mesir kuno

Mesopotamia

Mesoamerica

Mesir

(4000 - 3000 SM)Mesopotamia

(4000 - 2000 SM)

Yunani

Romawi

Kristen Awal

(0 - 400 SM)

Romanesque

(1000 – 1200 M)

Byzantine

(400 – 1400 M)

Gothik

(1200 - 1400 M)

Renaissance

BaroqueManerisme Klasisisme

Rococo

Etruria

Mesir Kuno & Mesopotamia

merupakan cikal bakal peradaban

Barat

MESIRGeografis

Terlindung di antara Gurun Barat dan

Gurun Timur

Iklim

Tropis – subtropis

Sosial – Budaya

Firaun = tuhan

Kekuasaan raja absolut

Bertani

Budaya statis dan abadi

MESOPOTAMIAGeografis

Terbuka di antara 2 sungai

Iklim

Subtropis

Sosial – Budaya

Banyak dewa

Kolonialis

Bertani dan berdagang

Budaya selektif

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Mesir

Geografis• Terletak di sepanjang Sungai Nil

• Terlindung di antara Gurun Barat dan Gurun Timur

Sosial Budaya• Pandai berorganisasi (pengaturan daerah sekitar

sungai)

• Mengembangkan bentuk-bentuk pemerintahan, religi, & keterampilan teknik & budaya sebagai bagian dari peradaban

• Homogenitas budaya

• Sudah mengenal tulisan (hieroglyph) pada papyrus & batu untuk arsip, perintah, sejarah, & syair

• Mengenal ilmu kedokteran dan hitungan

• Memuja dewa alam: Ra (dewa matahari), Isis (dewa bumi), Osiris (dewa Sungai Nil)

• Raja (Pharaoh) dianggap sebagai tuhan, sebagai simbol kekuasaan, bukan pribadi

• Percaya akan kehidupan sesudah mati

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Sifat-sifat

• Formal formalitas geometri & bentuk 2D

• Frontalitas menunjukkan gairah akan keutuhan

• Naturalisme

• Ukuran menunjukkan tingkat eksistensi arsitektur gigantis untuk menunjukkan kekuasaan

• Keabadian mengembangkan ars. pasca kematian dengan bahan yang tahan lama

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Arsitektur & Seni

Arsitektur• Bangunan berorientasi ke Sungai Nil

• Eksterior berkembang

• Kolom merupakan elemen penting

• Geometri persegi, termasuk untuk kapling bangunan

• Ornamen: tumbuhan

• Material:

– Material alam yang mudah pengerjaannya (pohon) & plester lumpur (bangunan nonreligius)

– Batu terpotong rapi (bangunan religius)

• Produk:

– Makam (makam tebing, mastaba, piramid)

– Kuil (kuil pharaoh, kuil dewa)

– Monumen (obelisk, sphinx)

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makam

Makam tebing

Mastaba

Piramid

monumen

Obelisk

Sphinx

kuil

Kuil Pharaoh

Kuil Dewa

MAKAM TEBING

• Untuk rakyat biasa

5makam

MASTABA

• Untuk keluarga bangsawan

• Atap datar, dinding miring, ukuran sedang, orientasi

utara-selatan

• Terdiri dari: kuil/chapel, serdab/cellar, tempat mummi,

& pintu palsu (untuk keluar-masuk roh)

Dekorasi mural

• Untuk pharaoh & keluarganya

dibangun pada masa pemerintahan

pharaoh tersebut

• Berupa satu kompleks bangunan

• Dibutuhkan ribuan pekerja

kekuasaan raja yang kuat

• Material: batu terpotong rapi

6makam

Kuburan batu

Dolmen

Mastaba

Piramid patah/

false pyramid/

pointed pyramid

Piramid tangga/

step pyramid

Piramid

PIRAMID Perkembangan Piramid

PIRAMID

7makam

Step Pyramid of Zoser, Sakkara

PIRAMID

8makam

Great Pyramid of Cheops, Gizeh

| -2600 Great Pyramid of GIZA

GREAT PYRAMID OF KHUFU - CHEOPS - 3rd Great Pyramid Builder

THE PYRAMID OF KHAFRE - CHEPREN ~ He supposedly built the Sphinx

SPHINX

THE PYRAMID OF MENKAURE

QUEENS' PYRAMIDS - MORTUARY TEMPLE - VALLEY TEMPLE SMALLEST AND FINAL PYRAMID

TO BE BUILT AT THE GIZA PLATEAU

The Giza Valley Plateau consists of 11 Pyramids, 4 Valley Temples, 3 Mortuary Temples, 3 Procession ways,

a Sphinx, as well as several boat pits all of which follow the blueprint of Sacred Geometry.

a: Pyramid of Cheops b: Queens' pyramids c: Western cemetery d: Eastern cemetery

e: Remnants of the valley temple of Cheops f: Pits for the solar ships f1: Museum for the

solar ships g: Pyramid of Chephren h: Mortuary temple of Chephren i: Causeway

j: Sphinx k: Valley temple of Chephren l: Sphinx temple m: Monument of Queen

Chentkaue n: Pyramid of Mykerinos o: Mortuary temple of Mykerinos p: Remnants of

the causeway q: Remnants of the valley temple| -2600 Great Pyramid of GIZA

Pyramid: Schematics and Photos

Pyramid: Schematics and Photos

THE GRAND GALLERY

The Grand Gallery has 7-step corbeled side walls.

Some parts of the Grand Gallery walls contain salt

deposits, but not as much as in the Mid Chamber.

The length of the Grand Gallery is 1881.5985600+

PI, and its width just above the ramp stones is 82.41

PI. The Grand Gallery is 28 feet high by 1881-1/3 PI

long.

KING'S CHAMBER

Above the roof of the Upper

Chamber are 5 Ceiling Chambers.

Pyramid: Schematics and Photos

Pyramid: Schematics and Photos

Subterranean Chamber showing contour round the Pit and

entrance doorway The Pit in the Subterranean Chamber

The western half of the Subterranean Chamber

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Arsitektur & SeniMore than 4,000 years ago the valleys of

the Tigris and Euphrates rivers began to

teem with life--first the Sumerian, then

the Babylonian, Assyrian, Chaldean, and

Persian empires. Here too excavations

have unearthed evidence of great skill

and artistry. From Sumeria have come

examples of fine works in marble, diorite,

hammered gold, and lapis lazuli.

Dating from about 2400 BC, they have

the smooth perfection and idealized

features of the classical period in

Sumerian art.

Clay was the Sumerians' most abundant

material. Stone, wood, and metal had to

be imported.

Art was primarily used for religious

purposes. Painting and sculpture was

the main median used.

Marble (granite) figure

3Arsitektur & Seni

The famous votive stone/ marble sculptures from Tell

Asmar represent tall, bearded figures with gigantic,

staring eyes and long, pleated skirts.

Enlarged eyes were found on many figure

The tallest figure is about 30 inches in height. He

represents the god of vegetation. The next tallest

represents a mother goddess-mother goddesses were

common in many ancient cultures. They were

worshipped in the hope that they would bring fertility

to women and to crops. (Another connection to

African culture.) Enlarged eyes were

found on many figure

This system of writing developed before the last centuries of the 4th millennium B.C.

in the lower Tigris and Euphrates valley, most likely by the Sumerians. The characters

consist of arrangements of wedge-like strokes, generally on clay tablets. The history

of the script is strikingly like that of the Egyptian hieroglyphic.

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Arsitektur & Seni The detailed drawing above was made from tracing a

photograph (from Campbell, Shepsut) of the temple

vase found at Uruk/Warka, dating from approximately

3100 BCE. It is over one meter (nearly 4 feet) tall.

On the upper tier is a figure of a nude man that may

possibly represent the sacrificial king. He

approaches the robed queen Inanna. Inanna wears a

horned headdress.

The Queen of Heaven stands in front of two looped

temple poles or "asherah," phallic posts, sacred to

the goddess. A group of nude priests bring gifts of

baskets of gifts, including, fruits to pay her homage

on the lower tier. This vase is now at the Iraq

Museum in Bagdad.

"The Warka Vase, is the oldest ritual vase in carved

stone discovered in ancient Sumer and can be dated

to round about 3000 B.C. or probably 4th-3rd

millennium B.C. It shows men entering the presence

of his gods, specifically a cult goddess Innin

(Inanna), represented by two bundles of reeds placed

side by side symbolizing the entrance to a temple.

3Arsitektur & Seni

The Sumerian temple was a small brick house

that the god was supposed to visit

periodically. It was ornamented so as to recall

the reed houses built by the earliest

Sumerians in the valley. This house, however,

was set on a brick platform, which became

larger and taller as time progressed until the

platform at Ur (built around 2100 BC) was 150

by 200 feet (45 by 60 meters) and 75 feet (23

meters) high. These Mesopotamian temple

platforms are called ziggurats, a word derived

from the Assyrian ziqquratu, meaning "high."

They were symbols in themselves; the

ziggurat at Ur was planted with trees to make

it represent a mountain. There the god visited

Earth, and the priests climbed to its top to

worship.

Most cities were simple in structure, the

ziggurat was one of the world's first great

architectural structures. White Temple and Ziggurat, Uruk

(Warka), 3200 -3000 B.C.

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Arsitektur & Seni

This temple was erected at Warka or

Uruk (Sumer), probably about 300

B.C.It stood on a brick terrace, formed by the construction

of successive buildings on the site (the Ziggurat). The

top was reached by a staircase. The temple

measured 22 x 17 meters (73 x 57 feet). Access to the temple

was through three doors, the main

located at its southern side.

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Arsitektur & Seni

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