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PENYELIDIKAN UMUM (GENERAL SURVEY) EKSPLORASI (EXPLORATION) PENGEMBANGAN TAMBANG (DEVELOPMENT) PENAMBANGAN (EXPLOITATION) METODA PENGOLAHAN/PEMURNIAN (PROCESSING) PENJUALAN (MARKETING)

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PENYELIDIKAN UMUM (GENERAL SURVEY)

EKSPLORASI (EXPLORATION)

PENGEMBANGAN TAMBANG (DEVELOPMENT)

PENAMBANGAN (EXPLOITATION) METODA

PENGOLAHAN/PEMURNIAN (PROCESSING)

PENJUALAN (MARKETING)

METODE PENAMBANGAN

DIBAGI MENJADI :

Tambang Terbuka/Tambang Permukaan (Surface Mining)

Tambang Bawah Tanah/Tambang Dalam (Underground Mining)

Penambangan : kegiatan yang dilakukan baik secara sederhana (manual) maupun mekanis yang meliputi penggalian, pemberaian, pemuatan dan pengangkutan bahan galian.

Aktivitas penambangan berhubungan langsung dengan udara luar (atmosfer)

Keadaan tanah penutup

Keadaan endapan bahan tambang

Kondisi hidrogeologi

Fasilitas teknik yang tersedia

Iklim dan cuaca

Kondisi lingkungan

Biaya relatif lebih rendah

Kondisi tempat kerja lebih leluasa & aman

Penggunaan alat-alat berat lebih leluasa

Mining recovery lebih tinggi

Pengamanan, pengaturan & kontrol lebih mudah

Kondisi kerja dipengaruhi iklim & cuaca

Kedalaman penggalian terbatas stripping ratio

Kerusakan lingkungan

Dibatasi tata guna lahan

I. PLACER MINING : Panning & Sluicing

Hidraulicking

Dredging

II. OPEN PIT :

Single-bench Mining

Multi-bench Mining

Quarry Mining

Strip MiningIII. GLORY HOLE

Pengangkutan melalui terowongan di bawah endapan bahan tambang

*) K. Sweet : Mining 1

Placer MiningPlacer mining involves excavating loose, or alluvial, deposits such as sand, gravel, silt, or clay. Valuable minerals are separated from the alluvial materials through a system of screens, jigs, and sluices. Placer minerals include metals

such as gold, platinum, and tin, and gems such as diamonds and rubies.

• Detrital mineral• Pada/dekat aliran air• Tidak dalam

Cara tradisional/manual Menggunakan alat pendulangan Pemisahan dengan bantuan aliran air

Sering dilakukan sebagai metoda sampling pada eksplorasi endapan placer

Penambangan emas sekunder (placer) atau intan (Martapura)

Berat jenis mineral berharga > B.D. batuan

Produksinya terbatas

Diamond Mining in IndonesiaDue to the presence of valuable minerals, especially tin

and petroleum, mining is an important industry in Indonesia. Some Indonesians are involved in small-

scale forms of mineral extraction, such as traditional diamond mining. Here on the island of Borneo, miners

wash gravel excavated from nearby pits and then examine the sifted soil with large, conical containers to

locate raw diamonds and gemstones.

PENAMBANGAN EMAS TANPA IZIN

• MATERIAL DIAMBIL DARI BEKAS TAMBANG PT. ANTAM BERUPA URAT URAT TIPIS

• SISA PROSESSING UMUMNYA DIBUANG KE SUNGAI (TANPA BAK PENAMPUNG)

• RECOVERY PENGOLAHAN 35 - 40 %

Menggunakan semprotan air untuk memisahkan bahan tambang

Menggunakan alat semprot GIANT atau MONITOR

Digunakan pada endapan alluvial, mis. pasir besi, timah sekunder, emas.

Material hasil semprotan dialirkan/ dipompakan ke instalasi pemisah konsentrat.

Syarat utama tersedia cukup banyak air

1. Waste material2. Sluices3. Alluvial deposit4. Sluice channel5. Pipe line

GRAVEL PUMP DAN MONITOR

Menggunakan Kapal Keruk sebagai alat gali

Biasa digunakan untuk penambang-an endapan alluvial (timah sekunder)

Bisa dilakukan di laut ataupun di darat, tergantung dari jenis, bentuk dan ukuran kapal keruk.

Pemisahan konsentrat dilakukan di kapal keruk itu sendiri

PENAMBANGAN ALUVIAL DENGAN KAPAL KERUK

Open-Cut Mining in AustraliaMining in the Pilbara region of Western Australia is done by the open-cut method, in which large

masses of ore-bearing rock are broken up and then removed by power shovels and trucks. Mining is one of Australia’s most important industries. The country has large deposits of bauxite, coal,

diamonds, gold, iron ore, nickel, uranium, and other minerals.

(Open Mine, Open Cut, atau Open Cast)

• Penambangan endapan mineral pada setiap jenis batuan

• Letak dekat permukaaan tanah

• Dimensi horisontalnya besar

• Produksi tinggi, biaya rendah

• Dilakukan secara berjenjang (benching)

• Membentuk cekungan/pit

Penyebaran deposit

Stripping ratio Kondisi iklim/

cuaca Kecepatan pro-

duksi yang diharapkan

Ketersediaan peralatan

PIT LAYOUT

Kennecott Copper MineThe Kennecott Copper Mine, located southwest of Salt Lake City, is the largest excavation in the

world and the first open-pit copper mine. The mine assists in making Utah the second leading state in copper production.

Mining in the YukonMining has dominated the Yukon Territory’s economy since gold was discovered there in 1896. With rich mineral

deposits located throughout this Canadian province, mining continues to be its principal economic activity. Here, lead and zinc are extracted and loaded onto a truck at the Anvil open-pit mine in Faro, a town in the southeastern Yukon.

Sejenis dengan Open Pit

Untuk endapan bijih yang terdapat pada lereng

Bentuk tambang melingkari bukit/gunung

Arizona Copper Mine

This open-pit copper

mine at Morenci is the largest

copper mine in Arizona.

Large underground and open-pit mines in the southern

half of the state make Arizona the

leader in United States copper

production.

Open-Cut Copper Mine Utah

Metallic copper and copper ores, such as chalcopyrite and bornite, are mined in open-pit mines from deposits near the earth’s surface. Further refining is necessary to separate the copper from impurities such as sulfides, carbonates, iron, and silicates. Copper is used extensively in electrical components because of its high conductivity. Shown here is

one of North America’s largest open-pit copper mines, located in Kennecott, Utah.

Sejenis Open Cut Mining

Bahan galian non logam, mis. andesit, granit, batu kapur, marmer, serpih (shale) dll.

Dua jenis quarry : “dimension stone” dan “broken stone”

Salah satu metoda Open Pit Mine

Untuk endapan bahan galian yang luas dan horisontal (bedded deposit)

Paling cocog untuk tambang batubara terbuka

Dilakukan blasting tergantung kondisi overburdennya

Area Mining atau Contour Mining

Coal Strip Mine This excavated area, which borders farmland, has been strip mined for coal. Unless the strip mine is filled and revegetated, surface water runoff from the

mined area can flush sediments and sulfur-bearing compounds (acid drainage) into nearby streams and rivers, endangering plant and wildlife communities.

Coal Auger in Strip MineAfter the surface of a hill is stripped, a giant auger drill bores through the sides to get at the rich coal beds underneath the topsoil. The drills may penetrate as far as 30 m

(100 ft).

German Coal MiningAthough mining makes up only a small part of the German economy, some minerals are still produced

in large quantities, especially the type of coal known as lignite. Much of the lignite in Germany is produced in surface, or strip, mines, where machines remove dirt and rock from above the coal

deposits. Some of the machines used in German mining are the largest of their kind in the world; so-called shovel wheels, like the one shown here, can do the same amount of work in a day as thousands

of men.

Jenis surface mining/open pit mining

Pengangkutan melalui terowongan di bawah tempat penambangan

Pemberaian dilakukan dengan peledakan

Hancuran ore turun/jatuh ke terowongan karena gravitasi

Digunakan hampir pada semua jenis deposit yang tidak akan menggumpal/ menyumbat.

Kaolin MineGeorgia leads the nation in kaolin production. Kaolin is a soft white clay used in the manufacture of china, bricks,

and paper, among other things. This is an open pit kaolin mine.

Giant Coal BucketStrip miners often use extremely large buckets to level or move land. The buckets have sharp, slanted teeth on the front edge and are dragged along the surface of the ground by powerful machines. This

bucket, used in the Big Muskie coal mine in Ohio, is the size of a small house.

Letak deposit jauh di bawah permukaan tanah

Aktivitas kerja tidak berhubungan langsung dengan udara luar

Karakteristik spatial ore body

Sifat dan kondisi ore dan contry rock

Kondisi hidrogeologi

Faktor ekonomis (grade, nilai dan distribusi mineral)

Biaya eksploitasi

Kondisi lingkungan

Tidak dipengaruhi keadaan iklim dan cuaca

Kerusakan lingkungan dan tataguna lahan relatif kecil

Produksi yang dihasilkan relatif lebih bersih karena batuan samping tidak terikutkan

Tidak memerlukan lahan bukaan yang luas

Biaya operasional lebih besar

Alat-alat besar tidak bisa leluasa dipergunakan

Kondisi kerja lebih membahayakan

Pengamanan, pengaturan dan kontrol lebih rumit

Perolehan tambang lebih kecil, krn lingkup kerja & peralatan terbatas.

Ventilation shaft

Main shaft

Auxiliary Level

Ore Body

Pillar Horizontal

Main Level I

Main Level II

Sub Level I

Sub Level IIStope

Hanging Wall Foot Wall

Sump

Skip

Water Basin

Pump Station

Skip Filling Station

Ore bin

WinzeDrift ExplorationDiamond

Drilling

Communication raise, manway

Ore pass

Ore pass

Haulage drift

Surface production

Un

derg

rou

nd

P

rod

.U

nd

er

Dvl

op

Exp

lora

tion

Underground Mine Shaft

I. SELF SUPPORTING OPENINGS :

Open Stope Mining

Pillared Open StopedII. ARTIFICIAL

SUPPORTING :

Shrinkage Stoping

Cut and Fill

Stull Stoping

Square-set Stoping

Longwall MiningIII. CAVING METHOD

Caving

Top Slicing*) K. Sweet : Mining 1

ISOLATED OPEN STOPE

MINING

(GOPHERING)Tanpa

penyanggaan

Batuan keras dan kompak

Bentuk endapan

tidak teratur

Ukuran endapan kecil

Kadar bijih tinggi dan berharga

mahal

Endapan bijih berbentuk

urat, tebal 1-20 mtr

Kemiringan + 300

Ore & batuan samping

keras dan kuat

Batas ore & batuan

samping jelas

Penyebaran grade merata

Pillar dari ore

Grade & ketebalan ore relatif rata

Kemiringan relatif datar

Biasa dilakukan untuk batubara bawah tanah

Perolehan tambang 50-75%

Penambangan ke arah atas

Dilakukan peledakan

Endapan bijih berbentuk vein,

lebar dan kemiringan > 500

Ore & batuan samping tidak mudah runtuh

Penyebaran grade agak homogen

Penambangan ke arah atas

Bekas galian diisi dengan waste/tailing

Bentuk endapan bijih vein, tebal 1-6 mtr, kemiringan sekitar 450

Endapan bijih masif, sedang batuan samping bisa lunak/kurang kompak

Endapan bijih bernilai tinggi

(Mechanized Cut and Fill Stoping)

Deep Mine Shaft

An Idaho miner operates a jack-leg drill more than 1500

m (5000 feet) below the surface. Miners in the Lucky Friday mine face the same dangers encountered in all

deep shafts: potential buildup of hazardous gases,

explosive coal dust, and possible roof collapse. Good ventilation systems, rock-

dusting with limestone, and extensive steel

reinforcement are used to lower the possibility of

these accidents.

Penyanggaan secara teratur antara footwall &

hanging wall

Struktur ore deposit dan batuan samping lemah

Bentuk deposit tidak teratur, tebal < 3.6 meter

Biaya tinggi untuk personel dan material

Populer digunakan untuk penambangan batubara bawah tanah

Menggunakan serangkaian dongkrak hidraulik (“jack”) untuk menyangga atap tambang (panjang rangkaian bisa mencapai 180 mtr)

Penggalian memakai mesin pemotong dengan me-motong2 batubara 50-75 cm

Jack secara otomatis bergerak maju, sementara atap di belakangnya dibiarkan runtuh

Batubara ditranspor dengan belt conveyor

Produksi bisa 4-5 kali lebih besar dari room & pillar

Tidak bisa diterapkan jika lapisan batuan di atasnya bisa mengalami penurunan

(subsidence)

Penambangan dilakukan dengan cara meruntuhkan endapan bijih

Tipe endapan bijih masif, menyebar secara horisontal, cukup berkadar

rendah

Penurunan permukaan tanah dapat ditolerir

Sebagai pengembangan dari open pit

Penambangan ke atas dari setiap sub level, dimulai dari

bagian atas

Endapan bijih lemah sedang

batuan samping dapat pecah jadi

bongkah-bongkah

Tebal endapan bijih > 3 mtr

Penambangan dengan

cara diruntuhkan blok per blokDigunakan untuk endapan bijih masif, kadar rendah dan tersebar, berukuran

luas secara mendatar, dan strukturnya lemah (mudah runtuh)

Produksinya tinggi, biaya rendah tapi recovery akan turun jika bijih terkontaminasi (dilution) oleh batuan samping

Penambangan mulai dari atas le

arah bawah

Pada bukaan sebelumnya

disangga dg kayu

Setelah bukaan berikutnya, penyangga

diledakkan dan overburden

runtuh

Digunkan pada endapan bijih masif, berlapis tebal atau vein

Endapan bijih dan batuan

samping lemah dan mudah

runtuh

Cutting PeatA worker cuts peat from lush peatland in Ireland. Peat is the first stage in the transformation of

vegetation into coal. For hundreds of years, people have cut, dried, and burned it for heating and cooking. This compact, dark-brown material contains about one third less heating value than coal.

Pit Mining in BrazilWorkers excavate a pit mine in northeastern Brazil by hauling sacks of earth up steep

ladders. Open-pit excavations are the least expensive method of exploiting mineral resources located close to the earth’s surface. Prospectors have been pit mining for

gold and other minerals in Brazil since colonial times.

Salt Mining in Lake ChadResidents of Chad mine natron, used to make soap, glass, paper, and

medicines, on the shores of Lake Chad.