkl pgkllrj+

Foig jgi oko pbv|rmr`) gkegagk òuokpblvguo `gk ~bv~begjgk fgklug

`g~gp òjok`gvo+

Dbfomgdgk upvgpblo dbfr`gyggk kguohkgi ~bkpokl `giga

abafgklrk dbjo`r~gk fbvfgklug+ Jgi oko dgvbkg igpgv fbigdgkl

fgklug Ok`hkbuog ygkl abvr~gdgk fgklug aripodriprvgi `gk

~irvgioupod+ Aripodriprvgi òpgk`go `bklgk abiojgp ubpog~ urdr

fgklug ubfglgo dbugprgk fr`gyg gk dbgvocgk ihdgi ygkl oaoiodokyg

dgvbkg `giga `bdg`b oko ~bvfokegklgk pbkpgkl dbgvocgk ihdgi

ò Ok`hkbuog) djrurukyg Gebj dogk abkljgklgp+ Jgi oko ubovokl`bklgk agdok mgrjkyg vgug dbgòigk ygkl òeg~go aguygvgdgp



Urjgvpokg) U+^`+) A+^`+ O 0?


`giga abkmglg dbuboafgklgk jo`r~+ Ubigkmrpkyg ~irvgioupod

òpgk`go `bklgk dbgkbdgvglgagk urdr!urdr fgklug `bklgk g`gp

oupog`gpkyg aguokl!aguokl) fgjgug) pvgòuo) dbvglgagk glgag) `gkdb~bvegyggk pvgòuohkgi+

Ubegvg djruru `g~gp òiojgp `giga dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp

aripodriprv ò Gebj+ Rk`gkl!Rk`gkl Khahv 00 Pgjrk 7???

pbkpgkl Dboupoab|ggk Gebj `gk Rk`gkl!Rk`gkl Khahv 77

Pgjrk 6>>3 pbkpgkl ^babvokpgjgk Gebj pbigj abafbvo ~bvjgpogk

erdr~ fbugv pbvjg`g~ dbvrdrkgk gkpgvragp fbvglgag ò `gbvgj

Gebj+ Rk`gkl!rk`gkl opr ab|gmofdgk ^babvokpgj Gebj `gk

dgfr~gpbk(dhpg rkprd abkmgaok dbfbfgugk) abafokg dbvrdrkgk)

abkljhvagpo koigo!koigo glgag ygkl ògkrp hibj ragp fbvglgag

`giga abkmgigkdgk ofg`gj uburgo glgag ygkl ògkrpkyg) pbpg~o

po`gd abklgdhahòv ubvpg abklgdro g`gkyg giovgk glgag gpgrdb~bvegyggk ygkl fgvr+ G~giglo giovgk!giovgk fgvr abvrugd gmgvgk

glgag!glgag igok) ygkl mbigu!mbigu fbvpbkpgklgk `bklgk rk`gkl!

rk`gkl pbvubfrp+ Cbkhabkg ygkl pbigj pbvmgò) giovgk!giovgk fgvr

foug abvrugd pgpgkgk dbjo`r~gk ragp fbvglgag ò frao Ubvgafo

Abddgj+ @o `gbvgj igok ò Ok`hkbuog ubvokl pbvmgò urgugkg

dbpo`gdvrdrkgk gkpgvragp fbvglgag ubjokllg ~begjkyg dhkciod

ygkl foug òagkcggpdgk hibj ~ojgd!~ojgd pgd fbvpgkllrkl mg|gf

rkprd abvblrd dbrkprklgk ò pbklgj ~rugvgk dhkciod ub~bvpo

abkeo~pgdgk okupgfoiopgu ~hiopod) g`gkyg ~barukgjgk urgpr ragp

glgag) `gk ubfglgokyg+ Jgi oko mrlg òubfgfdgk uoprguo ~hiopod

kguohkgi `gk okpbvkguohkgi ygkl ebk`bvrkl abkmgòdgk dhkciodglgag ubfglgo dhahòpgu+



O ^b|gvougk Koigo!koigo Fr`gyg Ihdgi 2>


@giga dhkpbdu aripodriprv) Ouiga abaoiodo bdu~vbuo fbvfb`g

dbpodg abkljg`g~o ~bvfb`ggk okpbvkgi ragp Ouiga+ Pbvjg`g~

~bvfb`ggk okpbvkgi) Kgfo Arjgaag` UG\ abkygpgdgk)’^bvfb`ggk ~bk`g~gp ò dgigklgk ragpdr abvr~gdgk vgjagp‑+

Jgòu opr abafbvodgk igk`gugk fgj|g Ouiga abafbvodgk phibvgkuo

~bvfb`ggk ygkl pbvmgò ò dgigklgk aruioa+ Ub`gkldgk ~bvfb`ggk

bdupbvkgi) Ouiga abklgmgvdgk ragpkyg rkprd fbvphibvgkuo gpgr

ugiokl pbkllgkl vgug) jo`r~ vrdrk) gk abar~rd vgug ~bvugr`gvggk+

Fblopr mrlg phibvgkuo pbvjg`g~ fr`gyg fbvfb`g) dgvbkg ubpog~ urdr

fgklug abaoiodo dbrkllrigk agr~rk dbibagjgk fr`gygkyg+

Dbibfojgk foug òlrkgdgk ubirgu!irgukyg `giga ~bafgklrkgk

aguygvgdgp ~baoiod gdpoc fr`gyg opr) ub`gkldgk jgafgpgk fr`gyg

òaokoagiouguo abigiro ~bk`bdgpgk driprvgi+

Modg dopg abvrmrd ~bvmgigkgk ubmgvgj fgklug oko) pbviojgp fgj|gdbdjg|gpovgk ygkl fbvdgopgk `bklgk ~bvugprgk `gk dbugprgk

ur`gj fbvg`g ~g`g popod kgòv+ Fgklug Ok`hkbuog ub~bvpokyg pbigj

abir~gdgk koigo!koigo ygkl pbv`g~gp `giga ^gkeguoig+ Dgvbkg opr)

~vokuo~ abkmglg ~bvugprgk `gk dbugprgk `gk abkeg~go dbgòigk

ababvirdgk ~bklrgpgk rkprd abkeblgj òuokpblvguo fgklug+

Dbubpgvggk `gk dbgòigk po`gd jgkyg ubigir fbvg`g ~g`g pokldgp

lglgugk) pbpg~o `g~gp òoa~ibabkpguodgk `giga dbjo`r~gk

aguygvgdgp+ @oudvoaokguo jgvru òjoigkldgk+

\gigr~rk gigugk bpkou) vgu) glgag) lbk`bv) agr~rk o`bkpopgu

dbfr`gyggk igok dgvbkg opr ~bvir abkljoigkldgk dbubkmgklgk+

Oprigj eopg!eopg dopg) ubjokllg dbrprjgk fgklug pbpg~ pbvmglg+Agdgkyg) ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv ~bvir odbafgkldgk gk



Urjgvpokg) U+^`+) A+^`+ O 27


òoa~ibabkpguodgk+ @bklgk baodogk) g~g ygkl oubfrp ~bkòòdgk

fbvdgvgdpbv agdok drgp+ Dgvbkg) ~bkòòdgk fbvdgvgdpbv frdgk

jgkyg ~bkòòdgk ygkl ugvgp gmgvgk ahvgi) pg~o mrlg abafbvodgkdbuba~gpgk db~g`g uou|g rkprd abklg~vbuoguo `gk abkljgvlgo

dbjo`r~gk ò ubdbioioklkyg+ Oprigj ubfbkgvkyg prmrgk ~bkpokl

~bkòòdgk) abkebpgd agkruog ygkl aga~r abkljg`g~o }gagk+

Igir) uog~gdgj ygkl jgvru fbvpgkllrkl mg|gf rkprd

ababegjdgk ~bvuhgigk ugklgp dha~ibdu oko8 Ugigj ugpr okupopruo

~bkpokl g`gigj ubdhigj+ Ubdhigj abvr~gdgk ubfrgj hvlgkouguo

ygkl fbdbvmg ugag pbvòvo `gvo lrvr) uou|g) hvgkl prg) aguygvgdgp)

`gk fovhdvgp ~bkòòdgk+ Mgò ~bvir or~gygdgk rkprd abkeo~pgdgk

drvodrira ubdhigj ygkl abk`rdrkl `gk abklbafgkldgk

aguygvgdgp aripodriprvgi+ Ibafglg ~bkòòdgk ygopr ubdhigj

jgvru aga~r abarprudgk vgkpgo òudvoaokguo `gk dhkciod ygklpbvmgò ò `giga aguygvgdgp+ ^bvfb`ggk fr`gyg jgvru òjgvlgo)

~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi jgvru fbvrugjg aba~bigmgvo hvgkl gpgr

ubdbiha~hd hvgkl ubegvg uoupbagpou ò aguygvgdgp fgod dgvbkg

dgvgdpbvoupod lbk`bv) vgu) urdr bpkou) glgag) `gk igok ubfglgokyg+

Kgark) dopg pgd abkgcodgk ~bvgk dbirgvlg dgvbkg igk`gugk

g|gi ubfbkgvkyg jgvru òarigo `gvo rkop aguygvgdgp pbvdbeoi ygopr

dbirgvlg+ Gvpokyg) jgvru g`g r~gyg ~bklrgpgk `gk ~bklhdhjgk

~bagjgagk ~g`g dbirgvlg+ Dbirgvlg abaoiodo crkluo `gk ~bvgk

~bkpokl `giga abkpvgkuchvaguodgk fbvfglgo fbkprd koigo+

Ubigkmrpkyg ~bvgk aguygvgdgp mrlg ~bkpokl+ Aguygvgdgp aga~r

abvbcibduodgk koigo!koigo driprv `giga dbjo`r~gk abvbdg+Okòdgphvkyg `bklgk abiojgp pgpgkgk dbjo`r~gk fbvaguygvgdgp)



O ^b|gvougk Koigo!koigo Fr`gyg Ihdgi 26


`giga urgpr |oigygj po`gd fgkygd pbvmgò agugigj) dbvofrpgk)

fbvfglgo dguru dvoaokgi `gk gdpocopgu ygkl abvbugjdgk+ Ubigok opr

dopg `g~gp abiojgp jrfrklgk jgvahkou gkpgvg ugpr `bklgk ygkligokkyg) ugiokl abkljgvlgo) dbvmg ugag) po`gd ugiokl abahmhddgk

ubjokllg dopg `g~gp fbvgurauo fgj|g aguygvgdgp `baodogk aguoj

abkmrkmrkl khvag!khvag `giga urgpr |oigygj+

@giga aguygvgdgp Gebj abaoiodo 75 ibafglg g`gp ygkl ogdro

ygopr Agmbiou G`gp Gebj) oara ardoa) oara ejod) dbrejod) prjg

~brbp) prjg ig~gk) oara abrkgugj) dbrmvrbk figkl) ~gklioag

ighp) ~g|gkl lib) ~g|gkl rpbrbk) ~bprjg ubrkbrfhd) jgvo ~brdgk)

`gk uygjfgk`g+ @giga aguygvgdgp ubfrgj `bug gpgr lga~hkl

ò~oa~ok hibj ubhvgkl dbrejod) mrlg abaoiodo ibafglg g`gp ygopr

prjg ~brbp) prjg ig~gk) `gk oara abrkgugj+ Pgd foug ò~rkldovo

fgj|g ~bvgk aguygvgdgp po`gd foug òiojgp ubfbigj agpg+ Dgvbkgkoigo!koigo ygkl fbvigdr `giga urgpr dharkopgu abkmgò phigd

rdrv `giga aguygvgdgp opr ubkòvo+ @giga aguygvgdgp prafrj

`gk fbvdbafgkl urgpr pvgòuo ygkl abklgdgv) ubjokllg abkmgò

fr`gyg ihdgi+ @o Gebj djrurukyg abaoiodo g`gp oupog`gp ub~bvpo

~bruomrbd) fgmr g`gp ~bklgkpok) dbk`rvo ighp) dbk`rvo prvrk

ug|gj) ag|goj) `gk lg`b+ @baodogk mrlg ò `gbvgj!`gbvgj igok ò

Ok`hkbuog ygkl abaoiodo dbdgyggk driprv ygkl irgv fogug) fgod opr

ubko) urdr) fgjgug) `gk igok!igok+

Fbv`gugvdgk jgi!jgi opr) dopg jgvru abygdoko fgj|g

dbfbvjguoigk ubfrgj eopg!eopg irjrv) ygopr pbveo~pgkyg ubfrgj

kblbvo ygkl fgi`gprk pjgoyyofgprk |gvgffri ljgcrv *kblbvo ygklgagk) `gago) `gk ugiokl abaggcdgk/ g`gigj abkmgò pgkllrkl



Urjgvpokg) U+^`+) A+^`+ O 25


mg|gf dopg fbvugag+ Rkprd opr dopg fbvpgkllrkl mg|gf rkprd

abkeo~pgdgk) ab|rmr`dgk) `gk abibupgvodgk khvag!khvag ygkl

g`g ò pbklgj aguygvgdgp agmbard `gk aripodriprvgi ubjokllgeopg!eopg fgklug dopg frdgk jgkyg fbv|rmr` aoa~o) pbpg~o abkmgò

dbkygpggk+ ^bkòòdgk g`gigj ugigj ugpr |g`gj ygkl ~bvir dopg

fbvo vrgkl fglo rugjg ab|rmr`dgk aoa~o!aoa~o opr+TQ



22

^bafbigmgvgk Koigo

DbfbvglgagkPbrdr ArdjiouLrvr UAGK O Fgdpoyg Fgvgp) Gebj Rpgvg

^vhihl= Ubfrgj Dhkòuo

^bkòòdgk) abudo abaoiodo aripoagdkg `giga fbvfglgo dhkpbdu)

ubegvg djgu abvr~gdgk dblogpgk agkruog|o+ Dblogpgk ygkl

fbvigklurkl ò `gigakyg g`gigj dblogpgk rkprd aba~bvhibj

~bigmgvgk) |g|gugk) gpgr oiar ~bklbpgjrgk ubjokllg ~vhubu

~bkyba~rvkggk agkruog `g~gp pbvmgò+ ^g`g jgdodgpkyg ~vhubu

~bkyba~rvkggk ovo agkruog pbvru!abkbvru gdgk fbvigklurkl gvougpr lbkbvguo db lbkbvguo ygkl igok+ Jhvgporu ― ~bkygov Dbdgougvgk

Vhag|o ― ~bvkgj abkygpgdgk fgj|g dopg ubarg fbvrpgkl ~g`g

dbagpogk agkruog igok ubfbira dopg ygkl pbigj abkmgò ~bkòòd

fglo dopg+

Dopg abagkl pgd foug abkygkldgi fgj|g g`g ~bvgk agkruog

igok pbvjg`g~ ~bafbkprdgk db~vofgògk ububhvgkl+ Oaagkrbi Dgkp)

coiurc gugi Mbvagk) mrlg ~bvkgj abkblgudgk fgj|g agkruog jgkyg

`g~gp abkmgò urkllrj!urkllrj agkruog abigiro ~bkòòdgk

`gk ~bafbkprdgk òvo ygkl fbvdbigkmrpgk+ Agkruog jgkyg `g~gp

òòòd hibj agkruog igok ygkl mrlg pbigj oòòd hibj agkruog ygkl

igok

7

+ Ugigj ugpr egvg ygkl òigdrdgk agkruog rkprd aba~bvhibj~bkòòdgk abigiro agkruog igok g`gigj `bklgk fbvubdhigj+



O ^bafbigmgvgk Koigo Dbfbvglgagk23


Ubdhigj ygkl ubegvg rara òdbpgjro ubfglgo ibafglg

~bkòòdgk ygkl ò `gigakyg pbv`g~gp gprvgk!gprvgk) agkgmbabk)

pbkglg ~bkòòd) ~bubvpg òòd) `gk ugvgkg ~vgugvgkg ~bkrkmgkl~bkòòdgk+ Ubfglgo ibafglg ~bkòòdgk chvagi) pbkpr ugmg ubdhigj

abaoiodo drvodrira) abph`b ~bklgmgvgk) agr~rk pbdkod!pbdkod

~bafbigmgvgk+ G`g pgvlbp ygkl jbk`gd òeg~go `giga ubpog~ agpg

~bigmgvgk ygkl ogmgvdgk+ Pgvlbp opr fbvigdr fglo ubarg ~ojgd ygkl

pbviofgp `giga ~vhubu fbigmgv abklgmgv+

Kgark) aga~rdgj ubdhigj abafbkprd ~bklbafgklgk

agkruog ubegvg abkybirvrj `giga fbvfglgo dhkòuo `gk uoprguo8

G~giglo uggp oko ~bvrfgjgk }gagk agdok òkgaou+ @o agkg!

agkg pbvmgòkyg pvgkuchvaguo uhuogi fr`gyg ygkl abklgdofgpdgk

pbvmgòkyg ~bvlbubvgk fgjdgk ~bvrfgjgk pgpg koigo `giga

dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp+ ^hig dbjo`r~gk dopg doko ub`gkl fbvrfgj`gvo aguygvgdgp glvgvou abkrmr ok`rupvogi) `gvo pvgòuohkgi

abkrmr ah`bvk) `gvo koigo ihdgi abkrmr koigo lihfgi+ Okoigj }gagk

lihfgiouguo+ ]gagk ò agkg ubarg agkruog `gvo fbvfglgo fgklug

`gk `gbvgj `g~gp jo`r~ `gk ugiokl fbvokpbvgduo+

Pbvmgòkyg ~vhubu pvgkuchvaguo uhuogi fr`gyg pgd mgvgkl

abkoafridgk dhkciod uhuogi+ Fbfbvg~g dguru ygkl `g~gp

abkybfgfdgk ~bv~begjgk fgklug g`gigj dhkciod pbvdgop UGVG

*Urdr) Glgag) Vgu) `gk Gkpgvlhihklgk/+ Ubigkmrpkyg dhkciod

~bkoupggk glgag) ~bkybfgvgk giovgk ubugp) ~bvfb`ggk ~gk`gklgk

~hiopod) òudvoaokguo pbvjg`g~ dbiha~hd pbvpbkpr) `gk ~bigkllgvgk

JGA g`gigj ehkphj!ehkphj dguru ygkl ~bvkgj pbvmgò ò kblgvgdopg+ @gk aguoj fgkygd ehkphj dguru!dguru igok gdofgp po`gd ugiokl



Pbrdr Ardjiou O 2<


~bklbvpogk dbiha~hd!dbiha~hd ygkl pbviofgp dhkciod+ Modg dguru!

dguru pbvubfrp po`gd ògkpouo~guo) agdg gkegagk òuokpblvguo

fgklug pgd `g~gp òjok`gvo+Dgvbkgkyg lbkbvguo ar`g dopg ~bvir òòòd `bklgk

abkgkgadgk koigo!koigo dbfbvglgagk) ygopr koigo!koigo

aripodriprvgiouab+ @gk ubdhigj abigiro ~bkòòd ~bvir abkgkga

koigo!koigo oko `giga ~bafbigmgvgkkyg+ Og mrlg `g~gp òg~iodguodgk

`giga dbjo`r~gk ubjgvo!jgvo+ Ubjokllg kgkpokyg) ~bubvpg òòd

`g~gp ibfoj mbvkoj `giga abkgkllg~o our!our uhuogi ygkl pbvmgò

ò iokldrklgk abvbdg+ Po`gd ar`gj pbv~vhshdguo hibj aguygvgdgp

ygkl pbigj dbjoigklgk gdgi ubjgpkyg) `g~gp abkbvoag ~bvfb`ggk

pgk~g jgvru abkygdopo) `gk abkljhvagpo jgd!jgd guguo hvgkl igok+

^bk`bdgpgk Aripodriprvgiouab^bk`bdgpgk aripodriprvgiouab `giga ~bafbigmgvgk ubdhigj

ugklgp ehehd òlrkgdgk ò bvg lihfgiouguo+ ^bk`bdgpgk oko abiojgp

~bvfb`ggk ubfglgo copvgj fglo agkruog ubfglgo agdjird Prjgk

ygkl fbvuhuogi+ Po`gd fhibj g`g òudvoaokguo fglo uog~g~rk `gk

ò agkg~rk+ @o uouo Prjgk) agkruog ugag ubargkyg) jgkyg

dbpgd|ggk ugmg ygkl abafb`gdgkkyg+ Ubfglgoagkg covagk Giigj

U\P= ’Jgo agkruog) uburkllrjkyg Dgao abkeo~pgdgk dgar

`gvo ubhvgkl igdo!igdo `gk ubhvgkl ~bvba~rgk `gk abkmgòdgk

dgar fbvfgklug!fgklug `gk fbvurdr!urdr ur~gyg dgar ugiokl

abklbkgi+ Uburkllrjkyg hvgkl ygkl ~giokl ariog o gkpgvg dgar

ò uouo Giigj ogigj hvgkl ygkl ~giokl fbvpgd|g ò gkpgvg dgar+Uburkllrjkyg Giigj Agjg Abklbpgjro iglo Agjg Abklbkgi‑ 6 +



O ^bafbigmgvgk Koigo Dbfbvglgagk2:


@gioi oko abkmgò ~omgdgk ubfglgo `gugv g~iodguo

aripodriprvgiouab `giga fbvfglgo gu~bd dbjo`r~gk+ Igir) g~g opr

aripodriprvgiouab8 Aripodriprvgiouab abvr~gdgk lgfrklgk `gvo fbfbvg~g dgpg) ygopr aripo *fbvglga/) driprvgi *fr`gyg/) `gk ouab

*~gjga/+ Ubegvg ub`bvjgkg `g~gp ògvpodgk ubfglgo ~gjga gpgr

o`bhihlo dbfbvglgagk fr`gyg+ Arkerikyg oupoigj aripodriprvgiouab

òigpgvfbigdgklo gkpgvg igok hibj g`gkyg polg pbhvo uhuogi ygkl

abkmbigudgk jrfrklgk gkpgv okòso`r `giga aguygvgdgp `bklgk

fbvglga igpgv fbigdgkl glgag) bpkod) fgjgug) `gk fr`gyg+

Voegv`h I+ Lgveog *7?:6/ abkygpgdgk fgj|g pbhvo uhuogi opr

g`gigj ~bvpgag) abipokl ~hp O= gklih ehkchvaopy) ygopr okòso`r!

okòso`r ygkl fbvglga igpgv fbigdgkl ub~bvpo glgag) bpkod)

fgjgug) `gk fr`gyg òugprdgk`giga ugpr |g`gj ygkl `haokgk+

Db`rg) abipokl ~hp OO= bpjkoe uykpjbuou) ygdko okòso`r!okòso`r ygkl fbvglgag igpgv fbigdgklkyg òugprdgk `giga ugpr |g`gj fgvr+

@gk dbpolg) eriprvgi ~irvgioua= ahugoe gkgihly ) ygopr okòso`r!

okòso`r ygkl fbvglga igpgv fbigdgkl glgag) bpkod) fgjgug) `gk

fr`gyg abaoiodo jgd rkprd abklbdu~vbuodgk o`bkpopgu fr`gygkyg

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aokhvopgu5+ Aougikyg aguygvgdgp ygkl |gvlgkyg fbvigpgv fbigdgkl

fr`gyg Lgyh) Mgabb) Fgpgd) ^g`gkl) gpgr Gebj `gk igokkyg fbvjgd

rkprd abkrkmrddgk o`bkpopgu fr`gygkyg gk abklbafgkldgkkyg

pgk~g ugiokl abkllgkllr+

@giga `rkog ~bkòòdgk ― fogugkyg ubvokl òubfrp ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi ― koigo!koigo aripodriprvgiouab abkg|gvdgk gipbvkgpoc abigiro ~bkbvg~gk upvgpblo `gk dhkub~ ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou



Pbrdr Ardjiou O 2?


~bagkcggpgk dbfbvglgagk ygkl g`g ò aguygvgdgp+ Djrurukyg

fglo iokldrklgk ubdhigj ygkl abaoiodo dbvglgagk bpkou) fr`gyg)

fgjgug) glgag) upgpru uhuogi) lbk`bv) dbaga~rgk rarv) `gk~bvfb`ggk couod+

Ejbvvy G+ AeLbb Fgkdu `gk Mgabu G+ Fgkdu *6>>2/

abk`bcokouodgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi g`gigj ~bkòòdgk ygkl

fbvprmrgk rkprd abkeo~pgdgk dbuba~gpgk ~bkòòdgk ygkl ugag

rkprd ubarg uou|g `gvo fbvfglgo vglga vgu) urdr) dbigu uhuogi)

`gk dbiha~hd fr`gyg+ Ugigj ugpr prmrgkkyg g`gigj abafgkpr

ubarg uou|g abklrgugo ~bklbpgjrgk) uodg~ `gk dbpbvga~oigk

ygkl òfrprjdgk *glgv fbvcrkluo ubegvg bcbdpoc/ `giga aguygvgdgp

`bahdvguo ygkl ~irvgioupod gk glgv g~gp fbvokpbvgduo) fbvkblhuoguo

`gk fbvdharkodguo `bklgk hvgkl!hvgkl `gvo fbvfglgo dgigklgk

rkprd abkeo~pgdgk dharkopgu |gvlg `gk dharkopgu ahvgi ygkl fbdbvmg rkprd dbfgodgk0+

Ub`gkldgk) Joi`g Jbvkgk`b} `giga Aripoeriprvgi B`regpohk=

G Pbgejbv Lro`b ph Iokdokl Ehkpbzp) ^vhebuu) gk` Ehkpbkp *7?:?/)

abklgvpodgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ubfglgo ~bvu~bdpoc ygkl

abklgdro vbgiopgu ~hiopod) uhuogi) `gk bdhkhao ygkl ògigao hibj

aguokl!aguokl okòso`r giga ~bvpbargk agkruog ygkl dha~ibdu

`gk fbvglga ubegvg driprv) `gk abvbcibduodgk ~bkpoklkyg fr`gyg)

vgu) ubdurgiopgu `gk lbk`bv) bpkouopgu) glgag) upgpru uhuogi)

bdhkhao) gk ~bklbergiogk!~bklbergiogk giga ~vhubu ~bkòòdgk+

Gpgr `bklgk dgpg igok fgj|g vrgkl ~bkòòdgk ubfglgo abòg

pvgkuchvaguo oiar ~bklbpgjrgk jbk`gdkyg aga~r abafbvodgkkoigo!koigo aripodriprvgiouab `bklgk egvg ugiokl abkljgvlgo `gk



O ^bafbigmgvgk Koigo Dbfbvglgagk3>


abkljhvagpo gpgu vbgiopgu ygkl fbvglga) fgod igpgv fbigdgkl

agr~rk fguou uhuoh fr`gyg ygkl abiokldr~okyg2+

@gvo ~bklbvpogk!~bklbvpogk ò gpgu) `g~gp òuoa~ridgk fgj|g~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprvgiouab g`gigj ~bkòòdgk ygkl

abiojgp dbfbvglgagk ubfglgo ubfrgj ~bvugaggk ygkl fbvdgopgk

`bklgk our!our uhuogi) ~hiopod) bdhkhao) glgag) fr`gyg *pbvagurd

ò `gigakyg vgu `gk bpkouopgu/) `gk lbk`bv+ Ubigkmrpkyg mrlg `g~gp

ò~gjgao fgj|g ~bkòòdgk ah`bi oko g`gigj ~bkòòdgk ygkl

abiojgp jrfrklgk ~bvugaggk `gk dbub`bvgmgpgk gkpgvg ubugag

~bubvpg òòd ubegvg sbvpodgi+ Og mrlg fbvigdr jrfrklgk ubegvg

jhvo}hkpgi gkpgvg ~bubvpg òòd `bklgk ~bkòòd `gk iokldrklgk

ubdhigjkyg+

Abudo~rk ò Ok`hkbuog fbira g`g agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl

djruru abklgmgvdgk aripodriprvgiouab) pg~o ubegvg iblgiopgu)~vokuo~ ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ubegvg pbvuovgp pbv`g~gp `giga

Rk`gkl!rk`gkl Khahv 6> pgjrk 6>>5 pbkpgkl Uoupba ^bkòòdgk

Kguohkgi+ Rk`gkl!rk`gkl opr abkblgudgk fgj|g ~bkòòdgk

jgvru òubibkllgvgdgk ubegvg `bahdvgpou `gk fbvdbgòigk ubvpg

po`gd òudvoaokgpoc `bklgk abkmrkmrkl pokllo jgd guguo agkruog)

koigo dbglgaggk) koigo driprvgi) `gk dbagmbardgk fgklug+

^gk`gklgk!~gk`gklgk opr ubpo`gdkyg abafbvodgk urgpr

gipbvkgpoc ~bkpokl) ygopr ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ~bvir ublbvg

òoa~ibabkpguodgk `giga ~bafbigmgvgk ò ubdhigj!ubdhigj+

G`g~rk prmrgk ygkl òjgvg~dgk g`gigj rkprd abafgkpr ~bubvpg

òòd glgv= *7/ abagjgao igpgv fbigdgkl òvo `gk dbiha~hd `gigaaguygvgdgp4 *6/ abkljhvagpo g`gkyg ~bvfb`ggk fr`gyg) urdr)



Pbrdr Ardjiou O 37


fgjgug) glgag) gk db`r`rdgk4 *5/ abklg~vbuoguodgk ovo pbvjg`g~

fr`gyg ihdgi4 *0/ abagjgao ~bvfb`ggk ygkl pbvmgò ò iokldrklgk

ubdopgvkyg4 *2/ aga~r abkegvo uhiruo `giga ~bvagugigjgk ygklpbvmgò4 *3/ abklbafgkldgk mgpo òvo ygkl fbvagdkg fglo ubarg

hvgkl4 `gk *</ `g~gp abkokldgpdgk db~bdggk uhuogi+

Oa~ibabkpguo Aripodriprvgiouab

Igkpgu fglgoagkg abkloa~ibabkpguodgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi

ò ubdhigj!ubdhigj8 Glgdkyg ugklgp pb~gp modg dopg abklger ~g`g

Mgabu G+ Fgkdu+ Og abkmbigudgk fgj|g `giga ~bigdugkggkkyg)

~bafbigmgvgk koigo!koigo aripodriprvgi jgvru abkegdr~ ioag

òabkuo+ ^bvpgag) okpblvguo dhkpbk) g`gkyg okpblvguo ~bkòòdgk

`giga drvodrira ygkl ò `gigakyg abiofgpdgk dbvglgagk `giga

ugpr driprv ~bkòòdgk ygkl prmrgk rpgagkyg g`gigj abkljg~ru~vgugkldg+ Db`rg) dhkupvrduo oiar ~bklbpgjrgk ygkl ò|rmr`dgk

`bklgk abklbpgjro `gk abagjgao ubegvg dha~vbjbkuoc

dbfbvglgagk ygkl g`g+ Dbpolg) vb`rduo *~bklrvgklgk/ ~vgugkldg

ygkl igjov gvo okpbvgduo gkpgv dbvglgagk giga driprv ~bkòòdgk+

Dbba~gp) ~b`glhlod dbubpgvggk agkruog ygkl abafbvo vrgkl `gk

dbuba~gpgk ygkl ugag db~g`g ubpog~ bibabk ygkl fbvglga+ @gk

dbioag) ~bafbv`gyggk dbfr`gyggk ubdhigj3+

Ub`gkldgk) J+G+V Poiggv abklrkldg~dgk fgj|g rkprd

abkbvg~dgk ah`bi ~bkòòdgk oko mrlg jgvru ò~bvjgpodgk bkga

jgi) ygopr ~bvpgag) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi jgvru fbvòabkuo voljp

ph eriprvb `gk o`bkpopgu ihdgi+ Db`rg) dbfr`gyggk Ok`hkbuog ygklabkmgò) agdur`kyg g`gigj abklh~poagidgk fr`gyg ihdgi ygkl





fbvovoklgk `bklgk g~vbuoguo fr`gyg kguohkgi+ Dbpolg) ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi khvagpoc ygopr ah`bi aba~bvdrgp o`bkpopgu kguohkgi

ygkl pbvru abkmgò pgk~g jgvru abkljoigkldgk fr`gyg ihdgiygkl g`g+ Dbba~gp) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi abvr~gdgk urgpr

vbdhkupvrduo uhuogi) po`gd fhibj pbvmbfgd ~g`g cgkgpouab urdr) glgag)

gpgr vgu+ Dbioag) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi abvr~gdgk ~b`glhlod

~bafbv`gyggk `gk ~b`glhlod dbubpgvggk `giga dbfr`gyggk ygkl

fbvglga+ @gk dbbkga) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi fbvprmrgk rkprd

ab|rmr`dgk souo Ok`hkbuog agug `b~gk ubvpg bpodg fgklug<+

@gvo db`rg ~gk`gklgk o gpgu) ygkl abkmgò drkeo ~bigdugkggk

~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi g`gigj ubdhigj `gk ~bkòòd+ Ubdhigj

jgvru abvgkegkl ~vhlvga ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl abkrkmrddgk koigo!

koigo aripodriprvgiouab+ Ubdhigj ~bvir abklgkgiouou ~bklbafgklgk

ah`bi ~bafbigmgvgk fbvfguou aripodriprvgi+ Aougikyg) prkprpgkdha~bpbkuo agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl jgvru òfbdgidgk db~g`g ~bubvpg

òòd fbvr~g ~bklbpgjrgk) dbpbvga~oigk) `gk bpodg+ Ubdhigj mrlg

jgvru abiojgp dha~bpbkuo ~bkòòd `giga abkbvg~dgk koigo!koigo

aripodriprvgiouab) aba~bvjgpodgk igpgv fbigdgkl driprvgi dhkòuo

~bubvpg òòd) `gk abklgkgiouou dgvgdpbvoupod agpg ~bigmgvgk

ygkl fbvkrgkug aripodriprvgi+ Agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl vbibsgk `gk

fbv~birgkl fbugv ogmgvdgk koigo!koigo oko) ub~bvpo glgag) ~bkòòdgk

db|gvlgkblgvggk) oiar ~bklbpgjrgk uhuogi) `gk argpgk ihdgi)

jgvru òvgkegkl rkprd abafbvodgk dbugk abk`giga fglo ~bubvpg

òòd+ Ub`gkldgk agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl po`gd abaoiodo agpbvo oko)

~vhubu okpblvguo koigo!koigo aripodriprvgiouab foug òigdrdgk `giga~bafbigmgvgk+



Pbrdr Ardjiou O 35


@giga ~vhubu okpblvguo koigo aripodriprvgiouab pbvjg`g~ agpg

~bigmgvgk ygkl po`gd vbibsgk òprkprp dbegdg~gk `gk dbaga~rgk

`gvo ~bkòòd+ Agdg) g~g ygkl pbigj òubfrpdgk Mgabu G+ Fgkduò gpgu) ugklgp ~bvir ò~bvjgpodgk hibj ~bkòòd glgv aga~r

abkbvg~dgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi+

^bvpgag) ~vhubu okpblvguo ~bkòòdgk koigo!koigo aripodriprvgi+ @o

uoko ~bkòòd jgvru fbvr~gyg rkprd abafbvodgk gpgr abkllrkgdgk

ehkphj `gk agpbvo `gvo fbvfglgo fr`gyg `gk dbiha~hd rkprd

abklgmgvdgk dhkub~ drkeo) ~vokuo~) lbkbvgiouguo) pbhvo) gk igok!igok

dbpodg abklgmgv ugpr ph~od gpgr agpg ~bigmgvgk pbvpbkpr+

Db`rg) `giga ~vhubu ~bafbkprdgk ~bklbpgjrgk) ~bkòòd

fbvr~gyg rkprd abafgkpr ~bubvpg òòd `giga abagjgao)

abkegvo pgjr) `gk abkbkprdgk fglgoagkg urgpr ~bklbpgjrgk

gpgr pbhvo ~g`g `gugvkyg ubegvg oa~iouop pbveo~pg dgvbkg g`gkyg~bklgvrj fr`gyg pbvpbkpr) dgigklgk pbvpbkpr) dbiha~hd `bklgk

upgpru uhuogi pbvpbkpr ygkl pbvmgò ~g`g uggp opr+

Dbpolg) vb`rduo ~vgugkldg g`gigj r~gyg ~bkòòd rkprd

abafgkpr ~bubvpg òòd `giga abklbafgkldgk uodg~ ~huopoc

pbvjg`g~ ~bvfb`ggk+

Dbba~gp) dbubpgvggk ~b`glhlod g`gigj r~gyg ~bkòòd

rkprd aba~bvigdrdgk ubegvg ugag pgk~g ~gk`gkl frir `giga

~vhubu ~bafbigmgvgk ò dbigu+ Jgi oko gdgk pbviojgp `gvo abph`b

ygkl òlrkgdgk) egvg fbvpgkyg) ~bkrkmrdgk ~bubvpg òòd) `gk

~bklbiha~hddgk ~bubvpg òòd+

@gk pbvgdjov g`gigj ~bafbv`gyggk fr`gyg ubdhigj `gkupvrdprv uhuogi jgvru ò~bviojgpdgk ~bkòòd glgv ~bubvpg òòd





`g~gp abvgugdgk ~bafbv`gyggk `gk ~bvugaggk fr`gyg+ @bklgk

`baodogk) ubagklgp aripodriprvgiouab jgvru pbvebvaok `giga

ublgig gdpocopgu ubdhigj:

+Mgò) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi abagkl jgvru abafbvodgk

ubfrgj ~bkebvgjgk+ Og jgvru abafbvodgk dbgvocgk rkprd abiojgp

dbfbvglgagk fr`gyg ubfglgo vbgiopgu crk`gabkpgi `giga

dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp+ Dhkciod ygkl poafri ò pbklgj aguygvgdgp

ugigj ugprkyg ò~oer dgvbkg po`gd foug abkbvoag ~bvfb`ggk `gk

dbpo`gdub~gjgagk pbvjg`g~ urgpr agugigj+ @bklgk ~bkòòdgk

ygkl fbvfguou aripodriprvgiouab òjgvg~dgk gdgk `g~gp abkòòd

lbkbvguo ar`g ygkl `bahdvgpou) phibvgk) `gk ~bdg pbvjg`g~ our!

our dbfbvglgagk `bklgk abkg|gvdgk uhiruo dhkupvrdpoc+

B~oihl= Ubfrgj Dhkdiruo@gvo ~bag~gvgk o gpgu) foug opgvod dbuoa~rigk fgj|g ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi ugklgp ~bkpokl òpbvg~dgk ò ubdhigj+ ^bkòòdgk

oko òygdoko aga~r abkgkgadgk koigo!koigo `bahdvguo) phibvgkuo)

ugiokl abkljgvlgo) `gk `g~gp abkbvoag ~bvfb`ggk `giga urgpr

iokldrklgk+ Ubfglgo fgklug ygkl abaoiodo dbgkbdgvglgagk

fr`gyg) fgjgug) urdr) `gk g`gp!oupog`gp) ygkl vbkpgk abkoafridgk

dhkciod ubfglgoagkg ygkl ~bvkgj pbvmgò ò fbfbvg~g `gbvgj)

~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi gdgk fbvr~gyg rkprd abklgkpouo~guo

pbvmgòkyg dhkciod+

Dgvbkgkyg rkprd abkbvg~dgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi frprj

~bvgk fbugv `gvo ubhvgkl ~bkòòd+ ^bkòòd ygkl abafbigmgvdgkah`bi oko jgvru fbkgv!fbkgv ~bkòòd ygkl abaoiodo |g|gugk



Pbrdr Ardjiou O 32


pbkpgkl koigo!koigo dbfbvglgagk+ @giga dhkpbdu Gebj) po`gd g`g

dbk`gig fbugv giga ~bafbigmgvgk ah`bi oko+ Dbk`gig ygkl ojg`g~o

fgvgkldgio uodg~ cgkgpouab `gk crk`gabkpgiouab ygkl aguojabklgdgv ~g`g dbiha~hd!dbiha~hd pbvpbkpr+ Kgark) modg g`g

~bubvpg òòd dopg ygkl aguoj pbvodgp `bklgk dbiha~hd!dbiha~hd

oko) ~bkòòd jgvru abafbvodgk ~bkebvgjgk fgj|g ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi po`gd abiojgp ~bvfb`ggk `giga ubdhigj+ Dgvbkgkyg

uodg~ cgkgpouab jgvru ofrgkl mgrj!mgrj giga ~bkòòdgk oko gk

ubpog~ hvgkl jgvru ugiokl abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk ygkl g`g+

^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi mrlg jgvru ò`rdrkl hibj ubarg

~ojgd+ Gigugkkyg dgvbkg dbgkbdgvglgagk `giga vbgiopgu

dbjo`r~gk agkruog g`gigj urgpr dbkouegyggk ygkl po`gd foug

ò~rkldovo+ Og mrlg aga~r abkeo~pgdgk jgvahkouab uhuogi

`giga ubfrgj dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp ygkl fbvglga ubegvg driprv+Gdjovkyg dopg ubarg abagkl abkljgvg~dgk pbveo~pgkyg urgpr

pgpgkgk uhuogi aguygvgdgp ygkl gagk) gago) gk foug jo`r~ ugiokl

fbv`ga~oklgk+ Uggpkyg dopg mgòdgk aripodriprvgiouab ubfglgo

~gvgòlag `giga ~bkòòdgk dopg+TQ





Egpgpgk Gdjov=

7 @hko Dhbuhbag G) ^bkòòdgk Dgvgdpbv) Upvgpblo Abkòòd Gkgd ò

]gagk Lihfgi) Mgdgvpg=Lvguok`h)6>7>)jgi+576

6 Urvgp Gi!Jrmrvgp= 75+ G`g~rk ubfgf prvrk *gufgfrk kr}ri/ gygp oko)

`giga urgpr vo|gygp òdbardgdgk) dbpodg ~bkgdirdgk Dhpg Abddgj) Foigi

kgoddbgpguDg‟fgj rkprdabklragk`gkldgkg}gk+Fbfbvg~ghvgklfbvdgpg=

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igokkyg= ’UbdovgkygGiigjabafbkeo hvgkl oko) ~gupo@og gdgkabkllgkpokyg+

Igirgygpokoprvrkubfglgo~bkblgugkfgj|g`gigaOuigapo`gdg`gòudvoaokguo)

ygkl~gioklariogogigjygkl~gioklfbvpgd|g*òvo|gygpdgkhibjOfkrGfoJgpoa

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pgkllgi67Mgkrgvo6>77

2 Abagjgao Egdvg|gig ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi) `giga |||+

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3@oabkuoygkldbioagokokgkpokyggdgkabkmgòprmrgk`gvo~bkòòdgk



Pbrdr Ardjiou O 3<


aripodriprvgiabkrvrp MgabuG+Fgkdu+ Prmrgk pbvubfrp g`gigj glgv ubdhigj

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7:2!7?>

: R|bu G+ Ejgovragk `gk Vruigk ^gugvo) Abkbvg~dgk ^bkòòdgk

Aripodriprv ò Ubdhigj‣



3?

Abahposguo Fbigmgv Uou|g

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O Abahposguo Fbigmgv Uou|g <>


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*Pgr~gk=72:/+

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vrgkl ~rfiod+

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g`gigj fgj|g dharkopgu!dharkopgu opr ò~bvigdrdgk ugag hibj

kblgvg+ Dgvbkg opr) aripodriprvgiouab ubfglgo ubfrgj lbvgdgkabkrkprp ~bklgdrgk *~hiopoeu hc vbehlkopohk/ pbvjg`g~ ubarg



Ko}gvogj) U+Uhu O <7


~bvfb`ggk ubfglgo bkpopgu `giga aguygvgdgp ygkl jgvru òpbvoag)

òjgvlgo) òiok`rklo ubvpg òmgaok bduoupbkuokyg+

Dbfbvglgagk glgag) bpkod) `gk fr`gyg ugklgp fbv~hpbkuopbvmgòkyg dhkciod modg aguygvgdgp po`gd abagjgao `gk pgd

abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk!~bvfb`ggk opr+ Ubfglgo ehkphj arkerikyg

fbvfglgo ~bvuhgigk ygkl ubdgvgkl oko ojg`g~o fgklug oko) ub~bvpo DDK

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dbaoudokgk) dbdbvgugk) ub~gvgpouab) ~bvrugdgk iokldrklgk `gk

joigklkyg koigo!koigo dbagkruoggk rkprd ubigir abkljgvlgo jgd!

jgd hvgkl igok g`gigj fbkprd kygpg `gvo aripodriprvgiouab opr+

Ehkphj dhkldvop pbvmgòkyg pvglbò ~bafrkrjgk fbugv!fbugvgk

pbvjg`g~ ~gvg ~bklodrp ^gvpgo Dharkou Ok`kbuog *^DO/ pgjrk 7?32)

dbdbvgugk pbvjg`g~ bpkou Ejokg ò Mgdgvpg ~g`g Abo 7??:) `gk

fbkpvhdgk gkpgvg ragp Ouiga `gk dgra Dvoupbk ò Agirdr ubmgd7??? jokllg 6>>5) ~begjkyg ~bvgkl gkpgvg Urdr Abigyr `gk Urdr

@gygd ò Dgioagkpgk) ~bklruovgk hvgkl Mg|g `gvo Pgdbklhk `gk

Ugvbb ò Gebj+ Ubigok opr) dbvrurjgk fbvfgr UGVG ygkl abvbfgd ò

fgkygd pba~gp ò Ok`hkbuog ub~bvpo ò Gafhk) ^huh) `gk Uga~op+

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uocgp `gk |gpgd aripodriprv ò `giga mo|g ubpog~ aguygvgdgp+ Jgi

oko gdgk aba~bvdbeoi dhkciod ygkl fbvuocgp kblgpoc) fgjdgk gdgk

aba~bvbvgp kguohkgiouab `gk okpblvguo fgklug+

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djruru rkprd ababegjdgk ~bvuhgigk pbvubfrp abigiro fbvfglgo fo`gkl4 uhuogi) bdhkhao) fr`gyg) `gk ~bkòòdgk+ Dgvbkg ubdhigj



O Abahposguo Fbigmgv Uou|g <6


abvr~gdgk glbk uhuogiouguo chvagi fglo agkruog ’~bubvpg

òòd‑ `giga abkrkprp fbvfglgo oiar ~bklbpgjrgk `gk ~bubvpg

òòd `g~gp jo`r~ igygd `giga aguygdgvgp ubjokllg aga~rabklbafgkldgk dbpvga~oigk `gk dbaga~rgkkyg `bklgk

fgod) agdg ~bkriou pbvpgvod abkrioudgk h~oko `bklgk mr`ri)

’Oa~ibabkpguo Aripodriprvgi giga bafbigmgvgk o Ubdhigj Rkprd

Abkrafrjdgk Ahposguo Fbigmgv Uou|g‑+

F+ Abph`b ^bkbiopogk

^bk`bdgpgk ygkl olrkgdgk giga ~bkbiopgk oko g`gigj ~bk`bdgpgk

`budvo~poc `gk abph`b drgiopgpoc+ Abkrvrp Urloyhkh *6>><=62/)

abph`b ~bkbiopogk drgiopgpoc g`gigj abph`b ~bkbiopogk ygkl

fbv`gugvdgk ~g`g coiugcgp ~huopoc òlrkgdgk rkprd abkbiopo ~g`g

hfmbd gigaogj) *ubfglgo ig|gkkyg g`gigj bdu~bvoabk/ òagkg~bkbiopo ubfglgo oukpvrabk drkeo) ~bklgafoigk uga~bi urafbv gpg

òigdrdgk ubegvg ~rv~huosb `gk ukh|fhgi ) pbdkod ~bklra~rigk

`bklgk pvogklriguo *lgfrklgk/) gkgiouou `gpg fbvuocgp ok`rdpoc(

drgiopgpoc) `gk jguoi ~bkbiopogk drgiopgpoc ibfoj abkbdgkdgk agdkg

`gvo ~g`g lbkbvgiouguo+

Mr`ri `giga ~bkbiopogk drgiopgpoc rarakyg òururk

fbv`gugvdgk agugigj ygkl pbigj opbpg~dgk+ @bklgk baodogk) mr`ri

~bkbiopokyg jgvru ur`gj u~buocod gk abkebvaokdgk ~bvagugigjgk

`gk sgvogfib ygkl gdgk òpbiopo) Urloyhkh *6>>?=677/+ ^bkbiopogk

oko òdiguocodguodgk db `giga ~bkbiopogk h~oko dgvbkg abafgjgu

pbkpgkl ’Oa~ioabkpguo Aripodriprvgi `giga ^bafbigmgvgk òUbdhigj Rkprd Abkrafrjdgk Ahposguo Fbigmgv Uou|g‑+





E+ Pba~gp ^bkbiopogk

^bkbiopogk oko òigdugkgdgk ò UAG Kblbvo 7> Cgmgv Jgvg~gk) Fgk`g

Gebj+ ^baoiojgk ubdhigj oko ubfglgo pba~gp ~bklra~rigk `gpg~bkbiopogk ò`gugvdgk gpgu ~bvpoafgklgk fgj|g UAG opr g`gigj

ugigj ugpr UAG ò Fgk`g Gebj ygkl pbigj abk`g~gp ~bklgdrgk

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òkoigo fgod `giga ~bkybibkllgvggk ~bkòòdgk `gk ~bafbigmgvgk)

abaoiodo lrvr!lrvr fbvdha~bpbk ò fo`gklkyg ubvpg cguoiopgu

fbigmgv abklgmgv ygkl vbigpoc ibkldg~+ Ubigok ~bklgdrgk

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abk`g~gp ~bklgdrgk `gvo aguygvgdgp Gebj rarakyg `gk |gvlg

Fgk`g Gebj djrurukyg ubfglgo ubdhigj ygkl abkljguoidgk uou|g!

uou|g fbv~vbupguo) fgod pokldgp dhpg) ~vhsokuo) kguohkgi) fgjdgk

uga~go pokldgp okpbvkguohkgi+

@+ ^bafgjgugk

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Abph`hihlo ^bafbigmgvgk Aripodriprvgi) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi

g`gigj ~vgdpod ~bafbigmgvgk rkprd abafgklrk dbug`gvgk `gk

~bkljgvlggk pbvjg`g~ dbfjokbdggk `giga dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp)

ubvpg dhaopabk rkprd abkeo~pgdgk aguygvgdgp ygkl ibfoj phibvgk)

ugiokl aba~bvdgyg ugpr ugag igok `gk ibfoj gòi fglo ubarg

gkllhpg aguygvgdgp+

^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi g`gigj upvgpblo ~bkòòdgk ygkl

abagkcggpdgk dbfbvglgagk igpgv fbigdgkl dbfr`gyggk `gvo ~gvg~bubvpg oòd ubfglgo ugigj ugpr dbdrgpgk rkprd abafbkprd uodg~





aripodriprvgi+ Upvgpblo oko ugklgp fbvagkcggp) ubdrvgkl!drvgklkyg

fglo ubdhigj ubfglgo ibafglg ~bkòòdgk `g~gp abafbkprd

~bagjgagk fbvugag gpgu dhkub~ dbfr`gyggk) ~bvfb`ggk fr`gyg)dbuboafgklgk) gk bahdvguo giga gvpo ygkl irgu *Ioio|bvo) 6>>2/+

Fbv`gugvdgk pbhvo opr) agdg ~bkriou g~gp abkyoa~ridgk fgj|g

~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi gagp ~bkpokl rkprd `g~gp abkljgvlgo

g`gkyg ~bvfb`gggk+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi abvr~gdgk ~vhubu

~bkgkgagk egvg jo`r~ abkljhvagpo) priru `gk phibvgk pbvjg`g~

dbgkbdgvglgagk fr`gyg ygkl g`g ò pbklgj aguygvgdgp ~irvgi)

ubjokllg fbvfgkòkl pbvfgiod `bklgk ~bkòòdgk ahkhdriprvgi

ygkl ubigag oko òmgigkdgk `bklgk abklgfgodgk dbrkodgk `gk

~irvgiopgu ubjokllg fbvgdofgp ~g`g pbv~gurklkyg ~vofgò dvopou `gk

dvbgpoc+

Dhkub~ dbagdkggk ~bkòòdgk aripodprvgi g`gigj ~bvfb`ggkygkl rkod ~g`g ubpog~ hvgkl `gk aguygvgdgp+ ^bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi abklgk`gidgk ubdhigj `gk dbigu òdbihig ubfglgo

urgpr uoariguo gvbkg dbjo`r~gk kygpg ygkl ~irvgi) ygkl pbvru

fbvrfgj `gk fbvdbafgkl abklodrpo ~bvrfgjgk }gagk+ Okupopruo

ubdhigj `gk dbigu g`gigj |gjgkg jo`r~ `bklgk ~babvgk rpgag

~bubvpg òòd `gk lrvr ubvpg ubirvrj pbkglg db~bkòòdgk ubfglgo

cguoiopgphv+

Ugkmgyg *6>7>=65/ abklgpgdgk fgj|g ubfglgo cguoiopgphv)

lrvr fbv~bvgk abafbvo ~bigygk rkprd abar`gjdgk uou|g `giga

dblogpgk ~vhubu ~bafbigmgvgk+ Abigiro rugjg ygkl urkllrj) lrvr

oklok glgv og ar`gj abkygmodgk fgjgk ~bigmgvgk `bklgk fgod)glgv uou|g `g~gp aba~bigmgvo fgjgk ~bigmgvgk ubjokllg prmrgk





fbigmgv pbveg~go ubegvg h~poagi+ Rkprd abigdugkgdgk ~bvgkkyg)

lrvr ~bvir aba~rkygo dbpvga~oigk `giga abvgkegkl urgpr

abòg+ ^bvdbafgklgk pbdkhihlo `gk okchvaguo abkrkprp lrvrrkprd `g~gp abklodrpo ~bvdbafgklgk pbdkhihlo arpgdjov `giga

abkllgio fbvfglgo urafbv oiar ~bklbpgjrgk+

Dblogpgk fbigmgv!abklgmgv òdbafgkldgk ubfglgo |gjgkg

ògihl `gk fbigmgv fbvugag ubvpg abafrgkl ~gvgòlag fgj|g

lrvr abvr~gdgk lr`gkl oiar `gk koigo ygkl ubpog~ uggp òfbvodgk

db~g`g ~bubvpg òòd) abigokdgk ubfglgo pbagk ògihl `gk ~gvpkbv

`giga abkeo~pgdgk urgugkg jgvahkou+ Ubigok opr ~vgdpod ~bkbvg~gk

dbglgaggk mrlg gdgk aba~bvpgmga vgug db~bdggk `gk uhio`gvopgu

gkpgv ~babird glgag+

Lrvr òprkprp ibfoj dvbgpoc `gk okhsgpoc `giga ~bafbigmgvgk

ubjokllg foug abk`bugok fgjgk gmgv `bklgk fbvfglgo abògygkl g`g rkprd abafgkldopdgk ahposguo fbigmgv uou|g+ Uou|g

ò~bvdbkgidgk `gk ògmgd ablbafgkldgk koigo!koigo `gk uodg~

phibvgkuo) uhio`gvopgu) ba~gpo) `gk aruyg|gvgj ubjokllg abvbdg

mrlg abagjgao dbgvocgk ihdgi ygkl abvr~gdgk fglogk gvo fr`gyg

fgklug+ @gk oko foug abkljgafgp pbvmgòkyg dhkciod+

^bkòòdgk `bklgk |g|gugk aripodriprvgi `giga vrarugk

Mgabu G+ fgkd g`gigj dhkub~ o`b gpgr cgiugcgj ubfglgo urgpr

vgkldgogk db~bvegyggk *ubp hc fbiobsb/ `gk ~bkmbigugk ygkl

abklgdro `gk abkoigo ~bkpoklkyg dbvglgagk fr`gyg `gk bpkou

`giga abafbkprd lgyg jo`r~) ~bklgigagk uheogi) o`bkpopgu

~vofgò) dbuba~gpgk!dbuba~gpgk ~bkòòdgk `gvo okòso`r)dbiha~hd agr~rk kblgvg+





Ubabkpgvg abkrvrp Uhkog Kobph) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi

abvr~gdgk ~vhubu ~bkòòdgk dha~vbjbkuoc `gk abk`gugv

fglo ubarg ~bubvpg òòd+ Mbkou ~bkòòdgk abkbkpgkl fbkprdvguouab `gk ublgig fbkprd òudvoaokguo ò ubdhigj) aguygvgdgp

`bklgk abkbvoag ubvpg abkloachvaguodgk ~vrigvopgu *bpkod)

vgu) fgjgug) glgag) bdhkhao) lbk`bv) `gk igok ubfglgokyg/ ygkl

pbvbcibduodgk o gkpgvg ~bubvpg oòd) dharkopgu abvbdg) gk lrvr!

lrvr+ Abkrvrpkyg) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv oko jgvruigj abibdgp

`giga drvodrira `gk upvgpblo ~bklgmgvgk) pbvagurd mrlg `giga

ubpog~ okpbvgduo ygkl òigdrdgk ò gkpgvg ~gvg lrvr) arvo`) `gk

dbirgvlg ubvpg dbubirvrjgk urgugkg fbigmgv abklgmgv+ Dgvbkg mbkou

~bkòòdgk oko abvr~gdgk ~b`glhlod dvopou) vbcibduo `gk abkmgò

fguou gduo ~bvrfgjgk `giga aguygvdgp) ~bkòòdgk aripodrivgi

abklbafgkldgk ~vokuo~!~vokuo~ `bahdvguo `giga fbvdbgòigkuhuogi+

UAG Kblbvo 7> Cgmgv Jgvg~gk Fgk`g Gebj ubfglgo ubdhigj

fhgvòkl ygkl abkljgvrudgk gkgd!gkgd rkprd pokllgi ò guvgag

ubdhigj+ @o uoko fgkygd ~bubvpg òòd fbvgugi `gvo fbvfglgo `gbvgj

ygkl g`g o Gebj) fgjdgk g`g ygkl gvo irgv Gebj bklgk abafg|g

fbvfglgo ~bvfb`ggk driprv `gk g`gp oupog`gp+ ^bafbigmgvgk ò UAG

Kblbvo 7> Cgmgv Jgvg~gk `g~gp fbvmgigk `bklgk jgvahkou) po`gd

pbvmgò òudvoaokguo) `gk uou|g~rk po`gd pbvdhpgd!dhpgd `giga

~bafbigmgvgk agr~rk `giga ~bafbigmgvgk ò guvgag+

^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ò UAG Kblbvo 7> Cgmgv Jgvg~gk

ur`gj igag òg~iodguodgk `giga ~bafbigmgvgk+ Oko pbvfrdpo `giga~bkoigogk ~gvg ~bubvpg òòd ubg`gkyg pgk~g aba~bvjgpodgk gkgd



Ko}gvogj) U+Uhu O <<


uog~g) fbvgugi gvo gbvgj agkg) fgod igdo!igdo agr~rk ~bvba~rgk+

Ubarg fbvdbuba~gpgk abvgoj fbvfglgo ~vbupguo) Agigj) ygkl g`g

ò gkpgvg abvbdg uodg~ ugiokl abafgkpr `giga fbigmgv ubugagpbagkkyg kgark po`gd `giga bsgirguo ubjokllg ~bubvpg òòd

ygkl agigu `gk drvgkl fbvrugjg gdgk pbvpokllgi `gvo ~bubvpg igok+

Abvbdg fbvihafg!ihafg abvgoj ~vbupguo) ubjokllg UAG Kblbvo 7>

Cgmgv Jgvg~gk ygkl aguoj fbvrarv ’ubrarv mglrkl‑ pbigj fgkygd

abklrdov ~vbupguo ò dgkegj kguohkgi `gk okpbvkguohkgi+

Dbfbvjguoigk oko mrlg ò`rdrkl hibj ~bvgkldgp

~bkybibkllgvggk ~bkòòdgk `gk ~bafbigmgvgk fgod) g`gkyg

dbjgvahkougk fbvokpbvgduo `gk dharkodguo) ugiokl abkygygklo

ub~bvpo igygdkyg ubfrgj dbirgvlg `gk abaoiodo lrvr!lrvr

fbvdha~bpbk ò fo`gklkyg ubvpg cguoiopgu fbigmgv abklgmgv ygkl

vbigpoc ibkldg~) g`gkyg `rdrklgk db~gig ubdhigj `giga ubpog~abk`rdrkl ~vhlvga+ Ubigok opr) ~gvg ~bklgmgv mrlg agr abkbvoag

~bafgjgvrgk `gk ubdhigj ur`gj pbvfogug abklbafgkldgk

drvodrira ubkòvo ò uga~okl drvodrira `gvo @b~gvpbabk

^bkòòdgk Kguohkgi+

Ubabkpgvg) gigp igok ygkl abk`rdrkl g`gigj g`gkyg gròh

sourgi+ Dgvbkg oko abkmgò ~bkpokl rkprd abkygduodgk coia!coia

fbvpbag aripodriprvgi) ubvpg cvbb okpbvkbp ygkl abar`gjdgk

~bubvpg òòd abkllgio `gk abafglo okchvaguo `giga oiar

~bklbpgjrgk) ubjokllg abar`gjdgk abvbdg abklbafgkldgk

~hpbkuo `gk dvbgpocopgu ygkl òaoiodokyg `giga abkeg~go prmrgk

~bkòòdgk+



O Abahposguo Fbigmgv Uou|g <:


B+ Dbuoa~rigk

^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi abvr~gdgk vbgiopgu uhuogi ygkl pbv`g~gp

`giga aguygvgdgp Gebj+ gueg pbvmgòkyg fbkegkg giga lba~g `gkpurkgao pgjrk 6>>0 ygkl abkgvod uoa~gpo `gk ba~gpo aguygvgdgp

fbvfglgo ~bkmrvr `rkog rkprd `gpgkl db Gebj) gdgk aba~bvdgyg

driprvgi `gk koigo!koigo dbaguygvgdgpgk+ Jgi oko jgvru òdhhvòkov

ubfgod arkldok rkprd abaokoagiouov g`gkyg ~bvfb`ggk ygkl

fbvuocgp kblgpoc gk po`gd arkerikyg dhkciod gkpgv driprv+ Agdgkyg

ugklgp òprkprp dbagrgk `gk dhaopabk ubarg aguygvgdgp rkprd

ugiokl abkljhvagpo gk abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk ygkl g`g) ubjokllg

~bvfb`ggk oko gdgk abafrgp dopg agdok agmr `gk aba~bvbvgp

~bvugr`gvggk `giga okpblvguo fgklug `gk kblgvg pbveokpg oko+

Uodg~ abkljgvlgo dbfbvglgagk) mrlg jgvru òpgkgadgk ò

ubdhigj+ Dgvbkg ubdhigj g`gigj glbk uhuogiouguo chvagi `gigaabkrafrjdbafgkldgk ~hpbkuo `gk dvbgpocopgu ~bubvpg òòd `gk

`g~gp abkljg~rudgk fbvfglgo mbkou ~vgugkldg ygkl fbvprmrgk

rkprd abafrgp uou|g pbvdhpgd!dhpgd+ Ibafglg ~bkòòdgk

jgvru fbfgu òudvoaokguo) rkprd abkljok`gvo fbvfglgo dhkciod+

^babvokpgj `gk ~bkybibkllgvg ~bkòòdgk ub`gkl abkegvo

uhiruo ~vbsbkpoc ygkl pb~gp `gk bcbdpoc) òagkg ugigj ugprkyg

g`gigj `bklgk abkloa~ibabkpguodgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi

ò ubdhigj `giga ubpog~ agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl vbibsgk+ Rkprd opr)

lrvr òprkprp dvbgpoc `gk dbaga~rgk `giga abklbafgkldgk

dha~bpbkuo ~vhcbuohkgikyg+

UAG Kblbvo 7> Cgmgv Jgvg~gk g`gigj ugigj ugpr ubdhigjcgshvop ò Gebj ygkl pbigj abkloa~ibabkpguodgk ~bkòòdgk



Ko}gvogj) U+Uhu O <?


aripodriprvgiouab+ Ubdhigj fbvguvgag oko foug òdgpgdgk jga~ov

po`gd ~bvkgj pbvmgòkyg dhkciod ygkl fbvuocgp kblgpoc) pg~o dgigr

~huopoc ugklgp fgkygd+ @bklgk ~bvfb`ggk opr) UAG Kblbvo 7> CgmgvJgvg~gk `g~gp abklrdov ~vbupguo lbaoigkl fgod kguohkgi agr~rk

okpbvkguohkgi+ Opr pbvfrdpo fgj|g pgjrk 6>77 pbigj abkljgvradgk

Gebj ubfglgo mrgvg kguohkgi koigo pbvpokllo rmogk kguohkgi+

@gvo rvgogk o gpgu g~gp opgvod dbuoa~rigk fgj|g oa~ibabkpguo

~bkòòdgk db ubpog~ agpg ~bigmgvgk ugklgp fbv~bklgvrj pbvjg`g~

~vbupguo fbigmgv uou|g+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ubfglgo ~bafokg

koigo `gk ahvgi glgv uou|g po`gd pbvegfrp `gvo gdgv fr`gygkyg

ubigok ubfglgo ugvgkg gipbvkgpoc ~bv~begjgk dhkciod+ ^bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi mrlg uolkocodgk abafokg uou|g glgv abvbdg po`gd

pbvegfrp `gvo gdgv fr`gyg ygkl òaoiodokyg pgpdgig fbvjg`g~gk

`bklgk vbgiopgu iokldrklgk lihfgiouguo `gk ~bvdbafgklgk `rkog`giga fbvfglgo fo`gkl fgod uhuogi) fr`gyg) bdhkhao) fr`gyg `gk

~hiopod ubvpg pbddkhihlo `gk okchvaguo+ TQ



:7

Aripodriprvgi ò Ubdhigj

Hag Gvogkph) U+^`Lrvr UAGK 6 Abrvbrfh) Gebj Fgvgp

^bk`gjrirgk

Aripodriprvgi gpgr dbfbvglgagk giga dbjo`r~gk uhuogi pbvfbkprd

`gvo iokldrklgk aguygvgdgp ygkl pbvfgklrk `gvo okòso`r!okòso`r

igok ygkl abkygpr `giga ugpr iokldrklgk) g`g~rk igpgv fbigdgkl

aripodriprvgi ygkl fbvglga fgjgug `gk dbfgkluggk *kgpohkgiopy/ )

urdr *vgeb hv bpkoeopy/ ) glgag *vbiolohk/ ) fr`gyg *eriprvb/ `gk dbigu

uhuogi *uheogi eiguu/ + Pbvdg`gkl dbfbvglgagk `giga iokldrklgkaguygvgdgp `g~gp mrlg abaoer dhkciod dbpodg po`gd òoafgklo

`bklgk koigo!koigo JGA) glgag) koigo driprvgi `gk dbagmbardgk

fgklug ò pbklgj iokldrklgk pbvubfrp+

G`g fbfbvg~g jgi ygkl abigpgvfbigdgklo dhkciod uhuogi gpgr

ygkl ibfoj òdbkgi `bklgk dhkciod jhvo}hkpgi) ygopr ~bvfb`ggk

glgag) urdr) ubvpg vgu ygkl òarigo `gvo ugiokl abibebjdgk `giga

ugpr dbiha~hd aguygvgdgp ygkl abkyrirp dhkciod+ Pbvdg`gkl

~bvuhgigk abibagjdgk agr~rk abklreoidgk dbiha~hd

aokhvopgu mrlg `g~gp abkljoigkldgk koigo!koigo dbfbvglgagk

`giga iokldrklgk aguygvgdgp+ Rkprd abkeblgj pbvmgòkyg

budgiguo dhkciod ygkl pbvmgò) agdg òfrprjdgk igkldgj g|gi`bklgk abklokpblvguodgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi `giga uoupba



O Aripodriprvgi ò Ubdhigj:6


~bkòòdgk abigiro drvodrira ~bkòòdgk+

Fbvfoegvg pbkpgkl ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi òagkg o`b

g|gikyg òfgjgu `gk ò|gegkgdgk ~bvpgag dgio ò GabvodgUbvodgp `gk kblgvg!kblgvg Bvh~g Fgvgp ~g`g pgjrk 7?3>!gk hibj

lbvgdgk ygkl abkrkprp ò~bvjgpodgkkyg jgd!jgd uo~oi *eosoi voljp

ahsbabkp/ + Prmrgk rpgag lbvgdgk oko g`gigj rkprd abklrvgklo

~vgdpod oudvoaokguo o pba~gp!pba~gp ~rfiod) o vragj) o pba~gp!

pba~gp dbvmg) `gk ò ibafglg!ibafglg ~bkòòdgk) ygkl òigdrdgk

hibj dbiha~hd agyhvopgu pbvjg`g~ dbiha~hd aokhvopgu+

Lhihklgk!lhihklgk igok ygkl g`g giga aguygvgdgp!aguygvgdgp

pbvubfrp òdbiha~hddgk ubfglgo aokhvopgu `bklgk ~bafgpgugk

jgd!jgd abvbdg *^gvò Ur~gvigk) 6>>6= 6!5/+ Lbvgdgk jgd!jgd uo~oi

oko) abkrvrp Mgabu G+ Fgkd *7?:?= 0!2/) fbvoa~iodguo ~g`g `rkog

~bkòòdgk) bklgk arkerikyg fbfbvg~g prkprpgk rkprd abigdrdgkvbchvaguo drvodrira ~bkòòdgk ygkl ugvgp òudvoaokguo+ ^g`g

g|gi pgjrk 7?<>!gk) arkeriigj ubmraigj drvuru `gk ~vhlvga

~bkòòdgk ygkl abkbdgkdgk ~g`g gu~bd!gu~bd ygkl fbvjrfrklgk

`bklgk bpkod `gk dbvglgagk fr`gyg *eriprvgi òsbvuopy/ +

@giga dhkpbdu Ok`hkbuog) ~bvfokegklgk pbkpgkl dhkub~

~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ubagdok aba~bvhibj ahabkpra

~gueg vrkprjkyg vb}oa hphvopbv!aoiopbvoupod Hv`b Fgvr dgvbkg

jba~gugk fg`go vbchvaguo+ Bvg vbchvaguo pbvkygpg po`gd jgkyg

abafg|g fbvdgj fglo fgklug dopg) kgark mrlg abafbvo ~birgkl

abkokldgpkyg dbebk`bvrklgk ~voahvògiouab+ Rkprd opr) ovgugdgk

dopg ~bvir abkbvg~dgk ~gvgòlag ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv rkprdabkgkldgi ubagklgp ~voahvògiouab pbvubfrp+



Hag Gvogkph) U+^` O :5


Gebj ygkl abvr~gdgk ugigj ugpr fglogk `gvo Ok`hkbuog mrlg

abaoiodo aripodriprv gpgr igpgv fbigdgkl dbfbvglgagk ygkl

fbvfb`g+ Aougikyg) `gvo ublo glgag) Gebj abvr~gdgk |oigygjygkl ?> ~bvubk ~bk`r`rdkyg ibfoj fbvglgag Ouiga ubjokllg mbigu

gdgk aba~bklgvrjo aguygvgdgp aokhvopgu ò irgv Aruioa òagkg

aguygvgdgp khk!Aruioa abklodrpo gprvgk ygkl pbigj òfrgp

ò `gbvgj *^BV@G(Wgkrk/ oko+ @gvo ublo bpkod aougikyg òagkg

Gebj abvr~gdgk `haokgk urdr Gebj ubjokllg òiojgp `gvo gu~bd

~uodhihlo abafrgp aguygvgdgp aokhvopgu jgvru abklodrpo ublgig

pgpgkgk fr`gyg) ubvpg fgjgug+

Poafrikyg ~bvfb`ggk `gvo igpgv fbigdgkl aguygvgdgp ygkl

fbvfb`g jgvru òigdrdgk arigo `gvo ubdhigj `bklgk abafbvo

~bkòòdgk aripodriprv+ Ubdhigj g`gigj pba~gp rkprd abk`hvhkl

dbgòigk `gk dbuboafgklgk lrkg abkeblgj ~bv~begjgk `gigaiokldrklgk aguygvgdgp+

Kgark ygkl aguoj abkmgò ~bvagugigjgk uggp oko modg

òpokmgr `gvo ublo fr`gyg) glgag) ubvpg bpkod pbviojgp ubòdop

abkehihd+ Aougikyg `giga drvodrira ~bkòòdgk) agpg ~bigmgvgk

Glgag ygkl jgkyg abk`g~gp dbuba~gpgk jgkygigj abvbdg ygkl

fbvglgag Ouiga dgvbkg drvodrira glgag ygkl opg|gvdgk o ubpog~

ubdhigj ò Gebj jgkyg ~bigmgvgk Glgag Ouiga+ Oko òigpgvfbigdgklo

hibj uou|g Aruioa ygkl `haokgk ò Gebj ubvpg ~gvg lrvr ygkl

òubògdgk jgkyg lrvr agpg ~bigmgvgk glgag Ouiga+ ^g`gjgi modg

dopg vrkrp dbafgio `giga RR@ 7?02 ubvpg o`bhihlo kblgvg oko ygopr

^gkeguoig) mbigu ubpog~ |gvlg kblgvg fbvjgd abk`g~gp pba~gp ubvpgdb`r`rdgk ygkl ugag `gvo ublgig fo`gkl+





Ubjgvrukyg) abvbdg ygkl khk!Aruioa mrlg òfbvodgk

dbuba~gpgk ygkl ugag+ G~giglo) ~gvgòlag aripodriprvgi ubegvg

oa~iouop mrlg abkmgò ugigj ugpr ehkebvk `gvo ^gugi 0 RR K>+ 6>Pgjrk 6>>5 Uoupba bkòòdgk Kguohkgi+ @giga ~gugi opr ombigudgk)

fgj|g ~bkòòdgk òubibkllgvgdgk ubegvg `bahdvgpou) po`gd

òudvoaokgpoc `bklgk abkmrkmrkl pokllo JGA) koigo dbglgaggk)

koigo driprvgi `gk dbagmbardgk fgklug+

@giga ~bklbafgklgk fr`gyg mrlg aguoj pbviojgp abkehihd

òagkg ~bvdbkgigk fr`gyg Gebj ibfoj `haokgk òfgkòkl fr`gyg

bpkou igok+ Jgi oko foug òiojgp dbpodg ~bafbkprdgk ugkllgv pgvo)

òagkg pgvogk gpgr ubko fr`gyg Gebj ygkl `haokgk ò~bigmgvo

`gk òpga~oidgk `gvo~g`g fr`gyg `gvo bpkod ò irgv Gebj+ Dhkòuo

oko ubegvg po`gd igklurkl abafbvodgk `ga~gd kblgpoc fglo

~bubvpg òòd ò irgv bpkod Gebj+ Ubjgvrukyg dbuboafgklgk `gigaaba~bvdbkgidgk ~bkòòdgk ubvpg fr`gyg jgvruigj uboafgkl+

^bkrpr~

Abiojgp dhkòuo ygkl pbvmgò ubigag oko giga abafgklrk dbjo`r~gk

fbvfgklug `gk fbvkblgvg) `g~gp òuoa~ridgk fgj|g ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprv ubfglgo vbu~hk pbvjg`g~ ~bvdbafgklgk dbvglgagk

~h~riguo ubdhigj ~bvir òpbvg~dgk+ G~giglo prkprpgk ~bvugaggk

jgd fglo ubpog~ dbiha~hd) rkprd abkmg|gf ~bvagugigjgk)

agdg òfrprjdgk upgvpblo fgvr `giga abafgklrk ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi ygkl pbvgvgj ubjokllg g`gkyg dbuboafgklgk+

Ubigok opr prmrgk rpgag `gvo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi g`gigjabkgkgadgk dbug`gvgk db~g`g uou|g gdgk dbvglgagk *~irvgiopy/ )



Hag Gvogkph) U+^` O :2


dbubpgvggk *bwrgiopy /) dbagkruoggk *jragkopy /) dbgòigk * mrupoeb/

`gk koigo!koigo `bahdvguo *`bahevgpohk sgirbu/ ygkl ò~bvirdgk

`giga fbvglga gdposopgu uhuogi+Abkrvrp Mgabu Fgkdu `giga frdrkyg pbkpgkl ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi *7??0/) g`g ioag oabkuo ygkl ugiokl fbvdgopgk giga

~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi) ygopr=

7+ Ehkpbkp okpblvgpohk) abklokpblvguodgk fbvfglgo fr`gyg

`gk dbiha~hd rkprd abkloirupvguodgk dhkub~ abk`gugv)

lbkbvgiouguo `gk pbhvo `giga agpg ~bigmgvgk(òuo~iok oiar+

6+ Pjb dkh|ib`lb ehkupvrepohk ~vhebuu ) abafg|g uou|g

rkprd abagjgao oa~iodguo fr`gyg db `giga ubfrgj agpg

~bigmgvgk *òuo~iok/+

5+ Gk Bwropy ^gb`glhly ) abkyburgodgk abph`b ~bklgmgvgk

`bklgk egvg fbigmgv uou|g `giga vgkldg abacguoiopguo~vbupguo gdg`baod uou|g ygkl fbvglga fgod `gvo ublo vgu)

fr`gyg gpgr~rk uhuogi+

0+ ^vbmròeb Vb`repohk) abklo`bkpocodguo dgvgdpbvoupod vgu

uou|g `gk abkbkprdgk abph`b ~bklgmgvgk abvbdg

2+ Abigpoj dbiha~hd rkprd fbv~gvpouo~guo `giga ublgig

dblogpgk bdpvg drvodribv *ubko fr`gyg) higjvglg) dbglgaggk)

agr~rk dblogpgk igok/ glgv aga~r fbvokpbvgduo gkpgvg

~bubvpg òòd agr~rk ~bkòòd *lrvr/ `giga abkeo~pgdgk

fr`gyg gdg`baod+

Upvgpblo ygkl òlrkgdgkLrkg abklok`bkpocodguo jgi oko) òfrprjdgk fbfbvg~g ~bk`bdgpgk





ygkl fgod ubjokllg pbveo~pgkyg uoupba ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl bcbdpoc

`giga abafgklrk dbjo`r~gk aripodriprvgi ygkl pbvgvgj `gk

ugiokl abkljgvlgo) jgvru òigdrdgk hibj ~bkòòd `bklgk abiojgpeovo!eovo ~bubvpg òòd ubfglgo urfybd) ò gkpgvgkyg=

7+ ^bubvpg òòd gigk dbg`ggk ub`gkl fbv`gyg) agdur`kyg og

`giga dbg`ggk fbv`gyg rkprd abkllrkgdgk dbaga~rgk)

dbagrgk `gk ubfglgokyg+

6+ Abafgklrk dhjbuocopgu) uhioòpgu `gk okpoaopgu ò gkpgvg

dbvglgagkkyg bpkod) vgu) glgag) fr`gyg `gk dbfrprjgk ò

gkpgvg dopg+

5+ ^bubvpg òòd aba~rkygo igpgv fbigdgkl ygkl fbvfb`g+

0+ ^bubvpg òòd abigdrdgk ~bkmbigmgjgk pbvjg`g~ giga

ubdopgvkyg `bklgk ~hpbkuo!~hpbkuo `gugv ygkl òaoiodo

ubegvg okòso`r+TQ



Hag Gvogkph) U+^` O :<


@gcpgv ^rupgdg

Fgkdu) M *7??5/) Aripoeriprvgi Bb`regpohk= Jouphvoegi@bsbih~abkp)@oabkuohk) gk` ^vgepoeb+ Vbsob| hc Vbubgvej ok

B`regpohk+

‐‐) *7??0/) Gk Okpvh`repohk ph Aripoeriprvgi B`regpohk) Kbb`jga

Jboljpu) AG

Rk`gkl!Rk`gkl Vb~rfiod Ok`hkbuog Khahv 6> Pgjrk 6>>5

Pbkpgkl ^bk`o`odgk Kguohkgi+ *RR UOU@ODKGU/



:?

Aripodriprvgiouab `giga

^bafbigmgvgk@vg+ Bvko Fridouo) A+UeLrvr Ag`vgugj Gioygj @gvri ‚Rira) Fgk`g Gebj

Aripodriprvgiouab ogigj urgpr gigp rkprd abkokldgpdgk `bvgmgp

agkruog+ Ubegvg gigao gpgr dh`vgpo) agkruog òeo~pgdgk Prjgk

`giga dbgkbdgvglgagk fr`gyg+ Dgvbkg opr) ~bafgklrkgk

agkruog jgvru aba~bvjgpodgk dbgkbdgvglgagk ygkl g`g ò

pbklgj aguygvgdgp+ Jgi opr pbvlgafgv ubegvg kygpg gk mbigu giga

gi!Wrv‟gk) ub~bvpo covagk Giigj U\P) ‑Ubdovgkyg Giigj abkljbk`gdo

kouegyg og abkmgòdgk dgar *ubdgiogk/ ugpr ragp) pbpg~o @og jbk`gdabklrmo dgar gpgu ~bafbvogkKyg+ Agdg fbvihafgigj dgar `giga

dbfgodgk+ Db~g`g Giigj pba~gp dgar dbafgio) agdg òprkmrddgk

db~g`gar g~g ygkl dgar ~bvubiouojdgk‑+ *WU) Gi!Ago`gj) 2=30/

Gygp opr abafbvo lgafgvgk ~g`g agkruog fglgoagkg

dbgkbdgvglgagk `g~gp òdbafgkldgk) frdgk abkmgòdgkkyg

ubfglgo ~bvfb`ggk ygkl jgvru ò~bvibfgv gkpgvg ubugag agkruog)

Ugo` Gloi *6>>5= 766/+ Ubigkmrpkyg agkpgk Abkpbvo ^bkòòdgk

Kguohkgi) Agiod Cgmgv *6>>0/ ~bvkgj abklgpgdgk fbpg~g ~bkpoklkyg

~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgiouab o Ok`hkbuog+ Abkrvrpkyg) ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgiouab ~bvir òprafrjdbafgkldgk) dgvbkg ~hpbkuo

ygkl òaoiodo Ok`hkbuog ubegvg driprvgi) pvgòuo `gk iokldrklgklbhlvgco ubvpg bahlvgcou ugklgp irgv fogug+



O Aripodriprvgiouab `giga ^bafbigmgvgk?>


^bkòòdgk ygkl òigdugkgdgk ò ubdhigj `bklgk abiofgpdgk

~bubvpg òòd) pbvòvo `gvo uou|g!uou|g ygkl ubfglogk fbugv fbvgugi

`gvo ~bvdhpggk `gk ubfglogk dbeoi `gvo ~b`buggk) pbkprkyg `bklgkvglga fr`gyg) bpkou `gk fgjgug ygkl fbvfb`g fb`g+ @b|gug oko)

fgkygd dopg ugduodgk dbdbvgugk ò ubdhigj+ Lrvr abkga~gv uou|g

ubfglgo jrdragk ub~bvpo fgvr!fgvr oko pbvmgò ò Gebj) ~bibebjgk

gkpgvg lrvr `gk uou|g) gkpgvg uou|g `gk uou|g) fgjdgk gkpgvg

uou|g ubdhigj ugpr `gk uou|g ubdhigj igok pbvmgò pg|rvgk) ub~bvpo

ubvokl ygkl pbvmgò ò Mgdgvpg) ubjokllg aba~bvhibj ~vh`rd uou|g

ygkl drvgkl fbvgdjigd) ar`gj òurirp bahuo `gk abkmgò joigkl

db~vofgògk+

Dbmgògk igok g~gp dopg iojgp o pbibsouo+ Agigj) ~bkriou abiojgp

`gk abk`bklgv igklurkl ~bibebjgk ubugag uou|g ò ugigj ugpr

ubdhigj abkbklgj ygkl pbvmgò ò Gebj+ Urkllrj abkybòjdgkdhkòuo lbkbvguo ar`g ygkl gdgk abkbvrudgk eopg!eopg fgklug+

@giga ur`rp ~gk`gkl bduoupbkuo ygkl po`gd ubpgvg `gk pgd blgiopbv

uggp abkòòd uou|g) lrvr gpgr hvgkl prg fogugkyg aba~huouodgk

òvo ubfglgo urfmbd) ubabkpgvg gkgd òòd *uou|g/ ò~huouodgk

ubfglgo hfmbd+ @giga vbiguo ub~bvpo oko ur`gj fgvgkl pbkpr fgkygd

pbvmgò ~vhubu `bjragkouguo) ygopr ~bigkllgvgk dbagkruogk *Gvobc

Jgdoa= 75/+

Modg òpbirurvo gdgv agugigj) fbvdgopgk `bklgk ~bkòòdgk

aguoj oudvoaokgpoc ygkl gvpokyg ~bafbigmgvgk fbira abkljgvlgo

dbfbvglgagk uodg~) ~bkbvoaggk uou|g pbkpgkl vbk`gjkyg

dbgòigk) pokllokyg dbaoudokgk) joigklkyg vgug dbagkruoggkrkprd abkljhvagpo jgd!jgd hvgkl igok `gk ~vhubu fbigmgv



@vg+ Bvko Fridouo) A+Ue O ?7


abklgmgv fbira abklgdhah`guo dbfrprjgk uou|g) iokldrklgk

~bkòòdgk ygkl fbira vgagj gkgd+ Ubfglogk fbugv lrvr) db~gig

ubdhigj `gk dhaopb fbira abklbpgjro pbkpgkl aripodriprvgi~bafbigmgvgk+ Jgi oko g`gigj fbkprd kygpg ubfglgo fglogk `gvo

aripodriprvgiouab pbvubfrp+ Jgvg~gk oklok abkpvgkuchvaguodgk

`gk abklbkgidgk ~bvu~bdpoc aripodriprv `giga ~bafbigmgvgk

ubdhigj) glgv abvbdg abklbkgio dbfbvglgagk `gk vgagj

pbvjg`g~ ~bvfb`ggk ubfglgo ubfrgj dblogpgk ygkl abkybkgkldgk+

@bklgk `baodogk) ~bafbigmgvgk gdgk aga~r abkokldgpdgk

vgug ba~gpo `gk abklrvgklo ~vgugkldg uou|g ubjokllg pbveo~pg

agkruog ygkl aga~r abkybibugodgk dhkciod pgk~g dbdbvgugk+

Abigiro aripodriprvgiouab `g~gp abafgkpr lrvr `giga ~vhubu

~bafbigmgvgk abkmgò ibfoj bcbuobk `gk bcbdpoc) pbvrpgag

abafbvodgk dbaga~rgk ~bubvpg òòd `giga abafgklrkdhigfhvgpoc+

Fbv`gugvdgk agugigj opr) ò~bvirdgk upvgpblo `gk dhkub~

rkprd ababegjdgk ~bvuhgigk pbvubfrp `giga fo`gkl ~bkòòdgk

ò ubdhigj) pbvrpgag ~g`g drvodrira `gk agkgmbabk ubdhigj

ubvpg lrvr ygkl abvr~gdgk rmrkl phafgd ~bafbigmgvgk+ Fbvodrp

fbfbvg~g upvgpblo `gk dhkub~ ygkl ò~bvirdgk ~g`g ~bafbigmgvgk

aripodriprvgiouab ò ubdhigj=

7+ Drvodrira Ubdhigj

Drvodrira òdbafgkldgk `bklgk abiojgp dbvglgagk

dgvgdpbvoupod gkgd òòd ub~bvpo dhkòuo `gbvgj) mbkmgkl `gk mbkou~bkòòdgk) ubvpg abkljgvlgo `gk po`gd òudvoaokgpoc pbvjg`g~



O Aripodriprvgiouab `giga ^bafbigmgvgk?6


~bvfb`ggk glgag) urdr) fr`gyg) g`gp oupog`gp) upgpru uheogi

bdhkhao) `gk mbk`bv *DPU^ AG) 6>>?/+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi

`g~gp òokpblvguodgk `giga drvodrira) ògvgjdgk db~g`g ~vhubu~bklbafgklgk ~bafbigmgvgk ò dbigu+ Ubabkpgvg vgkegklgk `gk

rkop ~bafbigmgvgk ò dbigu pgd ~bvir òrfgj) kgark òpgafgj

`bklgk abafbvodgk agpbvo fbvfglgo fr`gyg) ~vokuo~) pbhvo `gk

igok!igok+ Ubfglgo ehkphj) drvodrira ubdhigj `g~gp abagurddgk

agpbvo `gk fgjgk gmgv ygkl fbvhvobkpguo ~g`g ~bkljgvlggk

db~g`g hvgkl igok) fbkprd ~bkljgvlggk oko abkegdr~ polg vgkgj

~bafbigmgvgk ygkl ubigag oko ur`gj dopg pbvg~dgk ubegvg pbhvo

`gk ~vgdpod ygopr dhlkopoc) gcbdpoc `gk ~uodhahphvod) kgark fbira

erdr~ abk`giga ~bkbvg~gkkyg ~g`g gcbdpoc+

Ehkphj igok `giga upvgpblo ~bafbigmgvgk aripodriprvgi)

aougikyg abigiro agpg ~bigmgvgk ^^Dk) Glgag) Uhuohihlo) Fohihlo)Gkpvh~hihlo `gk `g~gp mrlg abigiro ah`bi ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl igok

ub~bvpo abkllrkgdgk ugvgkg gròh sourgi) ~bk`bdgpgk iokldrklgk)

dblogpgk bdupvgdrvodribv `gk ubfglgokyg+ @ouga~godgk abigiro

fgjgk gmgv ygkl `g~gp dopg igdrdgk ò `giga dbigu agr~rk ò irgv

dbigu+ Ugigj ugprkyg gvo giga fbvdbafgkl ~bvagokgk aripodriprvgi)

ygopr lbibafrkl r`gvg fogugkyg ò~bvhibj `gvo agokgk gov ugfrk

gpgr uga~jh ygkl òmrgi `giga ~gdbp dbeoi+ Dopg foug abklgmgd

uou|g db giga pbvfrdg rkprd ababpod pgkldgo gk grk mgvgd ygkl

igklurkl o~gpgjdgk pg~o ~gpgjgk o~bvpgjgkdgk) dbarògk opor~

~bvigjgk!igjgk) pbvfbkprdigj lbibafrkl r`gvg+ Abigiro abph`b oko

`g~gp abkljo`r~dgk oagmokguo uou|g) dbebvogk) vgagj iokldrklgk`gk db`gagogk+ Upvgpblo oko pbkprkyg ~bvir òigdrdgk hibj lrvr!





lrvr dvbgpoc `gk okhsgpoc+ Rkprd opr) lrvr òprkprp rkprd ibfoj

dvbgpoc `gk okhsgpoc ubjokllg aga~r abklhigj `gk abkeo~pgdgk

`bugok ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl uburgo+

6+ Agkgmbabk Ubdhigj

Agkgmbabk ubdhigj ygkl pbigj òpbpg~dgk fbvugag db~gig

ubdhigj po`gd fhibj òigkldgjo+ Ehkphjkyg) rkprd ~bkbvoaggk

uou|g ygkl agurd fbv`gugvdgk rvrpgk koigo pbu pbvfgod pbkprkyg

ibfoj òrpgagdgk) kgark `giga ~bigdugkggk ò ig~gklgk pbvmgò

dbfbvglgagk+ Oko gdvgf pbvmgò ò ubdhigj ygopr ~bkyoa~gklgk

dgvbkg g`gkyg dhiruo gk kb~hpouab *dgigklgk agyhvopgu/ ubjokllg

dgigklgk aokhvopgu pbvgfgodgk rkprd foug agurd db urgpr ubdhigj

*cgshvop/+ Dbmgògk opr dgvbkg vbk`gjkyg dbgòigk giga abkbkprdgk

dbfomgdgk) fbira abklbkgio `gk pgd abagjgao dbfbvglgagk+^bvgk db~gig ubdhigj `gk dhaopb jgvru dhkubdrbk abkba~gpdgk

dbgòigk `bklgk fbkgv uburgo dh`b bpod ygkl pbigj òpbpg~dgk+ @o

uouo igok lrvr mrlg jgvru abk`rdrkl dbfomgdgk!dbfomgdgk ygkl

pbigj òub~gdgpo fbvugag+ Aripodriprvgi ~g`g agkgmbabk ubdhigj

abvr~gdgk rkurv ~bkrkmgkl ~bkòòdgk+ Agdgkyg agvo lbvgddgk

aripodriprvgiouab rkprd òuhuogiouguodgk ibfoj g|gi db~g`g

ubdhigj!ubdhigj gpgr ibafglg!ibafglg ~bkòòdgk igok+

5+ ^bk`bdgpgk Dharkodguo ò Ubdhigj

@giga ~vhubu fbigmgv abklgmgv o ubdhigj) fbvfglgo ~bk`bdgpgk

òlrkgdgk hibj lrvr rkprd abkòòd ~gvg ~bigmgv+ G`g lrvr ygklubkgkl abklgvgj `gk ababvokpgj uou|g abkrvrp dbjbk`gdkyg)





g`g mrlg lrvr ygkl abklgmgd uou|g fbvugag!ugag abkybibugodgk

ph~od fgjgugk) kgark ubarg g`g agkcggpkyg uburgo `bklgk

dbg`ggk+ Pgk~g dharkodguo ygkl fgod) jguoi ygkl òprgo mrlgpo`gd abargudgk *^r~rj) Uhfvy= 07/+ Upvgpblo ~bk`bdgpgk `bklgk

dharkodguo jgvru òg|gio `bklgk vgug ugiokl abkljgvlgo gkpgvg

db~gig ubdhigj `gk lrvr) ubugag lrvr `gk lrvr `bklgk uou|g+

@baodogk ~rig db~gig ubdhigj `gk uou|g+ G`gkyg ~bkljgvlggk

db~g`g uou|g) agdg uou|g~rk gdgk abigdrdgk jgi ygkl ugag uggp

fbvdharkodguo `bklgk lrvr+ Ub~bvpo dgpg ~b~gpgj ’lrvr dbkeokl

fbvòvo) arvo` dbkeokl fbvigvo‑+ Dbarògk dbaga~rgk lrvr

abkba~gpdgk òvo ~g`g uoprguo `gk dhkòuo ò iokldrklgk fbigmgv)

pgd jgkyg abiofgpdgk ok`vg pg~o mrlg agpg jgpo `gk ~bvguggkkyg

`giga abagjgao dhkòuo uou|g+

Rkprd abigdugkgdgk prlgu ubegvg ~vhcbuohkgi) lrvrababvirdgk |g|gugk `gk o`b fglgoagkg abafbvodgk dbpbvgklgk

~g`g ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl abvr~gdgk drkeo rpgag `giga agugigj

oko+ Lrvr jgvru aga~r abkgkgadgk koigo!koigo gdjigd ò ubpog~

agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl abvbdg gmgvdgk+ Ubhvgkl lrvr O^G aougikyg

po`gd jgkyg ubdg`gv abklgmgv agpbvo ~bklbpgjrgk giga) pbpg~o

fglgoagkg ~gvg lrvr O^G abklokpblvguodgk koigo!koigo gdjigdri

dgvoagj `giga agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl ògmgvdgk+ Fglgoagkg egvg

abkbvg~dgk db uou|g glgv `g~gp abagkmgdgk bahuo gkgd) fbigmgv

`bklgk kygagk ubjokllg oug`gvo gpgr po`gd) abvbdg gdgk abahpvbp

g~g ygkl abvbdg iojgp gk vgugdgk) ubjokllg aba~bklgvrjo bahuo

~huopoc `gk aba~bvar`gj rkprd pbveg~gokyg prmrgk fbigmgv+





Abkrvrp Mgabu G+Fgkdu *7??5 ! 7??0/) g`g ioag òabkuo

~bkòòdgk aripodriprv ygkl `g~gp abafgkpr lrvr `giga

abkloa~ibabkpguodgk ~bvfb`ggk ~bigmgv *uou|g/) ygopr=7+ @oabkuo okpblvguo ouo(agpbvo

6+ @oabkuo dhkupvrduo ~bklbpgjrgk+

5+ @oabkuo ~bklrvgklgk ~vgugkldg+

0+ @oabkuo ~bkòòdgk ygkl ugag (gòi+

2+ @oabkuo ~bafbv`gyggk ubdhigj+

Fbv`gugvdgk ~bk`g~gp opr) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ugiokl

fbvdbuokgafrklgk gkpgvg lrvr `gk uou|g) fgod opr lrvr `giga

abkeo~pgdgk upvrdprv `gk ~vhubu+ Ubpog~ ~bklbpgjrgk fr`gyg

foug abigdrdgk bdu~vbuo ubjokllg ~gk`gklgk aripodriprvgiouab

~bafbigmgvgk ubdhigj fgkygd òlrkgdgk ubfglgo abòg rkprd

abafgklrk ba~gpo) uodg~ vbk`gj jgpo `gk po`gd abagk`gklvbk`gj `giga abkbvoag ~bvfb`ggk koigo!koigo fr`gyg+ Aruioa

Ofvgjoa abkmbigudgk fgj|g giga uo`gkl pgkllgi 6> cbfvrgvo 6>>?

ò Agvhdh) Rkbueh abkyb~gdgpo hvobkpguo ~bkòòdgk db `b~gk

jgvru ògvgjdgk ~g`g `rg jgi ubegvg uboafgkl ygopr b`regpohk chv

|hvd `gk b`regpohk chv iocb+ B`regpohk chv |hvd ògvgjdgk ~g`g

dbaga~rgk abagjgao fbvfglgo pbhvo `gk dbpvga~oigk ubfglgo

fbdgi rkprd abklbihig urafbv `gyg giga+ Ub`gkldgk) b`regpohk

chv iocb ògvgjdgk ~g`g ~bkòòdgk ahvgi) bpodg `gk bupbpodg rkprd

abkeg~go dbfgjgloggk `giga abkmgigko dbjo`r~gk+

@bklgk abiofgpdgk ubirvrj uou|g) ~bkòòdgk vgagj `gk

~bkrj dguoj ugygkl pgk~g ~gk`gkl frir) dbarògk abkldhkòuodgkubdhigj ~g`g ~bklbafgklgk ah`bi ~bafbigmgvgk fbvfguou





aripodriprvgi ubjokllg foug abkmgò ugigj ugpr abph`b bcbdpoc

rkprd abvb`ga dhkciod ubdgiolru abklrfgj ~baodovgk uou|g

ygkl fbkgv!fbkgv priru abkljgvlgo dbfbvglgagk) abkebvaokdgk~vgdpod `gvo koigo!koigo `bahdvguo+ @bklgk fblopr) ~bigmgv gdgk

fbvfoegvg pbkpgkl vgug jhvagp ò gkpgvg abvbdg `gk abkmrkmrkl

pokllo koigo!koigo dbvmgugag `gvo~g`g abafoegvgdgk ~bvugoklgk

`gk ~vgugkldg ò gkpgvg abvbdg ygkl fbvfb`g `giga jgi vgu) bpkod

fr`gyg `gk dbiha~hd upgpru uhuogikyg+

Abigiro ~bafbigmgvgk aripodriprvgiouab mrlg òjgvg~dgk

gdgk òeg~go urgpr dbjo`r~gk uou|g ygkl `gago) jgvahkou) `gk

abkmrkmrkl pokllo koigo!koigo dbagkruoggk ubjokllg pbveo~pg

agkruog ygkl aga~r abkybibugodgk dhkciod pgk~g dbdbvgugk+

Dbarògk aga~r abkbvg~dgk upvgpblo ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl

abklb`b~gkdgk okpbvgduo uhuogi+ Glgv prmrgk aripodriprvgiouab`giga ~bafbigmgvgk ubdhigj oko `g~gp òeg~go) ~babvokpgj

`gk ~gvg ~bklgafoi dbfomgdgk ~bkòòdgk igokkyg jbk`gdkyg

abaodovdgk ubegvg ubvoru vbgiopgu aripodriprvgi ò Ok`hkbuog)

`bklgk abagurddgk drvodrira ygkl fbv`gugvdgk ~g`g

ubagklgp aripodriprvgiouab+ Db~g`g lrvr `gk upgc ~bklgmgv glgv

abkgkgadgk koigo!koigo aripodriprvgiouab `giga ~vhubu fbigmgv

abklgmgv `bklgk egvg abafbvodgk agpbvo pbvdgop aripodriprvgi

`gk aba~vgdpoddgk `giga dbjo`r~gk kygpg) ubjokllg uou|g

abaoiodo dha~bpbkuo pbkpgkl koigo!koigo aripodriprvgiouab+TQ



@vg+ Bvko Fridouo) A+Ue O ?<


@GCPGV ^RUPGDG

Giarkg|gv) Ugo` Gloi Jruok+ 6>>5+ Gdprgiouguo Koigo!Koigo Wrv‟gko+Mgdgvpg = Eo~rpgp ^vbuu+

Fgkdu) Mgabu G+ 6>><+ ^bafbigmgvgk Fbvfguou Aripodriprvgi) jpp~=((

irfoulvgcrvg) |hv` ~vbuu+eha+ ogdubu pgkllgi 66 mrko 6>77+

Jgdoa Gvobc) A+ 6>>6+ Abkòòd Gkgd Ubegvg Fomgd+Fgk`rkl = Agvmg+

Dbabkpvogk Glgag+ 6>>?+ Drvodrira Pokldgp Ugprgk ^bigmgvgk+

Fgk`g Gebj = Ag`vgugj Gioygj)

Ofvgjoa) Aruioa+ 6>7>+ Cgdripgu Pgvfoygj OGOK Gv!vgkovy+ @gvo

agdgigj bafbkprdgk Dgvgdpbv Lrvr Fbvfguou Uygvo‟gp Ouiga+

Cgpjrvvhjagk) ^r~rj `gk Urpodkh) Uhfvy+ 6>><+ Upvgpblo Fbigmgv

Abklgmgv+ Fgk`rkl = Gòpgag+



??

Upvgpblo Fbigmgv Dbiha~hd

Bvig|gkg) U+^`+) A+^`+

^bkòòdgk g`gi ugigj ugpr dbfrprjgk agkruog+ ^bkòòdgk po`gd

ò~bvhibj fblopr ugmg `giga |gdpr uokldgp) kgark ababvirdgk

~vhubu ~bafbigmgvgk ubjokllg abkoafridgk jguoi uburgo `bklgk

~vhubu ygkl pbigj òigiro+ Urafbv `gyg agkruog fbv~bkòòdgk

gdgk aga~r abklodrpo ~bvdbafgklgk Oiar ^bklbpgjrgk `gk

Pbdkhihlo *O^PBD/+ Rugjg ~babvokpgj `giga vgkldg abkokldgpdgk

arpr ~bkòòdgk ò Ok`hkbuog gkpgvg igok `bklgk abkbvg~dgkDrvodrira Pokldgp Ugprgk ^bkòòdgk *DPU^/ uburgo ^bvgprvgk

Abkpbvo ^bkòòdgk Khahv 66) 65) `gk 60 pgjrk 6>>2+

Drvodrira ~bkòòdgk kguohkgi pbvubfrp abkbpg~dgk ~vokuo~

~bigdugkggk drvodrira ò`gugvdgk ~g`g ~hpbkuo) dgvgdpbvoupod)

~bvdbafgklgk `gk dhkòuo ~bubvpg òòd rkprd abklrgugo

dha~bpbkuo ygkl fbvlrkg fglo òvokyg+ @giga jgi oko uou|g jgvru

abk`g~gpdgk ~bigygkgk ~bkòòdgk) abafbvo dbuba~gpgk

rkprd abklbdu~vbuodgk òvokyg ubegvg fbfgu) òkgaou `gk

abkybkgkldgk `bklgk abkblgddgk ~oigv fbigmgv jo`r~ `giga

dbfbvugaggk `bklgk ugiokl fbvfglo `gk ugiokl abkljgvlgo dgvbkg

Ok`hkbuog g`gigj ugigj ugpr kblgvg aripodriprvgi pbvfbugv o rkog+Dbkygpggk oko `g~gp òiojgp `gvo dhkòuo uhuoh!driprvgi agr~rk



O Upvgpblo Fbigmgv Dbiha~hd 7>>


lbhlvgcou ygkl fblopr fbvglga `gk irgu+

^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi abkg|gvdgk gipbvkgpoc abigiro

~bkbvg~gk upvgpblo `gk dhkub~ ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou ~g`gdbvglgagk ò pbklgj aguygvgdgp) djrurukyg ygkl g`g ~g`g

uou|g ub~bvpo dbvglgagk bpkou) fr`gyg) fgjgug) glgag) upgpru

uhuogi) lbk`bv) dbaga~rgk) rarv) `gk igok!igok+ ^bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi ò`bcokouodgk ubfglgo dbfomgdgk uhuogi ygkl

ò`gugvdgk ~g`g ~vokuo~!~vokuo~ ~babiojgvggk fr`gyg `gk ugiokl

abaoiodo vgug jhvagp gkpgvg ubirvrj dbiha~hd fr`gyg `giga

aguygvgdgp+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ~g`g `gugvkyg abvr~gdgk

~vhlvga ~bkòòdgk fgklug glgv dharkopgu aripodriprvgi `g~gp

fbv~gvpouo~guo `giga ab|rmr`dgk dbjo`r~gk `bahdvguo ygkl

o`bgi fglo fgklugkyg *Fgkdu) 7??5/+

@giga dhkpbdu ibfoj irgu) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ehfgabafgkpr abkygprdgk fgklug ubegvg `bahdvgpou) `bklgk

abkbdgkdgk ~g`g ~bvu~bdpoc ~irvgiopgu aguygvgdgp ò fbvfglgo

fgklug) bpkod) dbiha~hd fr`gyg ygkl fbvfb`g+ @bklgk `baodogk

ubdhigj òdhkòuodgk rkprd abkebvaokdgk ~vgdpod `gk koigo!koigo

`bahdvguo+ Drvodrira abkga~gddgk gkbdg dbiha~hd fr`gyg ygkl

fbvfb`g `giga aguygvgdgp) fgjgug `gk ògibd+ @ouga~okl opr) ~gvg

uou|g ibfoj fgod fbvfoegvg pbkpgkl vgug jhvagp o gkpgvg abvbdg `gk

abkmrkmrkl pokllo koigo!koigo dbvmgugag) `gvo~g`g abafoegvgdgk

~bvugoklgk `gk ~vgugkldg ò gkpgvg ubmraigj uou|g ygkl fbvfb`g

`giga vgu) bpkod) fr`gyg `gk dbiha~hd upgpru uhuogikyg+

Jgdbdgp ~bkòòdga aripodriprvgi aba~bvuog~dgk ubirvrjuou|g rkprd fbdbvmg ubegvg gdpoc abkrmr dbugaggk upvrdprv



Bvig|gkg) U+^`+) A+^`+ O 7>7


`giga hvlgkouguo `gk ibafglg ubdhigj+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi

frdgkigj dbfomgdgk ygkl abklgvgj ~g`g ~bibafglggk ~bkòòdgk

`gk ~bklgmgvgk odiruoc hibj ~vh~glgk`g ~irvgiouab ib|gpdrvodrira ygkl fbv~bvgk fglo dha~bpouo fr`gyg okòso`rgi+

^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi mrlg abafgkpr uou|g rkprd abklgdro

dbpb~gpgk `gvo ~gk`gklgk!~gk`gklgk fr`gyg ygkl fbvglga)

abafgkpr uou|g `giga abklbafgkldgk dbfgkllggk pbvjg`g~

|gvougk fr`gyg abvbdg) abkyg`gvdgk uou|g fgj|g dhkciod koigo

ubvokl abkmgò ~bkybfgf dhkciod gkpgv dbiha~hd aguygvgdgp+

^g`g `gugvkyg prmrgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi= 7/

abarkluodgk ~bvgkgk ubdhigj `giga abagk`gkl dbfbvg`ggk

uou|g ygkl fbvgkbdg vglga4 6/ abafgkpr uou|g giga abafgklrk

~bvigdrgk ygkl ~huopoc pbvjg`g~ ~bvfb`ggk driprvgi) vgu) bpkod)

dbiha~hd dbglggaggk4 5/ abafbvodgk dbpgjgkgk uou|g bklgk egvgabklgmgv abvbdg `giga abklgafoi db~rprugk `gk dbpbvga~oigk

uhuogikyg4 0/ abafgkpr ~bubvpg òòd `giga abafgklrk

dbpbvlgkprklgk iokpgu fr`gyg `gk abafbvo lgafgvgk ~huopoc

db~g`g abvbdg abklbkgo ~bvfb`ggk dbiha~hd *Fgkdu) giga Udbbi

7??2/+ @ouga~okl opr) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi òfgklrk gpgu

`gugv dhkub~ ~bkòòdgk rkprd dbfbfgugk ygkl fbvprmrgk rkprd=

7/ abafgkpr uou|g gk agjguou|g abklbafgkldgk ~bklbpgjrgk)

uodg~) gk dbpbvga~oigk rkprd fbv~gvpouo~guo giga bahdvguo gk

dbfbfgugk aguygvgdgp `gk 6/ abagmrdgk dbfbfgugk) dbegdg~gk)

dbpbvga~oigk pbvjg`g~ iokpgu fgpgu!fgpgu bpkod `gk fr`gyg rkprd

fbv~gvpouo~guo `giga fbfbvg~g dbiha~hd `gk fr`gyg hvgkl igok+



O Upvgpblo Fbigmgv Dbiha~hd 7>6


^bk`bdgpgk `giga ^bafbigmgvgk

^bk`bdgpgk ygkl `g~gp ò~gdgo `giga ~vhubu ~bafbigmgvgk

aripodriprv g`gigj ~bk`bdgpgk dgmogk dbiha~hd prkllgi *UoklibLvhr~ Upròbu / `gk ~bk`bdgpgk ~bvu~bdpoc lgk`g *Aripo~ib

^bvu~beposbu G~~vhgej/+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ò Ok`hkbuog

rarakyg abagdgo ~bk`bdgpgk dgmogk dbiha~hd prkllgi+

^bk`bdgpgk oko ovgkegkl rkprd abafgkpr uou|g giga aba~bigmgvo

~gk`gklgk!~gk`gklgk dbiha~hd pbvpbkpr ubegvg abk`giga+ Hibj

dgvbkg opr) jgvru pbvubòg `gpg!`gpg pbkpgkl ubmgvgj dbiha~hd

opr) dbfoguggk) ~gdgogk) vragj) agdgkgk) glgag ygkl ògkrp) `gk

pvgòuo igokkyg+ @gpg pbkpgkl dhkpvofruo dbiha~hd opr pbvjg`g~

~bvdbafgklgk aruod) ugupvg) oiar ~bklbpgjrgk) ~hiopod `gk igok!

igok jgvru òjg`g~dgk ~g`g uou|g+ ^bk`bdgpgk oko pbvchdru ~g`g

our!our ygkl ugvgp `bklgk koigo!koigo dbiha~hd ygkl ub`gkl òdgmo+Ub`gkldgk ~bk`bdgpgk ~bvu~bdpoc lgk`g g`gigj ~bk`bdgpgk ygkl

pbvchdru ~g`g our prkllgi ygkl òfgjgu `gvo fbvfglgo ~bvu~bdpoc

dbiha~hd!dbiha~hd fbvfb`g+

Rarakyg) lrvr!lrvr abaoiodo ~bvu~bdpoc `giga

~bafbigmgvgkkyg+ @giga dgopgk oko) Fgkkbp `gk U~giòkl *7??6/

abkygvgkdgk glgv ~bafbigmgvgk abkllrkgdgk ~bk`bdgpgk

~bvu~bdpoc lgk`g) dgvbkg ibfoj bcbdpoc+ bk`bdgpgk ~bvu~bdpoc lgk`g

abafgkpr uou|g rkprd abkyg`gvo fgj|g urgpr ~bvoupo|g rara

ubvokl òokpbv~vbuodgk ubegvg fbvfb`g hibj hvgkl igok) òagkg

okpbv~vbpguokyg ubvokl ò`gugvdgk gpgu koigo!koigo dbiha~hd ygkl

abvbdg odrpo+ Uhiruo ygkl ògkllg~ fgod hibj urgpr dbiha~hd)ubvokl po`gd ògkllg~ fgod hibj dbiha~hd igok dgvbkg po`gd ehehd



Bvig|gkg) U+^`+) A+^`+ O 7>5


`bklgk koigo ygkl òodrpokyg+

Dbrkllrigk ~bk`bdgpgk ~bvu~bdpoc lgk`g pbvibpgd ~g`g

egvg fbv~odov dvopou pbvjg`g~ our ygkl ub`gkl òfgjgu ubjokllgabk`hvhkl uou|g rkprd abkljoigkldgk ~vgugkldg frvrd+ Okpbvgduo

`bklgk ~gk`gklgk dbiha~hd ygkl fbvfb`g abarkldokdgk uou|g

rkprd fbvba~gpo+ Jguoi ~bkbiopogk *Fyvkbu)7?::/ abafrdpodgk

fgj|g uou|g ygkl vbk`gj ~vgugkldgkyg abkrkmrddgk uodg~ ibfoj

ubkuopoc `gk pbvfrdg pbvjg`g~ ~gk`gklgk hvgkl igok+ Abvbdg mrlg

aga~r fbv~odov dvopou) dgvbkg ibfoj fbvuodg~ pbvfrdg) cibduofbi)

`gk abkgvrj jhvagp ~g`g ~bk`g~gp ygkl fbvfb`g+ Fgjgk

~bigmgvgk `gk gdpocopgu fbigmgv ygkl drgp gu~bd bcbdpockyg pbkpgkl

dbjo`r~gk fbvugag `giga ~bvfb`ggk driprv pbvfrdpo bcbdpoc rkprd

abklbafgkldgk ~bvu~bdpoc ygkl cibduofbi+ Uou|g ygkl abaoiodo

vgug ba~gpo ygkl fbugv abarkldokdgk òg rkprd abkgvrj vgugjhvagp pbvjg`g~ ~bvfb`ggk egvg ~gk`gkl+ Pbkpr ugmg jgi opr

gdgk aga~r abklrvgklo ~vgugkldg frvrd pbvjg`g~ dbiha~hd

igok+ ^bk`bdgpgk ~bvu~bdpoc lgk`g abklgk`rkl `rg ugugvgk ygopr

abkokldgpdgk ba~gpo `gk abkrvrkdgk ~vgugkldg+

^bklbafgklgk ^bafbigmgvgk Aripodriprvgi

G`g fbfbvg~g jgi ygkl ~bvir ò~bvjgpodgk `giga abklbafgkldgk

~bafbigmgvgk aripodriprvgi) ygopr ubfglgo fbvodrp=

7+ Abigdrdgk gkgiouou cgdphv ~hpbkuogi fbvkrgkug

aripodriprvgi+

g+ Prkprpgk dha~bpbkuo agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl jgvruòfbdgidgk db~g`g ~bubvpg òòd fbvr~g ~bklbpgjrgk)





dbpbvga~oigk) `gk bpodg gpgr dgvgdpbv+

f+ Prkprpgk fbigmgv `gk ~bafbigmgvgk) pbvrpgag fbvchdru

abafrgp hvgkl rkprd fbigmgv `gk abkmgòdgk dblogpgk fbigmgv ubfglgo ~vhubu dbjo`r~gk+

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Bvig|gkg) U+^`+) A+^`+ O 7>2


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Bvig|gkg) U+^`+) A+^`+ O 7><


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O Upvgpblo Fbigmgv Dbiha~hd 7>:


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dbiha~hd+

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Bvig|gkg) U+^`+) A+^`+ O 7>?


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O Upvgpblo Fbigmgv Dbiha~hd 77>


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Bvig|gkg) U+^`+) A+^`+ O 777


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O Upvgpblo Fbigmgv Dbiha~hd 776


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Bvig|gkg) U+^`+) A+^`+ O 775


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O Abklbafgiodgk Dhuah~hiopgk Gebj773


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Cgvo}gi Jgò) U+^`+O O 77<


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O Abklbafgiodgk Dhuah~hiopgk Gebj77:


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O Abklbafgiodgk Dhuah~hiopgk Gebj76>


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Cgvo}gi Jgò) U+^`+O O 767


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Db~rupgdggk

G}yragvò G}vg)‑Dbvglgagk Ok`hkbuog= ^gkeguoig `gkAripodriprvgiouab‑) agdgigj ygkl òuga~godgk ~g`g

Ubaoihdg Kguohkgi ’Dbvglgagk Urdr) Glgag) Vgu) Lbk`bv

ubfglgo Ah`gi Uhuogi rkprd @bahdvguo `gk Aguygvgdgp

Ag`gko= Vbuodh) pgkpgklgk `gk ^birgkl‑+ @oubibkllgvgk hibj

Cgdripgu ûodhihlo RLA `bklgk Okupoprpb chv Ehaarkopy

Fbjgsohvgi Ejgklb *OEFE/ `gk Dhkvg` G`bkgrbv Upocprkl

*DGU/ ò _hlygdgvpg 75 Glrupru 6>><+Lrupogkg Ouyg Agvmgko) Aripodriprvgiouab gk bkòòdgk= Vbibsgkuo

^bkòòdgk `giga Abafgklrk \gegkg Aripodriprvgiouab

ò Ok`hkbuog) Agdgigj ~g`g Gkkrgi Ehkcbvbkeb hk Ouigaoe

Upròbu *GEOU/ OZ) ò Urvgdgvpg) pgkllgi 6!2 Kh~bafbv 6>>?+

Mrkru Abigigphg) Abagjgko Gebj `gvo ^bvu~bdpoc Fr`gyg `giga

Ugv`hkh \+ Drurah `dd+) Gebj Dbafgio db Agug @b~gk)

Mgdgvpg= ODM ^vbuu) 6>>2+Dhkl _rgkl}jo) Aruioa Pohkljhg Ejbkl Jh= Aoupbvo ^bvmgigkgk

Arjofgj ò Krugkpgvg) Mgdgvgp= ^rupgdg ^h~ribv Hfhv) 6>>>+

Arjgaag` ]gokr`òk) Pgvoej Gpmbj `gk Krugkpgvg) Moio` O) Ebp+ O4

Ab`gk= Oudgk`gvar`g) 7?37+

A+ Gaok Gf`riigj) ^bkòòdgk Glgag Bvg Aripodriprvgi!

Aripovbioloru) Mgdgvpg= ÛG^ Arjgaagòygj) 6>>2+

Vrumò Gio Arjgaag`) ^bvgkgk Fr`gyg `giga Abvgmrp Db`gagogk

`gk Uoigprvvgjao) `giga @gvko @gr` `dd+ *Bòphv/) Fr`gyg

Gebj) @okgaodg Ubmgvgj gk Lihfgiouguo ) Fgk`g Gebj= Rkuyogj

^vbuu) 6>>2+

Ubvgafo Ok`hkbuog) Bòuo) ? G~voi 6>>3+

Uygjvo}gi Gffgu `gk Glrupokg Gvo`g) ^hig ^bkybibugogk Dhkciod

`giga Pvgòuo Aguygvgdgp Lga~hkl) Mrvkgi Uraodb) Shirab

OO) 6>>3+



Cgvo}gi Jgò) U+^`+O O 76<


Poa ^bkyrurk) Dgaru Fbugv Fgjgug Ok`hkbkuog) Mgdgvpg= Fgigo

^rupgdg) 6>>:+

Rk`gkl!Rk`gkl Vb~rfiod Ok`hkbuog) Khahv 77 Pgjrk 6>>3

pbkpgkl ^babvokpgjgk Gebj+

Rk`gkl!Rk`gkl Vb~rfiod Ok`hkbuog) Khahv 6> Pgjrk 6>>5

pbkpgkl Uoupba ^bkòòdgk Kguohkgi+



76?

Abkmglg ^bv`gagogk Gebj

Jgaag`òk

Gebj g`gigj fglogk |oigygj Kblgvg Dbugprgk Vb~rfiod Ok`hkbuog

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ubfglgo ’`gbvgj ah`gi ~bvmrgklgk vgdygp Ok`hkbuog rkprd

aba~bvpgjgkdgk dbabv`bdggk vb~rfiod oko‑+ Ubmgvgj ~bvmrgklgk

Ok`hkbuog pbigj òegpgp `bklgk pokpg bagu) fglgoagkg fbugvkyg

~bvgkgk vgdygp Gebj `giga abvbfrp `gk aba~bvpgjgkdgk

dbabv`bdggk vb~rfiod oko+

Gebj `giga dhkpbdu oko frdgkigj urdr) pg~o fgklug ygkl

ò `gigakyg pbv`g~gp fbfbvg~g urdr `bklgk 77 ògibd fgjgug

*Gebj) Lgyh) Gigu) Pgaogkl) Gkbrd Mgabb) Dirbp) Uokldoi) Jgihfgk)

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~bk`gpgkl ygkl pbigj igag abkbpg~ ò |oigygj Gebj+^bk`r`rd Gebj g`gigj aguygvgdgp agmbard `gk òdbkgi

’Jgo agkruog) uburkllrjkyg Dgao abkeo~pgdgk dgar ubhvgkl igdo―igdo `gk ubhvgkl ~bvba~rgk `gk abkmgòdgk dgar

fbvfgklug―fgklug `gk fbvurdr―urdr ur~gyg dgar ugiokl dbkgi abklbkgi+ Uburkllrjkyg hvgkl ygkl ~giokl ariog ò gkpgvg dgar ò uouo Giigj ogigj hvgkl ygkl ~giokl pgw|g ò gkpgvg dgar+

Uburkllrjkyg Giigj Agjg Abklbpgjro iglo Agjg Abklbkgi+‑ *WU+ Gi Jrmgvggp= 75/+



O Abkmglg ^bv`gagogk Gebj75>


`bklgk fbvfglgo ehvgd `gk |gvkg urdr fgklug) abaoiodo igpgv

fbigdgkl ubmgvgj) fr`gyg ygkl fbvgkbdg vglga gkpgvg ugpr urdr

`gk urdr igok+ Kgark) ubarg opr ~rkyg ugpr gvpo) ygopr dbugprgk)po`gd pbv~begj―fbigj gkpgvg ugpr urdr `gk urdr igok+ ^bvfb`ggk

pbvubfrp òpgafgj `bklgk dbok`gjgk giga ygkl aba~buhkg)

fbvfb`g gkpgvg ugpr `gbvgj `gk `gbvgj igok+

^hpbkuo Dhkciod

Dbfbvglgagk urdr *aripodriprv/ vbkpgk pbvmgò dhkciod foig pgd

ògkpouo~guo ubmgd òko+ Pbpg~o ubmgvgj pbigj abkegpgp) ubfglogk

fbugv ~baoer dhkciod ygkl pbvmgò frdgk dgvbkg ~bvpgvrklgk

gkpgvurdg fgklug ygkl g`g) abigokdgk dbpo`gdgòigk ygkl o~bvhibj

aguygvgdgp+ Gebj pbigj abib|gpo fbvfglgo dhkciod ubmgd }gagk

~bkmgmgjgk Fbigk`g `gk Mb~gkl) agug ~bvgkl dbabv`bdggk) @O(POO) ^bvoupo|g L5>U(^DO) @gbvgj H~bvguo Aoiopbv *@HA/) `gk dhkòuo

ygkl po`gd dhk`ruoc ~gueg@HA) ~bafbvigdrgk @gvrvgp Aoiopbv

O `gk OO) @gvrvgp Uo~oi O `gk OO uga~go gdjovkyg fbkegkg `gjuygp

lba~g frao `gk purkgao abigk`g ~g`g 63 @bubafbv 6>>0+

Gebj ~guegpurkgao abkmgò ~bvjgpogk `gvo aguygvgdgp `rkog+

Gebj ygkl ubarig ubegvg ~hiopod `gbvgj pbvprpr~ abkmgò pbvfrdg+

Jodagj ò fgiod fbkegkg opr abigjovdgk ~bv`gagogk `bklgk

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^babvokpgj Vb~rfiod Ok`hkbuog *VO/ `gk Lbvgdgk Gebj Abv`bdg

*LGA/ ò Jbiuokdo) ofrdhpg Cokigkòg) ~g`g 72 Glrupru 6>>2+

@ga~gd lhvbugk ubmgvgj opr pbigj abklrfgj pgpgkgk dbjo`r~gkuhuogi) bdhkhao) fr`gyg `gk iokldrklgk aguygvgdgp Gebj+ ^rkegd



Jgaag`òk O 757


~bvrfgjgk opr pbvmgò dbpodg ~vhubu vbjgfoiopguo `gk vbdhkupvrduo

~guegpurkgao ò Gebj+ @giga dhkòuo opr) vgdygp Gebj pgd iglo

dvopou gk gkgiopou abiojgp fbvfglgo ~bvrfgjgk ~bvdbafgklgk ygkl fblopr eb~gp pbvmgò) arkerikyg ~vokuo~ ubvfg fhibj *~bvaouoc/ `gk

ubvfg fbfgu *iofbvgiou/ ò pbklgj dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp+

^bv`gagogk

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abvr~gdgk oa~ibabkpguo AhR Jbiuokdo gkpgvg VO `gk LGA+ AhR

opr oub~gdgpo rkprd abklgdjovo dhkciod fbvubkmgpg ygkl ubigag oko

ugklgp abkljgkpro dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp Gebj ygkl o~bvdovgdgk

~rirjgk vofr mo|g agkruog abkokllgi `rkog ubigag jga~ov 5>

pgjrk agug dhkciod opr+ ^bv`gagogk foug ugmg kgkpo jgkyg abkmgò

ubfrgj dbkgklgk ok`gj o gbvgj oko foig po`gd g`gkyg dbgòigk gkdbubmgjgpbvggk `giga iokldrklgk ~bvlgrigk vgdygp Gebj ubkòvo+

Jgvru ògdro ubmrmrvkyg) fgj|g aguoj fgkygd agugigj

`gk pgkpgklgk òjg`g~o vgdygp Gebj+ _gkl ~giokl gdrp g`gigj

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ygkl fbvoafgu db~g`g dbkpgikyg fr`gyg dhvr~uo) dhiruo `gk

kb~hpouab pgk~g ababkpokldgk dbgòigk gk dbubmgjpbvggk vgdygp

Gebj ygkl pbvòvo gvo fbvfglgo bpkou *fgod ~bk`gpgkl agr~rk urdr

guio abkbpg~ igag ò |oigygj Gebj/+ Jgi pbvubfrp ur`gj abvgurdo

po`gd jgkyg ~g`g lvguu vhhp ibsbi ) pg~o mrlg abkllbmgig ~g`g ao`ìb

`gk biop ibsbi + Gdjovkyg) vgug ugdop jgpo ygkl ubagdok abkra~rd)

ugklgp fbvfgjgyg fglo dbrprjgk ~bv`gagogk ò Gebj+



O Abkmglg ^bv`gagogk Gebj756


^bkòòdgk Aripodriprv

Foig dhkòuo ò gpgu pbvru fbvdbafgkl `giga pgpgkgk ~bvlgrigk

uhuogi) fr`gyg) ~hiopod gk bdhkhao) agdg ~bv`gagogk ygkl ubdgvgklub`gkl òkodagpo vgdygp Gebj gdgk pokllgi ubfrgj dbkgklgk

agkou+ Arkldok dguru ò Dgioagkpgk *@gygd su Ag`rvg/ gpgr

dhkciod Fhukog ! Ubvfog gdgk pbvmgò o Gebj+ Kgr}rfoiigjaok}giod ‣

Rkprd abklgkpou~guo jgi opr pbvmgò) mgirv `rkog ~bkòòdgk

ugklgp bcbdpoc `gk bcbuobk abvb`gakyg+ ^bkòòdgk abvr~gdgk

~bvuhgigk ygkl ugklgp ~voabv fglo gkgd agkruog+ \gmgv foig

~bkòòdgk ubfglgo ubfrgj jgvg~gk rkprd abklbafgkldgk

~hpbkuo okòso`r `gk aguygvgdgp+ Pokldgp `gk egvg ~bkòòdgk

gdgk ababklgvrjo egvg gkgd agkruog `giga fbvokpbvgduo) fgod

`bklgk ubugag agjird jo`r~) giga `gk Ugkl Djgiod ~bkeo~pgkyg+

^bkòòdgk `giga jgi oko frdgk abkbdgkdgk ~g`g dbebv`gugkokpbibd ubagpg) pg~o ibfoj abkbdgkdgk dbebv`gugk uhuogi+ Jgvru

ògdro fgj|g hvobkpguo ~bkòòdgk dopg ibfoj abkbdgkdgk ~g`g

dbaga~rgk okpbibd ygkl abkmrvru db~g`g uoupba ~bkòòdgk

fgvgp) òagkg ibfoj fgkygd òg`h~uo hibj ubirvrj kblbvg ò

`rkog) jgkyg abklgmgvdgk agkruog fbvdha~bpbkuo *fbvugokl/ `gk

abklbmgv agpbvogioupoe ur~bvohvopy *ur~bvohvopgu agpbvogioupou/+

@giga uoupba oko) agkruog òlovokl rkprd fbvihafg abkeg~go

~huouo ur~bvohv `giga fo`gkl bdhkhao `gk pbdkhihlo+ Agdg gdgk

fbvigdr jrdra voafg) uog~g ygkl drgp ògigj ygkl fbvdrgug+

Gdjovkyg) vbkpgk pbvmgò dhkciod `giga abk`g~gpdgk oa~ogk gpgr

jgvg~gk `bklgk abkljgigidgk ublgig egvg rkprd abvgojkyg+^bkòòdgk ygkl fbvhvobkpguo dbebv`gugk uhuogi) ubegvg pgd



Jgaag`òk O 755


igklurkl pbigj abkbdgkdgk ~g`g dbebv`gugk okpbibd+ Dgvbkg dopg

abklbpgjro fgj|g dbebv`gugk uhuogi g`gigj rdrvgk dbaga~rgk

òvo ububhvgkl `giga ~bvlgrigk ò pbklgj aguygvgdgp `gkdbaga~rgk fbvokpbvgduo uhuogi `bklgk hvgkl―hvgkl ò ubdopgvkyg+

Hvgkl ygkl ~rkyg dbebv`gugk uhuogi ibfoj jragkou

òfgkòkldgk hvgkl ygkl jgkyg abaoiodo dbaga~rgk okpbibd

`giga abarigo fbvokpbvgduo `bklgk ububhvgkl gpgr dbiha~hd

bpkou pbvpbkpr+ Dgvbkg dbebv`gugk uhuogi òfgklrk gkpgvg igok

gpgu dbaga~rgk okpo rkprd abklbkgi ~bvfb`ggk+ Ubegvg djruru

~bvfb`ggk fbugv `giga urgugkg jgpo) pba~bvgabk) ahposguo)

`gk dbjbk`gd+ @giga òabkuo ibfoj agmr) dbebv`gugk uhuogi oko

abarkldokdgk hvgkl abafgeg dbjbk`gd `gk dboklokgk hvgkl

igok) fgjdgk dboklokgk opr òubafrkyodgk+

Dbebv`gugk uhuogi mrlg abkegdr~ dbaga~rgk fbvkblhouguo)abklgpguo ublgig dhkciod) dbugigjgk `gk uoprguo ygkl poafri `giga

~vhubu kblhouguo+ Hvgkl ygkl abaoiodo dbebv`gugk uhuogi ygkl

pokllo mrlg ugkllr~ fbv~bvgk ubfglgo pbagk foegvg) ubdgiolru

~bk`bklgv ygkl fgod) frdgk jgkyg ubdb`gv foegvg pg~o ibfoj dbkpgi

`giga gduokyg+

@giga ~bkòòdgk ygkl abkbdgkdgk dbebv`gugk uhuogi dgpg jgpo

ugklgp ~bkpokl dgvbkg jgpo g`gigj gubp ~giokl fbvjgvlg+ Ub`gkldgk

~gvgòlag ofgvgp dgegagpg ygkl ababklgvrjo egvg dopg abiojgp

gpgr fbvpok`gd+ Abklger ~g`g dbcopvgjgk jgpo) agkruog òigjovdgk

`giga dhkòuo dbmbvkojgk jgpo *copvgj/+ Kgark) ~bkòòdgk ygkl

abkbdgkdgk dbokpbibdgk ubagpg gk ~bklgigagk pbigj fblopr drgp fbv~bvgk `giga abkeo~pgdgk fgygklgk ~gvgòlag+ Fbibkllr gpgr



O Abkmglg ^bv`gagogk Gebj750


fgygklgk ~gvgòlag opr abkrpr~ ~bkliojgpgk dopg ygkl arvko)

ubjokllg ubvokldgio pgd aga~r abiojgp uburgpr ubegvg hfybdpoc+

Drvodrira ^bkòòdgk

Dbfbvglgagk bpkou ò Gebj ugklgp ~hpbkuogi rkprd pbvmgò

fbkprvgk *dhkciod/+ @giga jgi oko foug pbvmgò dhkciod jhvo}hkpgi

*gkpgv urdr/) ygkl ibfoj `gjuygp òfgkòkl dhkciod sbvpodgi + Agdg

ugklgp ò~bvirdgk ~bklbpgjrk pbkpgkl aripodriprvgi òagurddgk

`giga drvodrira ~bkòòdgk argpgk ihdgi ò Gebj) arigo `gvo

ubdhigj `gugv uga~go db ~bvlrvrgk pokllo+ ^bkòòdgk pbkpgkl opr

po`gd jgkyg jgvru òmbkmgkl chvagi pg~o mrlg ò mgirv ~bkòòdgk

okchvagi+

Ubegvg rara drvodrira pbvubfrp abklouygvgpdgk fgj|g

ubarg urdr opr g`gigj ugag+ Gvpokyg pgd g`g òudvoaokguo `gigaabafbvigdrdgk dbfbvg`ggk bpkou pbvpbkpr ygkl g`g ò |oigygj

~babvokpgjgk Gebj) `gk ubarg urdr ygkl g`g ò Gebj fbvjgd

ab|gvkgo òkgaodg uhuogi) fr`gyg) ~hiopod `gk bdhkhao rkprd

abkeg~go Gebj ygkl fbvagvpgfgp+

^bkbvg~gk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi `giga drvodrira

~bkòòdgk chvagi `gk okchvagi ò Gebj ubegvg hphagpou gdgk

abarkeridgk uodg~ po`gd abkphibvov dbdbvgugk gpgu kgag fr`gyg

g~g~rk fbkprdkyg) dgvbkg ~g`g ubpog~ dbfr`gyggk abklgmgvdgk

`gk abkyrvrj abkljok`gvo dbdbvgugk+ Ubigkmrpkyg) gdgk

abkrafrjdgk phibvgkuo `bklgk abkyodg~o ~bvfb`ggk dgvbkg

ubarg urdr opr g`gigj ugag+ Gdjovkyg abklbafgkldgk fr`gyg`gago+



Jgaag`òk O 752


^bkrpr~

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dbagrgk ygkl fbugv rkprd abkmglg ~bv`gagogk ò Gebj+

Ubegvg djruru) ubarg opr gdgk fbvargvg db~g`g dbfomgdgk

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agugigj `gk abkybibugodgk gdgv agugigj+ Ubjokllg po`gd

abarkeridgk agugigj ub~bvpo fhig ugimr gpgr ub~bvpo g~o `giga

ubdga ygkl foug abib`gd dg~gk ugmg+

Rkprd abafg|g ~bv`gagogk Gebj db agug b~gk ygkl ~bkrj

pgkpgklgk) jgkyg `g~gp ògpguo `bklgk ubigagp) ubfbugv arkldok

uodg~ oiaogj) vguohkgi) dbpbvfrdggk) dbubòggk abkbvoag dvopodgk

`gk dhvbduo) bklgk ~hig ygkl jhvo}hkpgi gk blgiopbv glgv pbvfrdg)dbarkldokgk abklbirgvdgk ~odovgk gipbvkgpoc ib|gp ~vhubu

dvbgpoc ygkl fbfgu hibj ubfgkygd arkldok hvgkl `giga upvrdprv

`bahdvguo `gk pgd abklbkyga~okldgk jgd guguo agkruog+TQ



75<

Aripodriprvgi rkprd

Gebj @gagoBio Krvio}g) U+^`Lrvr Ag`vgugj Gioygj @gvri ‚Rira) Fgk`g Gebj

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Vb~rfiod Ok`hkbuog `gk Lbvgdgk Gebj Abv`bdg *LGA/) pbigj

abklrfgj |gmgj Gebj+ Fbkoj!fbkoj dhkciod abirkgd ubovokl

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db gvgj ibfoj fgod+

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`giga dhkciod) òpgafgj iglo fbkegkg lba~g `gk purkgao ygkl

abirirjigkpgddgk ubkò!ubkò dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp+ Fgkygd

ygkl abkmgò dhvfgk `gvo dbmgògk oko+ Po`gd jgkyg okcvgupvrdprv)

pg~o mrlg aripodriprv ubfglgo oafgu `gvo fbfbvg~g `bvbp pvglbò+

Agdg ubigygdkyg lbkbvguo ~bkbvru abkmglg `gk aba~bvpgjgkdgk

ubvpg abibupgvodgkkyg) glgv ~bv`gagogk prafrj urfrv rkprd

ubigagkyg ò Gebj+

@bklgk fblopr) ~bv`gagogk po`gd jgkyg okodagpo hibj hvgkl!

hvgkl ygkl pokllgi ~g`g agug ubdgvgkl) pg~o mrlg foug òvgugdgk

hibj gkgd erer ò dbarògk jgvo+ Abkmglg `gk ababiojgvg~bv`gagogk frdgkigj ~bvdgvg ar`gj+ Fbdgu irdg!irdg dhkciod



O Aripodriprvgi rkprd Gebj @gago 75:


foug abklgkega igkllbklkyg ~bv`gagogk g~gfoig po`gd foug

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oko `g~gp òiojgp `gvo ~bklgigagk ubmgvgj ~bafbvhkpgdgk Gebj

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~bk`bdgpgk aoiopbv pbvkygpg lglgi abafbvodgk uhiruo ygkl pb~gp

rkprd ~bkybibugogk abkyrvrj agugigj ò Gebj) pg~o agigj

abigjovdgk dhkciod fgvr+

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rkprd abkmglg ~bv`gagogk+ Gebj pbvdbkgi `bklgk eriprvb

*fr`gyg/ ygkl mgagd ubjokllg pb~gp òmgòdgk gigp rkprd abvg|gp

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bpoahihlo fbvgvpo dbfbvglgagk fr`gyg ygkl abio~rpo ubarg uouo

dbjo`r~gk agkruog `gk abigjovdgk fgkygd |gmgj ub~bvpo ubmgvgj)

~baodovgk) fr`gyg sbvfgi) fgjgug) dgvgdpbv) g`gp `gk igok!igok+

Gebj ygkl pbvibpgd ò rmrkl ^rigr Uragpvg) g`gigj fglogk

~giokl rpgvg gk ~giokl fgvgp gvo Db~rigrgk Ok`hkbuog gpgr gkpgvg

?2¾ 75‟ `gk ?:¾ 7<‟ Frmrv Poarv `gk gkpgvg 6¾ 0:‟ `gk 2¾ 0>‟ Iokpgkl

Rpgvg+ @o ubfbigj Fgvgp) pbvfbkpgkl Igrpgk Jokòg) ubabkpgvg ò

ubfbigj rpgvg `gk poarvkyg pbvibpgd Ubigp Agigdg+ @giga ~huouo

lbhlvgcoukyg `baodogk gpgr ubfglgo lbvfgkl ubfbigj fgvgp rkprd

agurd db Krugkpgvg) abkmgòdgk Gebj ugvgp `bklgk dhkpgd fr`gyg `gk ~bklgvrj irgv *Kygd~jg `gk Urco) 6>>>=6/+



Bio Krvio}g) U+^` O 75?


Irgu Gebj ygkl abkeg~go 22+5?> da¶ `gk fbv~bk`r`rd

0+>7>+:32 *Ubkuru 6>>> giga Jgvrk) 6>7>=7/ ygkl ojrko fbvfglgo

bpkou ubagdok abkgafgj dbvglgagk djgugkgj fr`gyg) pgd ubfgpgudbubkogk `gk fgjgug ygkl ubvokl òlrkgdgk `giga r~gegvg!

r~gegvg g`gp) fgjdgk ibfoj `gvo opr+ ^bklbkgigk aripodriprv ur`gj

ub~gprpkyg ò~gjgao ubegvg irgu) frdgk ubegvg uba~op+

^gueg~bv`gagogk `gk purkgao pbigj abigjovdgk fr`gyg!

fr`gyg fgvr ò iokldrklgk aguygvgdgp Gebj+ Fgkygdkyg Ibafglg

U|g`gyg Aguygvgdgp fgod ygkl fbvpgvgc ihdgi) kguohkgi fgjdgk

okpbvkguohkgi ubegvg po`gd ubklgmg prvrp aba~bklgvrjo ~bvrfgjgk

fr`gyg+ @oug`gvo gpgr po`gd ~hig ~odov aguygvgdgp ygkl fbvuocgp

lhphkl vhyhkl) aruyg|gvgj `gk `bahdvgpou pbvgug arigo irkprv

ubovokl pbvdhkpgaokguokyg dbjo`r~gk fr`gyg Gebj+

Abkrvrp gkgioug ~bkriou) irkprvkyg dbfr`gyggk òubfgfdgkhibj fbfbvg~g cgdphv+ ^bvpgag) dhkciod fbvdb~gkmgklgk+ Gebj pbigj

abklgigao ~b~bvgklgk ubmgd oksgkuo Fbigk`g+ Jguoi frao ygkl

abioa~gj abafrgp agpg rkog ’kloibv‑ gdgk dhkòuo giga o Gebj+

Po`gd jgkyg opr) ibpgd Gebj ygkl ugklgp upvgpblou abkmgòdgkkyg

ubfglgo pba~gp joiov aròdkyg dg~gi!dg~gi ygkl abiokpgu ò

dg|gugk opr+ Ubjokllg kblgvg!kblgvg irgv oklok ’aba~bvurkpokl‑

Gebj ubfglgo `gbvgj bdu~gkuo dbdrguggkkyg+

^bklgigagk ubmgvgj abafrdpodgk frprj ~bklhvfgkgk

irgv fogug rkprd abkgdirdgk db`grigpgk Gebj+ Fbvagega egvg

òlrkgdgk arigo `gvo ygkl fbvuocgp jgv` ~h|bv *dbdbvgugk/ uga~go

uhcp ~h|bv *irkgd(ibafrp/+ Prmrgkkyg jgkyg ugpr= abaoiodo Gebj+Kgark) opr po`gd foug abkgdirddgk Gebj+



O Aripodriprvgi rkprd Gebj @gago 70>


Pbvegpgp giga ubmgvgj fgj|g |oigygj Gebj jgkyg foug o`r`rdo

hibj fgklug irgv ubdopgv 2> pgjrk ugmg+ Fgygkldgk `bklgk `gbvgj

igok ò Krugkpgvg ygkl abkeg~go 52> pgjrk ibfoj ~bk`r`rdgk~bkmgmgj+ Dhkciod Gebj pgd erdr~ uga~go ò uopr+ Dhkciod

~guegdbabv`bdggk ygkl khpgfbkb ò`gigklo hibj hvgkl!hvgkl

kblbvo ubkòvo pbigj abafbvodgk irdg ubkòvo fglo ~gvg dhvfgkkyg+

Jgd!jgd ygkl ubjgvrukyg abkmgò aoiod aguygvgdgp pbigj òdbfovo

hibj ~babvokpgj ~rugp ubjokllg gdjovkyg ~bafbvhkpgdgk ~rk

pbvmgò+ Abkrvrp ~gvg gjio ubmgvgj) dhkciod ygkl pbvmgò frdgk

ò`gugvo pgfogp dblbagvgk aguygvgdgp Gebj gdgk ~b~bvgklgk)

pbpg~o jgd!jgdkyg ubigdr `gbvgj ygkl dgyg po`gd pbv~bkrjo+

Db`rg) fbkegkg lba~g `gk purkgao+ Dbmgògk 63 @bubafbv

6>>0) abafbvo `ga~gd irgv fogug fglo dbigklurklgk jo`r~ `gk

fbvaguygvgdgp ò Gebj+ Dbjgkervgk okcvgupvrdprv pgd pbvjokllgdbvrlogkkyg+ Dhvfgk mo|g jga~ov abkeg~go 6>>+>>> hvgkl) vragj

ygkl abkmgò pba~gp pokllgi arukgj òug~r gvru purkgao+ Pg~o)

g`g ubpopod dbfbvdgjgk `gvo pblrvgk giga opr ygopr pbv|rmr`kyg

~bv`gagogk ò Gebj+

Aba~bvhibj uburgpr mgrj ibfoj ar`gj `gvo~g`g

aba~bvpgjgkdgk+ Oko rkldg~gk ygkl ubvokl òihkpgvdgk rkprd

abkloklgp dbafgio fgj|g fblopr fbvgvpokyg ~bv`gagogk ygkl

pbigj òeg~go ~g`g 72 Glrupru 6>>2 ò Jbiuokdo) Cokigkòg+

Aba~bvpgjgkdgk ~bv`gagogk frdgk prlgu ublbiokpov hvgkl) kgark

prlgu `gk db|gmofgk ubirvrj ig~ougk aguygvgdgp+

Ugigj ugpr rugjg ygkl jgvru òigdrdgk glgv ~bv`gagogk `g~gppbvru òkodagpo ub~gkmgkl agug g`gigj `bklgk abafoafokl



Bio Krvio}g) U+^` O 707


lbkbvguo ar`g abigiro ~bkòòdgk+ Phigd rdrv dbg`ggk fgklug

db `b~gk `g~gp òiojgp `gvo dbg`ggk lbkbvguo uggp oko+ ^bkpoklkyg

abkgkgadgk koigo ~bkòòdgk dgvbkg) abkrvrp Ugo` Jgao` `gk`dd *6>7>= 5/) ~bkòòdgk abvr~gdgk r~gyg pbvbkegkg `giga

abklbafgkldgk ~hpbkuo) ubjokllg ~rkyg uoupba fbv~odov) koigo)

ahvgi) `gk dbygdokgk ygkl ò|gvoudgk aguygvgdgpkyg `gk

abklbafgkldgk |gvougk pbvubfrp db gvgj ygkl uburgo rkprd

dbjo`r~gk agug doko `gk abk`gpgkl+

Ugigj ugpr ygkl jgvru òigdugkgdgk g`gigj ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprv+ Ubegvg po`gd igklurkl dopg abagkl ur`gj fbvg`g

`giga dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp ygkl aripodriprv+ Dbug`gvgk oko

jgvru òprafrjdgk ubegvg djruru `giga r~gyg abigkllbkldgk

~bv`gagogk Gebj+ Gvpokyg) òfbvodgk ~bkòòdgk fbvbkegkg fgod

ubegvg chvagi gpgr okchvagi+Kgark) ugklgp òugygkldgk fbv`gugvdgk urvsbo ygkl

òigdrdgk ~bkbiopo Okupoprpb chv B`regpohk Vbchva *OBV/ Rkosbvuopgu

^gvgagòkg) Vbpkh Ioupygvpo pbvjg`g~ 67 frdr pbdu ^Dk UAG Dbigu

7!5) po`gd pbv`g~gp ugpr dgpg ~rk ygkl abkybfrp aripodriprv+

Fbvglga dhkciod aripodriprvgi fgod dguru kguohkgi gpgr

okpbvkguohkgi jbk`gdkyg abkmgò db~vojgpokgk fglo ~gvg ~bkòòd

ubjokllg ~bafbigmgvgk aripodriprv ~bkpokl òpbvg~dgk ubmgd òko

rkprd abaokoagidgk gpgr abkeblgj dhkciod ubvr~g+

Ubdhigj g`gigj ugpr pba~gp abafbvodgk ~bagjgagk

aripodriprv pbvjg`g~ ~bubvpg òòd ygkl gdgk abkmgò lbkbvguo

~bkbvru db `b~gk+ Jgi oko dgvbkg ubdhigj ubfglgo ugvgkg fbigmgvygkl dha~ibdu+ @o ubdhigj) ~bubvpg òòd fbigmgv fbvokpbvgduo



O Aripodriprvgi rkprd Gebj @gago 706


`bklgk pbagk ygkl fbvfb`g fgjgug) fr`gyg) igpgv fbigdgkl

dbirgvlg) ~hig ~odov) `gk fgkygd ~bvfb`ggk igok+ Dbpodg ~bvfb`ggk

oko po`gd ògvgjdgk db gvgj ~huopoc agdg gdgk poafri fbkoj!fbkoj~bvubiouojgk+

^bvra~gaggk urgpr irdg dbeoi ygkl lgkgu dgigr po`gd òhfgpo

gdgk abkmgò irdg fbugv ugklgp ehehd `giga jgi oko+ Ehkphj jgi!

jgi ub`bvjgkg `giga iokldrklgk ubdhigj `g~gp abkybfgfdgk

~bvubiouojgk+ ^bubvpg òòd ygkl fbvgugi `gvo Abrigfhj gpgr

Gebj Fbugv) dbpodg fbvprprv `giga ògibl Gebj) dhkuhkgk ‚v‟

~bklreg~gkkyg po`gd uburgo `bklgk chkhihlo `giga fgjgug

Ok`hkbuog+ Po`gd mgvgkl fgkygd ~bubvpg `gbvgj igok ygkl pbviofgp

aba~bvhihd!hihd dbpodg abk`bklgv reg~gk pbvubfrp+ Rkldg~gk

pbvubfrp aougikyg) fih fðj lvgafhp uolvbrfb *fbio vgafrpgk ubvofr/+

Ubjgvrukyg ~bagjgagk ygkl òaoiodo hibj ~bubvpg òòd g`gigjdbfgkllggk dgvbkg Gebj dgyg fr`gyg fbvr~g fgjgug+ ^bkòòdgk

aripodriprv `g~gp abkyg`gvdgk abvbdg fgj|g fblopr ok`gjkyg

~bvfb`ggk fgjgug ygkl `g~gp abkgafgj |g|gugk+

@giga `rkog ~bkòòdgk chvagi) ubdhigj abvr~gdgk pba~gp

fbvdra~rikyg uou|g `gvo fbvfglgo igpgv fbigdgkl+ ^bubvpg òòd

ygkl fbvigpgv fbigdgkl dhkciod gpgr purkgao fogugkyg abaoiodo

pvgrag ygkl pokllo+ Aougikyg) pvgrag ò db~gig `gk ~bkebdodgk

gpgr pbkllbiga) ygkl `g~gp aba~bklgvrjo crkluo dhlkopoc)

igfoiopgu bahuohkgi) `gk ~bvoigdr+ @bklgk fbvfglgo agega igpgv

fbigdgkl ub~bvpo opr ubjokllg ò ubdhigj pgd ubarg ~bubvpg òòd

fbvdbaga~rgk ugag gpgr upgk`gv+Ubegvg ~uodhihlo uhuogi òdbkgi oupoigj òugfoiopy) gvpokyg





pbv`g~gp dhkòuo couod `gk abkpgi ygkl abafrgp ububhvgkl

dburiopgk abklbvmgdgk uburgpr ygkl hvgkl dbfgkygdgk `g~gp

abklbvmgdgkkyg `bklgk ar`gj+ ^bkòòd aba~rkygo ~bvgk fbugv `giga abkokldgpdgk ahposguo pbvjg`g~ ~bubvpg òòd ygkl

abaoiodo dbaga~rgk ò fg|gj upgk`gv+ Dbpodg fbvg`g ò dbigu

ubfglgo ~bkòòd mgklgk pbvru abkhkmhidgk uou|g ygkl ~gk`go ugmg)

ubjokllg ir~g abafbvodgk g~vbuoguo pbvjg`g~ ~bubvpg òòd ygkl

ò fg|gj upgk`gv+ Uodg~ oko gdgk fbvbcbd pbvjg`g~ ~bubvpg òòd+

^bubvpg oòd ygkl ~gk`go gdgk abvgug ovokyg ~giokl foug ubjokllg

òg igigo `gk pgd `g~gp fbv~vbupguo ubegvg h~poagi) ubabkpgvg uou|g

ò fg|gj upgk`gv ubagdok po`gd pbvahposguo rkprd fbigmgv+

Dbg`ggk oko gdgk abkmgigv db gvgj ~bvfb`ggk uhuogi+ ^bubvpg

òòd ygkl ~gk`go jgkyg gdgk fbvdg|gk `bklgk ~bubvpg òòd igok

ygkl ~gk`go mrlg) ygkl dgyg gdgk fbvpbagk `bklgk ubugag dgyg)ygkl drvgkl ~gk`go gdgk fbvdg|gk `bklgk ubugagkyg+ Dbpodg

ur`gj g`gkyg dgfoigj(dgupg!dgupg uhuogi `giga ~bvlgrigk agdg

oko g`gigj g|gi ~bv~begjgk ygkl `g~gp abkoafridgk dhkciod fgvr+

Rkprd opr) ubfglgo ~bkòòd po`gd abkeo~pgdgk ~bvfb`ggk ubjokllg

ubpog~ ~bubvpg oòd ug`gv fgj|g dbpo`gdaga~rgk ubuhvgkl giga

fo`gkl pbvpbkpr frdgk fbvgvpo lglgi `giga jgi igok+

*Vhjoò `gk Poiggv) 6>>6/ `giga gvpodbi ur~vgahkh

abkblgudgk) ~bkòòdgk `bklgk ~bk`bdgpgk aripodriprvgi

ugklgp pb~gp òpbvg~dgk ò Ok`hkbuog rkprd ~bafbkprdgk

dgvgdpbv lbkbvguo fgklug ygkl dhdhj fbv`gugvdgk ~bklgdrgk

dbvglgagk+ @giga ~bkbvg~gkkyg jgvru ir|bu) fbvpgjg~) `gk po`gdok`hdpvokbv+ Oa~ibabkpguokyg abkyburgodgk `bklgk uoprguo `gk



O Aripodriprvgi rkprd Gebj @gago 700


dhkòuo ubdhigj+ ^bk`bdgpgk aripodriprvgiouab bvgp `bklgk koigo!

koigo `gk ~bafoguggk ubjokllg ~bvir |g|gugk `gk ~bagjgagk

rkprd òpbvg~dgk `giga ~bafbigmgvgk) pgrig`gk) agr~rk ~bvoigdrjgvogk+ ^vhubu opr òjgvg~dgk aga~r abklbafgkldgk db~bdggk

vgug) g~vbuoguo ~huopoc) gk gyg dvbgpoc+ Dha~bpbkuo lrvr) hvgkl prg

`gk aguygvgdgp abkmgò ugklgp ~bkpokl ubfglgo ahphv ~bkòòdgk

`bklgk ~bk`bdgpgk aripodrirvgi+

Rvgogk o gpgu ubfglgo vbcbvbkuo fgj|g ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv

ugklgp ~bkpokl òfbvodgk db~g`g ~bubvpg òòd ubfglgo lbkbvguo

~bkbvru agug b~gk Gebj giga ab|gvouo ~bv`gagogk+ bkòòdgk

aripodriprv ~bvir ò~bvdbkgidgk ubmgd òko glgv ~bv`gagogk Gebj

pbpg~ pbvmglg+TQ





@GCPGV ^RUPGDG

Jgvrk) Ahj`+ 6>>?+ Abagjgao Hvgkl Gebj+ Fgk`rkl= Eopg~rupgdgAbòg ^bvokpou+

Jgugk) Ugo` Jgaop+ @dd+ 6>7>+ ^bklbafgklgk ^bkòòdgk Fr`gyg

`gk Dgvgdpbv Fgklug+ Mgdgvpg= Dbabkpbvogk ^bkòòdgk

Kguohkgi Fg`gk ^bkbiopogk `gk ^bklbafgklgk ^rugp

Drvodrira+

Kygd~jg) A+ Jgdoa # Vruò Urco+ 6>>>+ G`gp `gk Fr`gyg Gebj+

Fgk`g Gebj= ^P+ @o~vhpgag Ubigvgu+

Agvlgvbp ^ru~opgvoko+ 6>77+ Frdr ^Dk UAG Pgd Abafgjgu

Aripodriprvgi+ Ok`hkbuog Kb|u `gk Bkpbvpgokabkp Hkiokb)

*jpp~=((|||+hdb}hkb+eha+) ògdubu 6< Mrko 6>77/

Ur~vgahkh+ 6>7>+ Lrvr `giga ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi *6/+ @giga

Agmgigj Abvgj ^rpoj+ 5 Mgkrgvo 6>7>



70<

^bafbigmgvgk Rugo Dhkciod

]ricgìo) UPLrvr UAG Kblbvo 7 ^brioafgkl

Gebj g`gigj ugpr `gbvgj ygkl fbvg`g `giga dbpo`gd~gupogk

dbpodg pbvmgòkyg dhkciod fbvubkmgpg gkpgvg LGA *Lbvgdgk Gebj

Abv`bdg/ `gk Ok`hkbuog+ Jga~ov ubarg gdpocopgu aguygvgdgp

ira~rj+ Aguygvgdgp uggp opr jgkyg foug fbvòga òvo `gk fbv`hg

glgv dhkciod eb~gp fbvgdjov+ Dbpgdrpgk `gk pbdgkgk ~g`g agug

dhkciod fbvbcbd ~g`g dblogpgk bdhkhao) ~bkòòdgk) dbglgaggk

`gk jga~ov ubarg ubdphv pbvlgkllr+Dgig opr) ~bvfb`ggk bpkod mgò agugigj fbugv+ LGA abklgkllg~

urdr Mg|g ubfglgo ~bkmgmgj gk ~bkldjogkgp fgklug Gebj+ Ubjokllg

ubfglogk fbugv aguygvgdgp fbvbpkou Mg|g jgvru jbkldgkl `gvo

Gebj+ Fgkygd ~bvrugjggk o Gebj pbv~gdug abkljbkpodgk dblogpgk

ok`rupvokyg+ Ig`gkl ygkl odbihig |gvlg pvgkuaolvgk fbvurdr Mg|g

pbvfbkldgigo dgvbkg òpokllgi ~baoiodkyg+

@rkog ~bkòòdgk mrlg egvrp agvrp uggp opr+ Vgprugk ubdhigj

òfgdgv) fgkygd gkgd! gkgd Gebj ~rpru ubdhigj+ Ubfglogk ubdhigj)

~vhubu fbigmgv abklgmgv |gmof òigdugkgdgk `giga fgjgug Gebj

`gk òjgvgadgk fbvfgjgug Ok`hkbuog+ Pgd g`g r~gegvg fbk`bvg

ubpog~ Ubkok+ Fgkygd iglo gprvgk igok ygkl abafrgp dblogpgk fbigmgvabklgmgv abkmgò sgdra+ Dbfbkeogk pbvjg`g~ urdr igok djrurukyg



O ^bafbigmgvgk Rugo Dhkciod 70:


bpkou Mg|g pbvru òpgkgadgk hibj hvgkl ygkl pgd fbvpgkllrkl

mg|gf+ Fgkygd gkgd!gkgd ruog ubdhigj ygkl pbv~bklgvrj ubjokllg

gdjovkyg abafbkeo urdr `gk glgag igok+Ubpbigj Abahvgk`ra hc Rk`bvupgkòkl *AHR/ gkpgvg

^babvokpgj Ok`hkbuog gk LGA opgk`gpgklgko o Jbiuokdo) ofrdhpg

Cokigkò) ~g`g 72 Glrupru 6>>2) fgvrigj |gvlg Gebj abvgug glgd

iblg+ ^bvbdhkhaogk `gk ~bkòòdgk fbvgklurv!gklurv arigo

abafgod+ Aguygvgdgp ubegvg ~bvigjgk ur`gj `g~gp fbvgdpocopgu

ub~bvpo ubòg dgig+ Aguygvgdgp Gebj ugklgp fbvjgvg~ dhkciod mgklgk

~bvkgj pbvrigkl iglo+ ^bv`gagogk ygkl pbigj pbv|rmr` òjgvg~dgk

foug fbvigklurkl rkprd ubigagkyg+

^bkòòdgk ò Gebj jgvru ublbvg òfgkldopdgk dbafgio

~guegdhkciod+ Ur`gj uggpkyg ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi

òokpblvguodgk `giga ~bafbigmgvgk ubdhigj!ubdhigj ò Gebj+ Jgioko ò~gk`gkl ~bvir glgv ~bubvpg òòd abaoiodo db~bdggk `giga

abkljg`g~o lbmgig! lbmgig `gk agugigj uhuogi ygkl fbvgdgv ~g`g

~bvfb`ggk urdr) vgu) glgag) `gk pgpg koigo ygkl pbvmgò ~g`g

iokldrklgk aguygvgdgp+ Ubegvg pbdkou `g~gp òoa~ibabkpguodgk

~g`g urfupgkuo) fgjgk gmgv agr~rk ah`bi ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl g`g

ò ubdhigj+

\gegkg ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ~g`g g|gikyg arkeri ò

Gabvodg Ubvodgp *GU/ ygkl abaoiodo gdgv ubmgvgj `bklgk lbvgdgk

Jgd Guguo Agkruog *JGA/ `gvo fbvfglgo dbiha~hd pbvpok`gu ò

kblgvg pbvubfrp+ Fgkygd ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ygkl abvrmrd

~g`g lbvgdgk uhuogi hvgkl Gabvodg dbprvrkgk Gcvodg `gkdbiha~hd driop fbv|gvkg igok ygkl abklgigao ~vgdpod oudvoaokguo



]ricgìo) UP O 70?


ò ibafglg!ibafglg ~rfiod ~g`g agug ~bvmrgklgk jgd guguo bvg

7?3>!gk+

@o gkpgvg hvlgkouguo ygkl ubegvg djruru òuhvhp dgvbkg fbvarurjgk `bklgk o`b ~bvugaggk vgu uggp opr g`gigj ibafglg

~bkòòdgk+ g`g gdjov 7?3>!gk gk g|gi 7?<>!gk) urgvg!urgvg ygkl

abkrkprp ibafglg!ibafglg ~bkòòdgk dhkuoupbk `giga abkbvoag

`gk abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk ubagdok lbkegv òdragk`gkldgk

gdposou) phdhj) `gk hvgkl prg+ Abvbdg abkrkprp g`gkyg ~bvugaggk

dbuba~gpgk o fo`gkl ~bdbvmggk gk ~bkòòdgk+ Ahabkpra oko ygkl

ògkllg~ ubfglgo `gvo dhkub~prgiouguo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi+

Pgjrk 7?:>!gk) ògkllg~ ubfglgo dbarkerigk ibafglg

ubdhigj ygkl fbvigk`gudgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ygkl

òòvodgk ~gvg ~bkbiopo `gk gdposou ~bkòòdgk ~vhlvbuoc+ Ugigj ugpr

~ohkbv ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi g`gigj Mgabu Fgkd+ ^g`g 7??>!gk)~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi mgò uihlgk ugklgp ~h~ribv+ Dhkub~ oko

òpbvoag ubfglgo upvgpblo ~bkpokl giga abklbafgkldgk phibvgkuo

`gk ubkuopocopgu pbvjg`g~ ubmgvgj `gk fr`gyg dbiha~hd bpkou ygkl

fbvgkbdg vglga ò kblgvg oko+

^g`g Hdphfbv 7??0) RKBUEH abvbdhabk`guodgk o`b

~bkòòdgk aripodriprvouab abkmgò dhaopabk lihfgi ò Mbkb|g+

Vbdhabk`guo opr abargp ba~gp ~bugk+ ^bvpgag) ~bkòòdgk

jbk`gdkyg abklbafgkldgk dbaga~rgk rkprd abklgdro

`gk abkbvoag koigo!koigo ygkl g`g `giga dbfjokbdggk ~vofgò)

mbkou dbigaok) aguygvgdgp `gk fr`gyg ubvpg abklbafgkldgk

dbaga~rgk rkprd fbvdharkodguo) fbvfglo `gk fbdbvmg ugag`bklgk ygkl igok+ Db`rg) ~bkòòdgk jbk`gdkyg abkblrjdgk



O ^bafbigmgvgk Rugo Dhkciod 72>


mgpo òvo `gk abk`hvhkl dhksbvlbkuo lglgugk `gk ~bkybibugogk!

~bkybibugogk ygkl aba~bvdhdhj ~bv`gagogk) ~bvugr`gvggk `gk

uhio`gvopgu gkpgvg ~vofgò `gk aguygvgdgp+ Dbpolg) ~bkòòdgkjbk`gdkyg abkokldgpdgk dbaga~rgk abkybibugodgk dhkciod

ubegvg `gago pgk~g dbdbvgugk+ Dbba~gp) ~bkòòdgk jbk`gdkyg

mrlg abkokldgpdgk ~bklbafgklgk db`gagogk `giga ~odovgk

~bubvpg òòd ubjokllg `bklgk `baodogk abvbdg aga~r

abafgklrk ubegvg ibfoj dhdhj drgiopgu phibvgkuo) dbugfgvgk)

dbagrgk rkprd fbvfglo `gk ababiojgvg+

@o Ok`hkbuog) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi pbigj oprgkldgk giga

^gugi 0 RR Kh+ 6> Pgjrk 6>>5 pbkpgkl Uoupba bkòòdgk Kguohkgi+

@giga ~gugi opr òmbigudgk fgj|g ~bkòòdgk òubibkllgvgdgk

ubegvg `bahdvgpou) po`gd òudvoaokgpoc) `bklgk abkmrkmrkl pokllo

JGA) koigo dbglgaggk) koigo driprvgi) `gk dbagmbardgk fgklug+Okpblvguo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ~g`g ~bafbigmgvgk

ubdhigj ò Gebj ~guegdhkciod ugklgp pb~gp+ Oafgu ~bkòòdgk

`gk ~bagjgagk agug dhkciod pbigj fgkygd abvgerko ~baodovgk

~bubvpg òòd ò Gebj+ @bklgk g`gkyg ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi

ubyhlygkyg pbigj aga~r abklrfgj aokùbp ~bubvpg oòd o Gebj

`giga abkbvoag dbfbvglgagk ~bvfb`ggk uhuogi ò aguygvgdgp+

Okpblvguo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi foug oigdrdgk ~g`g pokldgp

`gugv `gk abkbklgj `bklgk abkloa~ibabkpguodgk ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi db fgjgk gmgv ub~bvpo db `giga ~bigmgvgk glgag)

uhuohihlo) `gk gkpvh~hihlo) `gk `g~gp abigiro ah`bi ~bafbigmgvgk)

ub~bvpo òudruo dbiha~hd gpgr dblogpgk bdupvgdrvodribv+ Ubdhigj~bvir òeo~pgdgk ubfglgo |gjgkg uoariguo pbvjg`g~ fbvfglgo



]ricgìo) UP O 727


cbkhabkg jo`r~ `gk dbjo`r~gk Ok`hkbuog ygkl ubvfg ~irvgi

`bklgk abklgmgvdgk ~bubvpg òòd fglgoagkg egvg jo`r~ ugiokl

abkljhvagpo) priru) gk phibvgk pbvjg`g~ dbgkbdgvglgagk fr`gygò pbklgj aguygvgdgp ~irvgi+

^vhubu okpblvguo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ~g`g ubdhigj ò

Gebj ~guegdhkciod po`gd ar`gj+ @o~bvirdgk dhhvòkguo ~ojgd!

~ojgd fbvdha~bpbk ub~bvpo dbabkpbvogk ~bkòòdgk) ~babvokpgj

`gbvgj abigiro òkgu ~bkòòdgk rkprd abkyrurk drvodrira

`bklgk abkgafgjdgk agpbvo!agpbvo ~bafbigmgvgk ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi g~giglo aguygvgdgp Ok`hkbuog ygkl jbpbvhlbk)

uoupba ~babvokpgjgk ubegvg `bahdvguo ugklgp abarkldokdgk

rkprd abklgvgjdgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi db giga drvodrira

~bkòòdgk Ok`hkbuog+

G`g fbfbvg~g ~bk`bdgpgk `giga ~vhubu ~bkòòdgkaripodriprvgi+ bvpgag) ~gk`gklgk ibfoj irgu abklbkgo ~bkòòdgk

ubfglgo pvgkuaouo dbfr`gyggk abafbfgudgk ~bkòòd gvo gurauo

fgj|g pgkllrkl mg|gf ~voabv abklbafgkldgk dha~bpbkuo

dbfr`gyggk ò dgigklgk gkgd òòd ubagpg!agpg fbvg`g ò pgklgk

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~bafbigmgvgk okchvagi ò irgv ubdhigj+

Db`rg) abkljok`gvo ~gk`gklgk ygkl abkygagdgk

dbfr`gyggk!dbfr`gyggk `bklgk dbiha~hd bpkod g`gigj ugag+

Gvpokyg) pgd ~bvir iglo abklguhuoguodgk dbfr`gyggk ubagpg!agpg

`bklgk dbiha~hd!dbiha~hd bpkod ubfglgoagkg ygkl pbvmgò ubigagoko+ Ubegvg pvgòuohkgi) ~gvg ~bkòòd abklguhuoguodgk dbfr`gyggk



O ^bafbigmgvgk Rugo Dhkciod 726


jgkyg bklgk dbiha~hd!dbiha~hd uhuogi ygkl vbigpoc ubic urccoeobkp )

dbpoafgkl `bklgk ubmraigj hvgkl ygkl ubegvg pbvru abkbvru

`gk fbvrigkl!rigkl pbviofgp ugpr ugag igok `giga ugpr gpgr ibfojdblogpgk+ @giga dhkpbdu ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi) ~bk`bdgpgk

oko òjgvg~dgk `g~gp abkloijgao ~bkyrurk ~vhlvga!~vhlvga

~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi rkprd abibkyg~dgk dbebk`bvrklgk

abagk`gkl gkgd òòd ubegvg upbvbhpo~ abkrvrp o`bkpopgu bpkod

abvbdg `gk gdgk abkokldgpdgk bdu~ihvguo ~bagjgagk ygkl ibfoj

fbugv abklbkgo dbugaggk `gk ~bvfb`ggk ò dgigklgk gkgd òòd

`gvo fbvfglgo dbiha~hd bpkod+

Dbpolg) dgvbkg ~bklbafgklgk dha~bpbkuo `giga urgpr

dbfr`gyggk fgvr fogugkyg abafrprjdgk okpbvgduo okouogpoc

`bklgk hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl ur`gj abaoiodo dha~bpbkuo) fgjdgk

`g~gp òiojgp ibfoj mbigu fgj|g r~gyg!r~gyg rkprd abk`rdrklubdhigj!ubdhigj ygkl pbv~ougj ubegvg bpkod g`gigj gkpopbuou

pbvjg`g~ prmrgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi+ Aba~bvpgjgkdgk `gk

aba~bvirgu uhio`gvopgu dbiha~hd g`gigj abkljgafgp uhuogiouguo

`giga dbfr`gyggk fgvr+ ^bkòòdgk fglo ~irvgiouab fr`gyg `gk

~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi po`gd `g~gp òugagdgk ubegvg ihlou+

Dbba~gp) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi abkokldgpdgk dha~bpbkuo

`giga fbfbvg~g dbfr`gyggk+ Dbfr`gyggk agkg ygkl gdgk og`h~uo

òpbkprdgk hibj uoprguo+ ^bkòòdgk abkokldgpdgk dbug`gvgk

pbkpgkl dha~bpbkuo giga fbfbvg~g dbfr`gyggk+ Dbug`gvgk ub~bvpo

oko dbarògk gdgk abkmgrjdgk dopg `gvo dhkub~ `|o fr`gyg gpgr

òdhphao gkpgvg ~vofrao `gk khk~vofrao+ @odhphao ubagega oko fbvuocgp abafgpguo okòso`r rkprd ub~bkrjkyg abklbd~vbuodgk



]ricgìo) UP O 725


òsbvuopgu dbfr`gyggk+ ^bk`bdgpgk oko abkokldgpdgk dbug`gvgk

aripodriprvgiouab ubfglgo ~bklgigagk khvagi agkruog+ Oko

abklgk`rkl agdkg fgj|g ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi fbv~hpbkuorkprd abkljok`gvo òdhphao `gk abklbafgkldgk g~vbuoguo ygkl

ibfoj fgod abigiro dha~bpbkuo dbfr`gyggk ~g`g òvo gkgd òòd+

Dbioag) ~bk`bdgpgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ò gpgu jgvru

òdhkòuodgk `bklgk aguygvgdgp Ok`hkbuog+ Aguygvgdgp g`gigj

dra~rigk agkruog gpgr okòso`r!okòso`r ygkl abafbkprd

dbiha~hd uhuogi `bklgk urgpr pgkpgklgk fr`gyg gpgr pvgòuo

pbvpbkpr+ Aguygvgdgp pgd g`g bklgk ubkòvokyg+ Aguygvgdgp g`gigj

bdupbkuo ygkl jo`r~) òkgaou) `gk ubigir fbvdbafgkl+ Aguygvgdgp

fbvlgkprkl ~g`g r~gyg ubpog~ okòso`r rkprd ababkrjo

dbfrprjgk abigiro jrfrklgk `bklgk okòso`r igok ygkl fbvr~gyg

ababkrjo dbfrprjgk+ Ubpog~ aguygvgdgp fbvpgkllrkl mg|gf gpgu~bafbkprdgk ~hig pokldgj igdr gkpgvg okòso`r `gk dharkopgu

ygkl abafbkprd aguygvgdgp+

Okpblvguo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ~g`g ~bafbigmgvgk ubdhigj

ò Gebj ~guegdhkciod ò~bvirdgk mrlg `rdrklgk aguygvgdgp Gebj

ygkl abaoiodo ~bvgkgk gk ~bklgvrj fbugv pbvjg`g~ ~bvdbafgklgk

okpbibdprgi `gk db~vofgògk okòso`r ~bubvpg òòd+ Mgklgk jgkyg

abkmgò pgkllrkl mg|gf lrvr ubagpg+ Lrvr `giga crkluokyg

ubfglgo cguoiopgphv `gk abògphv ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl jgkyg

abafbvodgk ~bklrgpgk glgv ~bklgigagk fbigmgv ygkl ò~bvhibj

~bubvpg òòd foug òdhkupvrduodgk abkmgò ~bklbpgjrgk fgvr

pbkpgkl koigo!koigo aripodriprvgi+ bkyga~gogk agpbvo ~bafbigmgvgk~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi `giga ~vhubu ~bafbigmgvgk òdbagu



O ^bafbigmgvgk Rugo Dhkciod 720


ubegvg abkgvod `gk abkybkgkldgk+ Po`gd abkrpr~ dbarkldokgk

dbigd lbkbvguo Gebj mgò lbkbvguo ygkl ug`gv fr`gyg ubjokllg

aga~r abkygkòkldgk dbfbvglgagk ubfglgo dbdgyggk fr`gyg fgklug ygkl ~bvir ojhvagpo bklgk uodg~ phibvgk) priru) gk mrmrv+

Agug dhkciod pbigj erdr~ abkmgò ubmgvgj ~gjop ~bkeo~pggk

òudvoaokgpoc ygkl abkybfgfdgk dbjgkervgk egvg fbvcodov

lbkbvguo Gebj+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ubfglgo ugigj ugpr

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òokpblvguodgk `giga ~bafbigmgvgk ubdhigj ò Gebj+ ^guegdhkciod

abvr~gdgk fgfgd fgvr fgkldopkyg Gebj `gvo dbpbv~rvrdgk

fbvcodov ~bvfb`ggk+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ugigj ugpr egvg

~bk`bdgpgk ~vhlvbuoc rkprd abigdrdgk pvgkuchvaguo ~bkòòdgk

ubegvg abkybirvrj abafhkldgv dbdrvgklgk) dblglgigk) `gk

~vgdpod!~vgdpod oudvoaokgpoc giga ~vhubu ~bkòòdgk+ bkòòdgkaripodriprvgi ugklgp abkmrkmrkl lglgugk dbgòigk uhuogi `gk

~bvugaggk jgd `giga ~bkòòdgk+

@giga glgag Ouiga ygkl jga~ov ubarg ~bk`r`rd Gebj

abklgkrpkyg po`gd ~bvkgj abafb`g!fb`gdgk bpkod) vgu) `gk

igok ubfglgokyg `giga ~bkòòdgk+ Agkruog ubargkyg g`gigj

ugag) ygkl abafb`gdgk g`gigj dbpgd|ggk abvbdg db~g`g Giigj+

^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi abkebvaokdgk fglgoagkg pokllokyg

~bkljgvlggk Ouiga pbvjg`g~ oiar ~bklbpgjrgk `gk po`gd g`g

~bvfb`ggk ò gkpgvg agkruog `giga fo`gkl oiar+

Okpblvguo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ~g`g ~bafbigmgvgk

ubdhigj ò Gebj òjgvg~dgk `g~gp pbv|rmr` `bao dbigklurklgk~bv`gagogk ubjokllg Gebj foug abkg~gdo agug `b~gk pgk~g



]ricgìo) UP O 722


dbdbvgugk) pbvhv) ~bkok`gugk) `gk òudvoaokgpoc pbvjg`g~ bpkod)

vgu) `gk igokkyg+ @rdrklgk ubarg ~ojgd ubegvg priru ugigj ugpr

`gugv ~bkpokl eb~gp igafgpkyg okpblvguo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi`g~gp òpbvg~dgk `giga ~bafbigmgvgk ubdhigj ò Gebj+TQ



72<

Jouphvou Fr`gyg Gebj

Ardjpgv GL) U+^`+O) A+^`

Gebj Aripodriprvgi

@gvo ubfrpgk kgag `gk gugi rurikyg ugmg Gebj ur`gj fbvgvhag

’aripodriprvgi‑+ ^bvoupoigjgk dhug dgpg ’Gebj‑ abaoiodo dbvglgagk

urafbv) ubfrpgk gk agdkg+ Fbfbvg~g urafbv ygkl fbvjguoi ~bkriou

joa~rk abkrkmrddgk) fgj|g Gebj *fgjgug Fbigk`g= Gpejok gpgr

Gejbj) fgjgug Okllvou= Gejok) fgjgug ^bvgkeou= Gejbk gpgr Gejbj)

fgjgug Gvgf= Guyo ) fgjgug ^hvprlou= Gejbk gpgr Gejba) fgjgugPohkljhg= G!puo gpgr Gejb/ ygkl ubdgvgkl òdbkgi ubfglgo ^vhsokuo

Gebj abaoiodo gdgv fr`gyg fgjgug `gvo dbirgvlg fgjgug Ahkd

Djabv ~vhph fgjgug Abigyr) `bklgk ~bafglogk `gbvgj fgjgug

igok ub~bvpo fglogk Ubigpgk abkllrkgdgk fgjgug Gkbrd Mgab)

ub`gkldgk fglogk Pbklgj) Pbkllgvg) `gk Poarv abkllrkgdgk

fgjgug Lgyh) rkprd fglogk pbkllgvg abkllrkgdgk fgjgug Gigu)

ubpbvrukyg fglogk poarv ibfoj db poarv iglo abkllrkgdgk fgjgug

Pgaogkl+ @baodogk ~rig bklgk dbiha~hd bpkou Dirbp ygkl fbvg`g

fglogk ubigpgk abkllrkgdgk fgjgug Dirbp) ub`gkldgk ò Uoabrirb

abkllrkgdgk fgjgug Uoabrirb+

Pg~o) aguokl!aguokl fgjgug ubpba~gp `g~gp òfglo ~rigabkmgò ògibd+ Fgjgug Gebj) aougikyg) dbpodg fbvfoegvg pbv`g~gp



O Jouphvou Fr`gyg Gebj72:


ubòdop ~bvfb`ggk gkpgvg Gebj Fbugv) ôòb) `gk Gebj Rpgvg+ Fblopr

mrlg `giga fgjgug Lgyh) òagkg pbv`g~gp Lgyh Irp) Lgyh @bvbp)

`gk ògibd Lgyh Irbu+ Dbiha~hd bpkou igok ub~bvpo Uokldoi ygkl fbvg`g fglogk pbkllgvg *Pgkhj Gigu/ abkllrkgdgk fgjgug Uokldoi+

Urafbv ubmgvgj igok `g~gp ò~bvhibj gkpgvg igok `gvo jodgygp Gebj)

jodgygp vgmgj Gebj `gk jodgygp ~vgkl ugfoo ygkl fbvgugi `gvo

ubmgvgj kgvguo ygkl dbarògk rarakyg òpriou `giga kgudgj!

kgudgj gdugvg Mg|o *Mg|hb/+

Ubhvgkl rigag Gebj ~g`g gfg` ZOZ) ygopr Pbrkldr Drpgdgvgkl

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*abkokllgi 7:?2/ `giga dgvygkyg Pg`jdovgp gi Vgòdok

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^bk`g~gp ibfoj agurd gdgi òdbardgdgk hibj Mrioru

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Ubabkgkmrkl Abigyr) Abigyr!Aokgkldgfgr) Fgpgd) Kogu) Okòg)

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Ardjpgv GL) U+^`+O) A+^` O 72?


pbvgdjov Uripgk Arjgaag` @grùygj *7:<0!7?>5/ g`gigj fbvgugi

`gvo Frlou+

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pbvubfrp) ygopr=

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~bk`r`rd guio+

6+ Dg|ha gpgr urdbb oara ~brp *dgra gpgr urdr oaga

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~bk`gpgkl `gvo fbvfglgo pba~gp+

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ababird glgag Ouiga+

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abvr~gdgk `gugv aguygvgdgp Gebj `gk uhio`gvopgu ubugag abvbdg

erdr~ pokllo+ Abvbdg ihygi db~g`g ~oa~okgkkyg+ Ubarg db~rprugk

gpgr pok`gdgk ygkl gdgk ògafoi ubigir abiofgpdgk ~oa~okgk `gk

hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl òprgdgk `giga dgra!dgra pbvubfrp+



O Jouphvou Fr`gyg Gebj73>


Aripodriprvgioab `giga Fr`gyg Gebj

7+ Dbvglgagk Fgjgug Gebj

Fgjgug Gebj@o gkpgvg fgjgug!fgjgug gbvgj ygkl g`g o Gebj) fgjgug Gebj

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Gebj pbvubfgv ò |oigygj ~gkpgo Poarv `gk Fgvgp Gebj+ ^bkrprv

guio fgjgug Gebj g`gigj abvbdg ygkl abkògao Gebj Fbugv) Fgk`g

Gebj) ôòb) Fovbrbk) Gebj Rpgvg) Gebj Poarv) Gebj Fgvgp `gk

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`giga Dgfr~gpbk Gebj Ubigpgk) pbvrpgag ò Drgig Fgpbb) Figkl

ôòb) Agkllbkl) Ug|gkl) Pgklgk!pgklgk) Abrdbd) Pvrahk `gk

Fgdhklgk+ Agigj ò Gebj Pbklgj) Gebj Pbkllgvg `gk Uoabrirb)

dopg `g~gpo mrlg ubfgjglogk dbeoi aguygvgdgpkyg ygkl fbvfgjgugGebj+ @o irgv ~vhsokuo Gebj) ygopr ò `gbvgj!`gbvgj ~bvgkpgrgk)

aguoj g`g mrlg dbiha~hd!dbiha~hd aguygvgdgp Gebj ygkl pbpg~

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Mgdgvpg) Db`gj `gk Drgig Ira~rv ò Agigyuog ubvpg Uy`kby ò

Grupvgiog+

Fgjgug Lgyh

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`bklgk fgjgug Abigyr drkh abudo doko erdr~ fgkygd dhugdgpg

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Lgyh abvr~gdgk fgjgug ofr fglo |gvlg Gebj ygkl abkògao GebjPbklgj) ubfglogk dbeoi |oigygj Gebj Pbkllgvg) `gk |oigygj Ihdh~



Ardjpgv GL) U+^`+O) A+^` O 737


ò Gebj Poarv+ Fglo dbfgkygdgk hvgkl ò irgv aguygvgdgp Lgyh)

fgjgug oko abkloklgpdgk abvbdg gdgk girkgk!girkgk abv`r `gvo

uygov!uygov dbubkogk ò`hkl+Fgjgug Gigu

Fgjgug oko db`bklgvgkkyg ibfoj aovo~ `bklgk fgjgug ygkl

òlrkgdgk aguygvgdgp bpkou Dgvh ò Uragpbvg Rpgvg+ Aguygvgdgp

ygkl abkògao Gebj Pbkllgvg) ò ub~gkmgkl |oigygj dgdo Lrkrkl

Ibrubv) `gk ~bk`r`rd ò ubdopgv jrir urklgo Uokldoi abvr~gdgk

aguygvgdgp ~bkrprv guio `gvo fgjgug Gigu+ \gvlg Gebj Pbkllgvg

ygkl abkllrkgdgk fgjgug oko g`gigj abvbdg ygkl fbv`haouoio

ò ioag dbegagpgk) ygopr Ig|b Uolgig!Lgig) Ig|b Gigu) Fgafbi)

Fgfruugiga) `gk Fgk`gv+

Fgjgug Pgaogkl

Fgjgug Pgaogkl *`giga fgjgug Gebj oubfrp fgjgug Pbraobkl /abvr~gdgk sgvogkp gpgr ògibd fgjgug Abigyr ygkl òlrkgdgk

aguygvgdgp Gebj Pgaogkl *`rir |oigygj Gebj Poarv/) dbergio ò

Dbegagpgk Agkygd ^gyb` *ygkl abvr~gdgk |oigygj fgjgug Gebj/

`gk Dhpg Drgig Uoa~gkl *|oigygj fgjgug ega~rvgk) ygdko fgjgug

Ok`hkbuog) fgjgug Gebj `gk fgjgug Pgaogkl/+ Jokllg doko eopg vgug

Abigyr aguoj pbvgug ugklgp dbkpgi `giga fgjgug Pgaogkl+

Fgjgug Gkbrd Mgabb

Fgjgug oko ubvokl mrlg òubfrp *pbvrpgag hibj ~bkrprv fgjgug

Gebj/ bklgk fgjgug Mgabb gpgr fgjgug Fgodh+ @o Gebj Ubigpgk gk

Gebj Fgvgp @gyg) fgjgug oko abvr~gdgk fgjgug ofr fglo ~bk`r`rd

ygkl abkògao |oigygj!|oigygj dgkphkl urdr Gkbrd Mgabb+ @oGebj Fgvgp @gyg) fgjgug oko òprprvdgk ò Uruhj) ubfglogk Figkl



O Jouphvou Fr`gyg Gebj736


ôòb `gk Agkllbkl+ Gebj Ubigpgk abvr~gdgk `gbvgj ygkl ~giokl

fgkygd òprprvdgk ubfglgo ioklrg cvgkeg) gkpgvg igok Igfrjgk

Jgmo) Ugag`rg) Pg~gdprgk) `gk Dirbp Ubigpgk+ @o irgv |oigygjGebj Ubigpgk `gk Gebj Fgvgp @gyg) fgjgug oko mrlg òlrkgdgk hibj

dbiha~hd!dbiha~hd dbeoi aguygvgdgp ò Uokldoi `gk Gebj Fgvgp)

djrurukyg ò Dbegagpgk Abrvbrfh *@bug ^brkglg Vgybd) Vgkph

^gkygkl) Abrvbrfh) ^guo Abrlgp) `gk Lrkhkl Dibkl/) ubvpg ò

Dbegagpgk Mhjgk ^gjig|gk *djrurukyg ò @bug ^g`gkl Ubrvgjbp/+

Fgjgug Gkbrd Mgabb g`gigj fgjgug ygkl igjov `gvo guoaoiguo

fgjgug ubdbiha~hd aguygvgdgp Aokgkl ygkl `gpgkl db |oigygj

~gkpgo fgvgp!ubigpgk Gebj `bklgk fgjgug `gbvgj aguygvgdgp

pba~gpgk) ygdko fgjgug Gebj+ Ubfrpgk Gkbrd Mgabb *ubegvg jgvcogj

fbvagdkg ‚gkgd pgar‟) gpgr ‚fgklug ~bk`gpgkl‟/ òkoufgjdgk ~g`g

urdr(fgjgug oko g`gigj vbcibduo uodg~ dbpbvfrdggk `gk fr`gygabariogdgk pgar aguygvgdgp Gebj+

Fgjgug Dirbp

Fgjgug Dirbp g`gigj fgjgug ofr fglo aguygvgdgp ygkl

abkògao gbvgj Dbegagpgk Dirbp Rpgvg gk Dirbp Ubigpgk o Gebj

Ubigpgk+ Okchvaguo pbkpgkl fgjgug Dirbp) pbvrpgag dgmogk!dgmogk

ygkl fbvuocgp gdg`baod) aguoj ugklgp pbvfgpgu+ Aguygvgdgp Gebj

ubegvg irgu) pbvdbergio ~bkrprv fgjgug Dirbp ubkòvo) po`gd fgkygd

abklbpgjro pbkpgkl ubird!fbird fgjgug oko+

Fgjgug Uokldoi

Ub~bvpo jgikyg fgjgug Dirbp) okchvaguo pbkpgkl fgjgug Uokldoi)

pbvrpgag `giga fbkprd ~bkbvfopgk) aguoj ugklgp pbvfgpgu+ Fgjgugoko g`gigj fgjgug ofr fglo ubfglogk aguygvgdgp o Uokldoi+ @odgpgdgk





ubfgjglogk dgvbkg dopg `g~gpo g`g ubfglogk igok aguygvgdgp

Uokldoi ygkl abagdgo fgjgug Gebj) fgjgug Gkbrd Mgabb) fgjgug

Aokgkl) `gk g`g mrlg abkllrkgdgk fgjgug @govo *gpgr òubfrp mrlg fgjgug ^gd~gd/ djrurukyg ò dgigklgk ~b`glgkl `gk ~bigdr

foukou ò |oigygj Urfriruugiga+ Ubigok opr) aguygvgdgp Uokldoi

ygkl abkògao Db~rigrgk Fgkygd) abvbdg abkllrkgdgk fgjgug

Jgihfgk+ Mgò ubdrvgkl!drvgklkyg g`g bkga fgjgug `gbvgj ygkl

òlrkgdgk ubfglgo fgjgug dharkouguo ubjgvo!jgvo o gkpgvg ubugag

gkllhpg aguygvgdgp Uokldoi) ubigok fgjgug Ok`hkbuog+ @gvo ur`rp

~gk`gkl oiar ioklroupod) aguygvgdgp Uokldoi g`gigj ugpr!ugprkyg

dbiha~hd aguygvgdgp ò Gebj ygkl ~giokl ~irvgioupod `giga jgi

~bkllrkggk fgjgug+

Fgjgug Jgihfgk

Fgjgug Jgihfgk g`gigj ugigj ugpr fgjgug `gbvgj ò Gebjygkl òlrkgdgk aguygvgdgp Uokldoi) djrurukyg abvbdg ygkl

abkògao Db~rigrgk Fgkygd) pbvrpgag ò ^rigr Prgkdr+ Fgjgug

oko db`bklgvgkkyg ugklgp aovo~ `bklgk fgjgug @bsgygk ygkl

òlrkgdgk aguygvgdgp ò ^rigr Uoabrirb+ Mraigj ~bkrprv

fgjgug Jgihfgk ugklgp ubòdop `gk modg rg~gyg!r~gyg rkprd

dbagmrgk) ~bklbafgklgk ubvpg ~bibupgvogk po`gd ublbvg òarigo)

òdjg|gpovdgk urgpr uggp fgjgug oko jgkyg pokllgi `giga egpgpgk!

egpgpgk dbkgklgk ~gvg ~bkbiopo fgjgug `gbvgj+

Fgjgug Uoabrirb

Fgjgug Uoabrirb abvr~gdgk fgjgug ofr fglo aguygvgdgp ò

^rigr Uoabrirb `bklgk mraigj ~bkrprvkyg ubdopgv 3>+>>> hvgkl+@giga ~bkbiopogk Ahvchihlo Khaokg Fgjgug Uoabrirb) abkbardgk





fgj|g dbugaggk kgag ~rigr `gk fgjgug oko pbigj abkoafridgk

ugigj ~bklbvpogk fglo dbfgkygdgk aguygvgdgp Gebj ò irgv ~rigr

Uoabrirb= abvbdg abklgkllg~ fgj|g ò ~rigr Uoabrirb jgkygpbv`g~gp ugpr fgjgug `gbvgj) ygdko fgjgug Uoabrirb+ ^g`gjgi

ò dgfr~gpbk oko) dopg mra~go polg fgjgug `gbvgj) ygopr fgjgug

Uoabrirb) fgjgug Uolrigo *gpgr òubfrp mrlg fgjgug Igagabd/) `gk

fgjgug @bsgygk+ Fgjgug Uoabrirb abaoiodo rg ogibd) ygopr ogibd

@bsgygk ygkl òlrkgdgk ò dbegagpgk Uoabrirb Poarv) Uoabrirb

Pbklgj `gk Pb~gj Ubigpgk) ubabkpvg ògibd Uolrigo òlrkgdgk

aguygvgdgp dbegpgagk Uoabrirb Fgvgp `gk Ugigkl+

6+ Dgvyg Ubko

Ugigj ugpr pvgòuo prvrk pbarvrk ygkl òigdrdgk aguygvgdgp

Gebj g`gigj gdpocopgu ib|gp dbubkogk+ Ubko ygkl òagdur` òuoko g`gigj dbaga~rgk ubhvgkl gpgr ubdbiha~hd hvgkl rkprd

abkga~oidgk ugpr jguoi dgvyg ò jg`g~gk hvgkl igok+ @giga

dhkpbdu aguygvgdgp Gebj `rir) ububhvgkl ygkl aba~rkygo koigo

ubko) agdg og gdgk abkmgò uhuhd ygkl gdgk abkmgò ~bvjgpogk+

@giga iopbvgprv dbgebjgk) odbkgi fbfbvg~g mbkou dbubkogk Gebj

ò gkpgvgkyg }odbb) ubr`gpo) vrdhk) vg~g‟o lbibkl) vg~g‟o gfhj) fohig

*ah~!ah~/) ugagk) ig|brp `gk ubfglgokyg+ Ub~okpgu igir) dblogpgk

ubko ygkl òigdrdgk pbvubfrp fbvprmrgk rkprd abkljofrv òvo gpgr

dbiha~hd pbvpbkpr+ Jgi oko òigdrdgk ub~bvpo `giga dblogpgk vbuao

ò oupgkg vgmg) gpgr `giga `giga ~bvgyggk gegvg pbvpbkpr+

Abklrpo~ ~bk`g~gp ^vhc+ Ouarjg `giga frdr ’Frklg Vga~goFr`gyg Krugkpgvg‑) dbubkogk Gebj ubegvg rara pbvfglo `giga





ubko pgvo) ubko ugupvg `gk ebvopg vgdygp+ G`g~rk eovo!eovo pgvo

pvgòuohkgi Gebj gkpgvg igok4 fbvkgcgudgk Ouiga) òpgvodgk hibj

fgkygd hvgkl) ~bklrigklgk lbvgd ubvr~g vbigpoc fgkygd) abagdgk|gdpr ~bkygmogk ygkl vbigpoc ~gkmgkl) dhafokguo pgvo aruod `gk

ugupvg) ~hig igkpgo ygkl pbvfgpgu) ~g`g agug g|gi ~bvprafrjgkkyg

òugmodgk `giga dblogpgk djruru fbvr~g r~gegvg!r~gegvg `gk

lbvgd prfrj pbvfgpgu *`g~gp òfbvo sgvoguo/+

Dbubkogk Gebj òfgirp `bklgk koigo!koigo glgag) uhuogi `gk

~hiopod+ Dbkygpggk oko `g~gp òiojgp `giga ubko pgvo) ubko ugupvg)

ubko pbgpbv `gk ubko urgvg+ Ubigok opr ubko pgvo gpgr ubko pvgòuohkgi

Gebj ò~bklgvrklo hibj uhuogi fr`gyg Gebj ubkòvo+ Ubko Gebj

ò~bklgvrjo hibj igpgv fbigdgkl g`gp glgag) `gk igpgv fbigdgkl

ebvopg vgdygp *aophu iblbk`g/+ Ubko pgvo ygkl fbvigpgvfbigdgkl g`gp

`gk glgag ub~bvpo pgvo ugagk) abrubrdgp) vg~go rvhj agr~rk vg~golbibkl) vga~hb Gebj `gk ubr`gpo+ Ubabkpgvg ubko ygkl fbvigpgv

fbigdgkl ebvopg vgdygp *aophu iblbk`g/ ub~bvpo pgvo ~jha fokbu `gk

gib prkmgkl+

Ehkphj Dbubkogk Gebj

7+ Ubko Irdou= Dgiolvgco Gvgf

Ubko dgiolvgco Gvgf g`gigj ugigj ugpr dbubkogk ygkl g`g

`giga urdr Gebj+ Abirdou dgiolvgco oko fogugkyg òigdrdgk ò gpgu

dgksgu ygkl fbvprmrgk ubfglgo jogugk òkòkl ò `giga vragj

gpgr agumo` `bklgk abirdoudgk Guagri Jrukg `gk ubfglgokyg+

Dbubkogk oko fgkygd pbviojgp ~g`g fbvfglgo rdovgk agumo`) vragjg`gp) gigp r~gegvg) ~bvjogugk) `gk ubfglgokyg+





6+ Ubko ^gjgp= Abagjgp Vragj G`gp `gk Kougk

Ubko ~gjgp g`gigj abagjgp jogugk ~g`g vragj g`gp gpgr

kougk+ Ubko ~gjgp ygkl og~iodguodgk ~g`g vragj g`gp abkrkmrddgkdb~baoiodgk `gk upgpru uhuogi ~baoiodkyg+ Ub`gkldgk ubko ~gjgp

ygkl òg~iodguodgk ~g`g kougk abkrkmrddgk upgpru uhuogi ygkl

òdrfrvdgk) `gk mrlg abafbvodgk okchvaguo kgag `gk pgjrk

ubvpg pgkllgi |gcgp `gvo phdhj ygkl òdrfrvdgk+

5+ Ubko Aruod= Vg~g‟o Lbibkl

Vg~go lbibkl g`gigj ubko aruod ygkl òigdrdgk hibj polg

fbigu igdo!igdo(~bvba~rgk ygkl `r`rd fbvfgkmgv) ub~bvpo `r`rd

ò gkpgvg `rg urmr` dbpodg abigdugkgdgk ujgigp+ Aguokl!aguokl

abablgkl gigp pgfrj ugafoi fbvkygkyo fbvugag+ Gkpgvg aruod

`gk lbvgd ygkl òagokdgk fbvubkyg|g+ G|gikyg igafgp) ub`gkl)

ubpbigj fbfbvg~g `bpod fbvrfgj eb~gp òovoklo `bklgk lbvgdgkdb~gig ygkl òlbibkldgk db dovo `gk db dgkgk+ Abvbdg abkb~rd!

kb~rd pgklgk `gk `g`g) mrlg abkb~rd pgklgk `gk ~gjg+ G`g ygkl

fbvpok`gd ubfglgo ~bagok fogug) uybej `gk gkbrd `jobd+

0+ Ubko Pgvo= Pgvo Ugagk

Pgvogk oko ogigj ugigj ugpr abòg rkprd ~bkeg~gogk gd|gj+

Pgvogk oko abkebvaokdgk ~bkòòdgk) dbglgaggk) uh~gk ugkprk)

db~gjig|gkgk) dbdha~gdgk `gk dbfbvugaggk+ Ugagk òigdrdgk

`giga ~huouo `r`rd fbvfgkmgv `bklgk ovgag `gk lbvgd ygkl

òkgaou+ Urgpr pgvo `bklgk uygov ~bkrj gmgvgk dbfgmodgk) pbvrpgag

gmgvgk glgag Ouiga+



Ardjpgv GL) U+^`+O) A+^` O 73<


5+ Abòg Fr`gyg

g+ Ubvrkb Dgibb(ubvriokl Gebj

Ubvrkb Dgibb abvr~gdgk okupvrabk pvgòuohkgi Gebjygkl pbigj igag fbvdbafgkl `gk òjgygpo hibj aguygvgdgp Gebj+

Fogugkyg gigp aruod oko òagokdgk fbvugaggk `bklgk vg~g‟o `gk

lbrk`vgkl ~g`g gegvg!gegvg jofrvgk) pgvogk) ~bkygafrpgk pgar

dbjhvagpgk+ Fgjgk `gugv Ubvrkb Dgibb fbvr~g dgyr) drkoklgk `gk

pbafglg+ Fbkprdkyg abkybvr~go ubvriokl fgafr+ \gvkg `gugvkyg

jopga ygkl crkluo ubfglgo ~bagkou gpgr ~bkljogu aruod pvgòuohkgi

Gebj+ Ubvrkb Dgibb fbvugag lbrk`vgkl `gk vg~g‟o abvr~gdgk

urgpr ~bvgkldgpgk aruod ygkl `gvo ubmgd mgygkyg Dbvgmggk Gebj

@gvruugiga uga~go doko pbpg~ abkljoguo(ab|gvkgo dbfr`gyggk

pvgòuohkgi Gebj ò ubdphv aruod+

f+ Vg~go(vbfgkgVg~go pbvfrgp `gvo fgjgk `gugv fbvr~g dgyr `gk driop

fokgpgkl+ Fbkprdkyg ub~bvpo vbfgkg `bklgk |gvkg `gugv jopga

`gk drkokl ar`g+ Ubmbkou okupvrabk aruod ~rdri *~bveruuo/ ygkl

fbvcrkluo ~bklovokl dbubkogk pvgòuohkgi+

e+ Lbrk`vgkl(lbk`gkl

Lbrk`vgkl g`gigj rkop okupvrabk `gvo ~bvgkldgpgk aruod

Ubvrkb Dgibb+ Lbrk`vgkl pbvagurd mbkou gigp aruod ~rdri `gk

abagokdgkkyg `bklgk abardri `bklgk pgklgk gpgr abagdgo

dgyr ~bardri+ Crkluo Lbrk`vgkl kbvr~gdgk gigp ~bibkldg~ pba~h

`gvo aruod pvgòuohkgi bpkod Gebj+

`+ Pgafh(pgafrvUbmbkou lbk`gkl ygkl pbvagurd gigp ~rdri+ Pgafh òfrgp



O Jouphvou Fr`gyg Gebj73:


`gvo fgjgk fgd ofhj) driop ug~o `gk vhpgk ubfglgo gigp ~bvblgkl

driop+ Pgafh ò agug igir fbvcrkluo ubfglgo gigp dharkodguo

rkprd abkbkprdgk |gdpr ujgigp `gk abklra~ridgk aguygvgdgpdb abrkgugj lrkg abafoegvgdgk agugigj!agugigj dga~rkl+

Ubdgvgkl mgvgkl òlrkgdgk *jga~ov ~rkgj/ dgvbkg crkluokyg pbigj

pbv`bugd higj gigp pbdkhihlo aoevh~jhkb+

b+ Pgdphd Pvobkl

Pgdphd pvobkl mrlg ubmbkou gigp ~rdri ygkl pbvfrgp `gvo

fgafr+ Gigp oko fbvcrkluo rkprd abklruov frvrkl gpgr~rk

ubvgkllg igok ygkl abklgkega pgkgagk ~gò+ Mbkou oko fogugkyg

òibpgddgk ò pbklgj ug|gj `gk òjrfrkldgk `bklgk pgio uga~go

db `gklgr *lrfrd pba~gp abkrkllr ~gò ò ug|gj/+

c+ Fbvblrj

Fbvblrj kgag ubmbkou gigp por~ pbvfrgp `gvo pgk`rd dbvfgr+Fbvblrj aba~rkygo kg`g ygkl pbvfgpgu) fgkygdkyg kg`g ygkl

`g~gp ojguoidgk Fbvblrj pbvlgkprkl gvo pbdkod abkor~kyg+ Crkluo

Fbvblrj ubfglgo gigp dharkodguo pbvrpgag foig fbvg`g ò jrpgk(

fbvmgrjgk pba~gp gkpgvg ubhvgkl `bklgk hvgkl igokkyg+Fbvblrj

pbigj mgvgkl o~bvlrkgdgk hvgkl uggp oko+ Agigj) o~bvdovgdgk pbigj

arigo ~rkgj ~bkllrkggkkyg+

\gijguoi) dbfr`gyggk Gebj ygkl fbvfguou aripodriprv ugklgp

ò~bklgvrjo hibj gmgvgk `gk fr`gyg Ouiga+ Pgvogk) aruod) uygov)

dbvgmokgk) vglga jogu) g`gp oupog`gp) gk igok!igok ubargkyg fbvgdgv

~g`g koigo!koigo dbouigagk+ Ehkphj vglga jogu Gebj aougikyg)

fgkygd abklgafoi fbkprd prafrjgk ub~bvpo fgpgkl) `grk) `gk frklg gpgr fbkprd hfybd giga ub~bvpo g|gk) frigk) fokpgkl) hafgd)



Ardjpgv GL) U+^`+O) A+^` O 73?


`gk igok ubfglgokyg+ Jgi oko dgvbkg abkrvrp gmgvgk Ouiga po`gd

òfbkgvdgk abkga~oidgk fbkprd agkruog gpgr fokgpgkl ubfglgo

vglga jogu+ @bklgk fblopr) |gpgd aguygvgdgp Gebj `gvo `rirg`gigj aguygvgdgp ygkl abaoiodo o`bkpopgu fr`gyg ’aripodriprv‑

`gk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ygkl ub`gkl oaguygvgdgpdgk frdgk

uburgpr ygkl guokl fglo aguygvgdgp Gebj ― foig fbvebvaok ~g`g

dbug`gvgk ubmgvgj fr`gyg Gebj+TQ



7<7

Aripodriprv `giga

^bkòòdgk UbmgvgjJo}woi G~gkò) U+^`

Ubfrgj vbgiopgu fgj|g Kblgvg Ok`hkbuog pbvdhkupvrduo `gvo

fbvfglgo igpgv fbigdgkl urdr fgklug) glgag `gk fr`gyg+ @ogdro

gpgr po`gd) ~vhubu pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug Ok`hkbuog po`gd pbvib~gu

`gvo r~gyg `gk dbvmg dbvgu ~bkmgmgj Fbigk`g+ @bao db~bkpoklgk

~bkmgmgjgk) ugpr ~bvugpr |oigygj ò Krugkpgvg ò~bvugprdgk hibj

~bkmgmgj Fbigk`g `giga ugpr kblgvg ygkl fbvkgag Kb`bvigk`

Okòbu gpgr Jokòg Fbigk`g+Fbvdgp ~bvmrgklgk ~gvg ~gjig|gk fgklug) gdjovkyg |oigygj

erdr~ irgu oko foug pbvfbfgu gvo fbibkllr ~bkmgmgjgk gk abv`bdg

~g`g 7< Glrurpru 7?02+ Ubmgd opr) igjovigj fgklug fgvr ygkl

fbvkgag Ok`hkbuog+ Aguygvgdgp `gvo Ugfgkl uga~go Abrvgrdb

`bklgk fbvfglgo igpgv fbigdgkl pbigj abklodvgvdgk òvokyg `giga

ugpr fgklug Ok`hkbuog+

^vhubu ubmgvgj abkrmr pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug oko abvr~gdgk

~bvmrgklgk ~gkmgkl ygkl òigdrdgk hibj jga~ov ubarg dbiha~hd

aguygvgdgp ygkl g`g ò |oigygj Ok`hkbuog+ ^g`g ~bvoh`b

~vg~bvlbvgdgk kguohkgi) ò Gebj dopg abklbkgi uhuhd ~bmrgkl

Pbrdr Ragv `gk Erp Kygd @jobk ubvpg ubmraigj ~bmrgkl igok+Fblopr~rk `gvo `gbvgj igok) ub~bvpo ^gklbvgk @o~hkblhvh



O Aripodriprv `giga ^bkòòdgk Ubmgvgj7<6


ò Mg|g) ^gklbvgk Gkpgugvo ò Dgioagkpgk) ^gppoarvg ò Gafhk

`gk aguoj fgkygd iglo ~bmrgkl fgklug ygkl ab|gdoio dbiha~hd

aguygvgdgp ò ubirvrj `gbvgj Ok`hkbuog+ ^bvgkgk abvbdg pbkprugklgp fbugv `giga pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug oko+

Dbarògk ~g`g ~bvoh`b ~bvlbvgdgk) ~vhubu abkrmr

pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug Ok`hkbuog ubagdok abklbvrerp `bklgk

igjovkyg ubmraigj hvlgkouguo ~bvlbvgdgk kguohkgi+ G`gigj cgdpg

ubmgvgj fgj|g hvlgkouguo!hvlgkouguo pbvubfrp) òlbvgddgk hibj

phdhj!phdhj ~bmrgkl ygkl fbvgugi `gvo fbvfglgo igpgv fbigdgkl

bpkou) upgpru uhuogi fr`gyg `gk glgag+

Ura~gj ~bar`g 6: Hdphfbv 7?6: g`gigj frdpo kygpg fbpg~g

fbvlbihvgkyg ubagklgp dbfgkluggk ygkl òaoiodo ubarg dgigklgk

fgklug ò |oigygj Krugkpgvg+ ^vhdigaguo dbabv`bdggk 7?02

abkmgò ~rkegd `gvo ubarg r~gyg abafgklrk fgklug Ok`hkbuog+@bklgk `baodogk) abvr~gdgk cgdpg ygkl pog`g pbvfgkpgjdgk

fgj|g fgklug Ok`hkbuog òfgklrk hibj ubarg dbiha~hd bpkou `gk

glgag ygkl g`g+

@bklgk ah`gi ubmgvgj ygkl urkllrj ugklgp abygdokdgk)

ubabupokyg ubarg dgigklgk aguygvgdgp Ok`hkbuog uggp oko)

abaoiodo dbug`gvgk ubmgvgj ygkl abag`go `giga abiojgp uouo!uouo

~bvfb`ggk `giga dbjo`r~gkkyg+ Ubmgvgj ~gkmgkl pbvfbkprdkyg

fgklug Ok`hkbuog uburkllrjkyg foug abkmgò ~bvbdgp bcbdpoc

`giga abafgklrk fgklug ~g`g agug doko `gk agug `b~gk+

Dbkygpggk ygkl pbvmgò fbigdgklgk oko) ah`gi ubmgvgj opr

pbvkygpg fbira erdr~ abklgpguo fbvfglgo agugigj uhuogi ygkl fbvarkerigk `giga dbjo`r~gk dopg+ ^bvpodgogk `giga aguygvgdgp



Jo}woi G~gkò) U+^` O 7<5


ygkl ò`hvhkl ~bvfb`ggk bpkou) glgag `gk fr`gyg aguoj ugmg

pbvmgò ò Ok`hkbuog+ Arigo dguru Gafhk) ^huh) Uga~op `gk ygkl

fgvr!fgvr oko ò Eodbruod ^gk`bligkl) abafrdpodgk fgj|gdbug`gvgk |gvlg aguygvgdgp gdgk ~bkpoklkyg abkljhvagpo

~bvfb`ggk `giga fbvfglgo uouo ugklgp ibagj+ Aguoj ubvokl pbvmgò

ubdbiha~hd aguygvgdgp pbvpbkpr fbvr~gyg abagdug dbygdokgkkyg

~g`g dbiha~hd igok) abkygigjdgk dbiha~hd igok `gk ubfglgokyg+

Ubafhygk Fjokbdg Prkllgi Odg ubagdok jgvo ubhigj ubagdok po`gd

fbvgvpo+ Jgi!jgi ub~bvpo okoigj ygkl ~g`g gdjovkyg abaoer fbvfglgo

agugigj uhuogi `giga aguygvgdgp+

Modg dopg abiojgp gdgv ubmgvgj fgklug oko) uburkllrjkyg

agugigj!agugigj uhuogi pbvubfrp po`gd ~bvir pbvmgò+ Urkllrj

po`gd foug dopg pbvoag modg dhkòuo oko pbvru!abkbvru pbvmgò ~g`g

fgklug fbugv fbvkgag Ok`hkbuog+ Agdg `giga dhkòuo ub~bvpo oko)o`bgikyg g`g r~gyg uhirpoc `gvo fbvfglgo ~ojgd pbvrpgag kblgvg)

rkprd abklhdhjdgk dbafgio ubagklgp dbfbvugaggk ub~bvpo

òigdrdgk ~gvg ~gjig|gk fgklug `giga abafgklrk fgklug oko+

^bvdbafgklgk aguygvgdgp ygkl ugklgp òkgaou `bklgk fbvglga

agugigj pbkprkyg po`gd erdr~ òubibugodgk `giga abmg òudruo+

Kgark ~bvir g`g igkldgj dhkdvop `giga ~bigdugkggkkyg+

@rkog ~bkòòdgk abvr~gdgk fglogk upvgpblou ygkl

ubjgvrukyg òfbvodgk vrgkl `gk ~bvgk uolkocodgk rkprd

aba~bvdhdhj ubagklgp dbfbvugaggk oko+ Ubfglgo glbkp hc

ejgklb `giga aguygvgdgp) ~bkòòdgk ugklgp ~hpbkuogi rkprd

abafgklrk ubagklgp dbfbvugaggk gk abafbvodgk ~bagjgagkdb~g`g ~bubvpg òòd fgj|g ~bvfb`ggk g`gigj vgjagp+ ^bvfb`ggk





frdgkigj cgkgpouab+ Abigiro ~bkòòdgk òjgvg~dgk gdgk igjov

dbug`gvgk ubegvg rprj fgj|g ~bvfb`ggk g`gigj urkkgpriigj ygkl

jgòv ò pbklgj aguygvgdgp Ok`hkbuog ygkl aripodriprv+ @gigadhkpbdu abafgklrk dbug`gvgk aripodriprv) `rkog ~bkòòdgk

ur`gj ubjgvrukyg abargp fgjgk ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl fbvjrfrklgk

`bklgk uodg~ ugiokl abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk) fbvcodov pbvfrdg)

vbdhkuoioguo) dbvmgugag) uodg~ g~vbuogpoc `gk igok ubfglgokyg+

Fbvdgopgk bklgk ~bvgkgk rkog ~bkòòdgk giga abafgklrk

dbug`gvgk aripodriprv) ubpo`gdkyg g`g `rg egvg `g~gp òigdrdgk

rkprd abkloa~ibabkpguodgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv o ubdhigj+

7+ Ubegvg Urfupgkpoc

Agpbvo(urfupgkuo drvodrira ygkl ubegvg igklurkl

fbvjrfrklgk `bklgk ubagklgp dbug`gvgk aripodriprv+ Ugigj ugpr fglogk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv ò ubdhigj `g~gp òigdrdgk `giga

~bafbigmgvgk fo`gkl uprò ubmgvgj) fbpg~g~rk ugklgp ~hpbkuogi

òigdrdgk `giga fo`gkl uprò igokkyg ub~bvpo ubko fr`gyg+ Kgark)

`giga crkluokyg rkprd abafgklrk dgvgdpbv gk ubagklgp dhibdpoc

fgklug) ~bkòòdgk ubmgvgj `g~gp ò`hvhkl `giga abafgklrk

bkbvlo dhibdpoc pbvubfrp+

^vhubu ~gkmgkl pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug Ok`hkbuog ygkl oigdrdgk

~gvg ~bmrgkl fgklug `gvo fbvfglgo dgigklgk urdr) glgag `gk

upgpru uhuogi foug abkmgò ~hok ~bkpokl `giga abagjgadgk

ubagklgp dbfbvugaggk+ @giga jgi oko) lrvr ubmgvgj jgvru

aga~r abkyga~godgk agpbvo ~bafbigmgvgk ubmgvgj frdgk jgkygubfglgo ubfrgj dougj ubagpg) kgark òprkprp rkprd abkllgio



Jo}woi G~gkò) U+^` O 7<2


`gk abkyga~godgk ~bugk!~bugk ugklgp dgyg `gk abk`giga `gvo

ubpog~ ~bvoupo|g ubmgvgj ygkl òuga~godgkkyg ò `giga dbigu+

@giga dhkpbdu abafgklrk dbug`gvgk aripodriprv) agdg~bvir òpgkgadgk ~bklbvpogk fgj|g Ok`hkbuog pbvfbkprd abigiro

~bvmrgklgk ubarg dgigklgk+ Ok`hkbuog pbvòvo `gvo fbvfglgo urdr)

vgu) glgag `gk fr`gyg ygkl fbvglga) `gk ubargkyg abaoiodo

~bvgkgk `giga ubmgvgj pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug Ok`hkbuog+ ^bkbdgkgk

~g`g fglogk ub~bvpo oko pbkpr ugklgp ~bkpokl) dgvbkg gdgk abafbvo

g~vbuoguo `gk ubagklgp dbfbvugaggk ò gkpgvg uou|g ygkl

fbvfb`g igpgv fbigdgkl urdr) glgag `gk fr`gyg+ Ubarg uou|g

gdgk pbvfgklrk vgug dbfgkluggkkyg) pbvfgklrk ubkub hc fbihklokl

db~g`g pgkgj gov Ok`hkbuog) `gk ygkl pbv~bkpokl ubarg uou|g gdgk

abvgug abkmgò fglogk ~bkpokl `gvo fgklug oko+

@bklgk `baodogk) jblbahko urdr pbvpbkpr ygkl geg~dgioabvgug ~rkyg gubp ubmgvgj ibfoj fbugv `giga pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug

oko `g~gp dopg jok`gvo+ ^hok ~bkpokl ubigkmrpkyg `gvo ~bkgkgagk

~bugk!~bugk ubmgvgj oko) fgj|g uou|g ògmgvdgk rkprd abkljgvlgo

~bvfb`ggk bklgk uou|g igokkyg) fbigmgv ugiokl abkljgvlgo gk igok

ubfglgokyg) ubjokllg ubagklgp rkprd abkrafrjdgk dbug`gvgk

aripodriprv oko g~gp ubegvg ~bvigjgk opbvg~dgk hibj ~bubvpg oòd+

6+ Ah`bi ^bafbigmgvgk

Abigiro ~baoiojgk ah`bi ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl abkgvod uou|g

`g~gp ogmgd abkbvg~dgk gu~bd!gu~bd gvo dgvgdpbvoupod ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprv+ Ubfglgo ehkphj) `giga ah`bi ~bafbigmgvgk òudruodbiha~hd+ @gvo arigo ~bklbiha~hdgk uou|g) ~vhubu òudruo





uga~go dbuoa~rigk) fgkygd jgi foug òpbvg~dgk lrvr `giga

dhkpbdu ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv+ Ubfrpigj dhkub~ fbvcodov pbvfrdg)

ugiokl abkljgvlgo) abklg~vbuoguo `gk okpbv`b~bk`bkuo ubfglgo fglogk dgvgdpbvoupod ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv) `g~gp `bklgk ar`gj

dopg pbvg~dgk `giga ~vhubu òudruo dbiha~hd+

^vhubu abkbvoag ~bvfb`ggk `g~gp dopg arigo `gvo ~vhubu

lvhr~okl gpgr ~bklbiha~hdgk uou|g+ @giga ~vhubu oko) uou|g

arigo ogmgvdgk rkprd fbvubòg fbdbvmgugag bklgk uou|g igok gvo

fbvfglgo igpgv fbigdgkl ygkl fbvfb`g `bklgk òvokyg+ Ubigkmrpkyg

`giga ~vhubu òudruo) dhkub~!dhkub~ ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv

ub~bvpo ugiokl abkljgvlgo) fbvfb`g ~bk`g~gp) fbvcodov pbvfrdg `gk

abklg~vbuoguo hvgkl igok gdgk pbvoa~ibabkpguodgk `bklgk mbigu

ubigag ~vhubu fbvigklurkl+

^gvg uou|g `bklgk foafoklgk lrvr) òigpoj rkprdabklbardgdgk ~bk`g~gp) abkljgvlgo ~bk`g~gp uou|g igok)

fbdbvmgugag `giga dbiha~hd `gk ubmraigj gdposopgu ygkl ugklgp

bvgp dgopgk `bklgk dhkpbdu ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv+ Pbvgdjov

`giga ~vhubu abklgafoi dbuoa~rigk) ò uoko uou|g gdgk fbigmgv

abigdrdgk vbuhiruo dhkciod+

Fbvfglgo ~bvfb`ggk ~bk`g~gp `giga ~vhubu òudruo gdgk

òegvodgk fbkgkl abvgj abkmgò ubfrgj dbuoa~rigk ygkl `g~gp

òpbvoag hibj ubarg uou|g+ ^vhubu ~bkyrurkgk dbuoa~rigk `g~gp

dopg ofgvgpdgk ubfglgo ubfrgj aokogprv vbdhkuoioguo ygkl oigdrdgk

aguygvgdgp `giga dbjo`r~gk ubjgvo!jgvo+ Uou|g gdgk òigpoj

rkprd abkybibugodgk ~bvfb`ggk ~bk`g~gp `bklgk fbvòudruo `gk fbvgvlrabkpguo pgk~g abagdugdgk dbjbk`gd db~g`g ~ojgd igok+



Jo}woi G~gkò) U+^` O 7<<


^vhubu ub~bvpo oko ugklgp fbvagkcggp ubfglgo fbdgi fglo ~gvg

uou|g `giga dbjo`r~gkkyg) glgv pbvigpoj rkprd abkybibugodgk

ubfrgj ~bvfb`ggk ~bk`g~gp `giga urgpr aguygvgdgp pgk~g jgvruabagdugdgk dbjbk`gd gk abagdgo mgigk dbdbvgugk+ Ugpr jgi ygkl

~bkpokl òlgvoufg|gjo `giga vgkldgogk dblogpgk oko ogigj okhsguo

`gk dvbgposopgu lrvr giga abklbihig ~vhubu oudruo dbiha~hd+

Dbkygpggkkyg g`gigj aguoj g`g agugigj ygkl òjg`g~o `rkog

~bkòòdgk djrurukyg fo`gkl uprò ubmgvgj `giga abkbvg~dgk

~bafbigmgvgkkyg+ @gvo g|gi) fo`gkl uprò ubmgvgj òjgvg~dgk

aga~r abafgklrk bkbvlo dhibdpoc fgklug+ Pg~o) dbfomgdgk

~babvokpgj aguoj pbvgug abagvmokgidgk fo`gkl uprò ubmgvgj

ygkl aguoj òpba~gpdgk ubfglgo fo`gkl uprò ~bibkldg~+ Rkprd

pokldgp UAG) ò dbigu Z fo`gkl uprò ubmgvgj jgkyg òfbvodgk ~hvuo

ugpr mga ~bigmgvgk gpgr 02 abkop `giga ubaokllr) dbigu ZO `gkZOO ~vhlvga O^G ugpr mga ~bigmgvgk `gk polg mga ~bigmgvgk rkprd

~vhlvga OÛ òdbigu ZO `gk ZOO+

Dhkupvrduo drvodrira ub~bvpo oko pbkpr glgd abkyriopdgk fglo

lrvr ubmgvgj ò ubdhigj fbvfrgp ibfoj fgkygd pbvrpgag `giga

dhkpbdu ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv+ Jgi oko g`gigj ubfrgj gkhagio)

ò pbklgj jgvg~gk prafrjkyg `gk pbvfbkprdkyg dgvgdpbv fgklug

ygkl drgp) dbfbvugaggk `gk kguohkgiouab) kgark ugpr bibabk

upvgpblou oko mrupvr pbv~okllovdgk+

Modg ub~bvpo oko) agdg jgvg~gk glgv prafrjkyg dbug`gvgk

fbvugag abigiro ~bkllgiogk ~bklgigagk dhibdpoc fgklug gdgk

ibfoj uriop pbveg~go+ _gkl pbvmgò g`gigj pbvfgklrkkyg aguygvgdgpgjouphvou ò agug `b~gk+ Mbigu dhkòuo oko ugklgp abafgjgygdgk



O Aripodriprv `giga ^bkòòdgk Ubmgvgj7<:


dbjo`r~gk dopg ubfglgo ubfrgj fgklug+ Dbpodg fgklug oko ir~g gdgk

gugi!rurikyg) ir~g ubmgvgj fgklugkyg) agdg o`bkpopgu dopg ubfglgo

fgklug gdgk ibkyg~ `gk ubagklgp dbfbvugaggk ubagdok ~r`gv+Fgjdgk) po`gd abkrpr~ dbarkldokgk ubkpoabk!ubkpoabk ygkl

fbvigpgv fbigdgkl urdr) fr`gyg `gk glgag ubagdok prafrj urfrv

ò kblbvo oko+

Abkyg`gvo dhkòuo ub~bvpo oko) ubjgvrukyg ~babvokpgj arigo

fbvcodov rkprd abkegvo uhiruo) pbvrpgag abvbdhkupvrduo drvodrira

ubmgvgj ò ubdhigj+ Igkldgj aokoagi ygkl ugklgp abarkldokdgk

òigdrdgk ~babvokpgj ubpo`gdkyg abkgafgj ~hvuo fbigmgv fo`gkl

uprò ubmgvgj+ Oko igkldgj ~bkpokl `gk upvgpblou) dgvbkg `bklgk

~hvuo fbigmgv ygkl abag`go ~gvg lrvr gdgk ibfoj ibirgug abklbihig

dbigu+ @bklgk baodogk) drgiopgu ~bafbigmgvgk gdgk ibfoj fgod gk

prmrgk fbigmgv ibfoj ar`gj pbveg~go+Igkldgj ubigkmrpkyg ygkl g~gp oigdrdgk ogigj abkokldgpdgk

drgiocodguo dbgjiogk lrvr ubmgvgj abigiro fbvfglgo pvgokokl `gk

dblogpgk ubmbkoukyg+ Cgdphv drgiopgu lrvr ò ubdhigj geg~dgio

abkmgò fglogk `gvo ~vhfiba dbpo`gdfbvjguoigk ~bafbigmgvgk+

Dgvbkg opr) ~vhlvga!~vhlvga ~bigpojgk fglo lrvr!lrvr ubmgvgj

mrlg abvr~gdgk fglogk igkldgj ~bkpokl rkprd abkokldgpdgk

drgiopgu ~bafbigmgvgk ubmgvgj ò ubdhigj+

DBUOA^RIGK

@rkog ~bkòòdgk abaoiodo ~bvgk ~bkpokl `giga abafgklrk

dbug`gvgk aripodriprv+ ^bkòòdgk g`gigj |gjgkg upvgpblou rkprdab|rmr`dgk dbug`gvgk pbvubfrp+ G`gigj fo`gkl uprò ubmgvgj ygkl



Jo}woi G~gkò) U+^` O 7<?


abkrvrp ~bkriou abaoiodo uouo ugklgp upvgpblou `giga abafbkprd

dbug`gvgk aripodriprv oko+ ^vhubu ubmgvgj pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug

oko abvr~gdgk ~hok pbv~bkpokl ygkl |gmof òuga~godgk `gkò~gjgadgk db~g`g ~bubvpg òòd `giga vgkldg abafgklrk

ubagklgp dbfbvugaggk+

^g`g pgpgvgk ah`bi ~bafbigmgvgk) dblogpgk òudruo dbiha~hd

ugklgp pb~gp giga abk`hvhkl prafrjkyg ubagklgp fbdbvmgugag)

abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk ~bk`g~gp) abkegvo vbuhiruo gk vbdhkuoioguo

dhkciod ubfglgoagkg dgvgdpbvoupod `gvo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv+

_gkl pbvgdjov) `rkog ~bkòòdgk `gk ~babvokpgj jgvru eb~gp

fbvfbkgj òvo rkprd abkokldgpdgk drgiopgu ~bafbigmgvgkkyg+TQ

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