kuliah tamu di unjani_19 & 26 februari 07

8/8/2019 Kuliah Tamu Di UNJANI_19 & 26 Februari 07

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Oleh

I W ayan Suweca

KK P erancangan Mesin ITB

Kuliah Tamu di UNJANI, 19 & 26 Februari 2007 2


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Routine designAll possible solution types are enumerated (that is, allthe attributes, applicable useful methods, and thestrategies are known a priori).

Innovative designThe knowledge base is already known and available todesigner. The solutions are novel, but no newknowledge is added.

Creative designNeither the attributes nor the strategies are knownahead of time. New variables and new knowledge basesare added to the system.

1.1. Classes of Design (Brown & Chandrasekaran, 1985)


1.2. Product Life Cycle

Needs

Design &

Development

Manufacturing &

Distribution

Operation &

Maintenance

Face Out


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2. Design Methodology

Design methodology is a prescribed

sequence of action in conducting design

process.

It is important to know in what context a

given methodology is applicable and forwhat problem types it is useful.


Recognition of needs

Definition of problem

Gathering of information

Conceptualization

Detailing

Evaluation

CommunicationIncreasingAbstraction

IncreasingDetail


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2.1. French Method

: Process

: Result

Needs

Analysis ofproblem

Statementof problem

Conceptualdesign

SelectedSchemes

Embodiment ofschemes

Detailing

Workingdrawing


2.2. Ullman Method

TeamEstablishment

Cost & scheduleestimation

JobDevelopment

Market

Analysis

Project planapproved?

ProjectDefinition & Planning

SpecificationDefinition

CustomerIdentification

EstablishTechnical

Specification

EstablishCustomer Needs

CompetitorEvaluation

Spec.approved?

DetermineTarget

No

ProductDevelopment

ConceptualDesign

ProductSupport

CreateConcept

Documentation &Communication

EvaluateConcept

Make Decisionfor the Concept

Conceptapproved?

Changethe plan

ProduceProduct

Production

Performance &Strength

Cost

Productionapproved?

Documentation &Communication

Improve?

No

Stop

Yes

Start

Y

es

SalesSupport

Manufacturing &Assembling

Support

TechnicalModification

Customer

Support

Improve?

Stop

No

No

Ye

s

Improve?

Stop

No

No

Yes

Yes

Productevaluation

Y

es

Make Decisionfor the product

Improve?

Stop

No

No

Yes

Yes

End


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2.3. VDI M ethod

T a s k

Clarify & definethe task

Determine functionand their structure

Search for solution principlesand their combinations

Divide intorealizable modules

Develop layout ofkey modules

Complete overallmodules

Prepare production andoperating instructions

Further Realization

1

2

7

6

5

4

3

Itera

teforwardsan

dbac

kwards

be

tweenprev

iousan

dfollow

ingstages

Specification

Function structures

Principles solutions

Module structure

Definitive layouts

Product documents

Preliminary layouts

Fulfil

landadaptrequirement

Phase I

Phase II

Phase III

Phase IV

STAGES RESULTS PHASES


2.4. Pahl & Beitz MethodT a s k

Market, company, economy

Plan and clarify the task

Develop the principles

Prepare production andoperating documents

Solution

Requirement list(Design specification)

Concept

(Principle solution)

Preliminary layout

Definitive layout

Product documentation

Upgradeandim

prove

Informationadapttherequirementslist

Plann

ingan

d

clari

fying

the

tas

k

Concep

tua

l

des

ign

De

tail

des

ign

Em

bo

dimen

t

des

ign

Optimizationof

theproduction

Optimizationofthe

layout,

formsand

materials

Optimizationof

theprinciple

Define the construction structure

Develop the construction structure


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2.5. Ibrahim Zeid Method

Designneed

Designspecifications

Feasibility study withcollecting design information

Designdocumentation

Designevaluation

Designanalysis,

optimization

DesignAnalysis

model

Designconcept-ualization

Processplanning

ProductionQualitycontrol

Packaging Shipping

Marketing

Productionplanning

Design andprocurementof new tools

Ordermaterials

NC/CNC/DNC Pro-gramming

Design Process

Manufacturing Process

Synthesis

Analysis

CAD + CAE

CAM


2.6. Dieter MethodProduct Specification

Develop Design Concept

Analysis Critical Design Features

Create Detail Design

Analysis Detail Design

Generate Detailed Drawings

Build Prototype

Test Prototype

Program N/C Machine Tools andAutomated Manufacturing Equipment

Manufacturing Product

Test Finished Product

Ship Product

Monitor Filed Performance

Historical andCurrent Test Data

Design Database

Modify Design

CAM

CAD


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Total project planning

Design planning

Sketch drawing

Scheme drawing

Final scheme drawing

Parts drawing

Assembly drawing

Parts fabrication

Assembly

Inspection

Designinanarrows

ense

D

esigninabroadsense

2.7. Hatamura Method


Total project planning

Design planning

Sketch drawing

Scheme drawing


Parts drawing

Assembly drawing

Parts fabrication

Assembly

Inspection

Project proposal document

Scheme drawing

3. Specific Process in Hatamura Method

Sketch drawing

Design planning documentDesign specification document{ }

Final scheme drawingDesign document (including design calculation){ }

Parts drawingPart list{ } Assembly drawing Fabrication specification document Operation instruction document Inspection specification document

{ }

Manufacturing Process}


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Designplanning

Total projectplanning

Sketchdrawing

Specification document

Timetable

Budget list

(a) Stages of des ign (b) Decision matters (c) Outcomes

Proposal

Organization

Delivery schedule

Overall cost

Outline specifications

Division of labor

Budget

Time schedule

Basic specifications

3.1. Design P lanning


3.2. Sketch Draw ing

Sketch drawing

Design planning

Scheme drawing

Function diagram

Mechanism diagram

Powersystemdiagram

(a) Stages (b) Items for consideration (c) Diagrams used

Basic specifications

Lay-out the design ideas in mind

(a large portion is still abstract oruncertain)

Different kinds of sketch drawing

More details of functions,mechanism, and structure are

incorporated at this stage

Forceline diagram

Starting characteristicsdiagram

BodeplotControl system diagram

Measurement/control

Dynamic characteristics

Structural balance & beauty

Static characteristics

Transmission of motion &forces

Drive

Mechanism

Function

Measurement systemdiagram


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Items to beconsidered in sketch

drawing

Functionalrequirement

andassociatedconstraints

Mecha-nism

Drive

Function

Transmi-ssion ofmotion

and force

Sensingand

control

Dynamiccharac-teristics

Balance

Staticcharac-teristics

Pneu-

matic

Piezo-

electric

Motor

Hydrau-

lic

Guide

Rotary

shaft

Link

Hydr/

pneuElastic

defor.

Gear

Cam

Timing

belt

Clutch

Force

line Strength

Rigidity

Balance

Support

Appea-

rance

Symetry

Force

and

size

cg

Starting

Vibration

I

GD2

Freg.

Charac.

Reso-

nance

Vib.Isola-tion

Recor-

ding

DisplayOpe-ration

Ampli-

fication.

Sensor


3.3. Scheme Draw ing

Scheme drawing (SD)

Sketch drawing

Parts/assembly drawing

(a) Stages

(b) Items to be investigated

(c) Decision items

Outline structure

The first SD containingthe structural details

The SD produced at theintermediate stages where a lotof investigations and discussionstake place towards improvement

The final SD containingall the final decisions

Parts in stock to be utilized

Commercial parts to be purchased

Manufacturers

Standards, regulations, rules

Possible interference caused to the environment

Possible interference received from the environment

Available utilities

Installation space of the machine

(SD1)

(SDn)

(SD1,..., SDn-1)

Transportation and installation

Maintenance

Manufacturers

Assembly/disassembly

Machining methods

Machine elements

Materials

Dimensions

Installation space of the machine


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Items to beconsidered in

SD

Constraintsimposed onthe designcontents

Installa-

tion

space

Interfe-rence

from envi.

Parts in

stock,usable old

parts

Interfe-rence to

envi.

Commer-cial

products

Manu-facturers

Stand.Regula-tions,rules

Speci-fication

Usable

old

parts

Availableutilities

Trans-

portation

Installa-

tion

location Opera-

tion

space

Standardizedparts

Parts in

stock

Machi-ningskills

Deli-

very

Cost

Order

Reliability

ofmanufac-

turer

Personin

charge

Corres-ponden-

ceAtmos-phere

Electro-magneti

sm

Light

NoiseHum

Mag-

netism

Vibra-tion

Humanmove-ment

Ground

current

Wind

Odour

Corro-

sive gas

Humadity

Temperature

Trans-porta-tion

Elec-

tricityWater

Com-

pressedair

Fuel

SupplyDrai-nage

Petrol

Gas

Patent

Stan-dards

Govern-ment

regula-tions

Environ-

mental

polution

Safety

Int.Stand.

Dom.Stand.

Corp.Stand.


Items to bedetermined by adesigner in SD

Decisionitems

in schemedrawing

Electri-

city Water

Compres

sed air

Marketingparts

Wiring

Sensor

Pipearrange-

ment

Manu-facture

Corners

Machi-ning

precision

Plane

deviation

Mate-rial

Standardized size

Tie-in

Squa-reness

Paralle-

lism

Motionstrokerange

Totalsize

Heattreat-ment

JigMaterialpreparati

on

Machi-ning

process

Elementdesign

Speci-fication

Assembly Disasse

mbly

Cost

Deli-very

Manu-facturer

Mainte-nance

Machinetool

Machi-ningorder

Machi-ning

method

Surfaceroughness

Fit

Occu-pancyspaceTole-

rance

Specificdimen-

sion

Installa-tion

Dimen-sion

Services

Material

Fabri-cation

Wiring/pipe

arrange-ment

Assembly/dissasem-

bly

Machi-ning

Machineelements

Centre

deviation


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3.4. Instruction for Production

Scheme drawing

Fabrication

(b) Working contents and information


Fabrication specificationdrawing

Parts drawing

Parts list

Assembly drawing

Operationspecification

list

(Extraction and representation of the informationassociated with each part fabricated)

(Assembly simulation based on the information of theindividual parts)

(List constructed from the assembly and parts drawing,which contains the information necessary for assembly)

(a) Steps in the preparation of thefabrication specification docum ent

(Document which contains the information on thefabrication of each part and the total assembly)


3.5. Fabrication & VerificationPreparation of fabricationspecification document

(Place an order for the product based on the parts drawings,

assembly drawing, and part list)

(Order and follow-up of the fabrication of each parts)

(Order and follow-up of the purchase of marketing parts)

(Inspection of the individual parts, order and follow-up of theassembly work)

Parts drawing

Assembly drawing

Fabrication

Parts fabrication

Parts purchasing

Assembly

Verification

Inspection

Test/trial run

Post-process of design

Release/presentation

Patent

Overall review

(Work accompanying design)

(Rights assertion with respect to the design result)

(Review of the whole design project)

(Verification of the performance of the machine)

(b) Contents of designers work(a) Steps after completing thefabrication specification document


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4. Post-Process of Design

4.1. Application for patent The designs which are excellent are at the same time

those that are most prone to be copied. Thus,designers are strongly encouraged to protect theirintellectual properties in the form of patent, copyright, etc.

Establishing intellectual property is the action oflinking intellectual activities with the economy.

The crucial point in applying for patent is to do it assoon as you get the idea. It is not surprising thatother competitive designers working in the same filedmay come up with a similar idea to yours.


4.2. Comprehensive Evaluation

In addition to checking that all specifications are met during the

test/trial run, it should also be evaluated to see if it is really relevant to

whole project. This type of review plays an important role, especially in

cases where a totally new machine has been created, for instance, for

research and development purposes. The review, at least, should

examined the following points:1. Was the project as a whole justifiable?

2. Was the design plan appropriate, in terms especially of cost,

schedule/delivery, and staff?

3. Was the design in accordance with the objective of the research and

development?

4. What was the difference between actual and projected total expenditure.

5. Was the project profitable?

6. Was it released at the right time to the market?

7. Does the machine actually meet the customers needs?


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4.3. Publicity

When the designed machine is completed and theobjectives has been achieved, the machine should be

publicized.

If it was for university research, the content of the research

itself should be published in learned journals.

If it was for industrial development, the product should be

advertised in newspaper, on TV, and in magazines.

A designers pleasure at receiving a flood of enquiries about

and orders for the product will fan the flames of his/her

ambition to produce a new and better design in the future.

Research without publication is nothing and development

without publicity is childs play.


5. SomeViewpoints in Machine Design

5.1. Machines: past and future

Structure

Operating ends

Power source

Transmissionmechanism

Structure

Operating ends

Power source

Transmissionmechanism

Sensor

Actuator

Informationprocessing unit

Intell igent elements

Intell igent machine

Conventionalmachine

Conventional of thefuture machine


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5.2. Conditions to be Satisfied in M achine Design

Flow offorces

Mechanismto satisfyfunctions

Balance(for gravity)

Strength

Balance ofthe form orappearance

MachineDesign


5.3. General Topics Considered in Machine Design

Forceand

strength

Function

Dimension

Structure

Mechanism Material

Machiningprocess

Form

Machineelements

Functionalrequirementsand associated

constraints


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5.4. Checklist of Design Results

Are the costs of manufacturing and time for manufacturing appropriate?3.

Do the specification (performance, size, weight, etc.) satisfy the needs?2.

Is it really necessary to fabricate the machine?1.

StatusParameterNo.

1. PLANNING

2. FUNCTION

Were all power sources, information sources, signal lines and controldevices that are to be attached, considered?

3.

Were all necessary functions considered?2.

Will the machine achieve the desired function?1.

StatusCheck List ParameterNo.


3. MECHANISM & CONSTRUCTION

Was a suitable clamp implemented for wiring and piping?12.

Was the load examined, not only from the driving side, but also consideringthe effect of gravity of the parts and force of inertia?

11.

Was consideration to high-speed rotating parts sufficient?10.

Has consideration been given to vibration?9.

Are the direction of air flow and oil flow correct? Are they confirmedgraphically?

8.

Are the direction of the shaft rotation, movement and direction of level andlink correct? Are they confirmed graphically?

7.

Is it constructed in such a way that it is thick where the flow of force islarge and thin where the flow of force is small?

6.

Is the balance good? Is the machine beautiful?5.

Is the flow of forces closed?4.

Are the mechanism and construction as simple as possible?3.

Was the most appropriate mechanism adopted?2.

Is the mechanism and construction suitable to achieve the functions?1.



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4. MATCHING WITH EXTERIOR CONDITIONS

Was sufficient consideration given to safety and accident prevention?10.

Will the machine be able to manage with the available utilities (water, air,electricity)?

9.

Is there any interference with the surrounding area due to movement,action, etc.?

8.

Can the machine be accommodated in the space available?7.

Is the effect on the surrounding area all right?6.

Is there any concern about unwanted water accumulation which may causefreezing and bursting?

5.

Was consideration given to the rusting of sliding part and adjusting screwsdue to air exposure?

4.

Were changes in length and reduction of gaps due to variation oftemperature considered?

3.

Was consideration given to high temperatures, low temperatures, dust,corrosiveness, vibration, etc.?

2.

Will the machine withstand the effect of surrounding conditions?1.



5. SHAPE

Is the shape suitable for operability?6.

Are parts, holes, cavities, etc., sensibly shaped?5.

Does the shape lend itself to assembly and disassembly?4.

Can the shape be fabricated?3.

Can the shape be made simpler?2.

Is the shape of the machine good enough to achieve the required function?1.


6. STRENGTH

Is it constructed such that it is thick where flow of force is large and thinwhere flow of force is small?

4.

For the machine with a forced vibration element, is he characteristicvibration frequency larger than the forced vibration frequency?

3.

Is the deformation within an allowable range?2.

Is static strength sufficient? Is fatigue strength sufficient?1.



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7. DIMENSI ONS

Concentration of local stress, breakage, etc, tends to occur due toquenching in parts with sharp edges, and with complicated shapes or partswith an abrupt variation in thickness. Was the size of radius examined toprevent this from occurring?

12.

Has the stroke (working range) of movable parts been entered?11.Have dimensions for fixing and transport been entered correctly?10.

Have other related devices been drawn and mutual relations between themchecked?

9.

Are interfaces good?8.

Is the designation of fitting appropriate?7.

Are dimensions as clear-cut as possible?6.

Have the dimensions of mating chamfer and radius been considered?5.

Have treatments of chamfer and radius been designated?4.

Can the dimensions be realized from a manufacturing viewpoint?3.

Is there any redundancy in the dimensions?2.

Is there any omission in the details of dimensions?1.



7. DIMENSI ONS (continued)

Has the reference plane for machining been considered?23.

Has tolerance been chosen such that fabrication error and assembling errorcan be avoided?

22.

Has tolerance in shape (parallelism, squareness, cylindricity, etc.) beenconsidered?

21.

Is surface roughness appropriate? It is not too strict20.

Has surface roughness been designated?19.

Is tolerance (including fitting) unnecessarily strict?18.Has tolerance been considered?17.

Has the occupancy space been correctly indicated?16.

Have all dimensions been entered?15.

Is the total dimension correct?14.

Are the dimensions entered appropriately? (with regard to accumulation oferrors)

13.



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8. WEIGHT

Has a lifting hook been attached to parts that weight more than 20 kg?3.

Is the weight of parts less than 20 kg so that they can be carried by hand?2.

Does the weight satisfy the basic specification?1.


9. MATERIAL

Have any special items (expensive, not in stock, interior workability) been designatedinadvertently?

10.

Where there are no stock items, is it actually possible for the item to be made available?9.

To avoid a delay, has a stock item been considered as a choice?8.

In the case of steel material, has heat treatment been examined?7.

Is corrosion resistance sufficient? If not, has surface treatment been designated?6.

Where electric conductivity, etc, are required, have they been taken into consideration?5.

Is workability (cut-ability, weld-ability, etc.) sufficient?4.

Will there be any problems caused by thermal expansion as a result of temperature change?3.

Can sufficient strength be obtained should the temperature change?2.

Are mechanical properties ( tensile strength, rigidity, hardness, specific gravity) appropriate?1.



10. WORKING M ETHOD [Sheet metal and welding]

Is it planned to unify the plate thickness used? Has utilizing a flat bar,shaped steel, etc. been considered?

9.

Does the design stay within the size of standard sheet of steel?8.

Has consideration been given to preventing stress concentration?7.

Has sheet metal tolerance been considered?6.

Has welding distortion been considered?5.

Is there any interference between the bead of welding and a bolt head ornut when they are being fastened?

4.

Is there any missing or inappropriate designation of the welding symbol?3.

Can the item be welded?2.

Is bending possible?1.



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10. WORKING M ETHOD [Machining]

Is the location of the working reference plane clearly indicated?15.

Is there a margin for chucking?14.

Is the method of indicating dimension appropriate from the points of view of workingmethod and sequence?

13.

Can different stages of machining be applied from one direction without resetting thework piece?

12.

Has the working sequence been considered?11.

Is surface roughness sufficient for a sliding surface, oil seal, packing, etc?10.

Is it possible to relax tolerance in shape?9.

Is it possible to relax tolerance in dimensions?8.

Is the finish symbols not too strict?7.

Are the finish symbols or marks used, appropriate? Are any forgotten?6.

Is it necessary to chamfer for sharp edges?5.

Has consideration been given to the fact that a radius is formed at a concave?4.

Has any consideration been given to shape and dimension of the cutter?3.

Has the type of machine to be used for machining been considered? (is it possible tomachine with the facilities available? Is any innovative machining involved?

2.

Is machining possible?1.



10. WORKING M ETHOD [Heat Treatment]

Has the range of quenching been designated?3.

Have depth, hardness, etc., of quenching been designated?2.

Is the quality of the material appropriate?1.


10. WORKING M ETHOD [Surface Treatment]

What type of anti-corrosive measure is it panned to implement?4.

Has attention been paid to rust?3.

Is the designation for plating and painting proper?2.

Is plating or painting necessary?1.



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10. WORKING M ETHOD [Assembly/disassembly]

Is maintainability good?14.

Has sufficient work space for a human to do maintenance work been considered?13.

Is it possible to connect necessary instruments for maintenance?12.

Is it possible to reduce the number of tools required for maintenance?11.

Can assembly proceed in the order indicated by the numbers used for the parts?10.

Is there a potential problem caused by the accumulation of errors in working and

assembling?

9.

Has consideration been given to assembly and adjustment?8.

Are assembling and disassembling by unit possible? (have work procedures, extractionmargins and removal space been considered when replacing a unit?)

7.

Can oil seals, dust seals, O-rings, etc., be assembled and disassembled withoutdamage?

6.

Have parts that are to be replaced possible whenever disassembling been taken intoconsideration?

5.

Is disassembly possible? (is extraction possible when disassembling press-fittedparts?)

4.

Has the stroke of tools been considered?3.

Has space for tools been allowed?2.

Is assembly possible?1.



10. WORKING M ETHOD [Inspection]

Has type of instrumentation to be used been examined?2.

Can designated accuracy be confirmed?1.


10. WORKING M ETHOD [Transport/Installation]

Is the load-bearing capacity of the floor sufficient?8.

Has consideration been given to installation?7.

Is the position of the centre of gravity appropriate?6.

When the machine or parts are packed for transportation, are they still safeand stable?

5.

If transporting after disassembly, has transportation of each disassembledpart separately been considered?

4.

Have door width, roads, crane, ceiling height, hand-carried loads, etc, beenchecked?

3.

Has the method of transportation been examined?2.Has the place of installation been examined?1.



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10. WORKING M ETHOD [Mechanical Elements]

If no stock is available, can it actually be obtained?4.

Has availability of stock delivery time been confirmed for purchased parts?3.

Has it been checked if there are standard mechanical elements available(particularly, springs gears, etc.)?

2.

Is the performance of mechanical elements used sufficient?1.


10. WORKING M ETHOD [Electrical Elements]

Has earthing been properly considered?4.

Have measures been taken for noise and external disturbance?3.

Has wiring space been taken into account?2.

Is the motor power sufficient?1.



10. WORKING M ETHOD [Operability]

Are brightness, temperature and noise at comfortable levels?5.

Has ease of visual recognition been considered? All information should bevisible at a glance.

4.

Does the operating direction of levers, etc., conform with human commonsense?

3.

Have maximum operating power and optimum operating power beenconsidered?

2.

Has sufficient work space for the operator been allowed?1.



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10. WORKING M ETHOD [Safety]

Has consideration been given to fail safety so that a machine would stopautomatically should any erroneous operation malfunction occur?

7.

Has a fool-proof system been considered to prevent errors in assembly,adjustment, and operation from occurring?

6.

Is a cover provided on movable parts, in the form of pulleys, belts, etc.?5.

Is a lighting device available for work operation?4.

Is there any fear of leakage and damage due to the loosening of piping andhydraulic piping or the occurrence of fire due to adjacent installation ofwiring?

3.

Is there any concern that operators could get burnt by contact white themachine? How about an emergency escape or safe lock which protects theoperator from being injured in an emergency?

2.

Has attention been paid to potential accidents, such as being cut by sharpedges, being tripped, catching fire, explosion, being caught in the machine,and so on?

1.



10. WORKING M ETHOD [Method of Drafting]

Has the third angle projection method been used?

Is there any error in scale?

Is it clearly stated that the third angel projection method was used?

Title table10.

Has a detail drawing been drawn for a confusing portion?9.

Is the scale used standard?8.

Have letters and numbers which are common in drafting been used?7.

Are the cross-sections represented properly?6.

Are the position and direction of the cross-section correct?5.

Are the view drawings represented properly?4.

Are solid lines, broken lines and dashed lines differentiated?3.

Are line thicknesses correct? Can thick and thin lines be distinguished?2.

Is the representation of the drawing correct? Does it accurately reflect the way itis actually seen?

Is the layout of the drawing easy to see?

Projective technique1.



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10. WORKING M ETHOD [Method of Drafting] (continued)

Has tolerance for processing been designated?

Have the quality of material, heat treatment, other particular matters, weight, etc.,been entered?

Have the product number and the drawing number been entered?

Are the names of parts appropriate? Have they been entered?

Have the names of experiments, devices, etc., been entered?

Have the signatures of the designer, the manufacturer, etc., been obtained? Hasthe contact address been clearly written?

Is there any error in scale?

Is it clearly stated that the third angel projection method was used?

Title table10.



Concluding Remarks

Design process is one of important and the most

strategic step in product life cycle.

The significance of design is in constructing information

that is necessary to the transformation of the idea

conceived by human brain into a real product.

In conducting a design process, designers should

consider the all aspects of product life cycle.

The essence of design lies in the completion of the

scheme drawing, the most adding value stage in design

process.

So, the aim of design education at university is to teach

students how to produce a scheme drawing.


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References

1. Hatamura, Y. and Yamamoto, Y., 1999, The Practice of MachineDesign, Oxford University Press, New York.

2. Ertas, Atila, and Jones, J. C., 1996, The Engineering DesignProcess, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

3. Waldron, M. B., and Waldron, K. J., 1996, Mechanical Design,Springer-Verlag, Inc. New York.

4. Pahl, G., and Beitz, W., Engineering Design, 1996, A SystematicApproach, Springer-Verlag, Inc. London.

5. Ullman, D. G., 1992, The Mechanical Design Process, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York.

6. Zeid, Ibrahim, 1991, CAD/CAM Theory and Practice, McGraw-Hill, Inc..

7. Dieter, G. E., 1991, Engineering Design: A Materials andProcessing Approach, McGraw-Hill, Inc.


kuliah tamu di unjani_19 & 26 februari 07

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