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Modul Bahasa Inggris 2

ATA 2018/2019

Disusun oleh:

Dewi Wulan Sari, SS., MSas.

0311118903

Universitas Gunadarma

2019

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Page of Content

Cover .......................................................................................... 1

Table of Content .......................................................................................... 2

Meeting 1

Agreement .......................................................................................... 3

Meeting 2

Question Tag .......................................................................................... 6

Meeting 3

Command & Request .......................................................................................... 8

Meeting 4 & 5

Conjunctive Adverb .......................................................................................... 10

Meeting 6 & 7

Reported Speech and

Quoted Speech .......................................................................................... 12

Meeting 8 & 9

Adverbial Clauses .......................................................................................... 17

Meeting 10

Exlamatory Sentences .......................................................................................... 22

Meeting 11

Too VS Enough .......................................................................................... 23

Meeting 12 & 13

Adjective Clause .......................................................................................... 26

Bibliography .......................................................................................... 29

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Meeting 1

Agreement

Affirmative agreemenet

When indicating that one person or thing does something and then adding that one does the

same, we use the word so or too.

Rule 1:

Main clause + and + S + Aux/be + too

Example:

I am happy, you are too.

Alice is so smart, Julian is too.

She was angry, they were too.

I always take a galss of milk for my breakfast, my brother does too.

Susan studies in the library every afternoon, her friends do too.

Jim went to Singapore, his sister did too.

Sarah has gone to Japan two times, Alicia has too.

Mark and Tim have been national player since last year, I have too.

I will be in Mexico next month, Juny will too.

They were watching Tv, Anita was too.

She is going to go to library, her friends are too.

Rule 2:

Main clause + and + so + Aux/be + S

Example:

I am happy, so are you.

Alice is so smart, so is Julian.

She was angry, so were they.

I always take a galss of milk for my breakfast, so does my brother

Susan studies in the library every afternoon, so do her friends.

Jim went to Singapore, so did his sister.

Sarah has gone to Japan two times, so has Alicia.

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Mark and Tim have been national player since last year, so have I.

I will be in Mexico next month, so will Juny

They were watching Tv, so was Anita.

She is going to go to library, so are her friends.

Negative Agreement

Either and neither function in simple statements much like so and too in affirmative sentences.

However, either and neither are used to indicate negative agreement.

Rule 1:

Main clause + and + S + [negative] Aux/be + either

Example:

I am not happy, you aren’t either.

Alice is not so smart, Julian isn’t either.

She was not angry, they weren’t either.

I don’t always take a galss of milk for my breakfast, my brother doesn’t either.

Susan does not study in the library every afternoon, her friends don’t either.

Jim didn’t go to Singapore, his sister didn’t either.

Sarah has not gone to Japan two times, Alicia hasn’t either.

Mark and Tim haven’t been national player since last year, I haven’t either.

I will not be in Mexico next month, Juny won’t either.

They were not watching Tv, Anita wasn’t either.

She isn’t going to go to library, her friends aren’t either.

Rule 2:

Main clause + and + neither + Aux/be + S

Example:

I am not happy, neither are you.

Alice is not so smart, neither is Julian.

She was not angry, neither were they.

I don’t always take a galss of milk for my breakfast, neither does my brother.

Susan does not study in the library every afternoon, neither do her friends.

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Jim didn’t go to Singapore, neither did his sister.

Sarah has not gone to Japan two times, neither has Alicia.

Mark and Tim haven’t been national player since last year, neither have I.

I will not be in Mexico next month, neither will Juny.

They were not watching Tv, neither was Anita.

She isn’t going to go to library, neither are her friends.

Exercises:

1. Rose likes to fly, and her brother ..........

2. They will leave at noon, and I .................

3. I am not interested in reading that book, and ..............she.

4. He has an early appointment, and ................I.

5. Our teacher loves to travel, and .............we.

6. I don’t like tennis, and he ...................

7. She won’t have to work on weekend, and we .........

8. She didn’t see anyone she knew, and ........... Tim

9. We like to swim in the pool, Anita ............

10. We don’t plan to attend the concert, and ............. They

11. Mica doesn’t speak English, and her family ........

12. He has lived in Mexico for five years, and you ............

13. Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and ...........hers.

14. The teacher is not too happy with the project, and ................her friends.

15. June hasn’t work there for long time, and .........you.

16. The old man did not take the medicine, and she...............

17. The girls win the second game, .................. the boys.

18. They want anything to drink, we ....................

19. Your class hasn’t begun yet, ...................mine.

20. Sam does not pay the rent, Mica ................

21. John runs so fast in the competition, ...............Alice.

22. She doesn't go to the cinema, ……………her boyfriend.

23. She can speak two languages, I ……………

24. Sarah wants to visit New York some day, ……….Bob.

25. Jane won't buy a new dress, Sandra…………

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Meeting 2

Question Tag

A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a mini-question.

We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation.

The basic structure is:

1. Positive statement, negative tag?

2. Negative statement, positive tag?

Look at these examples:

Tense Statement Question Tag

Simple Present You are busy,

They study in this room,

She does not call me,

She is beautiful,

are not you?

do not they?

does she?

is not she?

Simple Past They went to your house, did not they?

He did not accept your friend request, did he?

She was so smart, was not she?

We were tired, were not we?

Present Continuous You are not studying,

She is sleeping,

are not you?

is not she?

Past Continuous We were playing football,

He was watching TV,

were not we?

was not he?

Future They will visit me,

She will not like it,

will not they?

will she?

Present Perfect You have been there,

She has told Rian,

He has not visited me,

I have never touched it,

have not you?

has not she?

has he?

have I?

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Past Perfect You had been there,

She had not worked as nurse,

had not you?

has she?

Modals You can do it,

He should goo to see a doctor,

cannot you?

should not he?

Exercise:

1. But you don't really love her, _____?

2. This will never work, _____?

3. Well, I couldn't help it, _____?

4. But you'll tell me if she calls, _____?

5. We have known, _____?

6. The weather's bad, _____?

7. You won't be late, _____?

8. They knew about it, _____?

9. She was not able, _____?

10. They had met you before, _____?

11. They should not come, _____?

12. She is sick, _____?

13. He was playing ball, _____?

14. They were angry, _____?

15. We were studying, _____?

16. You have gotten new idea, _____?

17. She works at hospital, _____?

18. Diana & Sandra did not agree, _____?

19. She has not finished, _____?

20. He will not screw it up, _____?

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Meeting 3

Command and Request

Command

➢ Positive Command

Command begins with verb.

➢ Negative Command

Command begins with don’t

Request

➢ Polite request by using “I” as subject

Example: May I (please) borrow your pen?

Could I borrow your pen (please)?

Can I borrow your pen?

NOTE:

May I and could I are used to request permission. They are equally polite.

Can I is used informally to request permission, especially if the speaker is talking to

someone s/he knows fairly well.

TYPICAL REPONSES: Certainly. Yes, certainly. Of course. Yes, of course. I am sorry,

I can’t. (formal)

Sure. No. (informal)

➢ Polite request by using “you” as subject

Example: Would you pass the salt (please)?

Will you (please) pass the salt?

Could you pass the salt?

Can you pass the salt?

NOTE:

✓ The meaning of would you and will you in a polite request is the same. Would you is more

common and is often considered more polite.

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✓ Basically, could you and would you have the same meaning. Could you and would you are

equally polite. The difference is slight:

Would you = do you want to do this please?

Could you = do you want to do this please and is it possible for you to do this?

✓ Can you is often used informally. It usually sounds less polite than could you or would you.

EXERCISE

1. You and Ann are sitting at the dinner table. You want the butter.

You: Ann, would you please pass me the butter?

Ann: Certainly, I would be glad to. Here you are.

2. You want to ask your teacher a question.

3. You are at your friend’s apartment. You want to use the phone.

4. You are speaking on the phone to your brother. You want him to pick you up at the airport when

you arrive home.

5. You want to leave the class early. You are speaking to your instructor.

6. You want your friend to meet you in front of the library at three this afternoon.

7. You knock on your professor’s half-open door. He’s sitting at his desk. You want to go in.

8. You want to make an appointment to see Dr. North. You are speaking to her secretary.

9. You are at the gas station. You want the attendant to check the oil.

10. You are in the car. Your friend is driving. You want her to stop at the next mailbox so you can

mail a letter.

11. You want your pen. You can’t reach it, but your friend can. You want her to hand it for you.

12. Your guests have arrived. You want them to sit down.

You: Sit down please.

13. You are studying but the room is too dark.

14. The room is too hot.

15. Your friend is smoking and it annoys you.

16. You need the book that your friend is reading.

17. You can hear what your friend told you.

18. You feel hot. The window is closed.

19. The TV is on but no one watch it.

20. It is time for your favourite program on TV. Your sister is holding the remote.

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Meeting 4 & 5

Conjunctive Adverb

Conjunctive Adverb

✓ These adverbs establish a relationship between one sentence or clause and the preceding sentence

or clause.

✓ Conjunctive adverbs indicate such relationships as:

1) Result

➢ Therefore: used to introduce the logical result of something that has just been mentioned.

(oleh karena itu)

Sarah is still 16 years old, therefore she is not allowed to vote.

➢ Accordingly: in a way that is appropriate to what has been done or said in a particular

situation. (sesuai dengan, demikian, jadi, karena itu)

He was too ill to go, accordingly he stayed at home.

➢ Otherwise: used to state what the result would be if something did not happen or if the

situation were different. (sebaliknya, selain itu)

My parents give me more money today, otherwise I cannot buy this expensive bag.

➢ Consequently: as a result (sebagai akibat, maka dari itu)

She failed her senior high school final exam, consequently she was unable to continue her

study in university.

2) Addition

➢ Moreover: used to introduce some new information that adds to or supports what you

have said previously. (selain itu)

He was a famous singer, moreover a great novelist.

➢ Beside: in addition (lagi pula, tambahan, selain)

Besides working as a doctor, he also writes songs in his spare time.

➢ Also: in addition; too. (juga, pula)

She is fluent in English, She also can speak a little Italian.

➢ Furthermore: in addition to what has just been stated. (selanjutnya, lagi pula)

Julia has not told anything to George. Furthermore, she has not called him.

➢ Likewise: also (juga, pula)

He voted for the change and he expected his friends to do likewise.

3) Contrast

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➢ However: used to introduce a statement that contrasts with something that has just been

said. (bagaimanapun)

He was feeling bad. However, he went to work and tried to concentrate.

➢ Nevertheless: despite something that you have just mentioned. (namun, meskipun, begitu,

demikian)

There is a little chance that we will win the game. Nevertheless, it is important that we

try.

➢ Rather: used to introduce an idea that is different or opposite to the idea that you have

stated previously.(agak)

The wall is not white, but rather a sort of disrty grey.

➢ Still: despite what have been said. (masih, bahkan, tetapi)

The weather is so cold. Still, we have a great time.

4) Condition

➢ Otherwise: used to state what the result would be if something did not happen or if the

situation were different. (kalau tidak)

Close the window, otherwise I will get too cold.

5) Time

➢ Then: used to refer to a particular time in the past or future.(waktu itu, lalu, maka)

I have been invited too, so I will see you then.

Everything was very different back then.

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Meeting 6 & 7

Reported Speech and Quoted Speech

➢ Quoted Speech

Sometimes we want to quote a speaker’s words in order to write the speaker’s exact words. Exact

quotations are used in many kinds of writing, such as newspaper articles, stories and novels, and

academic papers. When we quote a speaker’s words, we use quotation marks.

How to write quotations

1) Add a comma after said.

2) Add quotation marks.

3) Capitalize the first word of the quotation.

4) Write the quotation. Add a final period.

5) Add quotation marks after the period.

Example:

Speaker’s exact words Quoting the speakers’ words

Jane : Cats are fun to watch.

Mike : Yes, I agree. They are graceful and

playful. Do you own a cat?

Rita : I am tired. I am going to bed.

Jane said, “Cats are fun to watch.”

Or

“Cats are fun to watch,” Jane said.

Mike said, “Yes, I agree. They are graceful

and playful. Do you own a cat?

Or

“Yes, I agree. They are graceful and playful.

Do you own a cat?” Mike said.

Rita said, “I am tired. I am going to bed.”

Or

“I am tired,” Rita said. “I am going to bed.”

Or

“I am tired. I am going to bed,” said Rita.

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*Other common verbs besides say that introduce questions: admit, announce, answer, ask,

complain, explain, inquiry, report, reply, shout, state, write.

Exercises – Change into quoted speech.

1. Ann: My sister is a student.

2. Ann: Is your brother a student?

3. Rita: Yes, My brother is a student.

4. Rita: I am hungry.

5. Rita: I am hungry. Are you hungry too?

6. Juan: We are hungry. Let’s eat.

7. Ann: I am not hungry. I will go to library.

8. Rita: Where is Santi?

9. Juan: She is playing now.

10. Ann: She usually plays in the yard.

➢ Reported Speech

Reported speech gives the idea of a speaker’s word. Not all of the exact words are used; pronoun

and verb forms may change. Quotation marks are not used.

The rule of reported speech:

1) In reported speech we don’t use the quotes (“).

2) Every kind of sentences (statement, command, question, etc) should be changed into

affirmative.

3) The tenses should be changed.

Quoted Speech Pattern Reported Speech Pattern

Simple Present S + V1 + O Simple Past S + V2 + O

S + do/does + not +V1 +

O

S + did + not + V1 + O

Present

Continuous

S + is/am/are + Ving + O Past Continuous S + was/were + Ving +

O

S + is/am/are + not + Ving

+ O

S + was/were + not +

Ving + O

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Simple Past S + V2 + O Past Perfect S + had + V3 + O

S + did + not + V1 + O S + had + not + V3

Present Perfect S + have/has + V3 + O Past Perfect S + had + V3 + O

S + have/has + not + V3 +

O

S + had + not + V3

Future Tense S + will + V1 + O Past Future Tense S + would + V1 + O

S + will + not + V1 + O S + would + not + V1 +

O

4) The time marks should be changed.

Yesterday → the day before

Tomorrow → the following day

Today → this day

Last week →the week before

Next week → the following week

Example: (Affirmative sentences)

1. He said, “I work hard.” → He said that he worked hard.

2. He said, “I am working hard.” → He said that he was working hard.

3. He said, “I worked hard.” → He said that he had worked hard.

4. He said, “I have worked hard.” → He said that he had worked hard.

5. He said, “I will work hard.” →He said that he would work hard.

Example: (Yes/No Question)

1. Sue asked, “Are you tired? → Sue asked if/whether I was tired.

2. Julian asked, “Did Sarah like Andi?” → Julian asked if/whether Sarah had liked Andi.

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Example: (WH Question)

1. He said, “Where is Dian?” → He said where Dian was.

2. Sarah asked, “What has Dian done?” → Sarah asked what Dian had done.

Example: (Command)

1. He said, “Don’t lie to me!” → He said not to lie to him.

2. He asked, “Open the window!” → He asked me to open the window.

Exercises:

1. Juan said, “I work hard.”

2. Juan said, “I am working hard.”

3. Juan said, “I worked hard.”

4. Juan said, “I have worked hard.”

5. Juan said, “I will work hard.”

6. Tom said, “I need my pen.”

7. Sue said, “I am happy.”

8. Sam said, “I feel good.”

9. Sarah said, “I need some help.”

10. Linda said, “I am meeting David for dinner.”

11. Ms. Bell said, “I have studied in Cairo.”

12. Bill said, “I forgot to pay my electric bill.”

13. Barbara said, “I will fly to Hawaii for my vacation.

14. Taufik said, “I will teach you math.”

15. Juan said, “Sandra does not like chocolate.”

16. Sally said, “My brother will take trip with her girlfriend.”

17. Kate said, “Julian called my doctor.”

18. Eric said, “I will come to your house at ten.”

19. Linda said, “Does Mike always call you?”

20. Jane asked,” Will you come to my birthday party?

21. Sally asked, “Did Mary come to class?”

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22. Peter asked, “Are you watching TV show?”

23. Sam said, “ Have you gone to America?”

24. Linda said, “Has Sarah finished her homework?”

25. Eric asked, “What time does the bus leave?

26. Barbara asked, “What is your name?

27. Lucy asked, “Where did Anita go last night?”

28. Bagas asked, “Why did you call me?”

29. Lucy asked, “How long have you known Anita?”

30. Mary asked, “Why are you crying?”

31. Jim asked, “What will you do after class?”

32. Sarah told, “Don’t come late!”

33. Peter said, “Do your homework!”

34. Sam said, “Don’t talk to my father!”

35. Sam said, “Walk to school this morning!”

36. Bagas said, “Call me tomorrow!”

37. Juan said, “Read the texts loudly!”

38. Mother said, “Do not sleep late at night!”

39. Father said, “Don’t break your car!”

40. Teacher said, “Read chapter II, page 37.”

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Meeting 8 & 9

Adverbial Clause

An adverbial clause is dependent clause introduced by an adverbial subordinator. It is

used to modify the verb of the independent clause and tells when (time), where (place), why

(reason), for what purpose, how, how long, and how far. It is also used to show contrast and

concession.

PUNCTUATION RULES

An adverbial clause can come either before or after the independent clause.

Formula:

• Adverbial clause + , + Independent clause (a comma after adverbial clause)

• Independent clause + Adverbial clause (no comma after adverbial clause)

Example:

• As he didn’t understand, he asked the teacher to explain.

• He asked the teacher to explain as he didn’t understand.

TYPES OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

There are several different kinds of adverbial clauses; in addition, the subordinators can

distinguish the different types of adverbial clauses.

a) Adverb Clause of Time

We use adverb clause of time to modify verb in main clause and to tell the time that an

action takes place. Subordinating Conjunctions: when, whenever, anytime, before, after, till,

until, while, since, just as, as soon as, as often as, now that, as long as … Example:

• She ran away while I was sleeping.

• While I was sleeping, she ran away.

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b) Adverb Clause of Place

We use adverb clause of place to modify verb in main clause and to tell the place that

an action takes place. Subordinating Conjunctions: where, as far as, as near as, wherever,

anywhere… Example:

• She is always drunk wherever I meet her.

• Wherever I meet her, she is always drunk.

c) Adverb Clause of Manner

We use adverb clause of manner to modify verb in main clause and to tell how an action

takes place. Subordinating Conjunctions: as if, as though, as. Example:

• The boy speaks as if he is sick.

• As if he is sick, the boy speaks.

d) Adverb Clause of Cause/Reason

We use adverb clause of cause/reason to modify verb in main clause and to tell the

cause that an action takes place. Subordinating Conjunctions: because, as, for, that.

Example:

• I come here because I want to meet you.

• Because I want to meet you, I come here.

e) Adverb Clause of Condition

We use adverb clause of condition to modify verb in main clause and to tell the

condition that an action takes place or someone does something. Subordinating

Conjunctions: if, whether, if … not, unless, supposing that, provided that, in the condition

that, as long as that. Example:

• I will commit suicide unless you love me.

• Unless you love me, I will commit suicide.

f) Adverb Clause of Purpose

We use adverb clause of purpose to modify verb in main clause and to tell the aim that

someone does something or something happens. Subordinating Conjunctions: so that, in

order that. Example:

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• I tell him everyday in order that he can remember.

• In order that he can remember, I tell him everyday.

REMEMBER: Sometimes we can use “so as to, in order to” to stand instead of “so that, in

order that”.

Sentence + so that / in order that + subject + verb +

complement.

Sentence + so as to / in order to + verb + complement.

Example:

• I bring my dictionary with me in order that I can check.

• I bring my dictionary with me in order to check.

g) Adverb Clause of Result/Consequence

We use adverb clause of result/consequence to modify verb in main clause and to tell

the result that someone does something or something happens. Subordinating

Conjunctions: “that” is used to recognize adverb clause of result.

Subject + verb + so + adjective/adverb + that + subject +

verb + comp

• She is so hungry that she has lunch early.

• That she has lunch early, she is so hungry.

Subject + verb + such + noun(s) + that + subject + verb +

complement

• She acts such a rude manner that no man loves her.

• That no man loves her, she acts such a rude manner.

h) Adverb Clause of Concession/Contrast

We use adverb clause of concession/contrast to modify verb in main clause and it is

introduced by the below-written subordinating conjunctions: Subordinating

Conjunctions: though, however, even though, even if, although, so, in spite of the fact that, the

fact that, despite that, whether or, granted that, whoever, whatever, whichever, no matter what,

whereas, while. Example:

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• I have never committed crime although I am poor.

• Although I am poor, I have never committed crime.

i) Adverb Clause of Degree

We use adverb clause of degree to modify verb in main clause. Subordinating

Conjunctions: according to as, according to how. Example:

• She will be paid according to how she works.

• According to how she works, she will be paid.

j) Adverb Clause of Means

We use adverb clause of means to modify verb in main clause. Subordinating

Conjunctions: by the fact that, by whatever means, by what means. Example:

• You can recognize her easily by the fact that she speaks loudly.

• By the fact that she speaks loudly, you can recognize her easily.

k) Adverb Clause of Comparison

We use adverb clause of comparison to modify verb in main clause. Subordinating

Conjunctions: small, fast, hard, slow, late…

Subject + verb + as + adjective/adverb + as + subject + verb

+ comp

• Your book is as small as my book is.

• You speak as fast as she does.

Sub + verb + adj/adv-er /more-adj/adv + than + sub + verb

+ comp

• She runs faster than I do.

• They speak more fluently than he does.

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EXERCISE

1. since he always did well on his English tests, his parents were not surprised that he got an

A.

2. You should keep the milk in the refrigerator, so that it doesn't go bad.

3. although he thinks he's smart, he isn't.

4. You should say goodbye to your brother before you leave for Europe.

5. since my father has high blood pressure, he has to watch what he eats.

6. since I came to this country, I didn't speak a word of English!

7. I'll let you know after I come back.

8. He doesn't understand because he doesn't speak French very well.

9. He spoke slowly so that she would understand.

10. if you stop crying, I'll buy you an ice cream.

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Meeting 10

Exclamatory Sentences

An exclamatory sentence is used express a sudden emotion. It could be fear, anger, anxiety,

admiration, excitement etc.

Here are some tips for constructing exclamatory sentences.

Use what a before a singular noun.

• What a surprise!

Before an abstract noun or a plural noun, use what without a.

• What awful weather!

Use how before a modifying adjective, an adverb or a verb.

Examples are given below

• What a nice evening!

• What a pleasant surprise!

• What treachery!

• What awful weather!

• How noble of him to do that!

• How clever of you!

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Meeting 11

Too VS. Enough

Too and enough indicate degree. They are used with adjectives.

• Too means more than what is needed.

• Enough means sufficient.

Examples

He is too old to play football with the kids.

Dave is intelligent enough to do the write thing.

You're not working fast enough

I don't have enough time.

He has too many friends.

She has got too much patience

Use of too and enough

1. Enough precedes adjectives and adverbs:

He isn't old enough to watch this program.

We're not walking quickly enough.

2. Enough may also precede nouns:

We have enough money .

I have not got enough money to buy this computer.

3. Too comes before adjectives and adverbs:

It's too hot to wear that coat.

I was driving too fast.

4. Too may also come before nouns when it is used with the expressions too much and too

many.

Too much is used before uncountable nouns.

There is too much salt in this food.

Too many is used before countable nouns

There are too many students in this classroom.

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The following grammar notes show the difference uses (and word order)

of Very, Too and Enough.

Very and Too + adjective

1. The exam is very difficult, but Jim can complete it.

2. The exam is too difficult. Jim can't complete it.

Very difficult = it is difficult but possible for Jim to complete the exam.

Too difficult = It is impossible for Jim to complete the exam.

Remember that Too implies a negative result.

Too + adjective + infinitive

• Alex couldn't play basketball because he was too short.

• Alex was too short to play basketball.

• We are too tired to go to the gym.

• Mary was too ill to finish her food.

Too + adjective + for (someone) + infinitive

• I can't walk to Valparaiso because it is too far.

• Valparaiso is too far for me to walk.

• It is too late for me to go out.

• The soup is too cold for Tim to eat.

• The price of the ticket is too expensive for Mike to fly to Europe.

Enough + noun

Enough (pronounced "enuf")

There was sufficient food for everybody at the party.

• There was enough food for everybody at the party.

• I had enough money to pay for dinner with my girlfriend.

• Is there enough time to finish the test?

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Adjective + Enough

Everybody notices her because she is very pretty.

• She is pretty enough for everybody to notice her.

• My friend lives close enough to my house to walk.

• Last summer it was hot enough to go swimming every day.

Enough + infinitive

• When she lost her dog, it was enough to make her cry.

• He was sick enough to stay home from work today.

• I arrived at the airport early enough to make my flight to New York.

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Meeting 12 & 13

Adjective Clause

An adjective clause modifies a noun. It describes or gives information about a noun.

An adjective clause follows a noun.

Adjective clauses are also called as relative clauses.

Relative clause begins with relative word

Here are the relative words.

Who: can be used for the person as a subject

Whom: can be used for the person as an object

Whose: can be used for possession

Which: can be uses for a thing as a subject or

object

That: can be uses for a thing/person as a

subject or object

How to make an adjective clause?

1. The boy helps me to find my book.

2. The boy is very handsome.

RESULT:

The boy who is very handsome helps me to find a book.

Discussion (1):

The river is polluted. It flows through town.

The man called the police. His car was stolen.

The books were very expensive. Mother bought them for me.

The lady is speaking to the man. I really hate the man.

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EXERCISES 1

Combine the following group of sentences.

1. The police officer was friendly. He gave me directions.

2. The woman thanked me. I helped her.

3. The soup was too salty. I had it for lunch.

4. I lost the scarf. I borrowed it from my roommate.

5. The doctor started to charge higher fees. His office was newly decorated.

6. The house is very old. The Taylors live in the house.

7. The student was highly praised by his teacher. His composition was read in class.

8. The last record became a gold record. The record was produced by this company.

9. The woman works as a cashier. She sits next to me in class.

10. I lived in an apartment building. It had a very slow elevator.

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EXERCISES 2

Put the blanks with who, whom, whose, which or that.

1. A man _____has too great expectation from his son may be disappointed.

2. The French pianist ______they had heard praised very highly turned out to be a great

disappointment.

3. We found the cat ______leg is bleeding.

4. The city ______Henry James prepared to live is very rich in historical association.

5. The man ______ money had been stolen reported the thieves to the police.

6. She worked for a man _______ used to be an athlete

7. Finally I met to the woman _____ you always talked about.

8. I talked to the girl _______ car had broken down in front of the shop.

9. This is the girl _______ comes from Spain.

10. Thank you very much for your e-mail _______ was very interesting.

11. The man, ________ father is a professor, forgot his umbrella.

12. What did you do with the money ______ your mother lent you?

13. Children ________eat a lot of candy often get bad teeth.

14. The book _______ you gave me is great.

15. The boy __________ father is a doctor often visits me.

16. My sister _______ lives in Istanbul is going to visit us.

17. That pencil____________ is on your desk belongs to me.

18. The police____________ I saw yesterday got murdered.

19. Do you know anyone _______ speaks Japanese?

20. The woman, __________ I met yesterday, did not speak English.

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Bibliography

-----. (2004). TOEFL Exam Essentials. New York: Learning Express

Azar, Betty Schramfer. (1993). Fundamentals of English Grammar,SecondEdition. Jakarta:

Binarupa Aksara.

Azar, Betty Schramfer. (1993). Understanding and Using English Grammar, Second Edition.

Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara.

Hornby. (2010). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. UK: Oxford University Press.

Pyle, Michael A and Page, Narry Ellen Munoz. (1995). Cliff TOEFL Preparation Guide.

Nebraska: John Wiley and Sons.

Websites:

https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/adjective_clauses.htm

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/hilfsverben2.htm

https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses.htm

http://advancegrammar.blogspot.com/2009/09/adverb-clause.html

http://www.englishgrammar.org/exclamatory-sentences/#x65wRp79P8FBi8Bc.99

http://www.grammar.cl/Intermediate/Very_Too_Enough.htm

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-too-

enough.php#.UxBx_eOSxM4

https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/adjective_clauses.htmhttps://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/hilfsverben2.htmhttps://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses.htmhttp://advancegrammar.blogspot.com/2009/09/adverb-clause.htmlhttp://www.englishgrammar.org/exclamatory-sentences/#x65wRp79P8FBi8Bc.99http://www.grammar.cl/Intermediate/Very_Too_Enough.htmhttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-too-enough.php#.UxBx_eOSxM4http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-too-enough.php#.UxBx_eOSxM4