Technology Management

Firm as a Value ChainSetiap perusahaan adalah sekumpulan dari aktivitas untuk DESIGN, PRODUCE, MARKET, DEVELOP, SUPPORT. Semua kegiatan ini dapat digambarkan sebagai VALUE CHAIN (Rantai Nilai).Industries as Competitive DomainIndustri merupakan sekelompok perusahaan yang menawarkan barang atau jasa yang sama kepada customer. Industri tersebut merupakan wilayah di mana perusahaan-perusahaan incumbent melakukan persaingan.Jadi industri merupakan competitive domainTechnology DefinitionThe branch of knowledge that deal with industrial arts, applied science, or engineering.The terminology of an art or science; orA technological process invention, method, or the like and some of the ways in which a social group provides themselves with the material objects of their civilization.Technology definitionTechnology is the practical implemetation of learning and knowledge by individuals and organizations to aid human endeavor.Technology is the knowledge, products, processes, tools, and systems used in the creation of goods or in the provision of services.Management of Technology Is defined as linking engineering, science, and management disciplines to plan, develop, and implement technological capabilities to shape and accomplish the strategic and operational objectives of an organization.Levels of DevelopmentIndividualsDevelopment ideas, theories, or perspectiveTacit Knowledge that is veriried and codifiedKnowledge is put to useLEVEL OF KNOELEDGEIntuitive/ TacitCodify/ VerifyScience Formalized KnowledgeDevelopPhisically embodied Procuct and process3 Variabel Kunci untuk mendorong DAYA SAINGStrategic Leadership, bahwa perusahaan diarahkan pada jalur yang benar dalam hal produk, pasar dan semacamnya.A motivated and committed workforce, mencari budaya kerja high performanceEffective use of technology, untuk mendorong outcome organisasi yang efektif dan bersaing.

Sub-bidang manajemen teknologi:Strategi teknologiPengembangan kemampuan teknologikalManajemen inovasiPrakiraan teknologikalRintangan-rintangan adopsi teknologiFleksibilitas Teknologi dan manufakturE-Business7 kualitas yang menentukan keberhasilan teknologi dalam industriFunctional performance (Kinerja fungsional).Acquisition costs (Harga Beli).Easy of use characteristics (Sifat mudah pakai).Operating Costs (Biaya Operasi).Reliability (KeHandalan)Serviceability (Bisa digunakan)Compatibility (Kompatibel)Technology: Definition and CharacteristicTeknologi Menurut Websters Dictionary didefinisikan menurut 3 cara:Cabang Ilmu Pengetahuan yang berkenaan dengan seni industrial, sain terapan, atau rekayasa (engineering),Terminologi seni dan sain,Proses, invensi, metoda atau sejenisnya.JadiKata TECHNOLOGY mempunyai berbagai arti, mulai dari berbagai jenis produk sampai berbagai disiplin ilmu dan rekayasa.Embedded in the definition is the notion of knowledgeThe key to economic progress has been the advance in knowledge created by human beings over the centuriesKnowledge lies at the heart of economic progress.We will anchor our definition of technology in knowledge.Level of DevelopmentIndividuals develop ideas, theories, or perspectives that are known only to them or their colleagues or the group to which they belong. The tacit knowledge may be derived from their experiences, experimentation, or imagination.The second level consists of tacit knowledge that is verified and codified through a scientific process of experimentation. As a result of scientific verification and codification, the knowledge becomes available to a large number of people.Finally, there is a level of development where the knowledge is put to usephysically embodied in products, services, or procedure.

Intuitive/TacitCodifyVerifyScience Formalized KnowledgeDevelopPhysically Embodied Product and ProcessIde, teori, perspektif, yg hanya diketahui hanya oleh mereka atau koleganyaDiverifikasi dan kodifikasi melalui proses ilmiahTacit Knowledge diformalkan dan disajikan dlm bahasa yg dpt dikomunikasikanTechnology as Socially ConstructedOpportunity. Technology development takes place when human beings perceive an opportunity for improvement due to either intrinsic or economic reasons.Appropriability. In many cases, where the technolgy development is due to economic motives, individuals will pursue development only to the extent that there is a reasonable assurance that the fruits of their labor will flow back to the developers.Transferability. Technology or knowledge transfer is not smooth; knowledge is sticky. When human beings communicate, there is no perfect correspondence between the message that the sender intends and the one understood by the receiver.Resources. Tehcnology development consumes resources. The most obvious resources involved are money, time, and people. In addition, other reourcescollateral assetsmay be needed to exploit at technology opportunity.1950197019801990sR&DManagementMgt ofInnovationTechnologyStrategyValue-BasedManagementEra of Plentiful ResourcesEra of AccountablitityNew venturedivisionLinking tobusinessBroader visionOf technologyAllocation ofFunds to projectsInnovationmanagementDifferentOrganizationalarrangementOutsourching

Tools to assessvalueScientific &EngineersInternal marketsLeadershipR&D ManagerChief Technology OfficerEvolution Of Managemet Of TechnologyDefinisi Manajemen TeknologiManagement of technology links engineering, science, and management disciplines to plan, to develop, and to implement technological capabilities to shape and accomplish the strategic and operational goals of an organizationManajemen teknologi menghubungkan rekayasa, ilmu dan manajemen untuk merencanakan, mengembangkan dan menerapkan kemampuan teknologikal untuk membentuk dan merealisasikan sasaran strategic dan operatinal suatu organisasi.3 Ide dari definisi tersebutPenekanan manajemen teknologi pada pencapaian tujuan organisasi. Kita akan melihat value creation bagi investor sebagai tujuan utama manajemen teknologi dalam korporasi.Manajemen teknologi memfokuskan pada pengembangan kemampuan teknologikal dan implementasinya atau penerapannya pada produk dan proses.Manajemen teknologi dalam korporasi dihubungkan dengan kegiatan manajemen lainnya seperti marketing dan manufacturing.

Redefinisi Manajemen TeknologiManagement of technology focuses on the principles of strategy and organization involved in technology choise guided by the purpose of creating value for investorManajemen teknologi memfokuskan pada prinsip-prinsip strategi dan organisasi yang terdapat dalam pemilihan teknologi yang dipandu dengan tujuan menciptakan nilai bagi investor.Value-DrivenOrganizationAnd ManagementTechnologyChoicesTechnologyStrategyWhatPurposeHowManagemet Of Technology2 PERSPEKTIF DLM MGT:A. Market Base ViewB. Resource Base ViewMarket Base View: Management konsentrasi pada lingkungan industri perusahaan tersebut, posisi relatifnya dibanding para pesaing, dan bagaimana memuaskan pelanggan.Resource Base View: Ketika lingkungan berubah, perusahaan yang merupakan kumpulan resources dan capabilities, boleh jadi sebuah basis yg stabil utk mendefinisikan identitasnya. Secara umum, perubahan dengan laju yang lebih besar pada lingkungan perusahaan, maka internal resources dan capabilities akan memberikan dasar khusus untuk pengambilan keputusan jangka panjang.Market Based and Resources Based ViewDimensionMarket BasedResource BasedDrivers of strategyCustomer and competitorsUnique resourcesDerivativesResourcesMarket opportunitiesStrategy profilePositionalCore competenciesAppropriate contextsMature marketsDynamic markets4 Key KonceptThe Firm as a Value ChainIndustries as Competitive DomainForms of Technological ChangeValue Creation and Competitive AdvantageValue chain terdiri 2 kegiatan:PRIMARY ACTIVITY. Terdiri dari 5 aktivitas generik: inbound logistic, operation, outbound logistic, marketing dan serviceSUPPORT ACITIVITY. Dapat dibagi menjadi 4 aktivitas generik: procurement, technology development, human resources management, dan firm infrastructure.Value ChainFirm InfrastructureHuman Resources ManagementTechnology DevelopmentProcurementInbound LogisticsOperationOutboundLogisticsMarketingAnd SalesServicesMarginKlasifikasi Industri Berdasarkan: Key Competitive ResourcesCapacity. Pada industri capacity driven capital investment fisik relativ besar dibanding biaya atau nilai tambahnya. Contoh: industri baja.Customers. Pada industri customer-driven, investasi di brand atau customer merupakan bagian besar dari biaya atau nilai tambah. Contoh: industri bir.Knowledge. Pada industri knowledge-driven, investasi R&D cenderung merupakan bagian besar dari biaya atau nilai tambah. Contoh: industri kimia.

Klasifikasi IndustriCapacity DrivenCustomer DrivenKnowledge drivenFood processingFood productsElectical equipmentTextilesCustomer chemical productsSpecialty chemicalsBasic metalsHousehold durablesTransport equipmentStone, clay productGlass, ceramic productsScientific equipmentBasic chemicalsSoftwarePulp and paperProcess TechnologyMerupakan teknik memproduksi dan memasarkan barang atau jasa.Process Technology meliputi work method, equipment, distribution, dan logistic.Oleh karena itu, process technology melekat pada VALUE CHAIN.Product TechnologyMerupakan elemen teknologi yang melekat pada barang atau jasa yg dihasilkan suatu perusahaan. Contoh: Mobil BBG dan Mobil Elektrik merupakan product technology dalam industri mobil.Perubahan dalam product technology menambah fitur baru atau memberikan substitusi yang lebih baik atas produk yang ada sekarang.JADI .PROCESS TECHNOLOGY refer to the way an organiation conducts its business, whereas product technology refers to the output of an organization.Distinction between process and product technologuy depends on the nature of the firm. What is often a product technology for one firm may very well be a process technology for another firm.Mangapa membedakan Process Technology dan Product Technology?Dibandingkan perubahan teknologi produk, perubahan teknologi proses kurang visible (nampak) dalam marketplace.Baik perubahan teknologi proses maupun teknologi produk punya implikasi pada kinerja ekonomis. Pada banyak kasus, perubahan teknologi proses membuatnya feasible untuk mengurangi biaya dan waktu siklusnya, serta memperbaiki kualitas produknya.Teknologi produk membantu perusahaan bersaing untuk pelanggan, perubahan teknologi produk membantu perusahaan redefine cakupan produk/pasar mereka.