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MINGGU 2:

STRUKTUR , FUNGSI DAN PERUBAHAN LANSKAP

Prof. Lilik Budi Prasetyo

http://lbprastdp.staff.ipb.ac.id

Bogor Agricultural University

INDONESIA

Landscape Structure: spatial relationships among landscape elements(hubungan spasial antar elemen pembentuk)

Landscape Function: how the elements act and interact(bagaimana masing-masing elemen berperan dan interaksi antar elemen)

Landscape Change: alteration of the structure and function of the landscape over time(alterasi struktur dan fungsi pada bentang lahan sepanjang waktu)

BAGAIMANA MELIHAT STRUKTUR

LANSKAP ?

• Tipe element

• Dominansi /Luas (size) element

• Jumlah tiap element (Heterogenitas)

• Bentuk (shape)/Size elemen

• Distribusi/arrangement

Tipe element

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Dominansi Heterogenitas

Distribusi/Arrangement Distribusi/Arrangement

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Bentuk/shapeBentuk/shape

Faktor apa yg menentukan

structure/pattern sebuah lanskap

• Tipe Disturbance/gangguan

– Intensity

– Frequency (Chronic/single disturbance)

– Timing (coincidence)

– Extent/Area

– Distribution (random/clumped)

• Sucession

• Biophysical Factors

– Topography, geology, soil (independent), Wildlife (Biotic

interaction : competion, domince)

• Climate

– Curah hujan, suhu, kelembaban

STRUKTUR & CHANGE (Role Disturbance)

DISTURBANCE :

Kejadian yg mengganggu struktur ekosistem, komunitas atau

populasi dan mengubah sumberdaya dan ketersediaan materi,

atau lingkungan fisik

any process or condition external to the natural physiology of

living organisms that results in the sudden mortality of

biomass in a community on a time scale significantly shorter

than the accumulation of the biomass.

Any relatively discrete event in space and time that disrupts

ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes

resources, substrate, or the physical environment. Disturbances

typically cause a significant change in the system.

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Disturbance can also be defined as a relatively discrete event in time and space where plant biomass (or labile soil organic matter) has been lost or removed; in this case, the disturbance concept is intricately linked with the concept of succession.

Pickett and White (1985) and Chapin et al. (2002) disturbance as a relatively discrete event in time and space that alters the structure of populations, communities, and ecosystems and causes changes in resource availability or the physical environment

STRUKTUR & CHANGE (Role Disturbance)Concepts of Disturbance and Equilibrium

Tipe and asal/origin dari disturbances

Disturbance

1) Intensity: proporsi biomasa yang terganggu/hilang/mati Misal : tipe kebakaran (surface/crown fire)

Clear cutting/selective logging

1) Frequency: Jumlah disturbance pada satu waktu interval tertentu : menentukan bagaimana proses suksesi bisa berlangsung.

Frekuensi gangguan dapat diprediksi bila berulang pada interval tertentu, misal kekeringan, banjir, kebakaran

Disturbance

3) Timing: coincidence disturbance dengan faktor lain

misal : peristiwa kebakaran pada musim kemarau akan lebih parah merusak ekosistem dibandingkan bila terjadi pada musim hujan api pada musim hujan

4) Disturbance area: luasan disturbance

5) Ketersediaan Sumberdaya: kehilangan/kematian secarimmediate mortality is the most dramatic mendadak mempunyai efek yg lebih besar

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Disturbance Recovery-

RecoveryDisturbance

Time

Sta

te v

aria

ble

s

Seasonal

• Setelah disturbance, ecosystems kembali mengalami suksesi/ succession,

• Bila disturbance berhenti maka suksesi proses akan mencapai klimaks/climax

(titik akhir suksesi),

• Pada titik ini struktur dan ecosystem mengalami steady state kebutuhan

vegetasi (mempertahankan kondisi klimaks) akan sama seimbang dengan

suplainya (respirasi =fotosintesa)

PATCH ORIGIN

Succession

• Primer :

occurring over decades to centuries explain much of the local variation among ecosystems (waktu sangat panjang)

• Secondary succession

occurs on previously vegetated sites after disturbances such as fire, hurricanes, logging, and agricultural plowing (relatif pendek karena tersedia resources/biji, stolon, etc)

Disturbance and Species Existence

FAKTA DARI RESEARCH

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DISTURBANCE RECOVERY(Case study)

Prasetyo, L.B, Hirata, Y, Hideki, S

TOTAL AFFECTED AREAS IN 1998

3.4 MILLION HECTARE

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Ap

r-9

8

Ma

y-9

8

Ju

n-9

8

Ju

l-9

8

Au

g-9

8

Se

p-9

8

Oct-

98

No

v-9

8

De

c-9

8

Ja

n-9

9

Fe

b-9

9

Ma

r-9

9

Ap

r-9

9

Ma

y-9

9

Ju

n-9

9

Ju

l-9

9

Au

g-9

9

Se

p-9

9

Oct-

99

No

v-9

9

De

c-9

9

Ja

n-0

0

Fe

b-0

0

Ma

r-0

0

Ap

r-0

0

Ma

y-0

0

Ju

n-0

0

Ju

l-0

0

Au

g-0

0

Se

p-0

0

Oct-

00

No

v-0

0

De

c-0

0

RECOVERY PROCESS OF FIRE DISTURBANCE :

NDSWIR DYNAMIS CHANGES 1998 - 2000

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Herbs & Seedlings

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

0 20 40 60 80 100

No. of sub-plots

No

. o

f sp Natural

Post fireA mangium

Trees

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 20 40 60 80 100

No. of subplots

No

. o

f sp

ecie

s NaturalPost fireA mangium

Saplings

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 10 20 30 40 50

No. of subplots

No

. o

f sp

ecie

s NaturalPost fireA mangium

PLOT LEVEL RECOVERY(Species Diversity)

H.SIMBOLON et.al

KONDISI LANSKAP 1985KONDISI LANSKAP 1989

Exogenous disturbance

KONDISI LANSKAP 1992KONDISI LANSKAP 2000KONDISI LANSKAP 2004

STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Effects of weather, landscape structure, and management

on fire spread: Comparison between WI hardwoods and

NJ Pinelands, USA

Zheng, D1*., J.J. LaCroix1, S. Ryu1, J. Chen1, J. Hom2, and K. Clark2

1 University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.

2 USDA Forest Service, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA

Spatial distribution of 24 fire ignition points in relation to fuel types in the CNF

(left) and NJP (right) USA. 5 = Brush < 0.8 m with scattered trees, 8 = Litter

layer without under story, 10 = Litter layer with under story, and 11 = light

logging/Swamps.

Eastern USA

KESIMPULAN

Fire spread was + with landscape fragmentation. The combination of

fuel/structure determine fire areas/patterns if other factors are constants.

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SOURCE & SINK GHG

L.B.Prasetyo, S. Genya, U. Rosalina

D.Murdiyarso, H. Tsuruta

Land-use/cover changes in Jambi

impact on green house gas :

reduction of above-ground

carbon stock : 10 x 106 ton/year

reduction of Methane gas

absorption : 1.5 x 103 ton/year

KAJIAN KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG DI BERBAGAI TIPE LANSKAP HUTAN TANAMAN PINUS

TIARA SUKRA DEWI

Kekayaan jenis burung di lokasi penelitian

Kondisi Burung Lokasi A Lokasi B Lokasi C Lokasi D

Jumlah jenis 16 16 27 22

Indeks Keanekaragaman 2.13 2.33 2.98 2.47

Indeks Kemerataan 0.77 0.84 0.90 0.80

Jumlah Jenis Dominan 5 7 7 5

Jumlah Jenis Jarang 4 2 10 9

Jumlah Jenis Dilindungi 4 4 4 4

Jumlah Jenis Endemik 2 1 3 2

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38.56

18.95

5.233.27 2.61 1.96 1.31

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Jenis Burung

Kera

pata

n R

ela

tif

Kacamata gunung

Walet linci

Tepus pipi-perak

Cinenen Jaw a

Perenjak Jaw a

Gelatik-batu kelabu

Cekakak Jaw a

Wiw ik kelabu

Cekakak sungai

Layang-layang batu

Cucak kutilang

Srigunting hitam

Cica-koreng Jaw a

Burung-madu sriganti

Pelanduk semak

Cabai gunung

24.24

21.21

9.09

7.07

5.054.04

3.038.082.02 1.01

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Jenis Burung

Kera

pata

n R

ela

tif

Walet linci

Kacamata gunung

Layang-layang batu

Perenjak Jaw a

Cabai Jaw a

Cekakak Jaw a

Cucak kutilang

Cinenen Jaw a

Pelanduk semak

Kacamata biasa

Tekukur biasa

Raja-udang meninting

Cekakak sungai

Burung-madu sriganti

Remetuk laut

Burung-gereja Erasia

Kacamata Gunung

(Zosterops montanus)

Walet linci (Collocalia linchi)

A

B

12.3611.24

5.62 5.063.93

2.253.37 2.81

1.69 1.12 0.56

0

5

10

15

Jenis Burung

Ke

rap

ata

n

Re

lati

f

Walet linci Kacamata gunung Kacamata biasa Gelatik-batu kelabu

Tekukur biasa Cinenen Jaw a Perenjak Jaw a Cekakak sungai

Pelanduk semak Burung-madu sriganti Srigunting kelabu Cinenen pisang

Cekakak Jaw a Srigunting hitam Wiw ik kelabu Munguk beledu

Meninting besar Caladi tilik Empuloh janggut Cabai Jaw a

Bondol Jaw a Layang-layang batu Merbah cerucuk Tepus pipi-perak

Cinenen kelabu Gemak loreng Burung-madu kelapa

32.54

4.76 3.97

11.117.14

6.355.56 3.17 2.38 0.79

0

10

20

30

40

Jenis Burung

Kera

pata

n

Rela

tif

Kacamata gunung Walet linci Pelanduk semak Perenjak Jaw a

Cabai Jaw a Wiw ik kelabu Gelatik-batu kelabu Cinenen Jaw a

Tepus pipi-perak Wiw ik uncuing Srigunting hitam Layang-layang batu

Empuloh janggut Munguk beledu Tekukur biasa Cekakak Jaw a

Cekakak sungai Jingjing batu Meninting besar Cinenen pisang

Burung-madu sriganti Cabai gunung

Kacamata Gunung

(Zosterops montanus)

Walet linci (Collocalia linchi)

Kacamata biasa

(Zosterops palpebrosus)

C

D