konsep dasar proxy

7/23/2019 Konsep Dasar Proxy

1/61

HBFQJ_ LEQE[ _[BS^ ;??>

5N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

HBFQJ_ LEQE[ _[BS^

_{bs~ lepe| lnpecein qjkegen pnceh hj|nge ~efg kj{ln{n ln|jfgec)|jfgec

ef|e{e hjlze pnceh ~efg qe`nfg kj{czkzfgef lef kj{dzfgqn qjkegen pj{ef|e{e,

qjljinhnef qjcnfgge pnceh pj{|eie lef pnceh hjlze |nleh qjae{e èfgqzfgkj{czkzfgef, ehef |j|epn ieqnfg)ieqnfg kj{czkzfgef ljfgef pj{ef|e{e, ~en|z

p{bs~&

Qjkzec efe`bgn8 knè qjb{efg ieceqnqwe ijinfmei kzhz ln pj{pzq|eheef,

helefg qn ieceqnqwe |nleh lnpj{kb`jchef èfgqzfg ijfae{n lef ijfgeikn` qjfln{n

kzhz ~efg hn|e nfgnfhef le{n {eh, |j|epn hn|e ijinf|e kzhz |j{qjkz| hjpele

pj|zgeq, |jf|z qeme ljfgef ijikj{nhef fbib{ e|ez hblj kzhzf~e, lef hjizlnef

pj|zgeq |j{qjkz| ~efg ehef ijfae{nhef lef ijfgeikn`hef kzhzf~e& Leèi heqzq

lne|eq, pj|zgeq pj{pzq|eheef |j{qjkz| |jèc kj{|nfleh qjkegen pj{ef|e{e e|ez _{bs~&

_j|zgeq |j{qjkz| mzge knqe ijieq|nhef lef ijfmege inqe`f~e, ege{ ieceqnqwe

cef~e knqe ijinfmei kzhz zf|zh ieceqnqwe, lbqjf kb`jc ijinfmei kzhz qjize

kzhz, e|ez ieq~e{ehe| zizi cef~e kb`jc ijinfmei kzhz |j{|jf|z&

Izfghnf p{bqjq |j{qjkz| ijfmeln `jknc èie lnkeflnfghef knè hn|e

èfgqzfg ijfae{n lef ijfgeikn` qjfln{n kzhz ~efg hn|e nfgnfhef& Feizf knè

qeme qj|nep he`n pj|zgeq ijfae{n lef ijfgeikn` kzhz zf|zh qjqjb{efg, qn pj|zgeq

mzge ijikze| kjkj{epe qe`nfef le{n kzhz |j{qjkz| qjkj`zi ijikj{nhef kzhzf~e

hjpele b{efg ~efg ijinf|e, lef ijf~nipeff~e ln e|eq ijme pjè~efef, iehe knè

ele b{efg ènf ~efg ijinf|e kzhz |j{|jf|z, qefge| kjqe{ hjizfghnfef kzhz ~efg

lninf|e qzlec |j{qjlne qe`nfeff~e lne|eq ijme, lef qn pj|zgeq |nfgge`

ijikj{nheff~e èfgqzfg& Ceqn`f~e eleèc è~efef ~efg `jknc ajpe| lef qjhe`ngzqhjeiefef ~efg kenh&

Efe`bgn lne|eq ijfmjèqhef hbfqjp lef dzfgqn leqe{ le{n qze|z p{bs~ leèi

hbizfnheqn me{nfgef hbipz|j{ lef nf|j{fj|& _{bs~ qj{tj{ ijipzf~en 1 dzfgqn

z|eie ~en|z Abffja|nbf Qce{nfg, Dn`|j{nfg lef Aeacnfg& Ieqnfg ieqnfg dzfgqn

ehef lnmjèqhef `jknc èfmz| lnkewec&

_{bs~ leèi pjfgj{|neff~e qjkegen pj{ef|e{e, kjhj{me leèi kj{kegen mjfnq

p{b|bhb` hbizfnheqn me{nfgef lef lepe| kj{ele pele `jtj`)`jtj` ~efg kj{kjle pele

cn{e{hn è~j{ p{b|bhb` hbizfnheqn me{nfgef& Qze|z pj{ef|e{e lepe| qeme kjhj{me pele

è~j{ Le|e)@nfh, è~j{ Fj|wb{h lef \{efqpb{|, iezpzf è~j{ Ep`nheqn leèicn{e{hn è~j{ hbizfnheqn me{nfgef ijfz{z| BQN& Feizf pjfgj{|nef p{bs~ qj{tj{

qjkegnef kjqe{ eleèc zf|zh ijfzfmzh qze|z qj{tj{ ~efg kjhj{me qjkegen p{bs~

pele è~j{ Ep`nheqn, ijqhnpzf mzge ehef lnkeceq ijfgjfen p{bs~ pele `jtj`

qn{hzn|&


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;N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

Leèi qze|z me{nfgef `bhe` ~efg |j{czkzfg hj me{nfgef ènf e|ez nf|j{fj|,

pjfggzfe |nleh èfgqzfg kj{czkzfgef ljfgef me{nfgef `ze{ e|ez nf|j{fj|, |j|epn

ce{zq ij`jwe|n qze|z ge|jwe~, ~efg kj{|nfleh qjkegen ke|eq ef|e{e me{nfgef `bhe`

lef me{nfgef `ze{& Ge|jwe~ nfn qefge| pjf|nfg, he{jfe me{nfgef `bhe` ce{zq lepe|

ln`nflzfgn ljfgef kenh le{n kece~e ~efg izfghnf kj{eqe` le{n nf|j{fj|, lef ce`

|j{qjkz| ehef qz`n| lnèhzhef kne` |nleh ele ge{nq ke|eq ~efg mjèq me{nfgef `bhe` lefnf|j{fj|& Ge|jwe~ mzge kj{|nfleh qjkegen |n|nh lniefe qjmzièc hbfjhqn le{n

pjfggzfe `bhe` ehef |j{czkzfg hjpelef~e, lef qze|z hbfjhqn hj me{nfgef `ze{ mzge

|j{czkzfg hjpelef~e& Ljfgef ljinhnef, hbfjhqn le{n me{nfgef `bhe` hj nf|j{fj|

ehef ijfggzfehef qeikzfgef ~efg lnin`nhn b`jc ge|jwe~ qjae{e kj{qeie)qeie

#abffja|nbf qce{nfg.& Leèi ce` nfn, ge|jwe~ eleèc mzge qjkegen p{bs~ qj{tj{,

he{jfe ijf~jlnehef è~efef qjkegen pj{ef|e{e ef|e{e me{nfgef `bhe` lef me{nfgef

`ze{ e|ez nf|j{fj|&

Lneg{ei kj{nhz| ijfggeike{hef pbqnqn lef dzfgqn le{n p{bs~ qj{tj{,

lnef|e{e pjfggzfe lef pjf~jlne e~efef=

Me{nfgef `bhe`

Me{nfgef ze{ e|ez Nf|j{fj|

_jfggzfe

@e~efef

_jfggzfe

_jfggzfe

_j{inf|eefè~efef

_j{inf|eefè~efef

_j{inf|eefè~efef

_{bs~ qj{tj{ $ge|jwe~"dn{jwe``

_{bs~ qj{tj{ijwehn`npj{inf|eef lef pjfj{nieef

le{n pjf~jlne è~efef

@e~efef

_[BS^, GE\JWE^ LEF DN[JWE@@

_{bs~ qj{tj{ mzge kneqef~e ijfmeln qe|z ljfgef dn{jwe`` qj{tj{, ijqhnpzf

hjlzef~e kjhj{me pele è~j{ ~efg kj{kjle& Dn{jwe`` e|ez peahj| dn`|j{nfg ~efg

lngzfehef zf|zh ij`nflzfgn me{nfgef `bhe` le{n qj{efgef e|ez gefggzef ~efg

kj{eqe` le{n me{nfgef nf|j{fj| kjhj{me pele è~j{ fj|wb{h, qjlefghef p{bs~ qj{tj{

kjhj{me pele è~j{ ep`nheqn& Dn{jwe`` kneqef~e ln`j|ehhef pele {bz|j{){bz|j{, zf|zh

qjcnfgge knqe ijèhzhef dn`|j{nfg e|eq pehj| ~efg `jwe| le{n lef hj me{nfgef)

me{nfgef ~efg lnczkzfghef&

He{jfe dn{jwe`` ijèhzhef dn`|j{nfg kj{leqe{hef qze|z led|e{ e|z{ef lef

pjfge|z{ef ehqjq |j{|jf|z, iehe `jknc izlec ijfge|z{ lef ijfgjfle`nhef |{ednh

le{n qzikj{)qzikj{ ~efg |nleh lnpj{ae~e& Dn{jwe`` mzge ijèhzhef dn`|j{nfg

kj{leqe{hef mjfnq p{b|bhb` ~efg lngzfehef #\A_,ZL_,NAI_. lef pb{| \A_ e|ez


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ZL_ ~efg lngzfehef b`jc qze|z è~efef #qjinqe` |j`fj| e|ez D\_.& Qjcnfgge

dn{jwe`` ijèhzhef hjfle`n ljfgef ij|blj kb`jc `jwe| e|ez |nleh kb`jc `jwe|,

qjqzen ljfgef led|e{ e|z{ef lef pjfge|z{ef ehqjq ~efg lnkze|& Knè qze|z è~efef

|j{|jf|z e|ez eèie| |j{|jf|z ij{zpehef è~efef e|ez eèie| ~efg |j{pj{ae~e, iehe

lepe| lne|z{ pele dn{jwe`` ege{ pehj| le{n qzikj{ |j{pj{ae~e lnpj{kb`jchef `jwe|&

_eahj| dn`|j{nfg pele dn{jwe`` ijipzf~en hjzfggzèf ~en|z hjaepe|ef ~efg

`jknc lef |nleh ijij{`zhef hbfdngz{eqn |j{|jf|z pele pjfggzfe)pjfggzfe ~efg

|j{czkzfg& Feizf ln qnqn ènf lepe| ijfnikz`hef hjqz`n|ef, he{jfe ehef qefge|

qz`n| knè hn|e ce{zq ijikze| qe|z led|e{ e|z{ef ~efg kef~eh lef hbip`jhq&

Lnqeipnfg n|z, ~efg knqe lnèhzhef dn{jwe`` cef~e ijipj{kb`jchef e|ez |nleh

ijipj{kb`jchef qze|z pehj| `jwe| kj{leqe{hef pele eèie| N_ qzikj{ e|ez

eèie| N_ |zmzef ~efg ele pele pehj| |j{qjkz|& _jf~j{efg knqe ijèhzhef

ijie`qzhef eèie| N_ pele pehj| #qpbbdnfg. jifggzfehef eèie| N_ |j{|jf|z

~efg |j{pj{ae~e, lef dn{jwe`` ehef ij`jwe|heff~e& _jf~j{efg mzge lepe|

ijèhzhef pjf~elepef pehj| #qfnddnfg. ljfgef {jè|nd izlec zf|zh ijfgj|eczn

q|{zh|z{ eèie| N_ pele cjelj{ pehj| ~efg `jwe| ln me{nfgef&

Leèi efe`bgn pj{pzq|eheef lne|eq, dn`|j{nfg pele dn{jwe`` qj{zpe ljfgef

pj|zgeq pj{pzq|eheef ijfnipef led|e{ ieceqnqwe lef lbqjf ~efg |j{pj{ae~e, lef

ij{jhe kb`jc èfgqzfg ijfgeikn` qjfln{n kzhz ~efg lnnfgnfhef le{n {eh& Nfn knqe

ijfgceqn`hef p{bqjq qn{hzèqn kzhz ~efg `jknc ajpe|, feizf ijij{`zhef

pjfefgefef hczqzq e|eq led|e{ ~efg lnpj{kb`jchef |j{qjkz|& Nfn mzge kj{jqnhb knè

ele qjqjb{efg ~efg ijfggzfhef nljf|n|eq pe`qz, qjcnfgge qjbèc)bèc lne eleèc

qeèc qe|z le{n ~efg ele leèi led|e{ ~efg lnpj{kb`jchef&

_{bs~ qj{tj{ ijfggzfehef ae{e ~efg kj{kjle& _{bs~ qj{tj{ ijib|bfg

czkzfgef èfgqzfg ef|e{e pjfggzfe lef è~efef ~efg lneheqjq #e|ez ef|e{e

ieceqnqwe lef kzhz)kzhz pj{pzq|eheef leèi efe`bgn lne|eq.& Nfn lnèhzhef

pj{|eie)|eie ljfgef ijfgzkec eèie| N_, ijikze| pjij|eef le{n eèie| N_

me{nfgef `bhe` hj qze|z eèie| N_ p{bs~, ~efg lngzfehef zf|zh me{nfgef `ze{ e|ez

nf|j{fj|& He{jfe cef~e èie| N_ p{bs~ |j{qjkz| ~efg ehef lnhj|eczn qjae{e zizi

ln nf|j{fj| #me{nfgef ~efg |nleh |j{pj{ae~e., iehe pjie`qzef |nleh knqe lnèhzhef&

_JFLJHE\EF @E^J[ BQN

He{jfe p{bs~ kjhj{me pele è~j{ ep`nheqn, p{bs~ qj{tj{ lepe| kj{meèf pele

kef~eh ep`nheqn ef|e{e ènf C\\_ _{bs~ e|ez Wjk _{bs~ zf|zh p{b|bhb` C\\_

e|ez Wjk, D\_ _{bs~, QI\_"_B_ _{bs~ zf|zh jien`, FF\_ p{bs~ zf|zh

Fjwqg{bzp, [jeÈzlnb"[je`Tnljb _{bs~ zf|zh iz`|nijlne q|{jeinfg, N[A p{bs~

zf|zh Nf|j{fj| [jè~ Ace| #N[A., lef ènf)ènf& Ieqnfg)ieqnfg cef~e ehef

ijfj{nie,ijfj{zqhef e|ez ijèhzhef dn`|j{ e|eq pehj| ~efg lnceqn`hef b`jc

è~efef ~efg kj{qjqzenef&

_{bs~ ep`nheqn qpjqndnh ijin`nhn pn`ncef hbfdngz{eqn ~efg qefge| kef~eh&Qjkegen abf|bc, Wjk _{bs~ lepe| lnhbfdngz{eqn zf|zh ijfbèh ehqjq hj qn|zq wjk


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:N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

Ijhefnqij aeacnfg ehef ijf~nipef bk~jh)bk~jh ~efg ij{zpehef ceqn`

pj{inf|eef le{n le{n pe{e pjfggzfe, ~efg lnlepe| le{n nf|j{fj|& He{jfe p{bs~

qj{tj{ kj{|nfleh qjkegen pj{ef|e{e, iehe p{bs~ qj{tj{ ijflepe|hef bk~jh)bk~jh

|j{qjkz| `jknc lecz`z le{n qzikj{f~e zf|zh jhizlnef ln|j{zqhef hjpele pjinf|e

~efg qjqzfggzcf~e& Leèi p{bqjq |j{qjkz|, p{bs~ qj{tj{ mzge qjhe`ngzq

ijf~nipef bk~jh)bk~jh |j{qjkz| zf|zh ln{nf~e qjfln{n leèi {zefg lnqh ~efglnqjlnehef #aeacj.&

Ljfgef ljinhnef, knè qze|z qee| ele pjfggzfe ~efg ijinf|e qze|z

è~efef hj nf|j{fj| ~efg ijfgeflzfg bk~jh)bk~jh ~efg qeie ljfgef ~efg qzlec

pj{fec lninf|e qjkj`zif~e, ~en|z ~efg qzlec ele leèi aeacj, iehe p{bs~ qj{tj{

ehef lepe| èfgqzfg ijikj{nhef bk~jh le{n aeacj ~efg lninf|e hjpele pjfggzfe,

|efpe ce{zq ijinf|e zèfg hj qj{tj{ eq`nf~e ln nf|j{fj|& Knè pj{inf|eef |j{qjkz|

|nleh lepe| ln|jizhef leèi aeacj ln p{bs~ qj{tj{, ke{z hjizlnef p{bs~ qj{tj{

ijfj{zqhef e|ez ijinf|eheff~e hj qj{tj{ eq`nf~e ln nf|j{fj|&

_{bqjq aeacnfg nfn mzge |nleh hj`nce|ef kegn pjfggzfe #|{efqpe{ef., he{jfekegn pjfggzfe |nleh |eipeh qnepe qjkjfe{f~e ~efg ~efg ijikj{nhef bk~jh ~efg

lninf|ef~e, epehec p{bs~ qj{tj{ ~efg ijfgeikn` le{n aeacj)f~e e|ez qj{tj{ eq`n

ln nf|j{fj|& Le{n qnqn pjfggzfe, qjize ehef feipeh qjkegen keèqef èfgqzfg le{n

nf|j{fj|&

Qeèc qe|z p{bs~ ~efg pe`nfg kef~eh lnkeceq lef lngzfehef qjae{e `zeq

eleèc C\\_ p{bs~ e|ez Wjk p{bs~& C\\_ p{bs~ qj{tj{ ij{zpehef p{bs~ ~efg

kj{ln{n lnef|e{e e`bheqn wjk pjfggzfe inqe`f~e wjk k{bwqj{ lef wjk qj{tj{ e|ez

C\\_ qj{tj{&

Hj|nhe pjfggzfe ijikzhe k{bwqj{ lef ijfgj|nhhef Z[@, iehe abf|jf|

~efg lninf|e Z[@ |j{qjkz| lnfeiehef Nf|j{fj| Bkmja|& _j{|eie lne ehef kj{|ef~e

|j{`jknc lecz`z hj qjkzec LFQ #Lbienf Feij Qj{tj{.& LFQ ehef ijfae{n N_

Ell{jqq le{n Z[@ |j{qjkz| leèi le|ekeqjf~e lef ijikj{n mewekef hjpele k{bwqj{

|j{qjkz| hjike`n& Qj|jèc k{bwqj{ ijflepe|hef N_ Ell{jqq, iehe ne ehef ijikzhe

czkzfgef hj pb{| c||p wjk qj{tj{ |zmzef& Wjk qj{tj{ ehef ijfljfge{hef elef~e

pj{inf|eef le{n k{bwqj{ è`z ijikj{nhef abf|jf| ~efg lninf|e |j{qjkz|& Qj|j`jc

k{bwqj{ ijfj{nie abf|jf| iehe czkzfgef ljfgef wjk qj{tj{ kneq lnpz|zq& Abf|jf|

è`z ln|eipn`hef lef lnqnipef lnleèi ce{lnqh&

Abf|jf| ~efg lnqnipef lnleèi ce{lnqh kneqef~e lnqjkz| aeacj bkmja| ~efgfe|nf~e ehef lngzfehef mnhe pjfggzfe hjike`n ijfgzfmzfgn qn|j ~efg qeie,

inqe`f~e ljfgef ijfgh`nh |bikb` keah e|ez ij`nce| cnq|b{~& Leèi hzfmzfgef

kj{nhz|f~e, k{bwqj{ ehef ijij{nhqe te`nleqn abf|jf| ~efg lnqnipeff~e, te`nleqn nfn

lnèhzhef ljfgef ijikeflnfghef cjelj{ abf|jf| ~efg ele pele aeacj bkmja| ljfgef

~efg ele pele wjk qj{tj{, mnhe abf|ja| kj`zi jspn{jl #hele`zwe{qe. iehe abf|ja|

|eln ehef ln|eipn`hef hjike`n hj k{bwqj{&

Aeacj bkmja| ~efg lnqnipef leèi ce{lnqh `bae` nfn cef~e kneq lnpehen b`jc

pjfggzfe qjfln{nef, |nleh kneq lnkegn ljfgef pjfggzfe ~efg ènff~e, ènf ce` mnhe

abf|jf| |j{qjkz| lnqnipef pele qjkzec qj{tj{, lniefe qjize abipz|j{ |j{czkzfg

ljfgef qj{tj{ |j{qjkz|, iehe aeacj bkmja| |j{qjkz| kneq lnpehen kj{qeie)qeie, qj{tj{|j{qjkz|èc ~efg fef|nf~e ehef lnfeiehef aeacj qj{tj{ e|ez p{bs~ qj{tj{&


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Aeacj qj{tj{ ln`j|ehhef pele |n|nh lnef|e{e h`njf lef wjk qj{tj{ & _ele

abf|bc lne|eq h`njf ehef ijinf|e abf|jf| le{n qze|z wjk qj{tj{ hj aeacj qj{tj{, |nleh

èfgqzfg hj wjk qj{tj{ |zmzef& Aeacj qj{tj{ nfnèc ~efg kj{|efggzfg mewek zf|zh

ijflbwf`bel abf|jf| ~efg lninf|e lef ijikj{nheff~e pele h`njf& Abf|jf| |eln

lnqnipef pele ce{lqnh `bae` aeacj qj{tj{& @enf weh|z, ele h`njf ~efg ijinf|eabf|jf| ~efg qeie, iehe aeacj qj{tj{ |nleh pj{`z ijfgeikn` èfgqzfg le{n qj{tj{

|zmzef |epn |nfgge` ijikj{nhef abf|jf| ~efg qzlec ele& Lnqnfnèc `j|eh bp|nieqn

aeacj qj{tj{ |j{qjkz|&

Ele lze mjfnq ij|blj aeacnfg, ~en|z peqnd lef eh|nd& Qjpj{|n |jèc hn|e

hj|eczn, bkmja| ~efg lnqnipef knqe qeme ijfaepen jspn{jl, zf|zh ijij{nhqef~e

lnèhzhef te`nleqn& Mnhe te`nleqn nfn lnèhzhef qj|jèc ele pj{inf|eef le{n h`njf,

ij|blj nfn lnqjkz| peqnd& _ele aeacnfg eh|nd, aeacj qj{tj{ ijfgeie|n bkmja| lef pbè

pj{zkeceff~e& Inqe`hef pele qjkzec bkmja| lnlepe|n qj|nep ce{nf~e kj{zkec qj|nep

mei 5; qnefg lef pjfggzfe kneqef~e ijikeaef~e mei 5


7/61



_j{inf|eef le{npjfggzfe wjk

k{bwqj{, {eflbi lef|nleh |j{e|z{

_jfggzfe me{nfgef bhe`

_j{inf|eef le{n

p{bs~"aeacj qj{tj{,

|j{z{z| lef |j{e|z{

nf|j{fj|

qwn|acE K A L J D G C

Q J @ J A \J L

BF) @NF J Dn{jwe``"{bz|j{

Le|e ~efg lnkj{nhefb`jc aeacj qj{tj{

hj wjk k{bwqj{

Wjk _{bs~"aeacj

qj{tj{

Le|e le{n nf|j{fj|, hj|nhelninf|e, ehef lnqnipef

le`ei aeacj

7


8/61



Cn{e{hn Aeacj

Ef|e{e aeacj qj{tj{ kneq |j{me`nf qe`nfg hj{me qeie& _{b|bhb` hj{me qeie nfn

kj{feie Nf|j{fj| Aeacj _{b|bab` #NA_.& Ljfgef NA_, qnq|ji aeacj kneq ijipzf~en

cn{e{hn& Cn{e{hn lnkjf|zh b`jc lze mjfnq czkzfgef, ~en|z pe{jf| lef qnk`nfg&

_e{jf| =aeacj qj{tj{ ~efg wemnk ijfae{nhef abf|jf| ~efg lninf|e b`jc h`njf

Qnk`nfg =aeacj qj{tj{ ~efg wemnk ijikj{nhef abf|jf| ~efg lninf|e mnhe ijiefg

|j{qjlne& Mnhe |nleh, qnk`nfg |nleh wemnk zf|zh ijfae{nheff~e

Le{n lze czkzfgeff~e nfn, qnq|ji aeacj kneq lnljqenf qjae{e kj{|nfghe|&

Inqe`hef leèi ijfljqenf qjkzec NQ_ e|ez fj|wb{h heipzq, efle kneq ijipzf~en

`jknc le{n qe|z aeacj qj{tj{ ~efg qe`nfg qnk`nfg qe|z ljfgef ~efg ènff~e&

Qhjfe{nb ènff~e inqe`hef ef|e{e aeacj hef|b{ pzqe| lef hef|b{ aekefg, lniefe

hef|b{ pzqe| |j{`j|eh ln ge|jwe~ nf|j{fj|& _e{jf| hef|b{ pzqe| qjènf lngzfehef

fj|wb{h `bhe`f~e, mzge lnkjkefn |{ednh ~efg kj{eqe` le{n aeacj qj{tj{ in`nh hef|b{

aekefg&

Zf|zh kj{ieaei)ieaei ljqenf aeacj lepe| ln`nce| le{n qhjie geike{ kj{nhz| =

Nf|j{fj|

Qnk`nfg ;

Aeacj pe{jf|

Qnk`nfg 5

_ele geike{ lne|eq mjèq kecwe ef|e{e aeacj qnk`nfg ~efg qe|z ljfgef ~efg

ènff~e qe`nfg kj{|zhe{ bkmja|, lef mnhe |nleh ele iehe aeacj qnk`nfg ehef ijinf|e

abf|jf| hj aeacj qj{tj{, lef aeacj qj{tj{ wemnk zf|zh ijikj{nheff~e, leèi hbflnqn

~efg qjqzfggzcf~e czkzfgef aeacj qnk`nfg kneq `jknc le{n qe|z&


9/61


>N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

Nf|j{fj|

Aeacj pe{jf| Aeacj qj{tj{

Czkzfgef mjfnq nfn kj{qnde| hj|j{gef|zfgef pjfzc, aeacj acn`l #aeacj qj{tj{.

iez |nleh iez ce{zq ijinf|e hjpele pe{jf|, lef pe{jf| pzf kj{hjwemnkef zf|zh

ijijfzcn pj{inf|eef acn`l |efpe hjaze`n, pele hbflnqn ele e|ez |nlehf~e bkmja| ~efg

lninf|e ln leèi ce{lqnhf~e& Lef kegn acn`l, knè pe{jf| |nleh kneq ijijfzcn

pj{inf|eef, iehe aeacj acn`l ehef ijikj{nhef pjqef j{{b{ pele k{bwqj{ h`njf

kecwe Z[@ iezpzf abf|jf| ~efg lninf|e |nleh lepe| lneikn`&

\[EFQ_E[JF\ _[BS^

Qeèc qe|z hbip`jhqn|eq le{n p{bs~ pele `jtj` ep`nheqn eleèc kecwe pele qnqn

pjfggzfe ce{zq lnèhzhef hbfdngz{eqn ~efg qpjqndnh zf|zh qze|z p{bs~ |j{|jf|z ege{

knqe ijfggzfehef è~efef le{n qze|z p{bs~ qj{tj{& Knè lnnfgnfhef ege{ pjfggzfe

|nleh ce{zq ijèhzhef hbfdngz{eqn hczqzq, hn|e knqe ijfghbfdngz{eqn p{bs~"aeacjqj{tj{ ege{ kj{meèf qjae{e kjfe{)kjfe{ |{efqpe{ef |j{celep pjfggzfe #|{efqpe{jf|

p{bs~.& Kneqef~e ae{e nfn ijij{`zhef kef|zef lef hbfdngz{eqn ep`nheqn dn{jwe`` #~efg

kjhj{me pele è~j{ fj|wb{h. zf|zh knqe ijikze| |{efqpe{jf| p{bs~ ~efg kjhj{me pele

è~j{ ep`nheqn&

\{efqpe{jf| p{bs~ lepe| kj{gzfe zf|zh ijiehqe pjfggzfe ijfggzfehef

p{bs~"aeacj qj{tj{, he{jfe pjfggzfe kjfe{)kjfe{ |nleh ijfgj|eczn |jf|efg

hjkj{eleef p{bs~ nfn, lef epepzf hbfdngz{eqn pele qnqn pjfggzfe, qjèie p{bs~

qj{tj{ nfn kj{ele pele me`z{ me{nfgef ~efg peq|n lnè`zn b`jc pjfggzfe zf|zh ijfzmz hj

nf|j{fj|, iehe pjfggzfe peq|n ljfgef qjfln{nf~e ehef ijfggzfehef p{bs~"aeacj

nfn&

Ae{e ijikze| |{efqpe{jf| p{bs~ eleèc ljfgef ijikj`bhhef e{ec

#{jln{ja|nfg. le{n pehj|)pehj| zf|zh qze|z ep`nheqn |j{|jf|z, ljfgef ijfggzfehef qe|z

e|ez `jknc e|z{ef pele dn{jwe``"{bz|j{& Ce` nfn knqe lnèhzhef he{jfe qj|nep ep`nheqn

kj{keqnq \A_ ehef ijfggzfehef qeèc qe|z pb{| ~efg |j{qjlne, lef dn{jwe`` lepe|

lne|z{ ege{ ijikj`bhhef pehj| ~efg ijfzmz hj pb{| è~efef |j{|jf|z, hj e{ec pb{|

le{n p{bs~ ~efg kj{qjqzenef&

Qjkegen abf|bc, pele qee| h`njf| ijikzhe czkzfgef C\\_ #pb{| 3?. ljfgef

qze|z wjk qj{tj{, dn{jwe`` pele {bz|j{ ~efg ijfj{nie qjgj{e ijfgjfe`n kecwe ele

pehj| le|e ~efg kj{eqe` le{n h`njf ljfgef fbib{ pb{| 3?& Lnqnfn hn|e mzge ijipzf~enqe|z C\\_ p{bs~ qj{tj{ ~efg kj{meèf pele pb{| 151?& Iehe pele dn{jwe`` {bz|j{ hn|e


10/61


5?N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

kze| qe|z e|z{ef ~efg ijf~e|ehef kecwe qj|nep pehj| ~efg le|efg le{n me{nfgef `bhe`

ijfzmz hj pb{| 3? ce{zq lnkj`bhhef hj e{ec eèie| C\\_ p{bs~ qj{tj{ pb{| 151?&

Ehnke|f~e, qjize pj{inf|eef wjk le{n pjfggzfe ehef ieqzh lef lnwehn`n b`jc

C\\_ p{bs~ qj{tj{ lne|eq&

Wjk qj{tj{ |zmzef

_b{| 151? [juzjq| hj pb{| 3?

qj{tj{h`njf

Meln qjae{e zizi hjzf|zfgef le{n ij|blj |{efqpe{jf| p{bs~ n|z qjfln{n eleèc =

5& Hjizlecef elinfnq|{eqn me{nfgef, ljfgef e{|nef k{bwqj{ ~efg lngzfehef

h`njf |nleh ce{zq lnhbfdngz{eqn qjae{e hczqzq ~efg ijf~e|ehef kecwe ij{jhe

ijfggzfehef deqn`n|eq p{bs~ ~efg kj{qefghz|ef&

;& Qjf|{e`nqeqn hbf|{b`, ljfgef e{|nef, pj{gef|nef ij|blj k~peqq p{bs~ iezpzf

pjfggzfeef p{bs~ b`jc h`njf lepe| lnèhzhef qjae{e |j{pzqe|&

QUZNL WJK _[BS^"AEACJ


11/61



Qeèc qe|z abf|bc ep`nheqn p{bs~"aeacj qj{tj{ eleèc Quznl& Quznl lnhjfe`qjkegen ep`nheqn p{bs~ lef aeacj qj{tj{ ~efg cefle`& _ele pnceh h`njf kjhj{me

ep`nehqn k{bwqj{ ~efg ijinf|e {juzjq| c||p pele pb{| 3?& K{bwqj{ nfn qj|jèc

lnhbfdngz{eqn ehef ijinf|e abf|jf|, ~efg qjèfmz|f~e lnqjkz| bkmja|, hjpele aeacj

qj{tj{, ljfgef fbib{ pb{| ~efg |jèc lnqjqzenhef ljfgef in`nh qj{tj{, fbib{ ~efglnpehen kzhef pb{| 3? ijènfhef pb{| 3?3? 151? #hjkef~ehef aeacj qj{tj{

ijfggzfehef pb{| n|z qjkegen q|efle{f~e.&

_ele qee| k{bwqj{ ijfgn{nihef cjelj{ pj{inf|eef, qnf~e` c||p {juzjq|

lnhn{nihef hj qj{tj{& Cjelj{ |j{qjkz| ln|j{nie quznl lef lnkeae& Le{n ceqn`

pjikeaeef, quznl ehef ijipe{qnfg Z[@ ~efg lnkz|zchef, è`n Z[@ nfn

lnababhhef ljfgef le|ekeqj aeacj ~efg ele&

Le|ekeqj nfn kj{zpe hzipzèf ij|ele|e #qjieaei cjelj{. le{n bkmja| ~efg

qzlec ele lnleèi ce{lnqh& Mnhe ele, bkmja| ehef lnhn{nihef hj h`njf lef |j{ae|e|

leèi `bggnfg kecwe h`njf |jèc ijflepe|hef bkmja| ~efg lninf|e& Leèi `bg

hjmelnef |j{qjkz| ehef lnae|e| qjkegen \A_RCN\& Qjke`nhf~e, mnhe bkmja| ~efg

lninf|e |j{f~e|e |nleh ele, quznl ehef ijfae{nf~e le{n pjj{ e|ez èfgqzfg hj

qj{tj{ |zmzef& Qj|jèc ijflepe|hef bkmja|f~e, quznl ehef ijf~nipef bkmja|

|j{qjkz| hj leèi ce{lnqh& Qjèie leèi p{bqjq lbwf`bel bkmja| nfn lnfeiehef

bkmja| nf |{efqn| ~efg qjijf|e{e ehef ijfgczfn {zefg ijib{n& Leèi ieqe

lbwf`bel |eln, bkmja| izèn lnhn{nihef hj h`njf lef qj|jèc qj`jqen, hjmelnef nfn

|j{ae|e| leèi `bg qjkegen \A_RINQQ&

Czkzfgef ef|e{ aeacj e|ez fef|nf~e lnqjkz| pjj{ n|z qjfln{n ele lze mjfnq,

~en|z pe{jf| lef qnk`nfg& Qnk`nfg hjlzlzheff~e qe`nfg qjmeme{ ljfgef qnk`nfgènff~e, qjlefghef pe{jf| eleèc kj{ele lne|eq qnk`nfg, lze mjfnq pjj{ nfn ~efg

qjèfmz|f~e ehef kj{gefljfgef ijikjf|zh me{nfgef cn{e{hn aeacj

NA_ qjkegen p{b|bhb` aeacj kj{pj{ef leèi ijfef~ehef hj|j{qjlneef

bkmja| leèi aeacj& Leèi qjkzec me{nfgef qjkzec aeacj ~efg ijipzf~en qnk`nfg,

ehef ijfabke ijfae{n ~efg lnkz|zchef hj pjj{ qnk`nfg ènff~e, kzhef hjpele

pe{jf|, aeacj ehef ijfgn{nihef qnf~e` nap hjpele qnk`nfg lef qnk`nfg

ijikeèqf~e ljfgef nfdb{ieqn hj|j{qjlneef ele e|ez |nleh& Knè ele, aeacj ehef

ijfae|e|hef NA_RCN\ leèi `bgf~e& Qj|jèc hjpeq|nef bkmja| kneq lneikn` le{n

qnk`nfg, è`z aeacj ehef ijfgn{nihef qnf~e` c||p hj qnk`nfg zf|zh ijfgeikn`

bkmja| ~efg lniehqzl& Lef qj|jèc ijflepe|heff~e, aeacj ehef ijfae|e| `bgQNK@NFGRCN\&

Mnhe |j{f~e|e qnk`nfg |nleh ijf~jlnehef bkmja| ~efg lnae{n, aeacj ehef

ijinf|ef~e hjpele pe{jf|& Qjkegen pe{jf|, ne wemnk ijfae{nhef bkmja| ~efg

lninf|e |j{qjkz| weèzpzf ne qjfln{n |nleh ijin`nhnf~e #\A_RINQQ.& Qj|jèc

bkmja| lnlepe|hef le{n qj{tj{ b{ngnf, bkmja| ehef lnhn{nihef hj aeacj acn`l |eln,

qj|jèc ijflepe|heff~e aeacj acn`l ehef ijfae|e|f~e qjkegen _E[JF\RCN\&

Hbfdngz{eqn, pjfggzfeef lef ij|blj Quznl

Hbfdngz{eqn)hbfdngz{eqn ijfleqe{ quznl ef|e{e ènf =


12/61


5;N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

5& c||pRpb{| fbib{ pb{|&

Nfn ehef ijfzfmzhhef fbib{ pb{| ~efg ehef lnpehen zf|zh ijfmeèfhef quznl&

Fbib{ pb{| nfn ehef lnpehen zf|zh kj{czkzfgef ljfgef h`njf lef pjj{&

;& napRpb{| fbib{ pb{|&Nfn ehef ijfzfmzhhef fbib{ pb{| ~efg ehef lnpehen zf|zh ijfmeèfhef quznl&

Fbib{ pb{| nfn ehef lnpehen zf|zh kj{czkzfgef ljfgef h`njf lef pjj{&

1& aeacjRpjj{ feieRpjj{ |npjRpjj{ fbib{Rpb{|Rc||p fbib{Rpb{|Rnap bp|nbf&

Qnf|eqh le{n aeacj pjj{ nfn lngzfehef zf|zh kj{czkzfgef ljfgef pjj{ ènf, lef pjj{

ènf ~efg lnhbfjhqnhef nfn |npjf~e kj{gef|zfg le{n |npj pjj{ ~efg |jèc lnljhè{eqnhef

nfn, kneq kj{|npj qnk`nfg iezpzf kj{|npj pe{jf|,lef pb{| ~efg lngzfehef zf|zh

czkzfgef NA_ iezpzf C\\_ mzge lnljhè{eqnhef lnqnfn, qjlefgehef zf|zh pe{eij|j{

bp|nbf lnqnfn ele kj{ieaei)ieaei qeèc qe|zf~e eleèc ljdez`| ~efg kj{e{|n lne

eleèc qe|z)qe|zf~e pe{jf| ~efg ce{zq lnczkzfgn #mnhe kj{|npj pe{jf|. lef p{bs~)bf`~

~efg kj{e{|n kecwe bkmja| ~efg lnpe|e le{n pjj{ |j{qjkz| |nleh pj{`z lnqnipef leèice{lnqh bae`&


13/61



EA@ #Eaajqq Abf|{b` @nq|.

Qjèfmz|f~e hbfdngz{eqn)hbfdngz{eqn èfmz|ef quznl, qjènf qjkegen aeacj

qj{tj{, quznl ~efg ijiefg kj{|nfleh qjkegen pe{jf| zf|zh ijinf|e bkmja| le{n

h`njff~e lepe| mzge lnhbfdngz{eqn zf|zh pjfge|z{ef ceh ehqjq `jknc èfmz|, zf|zhpj{|eie he`n ~efg lnknae{ehef eleèc EA@ #eaajqq abf|{b` `nq|., EA@ qjfln{n |j{ln{n

le{n kjkj{epe |npj ef|e{e ènf =

) Q{a

N_ Ell{jqq eqe` ~efg lngzfehef h`njf

) Lq|

N_ Ell{jqq |zmzef ~efg lninf|e h`njf

) I~np

N_ Ell{jqq `bae` lniefe h`njf |j{czkzfg

) Q{albienf

Feie lbienf eqe` h`njf

) lq|lbienf

Feie lbienf |zmzef h`njf

) Q{albiR{jgjs

_jfae{nef pbè qjae{e q|{nfg le{n feie lbienf eqe` h`njf

) Lq|lbiR{jgjs

_jfae{nef pbè qjae{e q|{nfg le{n feie lbienf |zmzef h`njf

) \nij

Weh|z lnf~e|ehef leèi ce{n lef mei

) _{b|b

_{b|bhb` |{efqdj{ #c||p, d|p, gbpcj{.

) Ij|cblIj|blj pj{inf|eef c||p #gj|, pbq|, abffja|.

Kj{nhz|f~e eleèc abf|{b` `nq| ~efg ehef lngzfehef zf|zh ijfge|z{ abf|{b` le{n

EA@, abf|{b` `nq| |j{qjkz| ef|e{e ènf =

) c||pReaajqq

ijipj{kb`jchef eajqq c||p

) napReaajqq

ijipj{kb`jchef pjj{ zf|zh ijfgn{nihef nap zf|zh ijfuzj{~ bkmja|

) inqqReaajqq

ijipj{kb`jchef h`njf ijinf|e bkmja| ~efg kj`zi ele #inqq. lnleèi aeacj

) fbRaeacjbkmja| ~efg lninf|e h`njf |nleh pj{`z lnqnipef hj ce{lnqh

) e`we~qRln{ja|

pj{inf|eef ~efg ln|efgefn èfgqzfg hj qj{tj{ b{ngnf

) fjtj{ ln{ja|

pj{inf|eef ~efg ln|efgefn qjae{e |nleh èfgqzfg hj qj{tj{ b{ngnf&

Qjkegen abf|bc lnkj{nhef qnf|ehq hbfdngz{eqn EA@ qjpj{|n lnkewec nfn =

!kegnef EA@EA@ `bae`fj| q{a 5>;&543&5??&?";


14/61


5;&543&5??&5 5>;&543&5??&;:< #EA@ `bae`fj|. |jèc

lnnmnfhef zf|zh ijfgehqjq c||p ~efg ln|zfmzhhef b`jc c||pReaajqq e``bw `bae`fj|,

lef lnkewecf~e ele EA@ e``q{a ~efg n|z eleèc ijfaehzp qjize led|e{ N_

Ell{jqq lef EA@ n|z |nleh lnpj{kb`jchef ijfgehqjq c||p, ~en|z c||pReaajqqRljf~

e``q{a, |epn he{jfe pele EA@ `bae`fj| lne |jèc lnjhqjhzqn zf|zh qjkegen N_

Ell{jqq ~efg kb`jc ijfgehqjq, iehe weèzpzf lnke{nq kwecf~e ln lnjhqjhzqn

ègn, n|z |nleh ehef kj{pjfge{zc,ce`)ce` qjpj{|n n|z lngzfehef zf|zh qjb{efg

elinfnq|{e|b{ aeacj qj{tj{ zf|zh ijèhzhef pjfgbf|{bèf ege{ |nleh ehef |j{è`z

lj|en` ijèhzhef pjfge|z{ef mnhe ke{nq e|eq lef kewec qeie)qeie qe`nfg

ijipjfge{zcn&

_jj{nfg

Hjike`n ijiknae{ehef |jf|efg hbfdngz{eqn pjj{nfg& Iehe ln quznl bp|nbf

e|ez pe{eij|j{)pe{eij|j{ zf|zh pjfge|z{ef quznl kef~eh qjhe`n te{neqnf~e ef|e{e

ènf |j{lepe| leèi abf|bc lnkewec nfn =

AeacjRpjj{ zgi&ea&nl qnk`nfg 3?3? 151? p{bs~)bf`~AeacjRpjj{ n|k&ea&nl pe{jf| 15;3 151? fb)lngjq| {bzfl){bknf

AeacjRpjj{ zn&ea&nl pe{jf| 15;3 151> wjngc|9; fb)lngjq|

Zf|zh pjfge|z{ef lne|eq, |npj pjj{ kenh qnk`nfg iezpzf pe{jf|, fbib{ pb{|

zf|zh czkzfgef nap iezpzf c||p |jèc lnmjèqhef pele kek qjkj`zif~e, lnqnfn ehef

lnkeceq |jf|efg bp|nbf ~efg ele ~en|z p{bs~)bf`~, {bzfl){bknf, lef fb)lngjq|&

_ele kegnef qnk`nfg aeacj pjj{ n|z lnljdnfnqnhef qjkegen p{bs~)bf`~ ~efg

kj{e{|n qj`z{zc bkmja| ~efg lnlepe|hef le{n qnk`nfg |nleh ehef lnqnipef hj leèi

ce{lqnh, kjgn|z bkmja| qj`jqen lnlbwf`bel iehe bkmja| |j{qjkz| ehef èfgqzfg

lnqj{echef hjpele h`njf lef bkmja| ehef lncepzq le{n ijib{n, bp|nbf qjèfmz|f~eeleèc wjngc|, bp|nbf wjngc| eleèc lngzfehef zf|zh pjfge|z{ef p{nb{n|eq ~efg


15/61


5:N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

qjiehnf |nfggn fnènf~e iehe lne eleèc aeacj pe{jf| ~efg ehef lnczkzfgn |j{`jknc

lecz`z, bp|nbf {bzfl){bknf kj{dzfgqn zf|zh ijiz|e{ gn`n{ef pe{jf| iefe ~efg

ehef lninf|e ijfae{nhef bkmja|, pele heqzq nfn mnhe ele |j{lepe| kef~eh pe{jf|

~efg |nleh lnkj{n bp|nbf wjngc| zf|zh p{nb{n|eq iehe bp|nbf {bzfl){bknf lngzfehef

zf|zh ijfggn`n{ aeacj ~efg ehef lnczkzfgn qjae{e kj{gef|nef&

Qjlefg bp|nbf fb)lngjq| eleèc ij{zpehef qeèc qe|z e`|j{fe|ntj quznl

kj{knae{e ljfgef pjj{& Aeacj lngjq| ijfggzfehef ae{e ijfgzipz`hef cjelj{

ieqnfg)ieqnfg bkmja| ~efg |jèc lnqnipef hjleèi qjkzec dn`j& Dn`j nfn ~efg

fef|nf~e ehef lndb{we{l e|ez lnlbwf`bel b`jc pjj{ ljfgef ijfggzfehef p{b|bhb`

c||p& Cjelj{ nfn lnhzipz`hef leèi tj{qn |j{hbip{jq ljfgef {eqnb |nfggn&

Ljfgef ijipj{b`jc aeacj)lngjq| le{n pjj{, quznl ijipj{b`jc hjmjèqef

q|e|zq ele |nlehf~e bkmja| ~efg lninf|e, |efpe pj{`z kj{|ef~e lz`z qjkj`zif~e

`jwe| p{b|bhb` NA_, Mjèq le{n qnfn quznl lepe| ijfgbp|ninqeqn kefwn|lc, |j{z|eie

mnhe pjj{ |j{`j|eh leèi me{eh `bgnhe cbbp ~efg azhzp mezc& Aeacj lngjq| n|z qjfln{n

ljgjfj{e|j qjae{e kj{heè lef kjqe{f~e |j{gef|zfg le{n mzièc qj|nep bkmja|,ieqnfg)ieqnfg bkmja| |j{qjkz| lnqnipef leèi cjelj{ qjkef~eh 5? kn|q&

Bkmja| Aeacj

_jfge|z{ef bkmja| qjkzec aeacj qj{tj{ ij{zpehef qeèc qe|z ce` ~efg pj{`z

lnpj{ce|nhef lnqnfn& \jèc lnhj|eczn qjkj`zif~e kecwe bkmja| lnqnipef pele lze

`jtj` aeacjRln{ ~efg kjqe{ `jtj`f~e lnljdnfnqnhef pele hbfdngz{eqn z|eie quznl&

Bkmja| n|z qjfln{n kj{nqnhef abf|jf| Z[@ ~efg lninf|e h`njf lef lnqnipef leèi

kjf|zh dn`j knfe{~, ieqnfg)ieqnfg bkmja| ijipzf~en ij|ele|e ~efg qjkegnef le{n

nqnf~e lnqnipef lnleèi ijib{n zf|zh ijizlechef ijèaeh lniefe `j|eh bkmja|lef epe nqn le{n bkmja| |j{qjkz|& Kef~eh qnde|)qnde| ~efg pj{`z lneie|n zf|zh

bp|nieqn quznl nfn, ef|e{e ènf =

Ziz{ bkmja|

Ziz{ bkja| ij{zpehef qjkzec zhz{ef weh|z ~efg lnceknqhef qjkzec bkmja| zf|zh

|nfgge` lnleèi ce{lnqh aeacj& Ziz{ bkmja| lnke|eqn b`jc kjkj{epe dea|b{, ~en|z =

ij|blj pjfgcepzqef bkmja|

bkmja| lncepzq knqe ijè`zn kjkj{ep e`gb{n|ie pjfgcepzqef =

e& @bgnq|na [jg{jqqnbf =

~en|z ijfgcepzq bkmja| ljfgef hjizfghnfef `bgnq|na {jg{jqqnbf |j{hjan`&Hjizfghnfef `bgnq|na {jg{jqqnbf knqe lne{|nhef qjkegen kjqe{f~e hjizfghnfef

bkmja| |j{qjkz| ehef lnehqjq lnweh|z ~efg ehef le|nfg&

k& @jeq| [jajf|`~ Zqjl =

~en|z ij|blj pjfgcepzqef bkmja| kj{leqe{hef weh|z hepef bkmja| |j{qjkz|

|j{ehcn{ lnehqjq& Qjiehnf èie #kjqe{. weh|zf~e, hjizfghnf lncepzq mzge

ehef qjiehnf kjqe{&

a& @jeq| D{juzjf|`~ Zqjl =

Ij|blj pjfgcepzqef bkmja| ~efg pe`nfg me{efg lnehqjq&


16/61



l& Dn{q| Nf Dn{q| Bz| =

_jfgcepzqef ~efg ij{zfz| ij|blj kj{leqe{hef weh|z ieqzh hj leèi

aeacjRln{, ~en|z bkmja| ~efg pe`nfg ewe` ieqzh, kj{e{|n n|z eleèc bkmja| ~efg

ehef lncepzq |j{`jknc lecz`z&

j& [eflbi =Ijfgcepzq bkmja| qjae{e {eflbi&

Hepeqn|eq ce{lnqh aeacj

Qjiehnf kjqe{ hepeqn|eq aeacj, kj{e{|n qjiehnf èie ziz{ bkmja| |j{qjkz|

knqe lnqnipef, mnhe pjiehenef ce{lnqh qzlec ijfljhe|n ke|eq e|eq

#aeacjRqwepRcngc. pjfgcepzqef ehef qjiehnf qj{nfg lnèhzhef&

Ijib{n

Ijib{n lnpehen quznl leèi kef~eh ce`& Qeèc qe|z abf|bc pjieheneff~e

eleèc zf|zh lnqnipeff~e bkmja| ~efg pbpzè{, è}nif~e lnqjkz| cb| bkmja|&

Mzièc cb| bkmja| ~efg lnqnipef leèi ijib{n knqe lne|z{ ljfgef bp|nbf

aeacjRiji pele quznl&abfd

Qjkjfe{f~e ~efg pe`nfg ijiehef ijib{n eleèc ij|ele|e bkmja|, he{jfe

hjkef~ehef bkmja| qjfln{n qjkjfe{f~e lnqnipef leèi ln{jh|b{n aeacjRln{ ce{lqnh

`bae`& Qjiehnf kef~eh hepeqn|eq aeacjRln{, qjiehnf kef~eh pzè ij|ele|e lef

qjiehnf ijikjkefn pjiehenef ijib{n& _ele hjkef~ehef heqzq zf|zh qj|nep

5&???&??? mzièc bkmja|, {e|e){e|e lnkz|zchef qjkjqe{ 7; IK ijib{n zf|zh

hjqj`z{zcef bkmja| lef 5,;: IK zf|zh ij|ele|e& Mzièc bkmja| nfn knqe lnlepe|hef

le{n kjqe{ aeacjRln{ lnkegn ljfgef mzièc {e|e){e|e hepeqn|eq bkmja|, kneqef~eqj|nep bkmja| kj{fnèn 51 HK&

Ijfgnfge| pjf|nfgf~e hj|j{qjlneef ijib{n, pjf|nfg zf|zh ij`nce| qjkegzq

epe ep`nheqn pjfge`bheqnef ijib{n ~efg ele pele qnq|ji bpj{eqn ~efg qjlefg

kjhj{me& Qjae{e ljdez`| pele qnq|ji bpj{eqn qzlec |j{qjlne {z|nf p{bg{ei zf|zh

e`bheqn ijib{n e|ez ie``ba #ijib{~ e``bae|nbf.& Feizf pele kjkef ~efg qefge|

kjqe{ lef |efpe lnnikefgn pjfeikecef ijib{n ~efg ijielen, ie``ba ehef

ijfaepen ke|eq e|eq pj{db{iefqn lef hjizlnef ijfaepen q|e|zq hj|nlehq|eknèf,

lef quznl ehef ijfz`nqhef kef~eh pjqef j{{b{ pele `bg, inqe`f~e qjpj{|n =

sie``ba = Zfek`j |b e``bae|j 4 k~|jq%&

Mnhe nfn |j{meln, èfghec ~efg lepe| lnèhzhef eleèc ijèhzhef

pjfeikecef ijib{n, lef èfghec hjlze mnhe nfgnf `jknc q|ekn` eleèc ijfgnfq|e``

`nk{e{~ zf|zh {z|nf p{bg{ei ie``ba ~efg `jknc ke{z&


17/61



_[BS^ QJ[TJ[ @E^J[ FJ\WB[H

Qeèc qe|z abf|bc p{bs~ ~efg kjhj{me pele è~j{ me{nfgef eleèc ep`nheqn

dn{jwe`` ~efg ijfmeèfhef Fj|wb{h Ell{jqq \{efqè|nbf #FE\.& FE\ qjè`zlngzfehef pele {bz|j{ e|ez ge|jwe~ ~efg ijfmeèfhef ep`nheqn dn{jwe``& FE\

lngzfehef zf|zh ijfgzkec eèie| N_ pehj| \A_"N_, kneqef~e le{n eèie| N_ me{nfgef

`bhe` hj eèie| N_ pzk`nh, ~efg lepe| lnhjfe`n ln nf|j{fj|&

_ele qze|z me{nfgef `bhe` #`bae` E{je Fj|wb{h., qj|nep hbipz|j{ lnleèif~e

ijfggzfehef eèie| N_ `bhe`, ~en|z eèie| N_ ~efg qzlec lnqjlnehef zf|zh hjpj{`zef

me{nfgef `bhe`, lef |nleh ehef lnhjfe`n e|ez ln|j{nie b`jc {bz|j{){bz|j{ ln Nf|j{fj|&

Hj|nhe hbipz|j{)hbipz|j{ pele me{nfgef `bhe` |j{qjkz| ijij{`zhef zf|zh

ijfgehqjq è~efef ln nf|j{fj|, pehj|)pehj| N_ ~efg kj{eqe` le{n me{nfgef `bhe` ce{zq

lngef|n eèie| qzikj{f~e ljfgef qe|z eèie| N_ pzk`nh ~efg knqe ln|j{nie ln nf|j{fj|&

Lnqnfnèc p{bqjq FE\ lnèhzhef b`jc ep`nheqn dn{jwe`` ln Ge|jwe~, qjcnfgge qze|z

qj{tj{ ln nf|j{fj| ~efg ijfj{nie pj{inf|eef le{n me{nfgef `bhe` ehef ijfgjfe`n pehj|le|efg ijfggzfehef eèie| N_ ge|jwe~, ~efg kneqef~e ijipzf~en qe|z e|ez `jknc

eèie| N_ pzk`nh&

_ele p{bqjq FE\ nfn, ep`nheqn dn{jwe`` ln ge|jwe~ ijf~nipef qe|z led|e{ e|ez

|ekj` |{efqèqn eèie| kj{nhz| ae|e|ef qjqn hbfjhqn \A_"N_ le{n hbipz|j{)hbipz|j{

`bhe` ~efg ijfggzfeheff~e, qjcnfgge p{bqjq pjike`nhf~e knqe lnèhzhef, ~en|z

hj|nhe pehj| mewekef le{n nf|j{fj| le|efg, ge|jwe~ lepe| ijfgj|eczn |zmzef

qjkjfe{f~e le{n pehj| nfn, ijèhzhef p{bqjq pjike`nhf~e #lj)FE\. lef hjizlnef

ijf~eipenhef pehj| |j{qjkz| hj hbipz|j{ `bhe` |zmzef ~efg qjkjfe{f~e&

_[BS^ QJ[TJ[ _ELE @JTJ@ QN[HZN\

_{bs~ qj{tj{ ~efg kjhj{me pele `jtj` qn{hzn| lnkze| zf|zh ijf~jlj{cefehef

hjeleef& _{bs~ nfn |nleh kjhj{me pele è~j{ ep`nheqn, ehef |j|epn kjhj{me qjkegen

qeikzfgef ef|e{e è~j{ ep`nheqn lef è~j{ |{efqpb{|, ijèhzhef pjief|ezef

|j{celep qjqn)qjqn \A_ ef|e{e pjfggzfe lef pjf~jlne è~efef e|ez qjke`nhf~e&

_{bs~ nfn mzge ieqnc kj{|nfleh qjkegen pj{ef|e{e, feizf mzge ijikefgzf qze|z

qn{hzn| tn{|ze` lnef|e{e è~j{ ep`nheqn lef è~j{ |{efqpb{|&

Ljfgef p{bs~ `jtj` qn{hzn|, ep`nheqn h`njf pele pjfggzfe |nleh pj{`z

lnhbfdngz{eqn zf|zh qj|nep mjfnq ep`nheqn& Qjkegen abf|bc, ljfgef ijfggzfehef

Ina{bqbd| _{bs~ Qj{tj{, qjhe`n qeme lnpj{`zhef zf|zh ijfgnfq|e`` WnfQbah _{bs~

pele hbipz|j{ pjfggzfe, qj|jèc n|z ep`nheqn)ep`neheqn qjpj{{|n Wnflbwq Ijlne

_è~j{, N[A e|ez |j`fj| lepe| èfgqzfg ijfggzfeheff~e qjpj{|n knè |j{czkzfg

èfgqzfg hj nf|j{fj|&

Hj`jiecef le{n p{bs~ `jtj` qn{hzn| eleèc |nleh knqe ijij{nhqe nqn le{n

pehj| ~efg lnhn{nihef e|ez ln|j{nie b`jc ep`nheqn)ep`nheqn ~efg ijfggzfeheff~e&Hj`jiecef nfn lnabke lne|eqn ijfggzfehef |jhfb`bgn ~efg lnqjkz| QBAHQ&


18/61



QBAHQ eleèc p{bs~ `jtj` qn{hzn| ~efg lepe| lngzfehef zf|zh qjize ep`nheqn

#gjfj{nh p{bs~. ~efg kj{keqnq \A_"N_, lnhjikefghef qjhn|e{ |eczf 5>>? b`jc

Nf|j{fj| Jfgnfjj{nfg \eqh Db{aj #NJ\D. lef qzlec ijfaepen tj{qn : #[DA 5>;3.&

QBAHQ ijf~jlnehef q|efle{ ~efg nfljpjfljf le{n pè|db{i ~efg lngzfehef

zf|zh ijfgehqjq p{bs~ `jtj` qn{hzn|& Qeèc qe|z hjieipzef pjf|nfg QBAHQ tj{qn

: eleèc |eikecef p{bqjq ez|jf|nheqn lef peqqwb{l, qj{|e ijikj{nhef è~efefp{bs~ |j{celep è~efef kj{keqnq ZL_, ljfgef pj{|eie)|eie ijèhzhef hbfjhqn

\A_, ljf hjizlnef ijfggzfeheff~e zf|zh {jè~ kegn le|e ZL_&

QBAHQ |j{ln{n le{n lze hbipbfjf, ~en|z QBAHQ qj{tj{ lef QBAHQ h`njf&

QBAHQ qj{tj{ lnnip`jijf|eqnhef pele `j~j{ ep`nheqn, qjlefghef QBAHQ h`njf

lnnip`jijf|eqnhef lnef|e{e è~j{ ep`nheqn lef è~j{ |{efqpb{|& Hjgzfeef pbhbhf~e

eleèc zf|zh knqe ijf~j`jfgge{ehef hbfjhqn le{n qe|z cbq| pele qe|z qnqn le{n

QBAHQ qj{tj{ ljfgef cbq| ènf pele qnqn ~efg ènf le{n QBAHQ qj{tj{, |efpe

hjlze cbq| ce{zq |j{czkzfg èfgqzfg leèi hbf|jhq \A_"N_&

Lneg{ei kj{nhz| ijfggeike{hef pbqnqn QBAHQ=

A`njf| QBAHQ Qj{tj{

@e~j{ ep`nheqn @e~j{ ep`nheqn @e~j{ ep`nheqn

@e~j{ |{efqpb{| @e~j{ |{efqpb{| @e~j{ |{efqpb{|

@e~j{ Dnqnh @e~j{ Dnqnh @e~j{ Dnqnh

Hj|nhe qe|z ep`nheqn h`njf nfgnf |j{czkzfg ljfgef qj{tj{ ep`nheqn, pj{|eie)

|eie lne ijfgczkzfgn QBAHQ p{bs~ qj{tj{& _{bs~ nfnèc ~efg ehef ijèhzhef

{jè~ le|e lef ijfgczkzfghef h`njf ljfgef qj{tj{& Kegn qn h`njf, QBAHQ p{bs~qj{tj{ eleèc qj{tj{, lef kegn qj{tj{, QBAHQ p{bs~ qj{tj{ eleèc h`njf& QBAHQ

p{bs~ ijèhzhef 1 |ecep p{bqjq ~en|z ijikze| pj{inf|eef hbfjhqn, ijikze|

qn{hzn| p{bs~)f~e, lef ijèhzhef {jè~ le|e& QBAHQ tj{qn : ijfeikec qe|z

p{bqjlz{ ~en|z p{bqjq ez|jf|nheqn pele qj|nep èfghec lne|eq&

Ep`nheqn ~efg ijfggzfehef QBAHQ tj{qn : qjmzièc ijipzf~en

hjzfggzèf ~en|z =

5& _{bs~ gjfj{nh ~efg |nleh |j{gef|zfg pele ep`nheqnf~e #epp`nae|nbf)

nfljpjfljf| p{bs~.& QBAHQ ijikze| lef ijfge|z{ aceffj` hbizfnheqn ~efg

lngzfehef zf|zh qjize ep`nheqn me{nfgef& Elef~e ep`nheqn ke{z |nleh ijij{`zhef

pjfgjikefgef |eikecef& _{bs~ è~j{ ep`nheqn ce{zq ijikze| qbd|we{j p{bs~ ke{z


19/61


5>N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

zf|zh qj|nep ep`nheqn ke{z, lef p{bs~ `e~j{ fj|wb{h ljfgef nfqpjhqn pjfzc ce{zq

ijikze| ae{e nfqpjhqn p{b|bhb` ke{z&

;& ehqjq ~efg |{efqpe{ef pele me{nfgef ljfgef kef~eh qj{tj{ p{bs~&

1& hjizlecef ez|jf|nheqn lef ij|blj jfh{npqn& Cef~e ijfggzfehef qe|zp{b|bhb` qeme zf|zh pjikefgzfef aceffj` hbizfnheqn qjize pjfggzfe lef

ep`nheqn, lef p{bqjq ez|jf|nheqnf~e& Hjkef~ehef p{b|bhb` |zfj`nfg ijinqechef

p{bqjq ez|jf|nheqn lef p{bqjq pjikefgzfef aceffj` hbizfnheqn&


20/61


;?N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

H`njf ep`nheqn QBAHQ tj{qn : Qj{tj{ ep`nheqn

hn{ni hj|j{efgef ij|blj _j{nhqe hjknmehef

Tj{ndnheqn ij|blj Hn{ni ij|blj ~efg lnpn`nc

_{bqjq ez|jf|nheqn _{bqjq ez|jf|nheqn

QBAHQ tj{qn

;5N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

! \EG= ez|cRpe{ei

! \EG= ez|cjf|nae|jRaeacjRge{kegjRnf|j{te`

! \EG= ez|cjf|nae|jR||`

! \EG= ez|cjf|nae|jRnpR||`

! EAAJQQ ABF\[B@Q

! \EG= js|j{fe`Rea`R|~pj! \EG= ea`

ea` qjs z{`R{jgjs )n +a="quznl"j|a"quznl"qjs"qjs&|s|+

!ea` fb|qjs z{`R{jgjs )n +a="quznl"j|a"quznl"fb|qjs"fb|qjs&|s|+

c||pReaajqq ljf~ qjs

!%fb|qjs

ea` e`` q{a ?&?&?&?"?&?&?&?

ea` iefegj{ p{b|b aeacjRbkmja|

ea` bae`cbq| q{a 5;7&?&?&5";::&;::&;::&;::

ea` |bR`bae`cbq| lq| 5;7&?&?&?"3

ea` QQ@Rpb{|q pb{| ;&543&?&;?1 5>;&543&?&5;7

c||pReaajqq e``bw q|edd

c||pReaajqq e``bw hef|b{

! \EG= c||pReaajqq;

! \EG= c||pR{jp`~Reaajqq

! \EG= napReaajqqnapReaajqq e``bw e``

! \EG= c|apReaajqq

! \EG= c|apRa`{Reaajqq

! \EG= inqqReaajqq

! \EG= nljf|R`bbhzpReaajqq

! \EG= {jp`~Rkbl~RiesRqn}j k~|jq e``bwljf~ ea` ea`&&&

! \EG= db``bwRsRdb{we{ljlRdb{

! \EG= ea`RzqjqRnfln{ja|Ra`njf| bfbdd

! \EG= lj`e~Rpbb`RzqjqRnfln{ja|Ra`njf| bfbdd

! \EG= `bgRzqjqRnfln{ja|Ra`njf| bfbdd

! FJ\WB[H B_\NBFQ! \EG= c||pRpb{|


22/61


;;N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

! \EG= c||pqRpb{|

! \EG= |apRbz|gbnfgR|bq

! \EG= |apRbz|gbnfgRell{jqq

! QQ@ B_\NBFQ

! \EG= qq`Rzfa`jefRqcz|lbwf

! \EG= qq`Rjfgnfj! \EG= qq`p{bs~Ra`njf|Raj{|ndnae|j

! \EG= qq`p{bs~Ra`njf|Rhj~

! \EG= qq`p{bs~Rtj{qnbf

! \EG= qq`p{bs~Rbp|nbfq

! \EG= qq`p{bs~Ranpcj{

! \EG= qq`p{bs~Raedn`j

! \EG= qq`p{bs~Raepe|c

! \EG= qq`p{bs~Rdègq

! \EG= qq`peqqwb{lRp{bg{ei

! B_\NBFQ WCNAC EDDJA\ \CJ FJNGCKB[ QJ@JA\NBF E@GB[N\CI

! \EG= aeacjRpjj{! \EG= aeacjRpjj{Rlbienf

! \EG= aeacjRpjj{Reaajqq

! \EG= fjngckb{R|~pjRlbienf

! \EG= ljelRpjj{R|nijbz| #qjabflq.

! \EG= cnj{e{ac~Rq|bp`nq|

! \EG= aeacjRiji #k~|jq.

! \EG= iesniziRbkmja|Rqn}jRnfRijib{~ #k~|jq.

! \EG= ijib{~R{jpèajijf|Rpb`na~

! LNQH AEACJ B_\NBFQ

! \EG= aeacjR{jpèajijf|Rpb`na~

! \EG= aeacjRln{

! \EG= q|b{jRln{Rqj`ja|Re`gb{n|ci

! \EG= iesRbpjfRlnqhRdlq

! \EG= infniziRbkmja|Rqn}j #k~|jq.

! \EG= iesniziRbkmja|Rqn}j #k~|jq.

! \EG= aeacjRqwepR`bw #pj{ajf|, ?)5??.

! \EG= aeacjRqwepRcngc #pj{ajf|, ?)5??.

! @BGDN@J B_\NBFQ

! \EG= `bgdb{ie|

! \EG= eaajqqR`bg

! \EG= `bgReaajqq e``bwljf~ ea` ea`&&&! \EG= aeacjR`bg

! \EG= aeacjRq|b{jR`bg

! \EG= aeacjRqwepRq|e|j

! \EG= `bgdn`jR{b|e|j

! \EG= jizè|jRc||plR`bg bfbdd

! \EG= `bgRnpRbfRln{ja| bfbdd

! \EG= inijR|ek`j

! \EG= `bgRinijRcl{q bfbdd

! \EG= zqj{egjf|R`bg

! \EG= {jdj{j{R`bg

! \EG= pnlRdn`jfeij! \EG= ljkzgRbp|nbfq


23/61


;1N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

! \EG= `bgRdulf bfbdd

! \EG= a`njf|Rfj|ieqh

! \EG= db{we{lR`bg

! \EG= q|{npRuzj{~R|j{iq

! \EG= kzddj{jlR`bgq bfbdd

! B_\NBFQ DB[ D\_ GE\JWE^NFG! \EG= d|pRzqj{

! \EG= d|pR`nq|Rwnl|c

! \EG= d|pRpeqqntj

! \EG= d|pRqefn|~acjah

! \EG= d|pR|j`fj|Rp{b|bab`

! B_\NBFQ DB[ JS\J[FE@ QZ__B[\ _[BG[EIQ

! \EG= z{`R{jw{n|jRacn`l{jf

! \EG= z{`R{jw{n|jRabfaz{{jfa~

! \EG= z{`R{jw{n|jRcbq|Rcjelj{

! \EG= z{`R{jw{n|jReaajqq

! \EG= {jln{ja|b{Rk~peqq! \EG= `bae|nbfR{jw{n|jRp{bg{ei

! \EG= `bae|nbfR{jw{n|jRacn`l{jf

! \EG= `bae|nbfR{jw{n|jRabfaz{{jfa~

! \EG= `bae|nbfR{jw{n|jReaajqq

! B_\NBFQ DB[ \ZFNFG \CJ AEACJ

! \EG= aeacj

! \EG= {jd{jqcRpe||j{f

!Qzggjq|jl ljdez`|=

{jd{jqcRpe||j{f Vd|p= 5


24/61


;


! Qzpp{jqq Quznl tj{qnbf q|{nfg nfdb nf C\\_ cjelj{q efl C\I@ j{{b{ pegjq&

!

!Ljdez`|=

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tnqnk`jRcbq|feij efwe{! Nd ~bz wef| |b p{jqjf| e qpjane` cbq|feij nf j{{b{ ijqqegjq, j|a,

! ljdnfj |cnq& B|cj{wnqj, |cj {j|z{f te`zj bd gj|cbq|feij#.

! wn`` kj zqjl& Nd ~bz cetj iz |np`j aeacjq nf e a`zq|j{ efl

! gj| j{{b{q ekbz| N_)db{we{lnfg ~bz izq| qj| |cji |b cetj nflntnlze`

! feijq wn|c |cnq qj||nfg&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! fbfj

! \EG= zfnuzjRcbq|feij

! Nd ~bz wef| |b cetj iz`|np`j ieacnfjq wn|c |cj qeij! 'tnqnk`jRcbq|feij' ~bz izq| gntj jeac ieacnfj e lnddj{jf|

! 'zfnuzjRcbq|feij' qb db{we{lnfg `bbpq aef kj lj|ja|jl&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! fbfj

! \EG= cbq|feijRe`neqjq

! E `nq| bd b|cj{ LFQ feijq ~bz{ aeacj ceq&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! fbfj

! \EG= zieqh

! Infnizi zieqh wcnac qcbz`l kj jfdb{ajl wcn`j |cj p{bs~

! nq {zffnfg, nf elln|nbf |b |cj zieqh qj| e| q|e{|zp&

!

! Fb|j= Qcbz`l q|e{| wn|c e ? |b nflnae|j |cj fb{ie` ba|e`

! {jp{jqjf|e|nbf bd zieqhq

!

!Ljdez`|=

! zieqh ?;7

! B_\NBFQ DB[ \CJ AEACJ [JGNQ\[E\NBF QJ[TNAJ

! )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

!

! \cnq qja|nbf abf|enfq pe{eij|j{q db{ |cj #bp|nbfe`. aeacj

! effbzfajijf| qj{tnaj& \cnq qj{tnaj nq p{btnljl |b cj`p

! aeacj elinfnq|{e|b{q `bae|j bfj efb|cj{ nf b{lj{ |b mbnf b{

! a{je|j aeacj cnj{e{acnjq&

!

! Ef 'effbzfajijf|' ijqqegj nq qjf| #tne ZL_. |b |cj {jgnq|{e|nbf! qj{tnaj k~ Quznl& K~ ljdez`|, |cj effbzfajijf| ijqqegj nq FB\


32/61


1;N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

! QJF\ zf`jqq ~bz jfek`j n| wn|c 'effbzfajRpj{nbl' kj`bw&

!

! \cj effbzfajijf| ijqqegj nfa`zljq ~bz{ cbq|feij, p`zq |cj

! db``bwnfg nfdb{ie|nbf d{bi |cnq abfdngz{e|nbf dn`j=

!

! c||pRpb{|! napRpb{|

! aeacjRig{

!

! E`` az{{jf| nfdb{ie|nbf nq p{bajqqjl {jgz`e{`~ efl ielj

! eten`ek`j bf |cj Wjk e|c||p=""www&n{aeacj&fj|"Aeacj"\{eahj{"&

! \EG= effbzfajRpj{nbl

! \cnq nq cbw d{juzjf|`~ |b qjfl aeacj effbzfajijf|q& \cj

! ljdez`| nq o?' wcnac lnqek`jq qjflnfg |cj effbzfajijf|

! ijqqegjq&

!! \b jfek`j effbzfanfg ~bz{ aeacj, mzq| zfabiijf| |cj `nfj

! kj`bw&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! effbzfajRpj{nbl ?

!

!\b jfek`j effbzfanfg ~bz{ aeacj, mzq| zfabiijf| |cj `nfj kj`bw&

!effbzfajRpj{nbl 5 le~

! \EG= effbzfajRcbq|

! \EG= effbzfajRdn`j

! \EG= effbzfajRpb{|

! effbzfajRcbq| efl effbzfajRpb{| qj| |cj cbq|feij efl pb{|

! fzikj{ wcj{j |cj {jgnq|{e|nbf ijqqegj wn`` kj qjf|&

!

! Cbq|feij wn`` ljdez`| |b '|{eahj{&n{aeacj&fj|' efl pb{| wn``

! ljdez`| ljdez`| |b 1515& Nd |cj 'dn`jfeij' e{gzijf| nq gntjf,

! |cj abf|jf|q bd |ce| dn`j wn`` kj nfa`zljl nf |cj effbzfaj

! ijqqegj&

!

!Ljdez`|=! effbzfajRcbq| |{eahj{&n{aeacj&fj|

! effbzfajRpb{| 1515

! C\\_L)EAAJ@J[E\B[ B_\NBFQ

! )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

! \EG= c||plReaaj`RfbRpi|zRlnqa bfbdd

! Nf ief~ qj|zpq bd |{efqpe{jf|`~ nf|j{ajp|nfg p{bsnjq _e|c)I\Z

! lnqabtj{~ aef fb| wb{h bf |{eddna |bwe{lq |cj a`njf|q& \cnq nq

! |cj aeqj wcjf |cj nf|j{ajp|nfg ljtnaj lbjq fb| dz``~ |{eah! abffja|nbfq efl den`q |b db{we{l NAI_ izq| d{egijf| ijqqegjq
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! |b |cj aeacj qj{tj{&

!

! Nd ~bz cetj qzac qj|zp efl jspj{njfaj |ce| aj{|enf a`njf|q

! qpb{elnae``~ cefg b{ fjtj{ abip`j|j {juzjq|q qj| |cnq |b bf&

!

!Ljdez`|=! c||plReaaj`RfbRpi|zRlnqa bdd

! LJ@E^ _BB@ _E[EIJ\J[Q

! )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

ljè~Rpbb`q 5

ljè~Raèqq 5 5

ljè~Rpe{eij|j{q 5 1???">>???

ljè~Reaajqq 5 e``bw q|edd

ljè~Reaajqq 5 ljf~ e``

! \EG= ljè~Rpbb`q! \cnq {jp{jqjf|q |cj fzikj{ bd ljè~ pbb`q |b kj zqjl& Db{ jseip`j,

! nd ~bz cetj bfj aèqq ; ljè~ pbb` efl bfj aèqq 1 ljè~q pbb`, ~bz

! cetj e |b|e` bd ; ljè~ pbb`q&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! ljè~Rpbb`q ?

! \EG= ljè~Raèqq

! \cnq ljdnfjq |cj aèqq bd jeac ljè~ pbb`& \cj{j izq| kj jsea|`~ bfj

! ljè~Raèqq nfj db{ jeac ljè~ pbb`& Db{ jseip`j, |b ljdnfj |wb

! ljè~ pbb`q, bfj bd aèqq ; efl bfj bd aèqq 1, |cj qj||nfgq ekbtj

! efl cj{j wbz`l kj=

!

!Jseip`j=

! ljè~Rpbb`q ; ! ; ljè~ pbb`q

! ljè~Raèqq 5 ; ! pbb` 5 nq e aèqq ; pbb`

! ljè~Raèqq ; 1 ! pbb` ; nq e aèqq 1 pbb`

!

! \cj ljè~ pbb` aèqqjq e{j=

!

! aèqq 5 Jtj{~|cnfg nq `nin|jl k~ e qnfg`j egg{jge|j! kzahj|&

!

! aèqq ; Jtj{~|cnfg nq `nin|jl k~ e qnfg`j egg{jge|j

! kzahj| eq wj`` eq ef +nflntnlze`+ kzahj| acbqjf

! d{bi kn|q ;: |c{bzgc 1; bd |cj N_ ell{jqq&

!

! aèqq 1 Jtj{~|cnfg nq `nin|jl k~ e qnfg`j egg{jge|j

! kzahj| eq wj`` eq e +fj|wb{h+ kzahj| acbqjf

! d{bi kn|q 57 |c{bzgc ;< bd |cj N_ ell{jqq efl e

! +nflntnlze`+ kzahj| acbqjf d{bi kn|q 57 |c{bzgc

! 1; bd |cj N_ ell{jqq&!


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1

1:N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

! #aèqq 5, ;, 1.&

!

! nflntnlze` |cj +ljè~ pe{eij|j{q+ db{ |cj nflntnlze`

! kzahj|q #aèqq ;, 1.&

!

! fj|wb{h |cj +ljè~ pe{eij|j{q+ db{ |cj fj|wb{h kzahj|q! #aèqq 1.&

!

! E pen{ bd ljè~ pe{eij|j{q nq w{n||jf {jq|b{j"iesnizi, wcj{j {jq|b{j nq

! |cj fzikj{ bd k~|jq #fb| kn|q ) iblji efl fj|wb{h qpjjlq e{j zqze``~

! uzb|jl nf kn|q. pj{ qjabfl pèajl nf|b |cj kzahj|, efl iesnizi nq |cj

! iesnizi fzikj{ bd k~|jq wcnac aef kj nf |cj kzahj| e| ef~ |nij&

!

! Db{ jseip`j, nd ljè~ pbb` fzikj{ 5 nq e aèqq ; ljè~ pbb` eq nf |cj

! ekbtj jseip`j, efl nq kjnfg zqjl |b q|{na|`~ `nin| jeac cbq| |b 4


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! \EG= waapR{bz|j{

! Fb|j= \cnq bp|nbf nq bf`~ etenèk`j nd Quznl nq {jkzn`| wn|c |cj

! ))jfek`j)waap bp|nbf

!

! \EG= waap;R{bz|j{

! Fb|j= \cnq bp|nbf nq bf`~ etenèk`j nd Quznl nq {jkzn`| wn|c |cj! ))jfek`j)waapt; bp|nbf

!

! Zqj |cnq bp|nbf |b ljdnfj ~bz{ WAA_ oocbij'' {bz|j{ db{

! Quznl&

!

! waapR{bz|j{ qzppb{|q e qnfg`j WAA_#t5. {bz|j{

!

! waap;R{bz|j{ qzppb{|q iz`|np`j WAA_t; {bz|j{q

!

! bf`~ bfj bd |cj |wb ie~ kj zqjl e| |cj qeij |nij efl ljdnfjq

! wcnac tj{qnbf bd WAA_ |b zqj&!

!Ljdez`|=

! waapR{bz|j{ ?&?&?&?

! \EG= waapRtj{qnbf


! ))jfek`j)waap bp|nbf

!

! \cnq ln{ja|ntj nq bf`~ {j`jtef| nd ~bz fjjl |b qj| zp WAA_#t5.

! |b qbij tj{~ b`l efl jfl)bd)`ndj Anqab {bz|j{q& Nf e`` b|cj{

! qj|zpq n| izq| kj `jd| zfqj| b{ e| |cj ljdez`| qj||nfg&

! N| ljdnfjq ef nf|j{fe` tj{qnbf nf |cj WAA_#t5. p{b|bab`,

! wn|c tj{qnbf < kjnfg |cj bddnane``~ lbazijf|jl p{b|bab`&

!

! Eaab{lnfg |b qbij zqj{q, Anqab NBQ 55&; efl je{`nj{ bf`~

! qzppb{| WAA_ tj{qnbf 1& Nd ~bz'{j zqnfg |ce| b{ ef je{`nj{

! tj{qnbf bd NBQ, ~bz ie~ fjjl |b acefgj |cnq te`zj |b 1, b|cj{wnqj

! lb fb| qpjand~ |cnq pe{eij|j{&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! waapRtj{qnbf



! ))jfek`j)waapt; bp|nbf

!

! WAA_; e``bwq |cj qj||nfg bd db{we{lnfg ij|cblq kj|wjjf |cj

! {bz|j{"qwn|ac efl |cj aeacj& Te`nl te`zjq e{j eq db``bwq=

!! 5 ) G[J jfaepqzè|nbf #db{we{l |cj peahj| nf e G[J"WAA_ |zffj`.

! ; ) @; {jln{ja| #db{we{l |cj peahj| zqnfg @e~j{ ;"IEA {jw{n|nfg.

!

! Az{{jf|`~ #eq bd NBQ 5;&


38/61



!Ljdez`|=

! waap;Reqqngfijf|Rij|cbl 5

! \EG= waap;Rqj{tnaj


! ))jfek`j)waapt; bp|nbf!

! WAA_; e``bwq db{ iz`|np`j |{eddna qj{tnajq& \cj{j e{j |wb

! |~pjq= +q|efle{l+ efl +l~feina+& \cj q|efle{l |~pj ljdnfjq

! bfj qj{tnaj nl ) c||p #nl ?.& \cj l~feina qj{tnaj nlq aef kj d{bi

! :5 |b ;:: nfa`zqntj& Nf b{lj{ |b zqj e l~feina qj{tnaj nl

! bfj izq| ljdnfj |cj |~pj bd |{eddna |b kj {jln{ja|jl8 |cnq nq lbfj

! zqnfg |cj waap;Rqj{tnajRnfdb bp|nbf&

!

! \cj +q|efle{l+ |~pj lbjq fb| {juzn{j e waap;Rqj{tnajRnfdb bp|nbf,

! mzq| qpjand~nfg |cj qj{tnaj nl wn`` qzddnaj&

!! IL: qj{tnaj ez|cjf|nae|nbf aef kj jfek`jl k~ ellnfg

! +peqqwb{l90peqqwb{l6+ |b |cj jfl bd |cnq qj{tnaj ljaè{e|nbf&

!

! Jseip`jq=

!

! waap;Rqj{tnaj q|efle{l ? ! db{ |cj 'wjk)aeacj' q|efle{l qj{tnaj

! waap;Rqj{tnaj l~feina 3? ! e l~feina qj{tnaj |~pj wcnac wn`` kj

! ! d`jqcjl bz| wn|c qzkqjuzjf| bp|nbfq&

! waap;Rqj{tnaj q|efle{l ? peqqwb{l9dbb

!

!

!Ljdez`|=

! waap;Rqj{tnaj q|efle{l ?

! \EG= waap;Rqj{tnajRnfdb


! ))jfek`j)waapt; bp|nbf

!

! L~feina WAA_t; qj{tnajq {juzn{j dz{|cj{ nfdb{ie|nbf |b ljdnfj |cj

! |{eddna ~bz wnqc |b cetj lntj{|jl&

!! \cj db{ie| nq=

!

! waap;Rqj{tnajRnfdb 0nl6 p{b|bab`90p{b|bab`6 dègq90dèg6,0dèg6&&

! p{nb{n|~90p{nb{n|~6 pb{|q90pb{|6,0pb{|6&&

!

! \cj {j`jtef| WAA_t; dègq=

! ( q{aRnpRceqc, lq|RnpRceqc

! ( qbz{ajRpb{|Rceqc, ljq|Rpb{|Rceqc

! ( q{aRnpRe`|Rceqc, lq|RnpRe`|Rceqc

! ( q{aRpb{|Re`|Rceqc, lq|Rpb{|Re`|Rceqc

! ( pb{|qRqbz{aj!


39/61


1>N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

! \cj pb{| `nq| aef kj bfj |b jngc| jf|{njq&

!

! Jseip`j=

!

! waap;Rqj{tnajRnfdb 3? p{b|bab`9|ap d`egq9q{aRnpRceqc,pb{|qRqbz{aj

! p{nb{n|~9;


40/61



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4 k~|jq

! \EG= lngjq|R{jkzn`lRaczfhRpj{ajf|egj #pj{ajf|, ?)5??.

! \cnq nq |cj pj{ajf|egj bd |cj Aeacj Lngjq| |b kj qaeffjl e| e

! |nij& K~ ljdez`| n| nq qj| |b 5?* bd |cj Aeacj Lngjq|&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! lngjq|R{jkzn`lRaczfhRpj{ajf|egj 5?

! QFI_ B_\NBFQ

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! Quznl aef fbw qj{tj q|e|nq|naq efl q|e|zq nfdb{ie|nbf tne QFI_&

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42/61



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44/61



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47/61



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49/61


N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

! \cj {jp`~ {j|z{fjl |b |cj a`njf| wn`` ae{{~ |cj b{ngnfe` C\\_

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! bd |cj abfdngz{jl j{{b{ ijqqegj&

!

!

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!

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!Ljdez`|=

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!

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! db{ |ce| EA@ Quznl {j|z{fq e ab{{jqpbflnfg j{{b{ pegj&

!

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! ljfnjl eaajqq& \cj jsajp|nbfq |b |cnq {z`j e{j=

! ) Wcjf Quznl fjjlq |b {juzjq| ez|cjf|nae|nbf a{jljf|ne`q& N|'q |cjf

! |cj dn{q| ez|cjf|nae|nbf {jè|jl ea` jfabzf|j{jl

! ) Wcjf fbfj bd |cj c||pReaajqq nfjq ie|acjq& N|'q |cjf |cj èq|

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!! ^bz ie~ zqj J[[R pegjq |ce| abij wn|c Quznl b{ a{je|j ~bz{ bwf pegjq

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!

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!

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! k~ qpjand~nfg \A_R[JQJ\&

!

!Ljdez`|=! fbfj


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:?N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

! B_\NBFQ NFD@ZJFANFG [JUZJQ\ DB[WE[LNFG

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! #ie|acnfg cnj{e{ac~Rq|bp`nq| b{ fb| aeacjek`j {juzjq| |~pj. ln{ja|

! |b b{ngnf qj{tj{q&

!

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! {juzjq|q |b pe{jf|q&

!

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! ell `e|jfa~ |b |cjqj {juzjq| wn|cbz| ef~ nip{btjijf| nf g`bke` cn|

! {e|nb&

!! Nd ~bz e{j nfqnlj ef dn{jwe`` qjj fjtj{Rln{ja| nfq|jel bd

! |cnq ln{ja|ntj&

!

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! fbfcnj{e{acnae`Rln{ja| bf

! \EG= p{jdj{Rln{ja|

! Fb{ie``~ Quznl |{njq |b zqj pe{jf|q db{ ibq| {juzjq|q& Nd ~bz db{ qbij

! {jeqbf nhj n| |b dn{q| |{~ gbnfg ln{ja| efl bf`~ zqj e pe{jf| nd

! gbnfg ln{ja| den`q qj| |cnq |b bf&

!

! K~ abiknfnfg fbfcnj{e{acnae`Rln{ja| bdd efl p{jdj{Rln{ja| bf ~bz

! aef qj| zp Quznl |b zqj e pe{jf| eq e keahzp pe|c nd gbnfg ln{ja|

! den`q&

!

! Fb|j= Nd ~bz wef| Quznl |b zqj pe{jf|q db{ e`` {juzjq|q qjj

! |cj fjtj{Rln{ja| ln{ja|ntj& p{jdj{Rln{ja| bf`~ iblndnjq cbw Quznl

! ea|q bf aeacjek`j {juzjq|q&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! p{jdj{Rln{ja| bdd

! \EG= e`we~qRln{ja|

! Zqegj= e`we~qRln{ja| e``bwljf~ X%Yea`feij &&&

!

! Cj{j ~bz aef zqj EA@ j`jijf|q |b qpjand~ {juzjq|q wcnac qcbz`l

! E@WE^Q kj db{we{ljl k~ Quznl |b |cj b{ngnf qj{tj{q wn|cbz| zqnfg

! ef~ pjj{q& Db{ jseip`j, |b e`we~q ln{ja|`~ db{we{l {juzjq|q db{

! `bae` qj{tj{q ngfb{nfg ef~ pe{jf|q b{ qnk`nfgq ~bz ie~ cetj zqj

! qbij|cnfg `nhj=

!

! ea` `bae`)qj{tj{q lq|lbienf i~&lbienf&fj|! e`we~qRln{ja| e``bw `bae`)qj{tj{q


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:5N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

!

! \b e`we~q db{we{l D\_ {juzjq|q ln{ja|`~, zqj

!

! ea` D\_ p{b|b D\_

! e`we~qRln{ja| e``bw D\_

!! FB\J= \cj{j nq e qninè{, kz| bppbqn|j bp|nbf feijl

! 'fjtj{Rln{ja|'& ^bz fjjl |b kj ewe{j |ce| +e`we~qRln{ja| ljf~

! dbb+ nq FB\ |cj qeij |cnfg eq +fjtj{Rln{ja| e``bw dbb+& ^bz

! ie~ fjjl |b zqj e ljf~ {z`j |b jsa`zlj e ib{j)qpjandna aeqj bd

! qbij b|cj{ {z`j& Jseip`j=

!

! ea` `bae`)js|j{fe` lq|lbienf js|j{fe`&dbb&fj|

! ea` `bae`)qj{tj{q lq|lbienf &dbb&fj|

! e`we~qRln{ja| ljf~ `bae`)js|j{fe`

! e`we~qRln{ja| e``bw `bae`)qj{tj{q

!! FB\J= Nd ~bz{ gbe` nq |b iehj |cj a`njf| db{we{l |cj {juzjq|

! ln{ja|`~ |b |cj b{ngnf qj{tj{ k~peqqnfg Quznl |cjf |cnq fjjlq

! |b kj lbfj nf |cj a`njf| abfdngz{e|nbf& Quznl abfdngz{e|nbf

! aef bf`~ |j`` Quznl cbw Quznl qcbz`l dj|ac |cj bkmja|&

!

! FB\J= \cnq ln{ja|ntj nq fb| {jè|jl |b aeacnfg& \cj {jp`njq

! nq aeacjl eq zqze` jtjf nd ~bz zqj e`we~qRln{ja|& \b fb| aeacj

! |cj {jp`njq qjj fbRaeacj&

!

! \cnq bp|nbf {jpèajq qbij t5&5 bp|nbfq qzac eq `bae`Rlbienf

! efl `bae`Rnp&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! fbfj

! \EG= fjtj{Rln{ja|

! Zqegj= fjtj{Rln{ja| e``bwljf~ X%Yea`feij &&&

!

! fjtj{Rln{ja| nq |cj bppbqn|j bd e`we~qRln{ja|& _`jeqj {jel

! |cj ljqa{np|nbf db{ e`we~qRln{ja| nd ~bz cetj fb| e`{jel~&

!! Wn|c 'fjtj{Rln{ja|' ~bz aef zqj EA@ j`jijf|q |b qpjand~

! {juzjq|q wcnac qcbz`l FJTJ[ kj db{we{ljl ln{ja|`~ |b b{ngnf

! qj{tj{q& Db{ jseip`j, |b db{aj |cj zqj bd e p{bs~ db{ e``

! {juzjq|q, jsajp| |cbqj nf ~bz{ `bae` lbienf zqj qbij|cnfg `nhj=

!

! ea` `bae`)qj{tj{q lq|lbienf &dbb&fj|

! ea` e`` q{a ?&?&?&?"?&?&?&?

! fjtj{Rln{ja| ljf~ `bae`)qj{tj{q

! fjtj{Rln{ja| e``bw e``

!

! b{ nd Quznl nq nfqnlj e dn{jwe`` efl |cj{j e{j bae` nf|{efj|! qj{tj{q nfqnlj |cj dn{jwe`` zqj qbij|cnfg `nhj=


52/61


:;N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

!

! ea` `bae`)nf|{efj| lq|lbienf &dbb&fj|

! ea` `bae`)js|j{fe` lq|lbienf js|j{fe`&dbb&fj|

! e`we~qRln{ja| ljf~ `bae`)js|j{fe`

! e`we~qRln{ja| e``bw `bae`)nf|{efj|

! fjtj{Rln{ja| e``bw e``!

! \cnq bp|nbf {jpèajq qbij t5&5 bp|nbfq qzac eq nfqnljRdn{jwe``

! efl dn{jwe``Rnp&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! fbfj

! ELTEFAJL FJ\WB[HNFG B_\NBFQ

! )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

! \EG= nfabinfgRnapRetj{egj

! \EG= nfabinfgRc||pRetj{egj

! \EG= nfabinfgRlfqRetj{egj

! \EG= infRnapRpb``Raf|

! \EG= infRlfqRpb``Raf|

! \EG= infRc||pRpb``Raf|

! Cjet~ tbblbb cj{j& N aef'| jtjf kj`njtj ~bz e{j {jelnfg |cnq&

! E{j ~bz a{e}~2 Lbf'| jtjf |cnfh ekbz| elmzq|nfg |cjqj zf`jqq

! ~bz zflj{q|efl |cj e`gb{n|ciq nf abiiRqj`ja|&a dn{q|%

!

!Ljdez`|=

! nfabinfgRnapRetj{egj 4

! nfabinfgRc||pRetj{egj

::N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

!Ljdez`|=

! fbfj

! \EG= lfqR|jq|feijq

! \cj LFQ |jq|q jsn| eq qbbf eq |cj dn{q| qn|j nq qzaajqqdz``~ `bbhjl zp

!! \cnq |jq| aef kj lnqek`jl wn|c |cj )L abiiefl `nfj bp|nbf&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! lfqR|jq|feijq fj|qaepj&abi nf|j{fna&fj| fèf{&fj| ina{bqbd|&abi

! \EG= eppjflRlbienf

! Eppjflq bae` lbienf feij |b cbq|feijq wn|cbz| ef~ lb|q nf

! |cji& eppjflRlbienf izq| kjgnf wn|c e pj{nbl&

!

! Kj we{fjl |cj{j e{j fbw Nf|j{fj| feijq wn|c fb lb|q nf

! |cji zqnfg bf`~ |bp)lbienf feijq, qb qj||nfg |cnq ie~! aezqj qbij Nf|j{fj| qn|jq |b kjabij zfetenèk`j&

!

!Jseip`j=

! eppjflRlbienf &~bz{lbienf&abi

!

!Ljdez`|=

! fbfj

! \EG= ngfb{jRzfhfbwfRfeijqj{tj{q

! K~ ljdez`| Quznl acjahq |ce| LFQ {jqpbfqjq e{j {jajntjl

! d{bi |cj qeij N_ ell{jqqjq |cj~ e{j qjf| |b& Nd |cj~

! lbf'| ie|ac, Quznl ngfb{jq |cj {jqpbfqj efl w{n|jq e we{fnfg

! ijqqegj |b aeacj&`bg& ^bz aef e``bw {jqpbfqjq d{bi zfhfbwf

! feijqj{tj{q k~ qj||nfg |cnq bp|nbf |b 'bdd'&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! ngfb{jRzfhfbwfRfeijqj{tj{q bf

! \EG= npaeacjRqn}j #fzikj{ bd jf|{njq.

! \EG= npaeacjR`bw #pj{ajf|.

! \EG= npaeacjRcngc #pj{ajf|.! \cj qn}j, `bw), efl cngc)we|j{ ie{hq db{ |cj N_ aeacj&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! npaeacjRqn}j 5?;?

! npaeacjRcngc >:

! \EG= dulfaeacjRqn}j #fzikj{ bd jf|{njq.

! Iesnizi fzikj{ bd DULF aeacj jf|{njq&

!

!Ljdez`|=! dulfaeacjRqn}j 5?;


56/61



! INQAJ@@EFJBZQ

! )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

! \EG= ijib{~Rpbb`q bfbdd! Nd qj|, Quznl wn`` hjjp pbb`q bd e``bae|jl #kz| zfzqjl. ijib{~

! eten`ek`j db{ dz|z{j zqj& Nd ijib{~ nq e p{jinzi bf ~bz{

! q~q|ji efl ~bz kj`njtj ~bz{ ie``ba `nk{e{~ bz|pj{db{iq Quznl

! {bz|nfjq, lnqek`j |cnq&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! ijib{~Rpbb`q bf

! \EG= ijib{~Rpbb`qR`nin| #k~|jq.

! Zqjl bf`~ wn|c ijib{~Rpbb`q bf=

! ijib{~Rpbb`qR`nin| :? IK!

! Nd qj| |b e fbf)}j{b te`zj, Quznl wn`` hjjp e| ibq| |cj qpjandnjl

! `nin| bd e``bae|jl #kz| zfzqjl. ijib{~ nf ijib{~ pbb`q& E`` d{jj#.

! {juzjq|q |ce| jsajjl |cnq nin| wn`` kj cefl`jl k~ ~bz{ ie``ba

! `nk{e{~& Quznl lbjq fb| p{j)e``bae|j ef~ ijib{~, mzq| qedj)hjjpq

! bkmja|q |ce| b|cj{wnqj wbz`l kj d{jj#.l& \czq, n| nq qedj |b qj|

! ijib{~Rpbb`qR`nin| |b e {jeqbfek`~ cngc te`zj jtjf nd ~bz{

! abfdngz{e|nbf wn`` zqj `jqq ijib{~&

!

! Nd qj| |b }j{b, Quznl wn`` hjjp e`` ijib{~ n| aef& \ce| nq, |cj{j

! wn`` kj fb `nin| bf |cj |b|e` eibzf| bd ijib{~ zqjl db{ qedj)hjjpnfg&

!

! \b lnqek`j ijib{~ e``bae|nbf bp|nin}e|nbf, lb fb| qj|

! ijib{~Rpbb`qR`nin| |b ?& Qj| ijib{~Rpbb`q |b +bdd+ nfq|jel&

!

! Ef btj{cjel db{ ienf|enfnfg ijib{~ pbb`q nq fb| |ehjf nf|b eaabzf|

! wcjf |cj nin| nq acjahjl& \cnq btj{cjel nq a`bqj |b dbz{ k~|jq pj{

! bkmja| hjp|& Cbwjtj{, pbb`q ie~ ea|ze``~ RqetjR ijib{~ kjaezqj bd

! {jlzajl ijib{~ |c{eqcnfg nf ~bz{ ie``ba `nk{e{~&

!

!Ljdez`|=! ijib{~Rpbb`qR`nin| : IK

! \EG= db{we{ljlRdb{ bfbdd

! Nd qj|, Quznl wn`` nfa`zlj ~bz{ q~q|ji'q N_ ell{jqq b{ feij

! nf |cj C\\_ {juzjq|q n| db{we{lq& K~ ljdez`| n| `bbhq `nhj

! |cnq=

!

! S)Db{we{ljl)Db{= 5>;&5&;&1

!

! Nd ~bz lnqek`j |cnq, n| wn`` eppje{ eq

!! S)Db{we{ljl)Db{= zfhfbwf


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!

!Ljdez`|=

! db{we{ljlRdb{ bf

! \EG= aeacjig{Rpeqqwl

! Qpjand~ peqqwb{lq db{ aeacjig{ bpj{e|nbfq&!

! Zqegj= aeacjig{Rpeqqwl peqqwb{l ea|nbf ea|nbf &&&

!

! Qbij te`nl ea|nbfq e{j #qjj aeacj iefegj{ ijfz db{ e dz`` `nq|.=

! :inf

! 4?inf

! eqflk

! ez|cjf|nae|b{

! akle|e

! a`njf|R`nq|

! abiiRnfabinfg! abfdng -

! abzf|j{q

! lj`e~

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! lfq

! jtjf|q

! dn`jljqa{np|b{q

! dulfaeacj

! cnq|bg{eiq

! c||pRcjelj{q

! nfdb

! nb

! npaeacj

! iji

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! fbfRpjj{q

! bkmja|q

! bdd`nfjR|bgg`j -

! pabff

! pjj{Rqj`ja|! {jln{ja|b{

! {jd{jqc

! qj{tj{R`nq|

! qcz|lbwf -

! q|b{jRlngjq|

! q|b{jln{

! z|n`n}e|nbf

! tneRcjelj{q

! tiRbkmja|q

!

! - Nflnae|jq ea|nbfq wcnac wn`` fb| kj pj{db{ijl wn|cbz| e! te`nl peqqwb{l, b|cj{q aef kj pj{db{ijl nd fb| `nq|jl cj{j&


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!

! \b lnqek`j ef ea|nbf, qj| |cj peqqwb{l |b +lnqek`j+&

! \b e``bw pj{db{infg ef ea|nbf wn|cbz| e peqqwb{l, qj| |cj

! peqqwb{l |b +fbfj+&

!

! Zqj |cj hj~wb{l +e``+ |b qj| |cj qeij peqqwb{l db{ e`` ea|nbfq&!

!Jseip`j=

! aeacjig{Rpeqqwl qja{j| qcz|lbwf

! aeacjig{Rpeqqwl jqqqqqqqja{j| nfdb q|e|q"bkmja|q

! aeacjig{Rpeqqwl lnqek`j e``

!

!Ljdez`|=

! fbfj

! \EG= a`njf|Rlk bfbdd

! Nd ~bz wef| |b lnqek`j ab``ja|nfg pj{)a`njf| q|e|nq|naq,! |z{f bdd a`njf|Rlk cj{j&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! a`njf|Rlk bf

! \EG= {j`belRnf|bRniq bfbdd

! Wcjf ~bz jfek`j |cnq bp|nbf, a`njf| fb)aeacj b{ oo{j`bel''

! {juzjq|q wn`` kj acefgjl |b Nd)Iblndnjl)Qnfaj {juzjq|q&

! Lbnfg |cnq TNB@E\JQ |cj C\\_ q|efle{l& Jfek`nfg |cnq

! dje|z{j abz`l iehj ~bz `nek`j db{ p{bk`jiq wcnac n|

! aezqjq&

!

! qjj e`qb {jd{jqcRpe||j{f db{ e ib{j qj`ja|ntj epp{beac&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! {j`belRnf|bRniq bdd

! \EG= iesniziRqnfg`jRell{R|{njq

! \cnq qj|q |cj iesnizi fzikj{ bd abffja|nbf e||jip|q db{ e

! cbq| |ce| bf`~ ceq bfj ell{jqq #db{ iz`|np`j)ell{jqq cbq|q,

! jeac ell{jqq nq |{njl bfaj.&!

! \cj ljdez`| te`zj nq bfj e||jip|, |cj #fb| {jabiijfljl.

! iesnizi nq ;:: |{njq& E we{fnfg ijqqegj wn`` kj gjfj{e|jl

! nd n| nq qj| |b e te`zj g{je|j{ |cef |jf&

!

! Fb|j= \cnq nq nf elln|nbf |b |cj {juzjq| {j)db{we{lnfg wcnac

! |ehjq p`eaj nd Quznl den`q |b gj| e qe|nqd~nfg {jqpbfqj&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! iesniziRqnfg`jRell{R|{njq 5

! \EG= {j|{~RbfRj{{b{


59/61


:>N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

! Nd qj| |b bf Quznl wn`` ez|bie|nae``~ {j|{~ {juzjq|q wcjf

! {jajntnfg ef j{{b{ {jqpbfqj& \cnq nq ienf`~ zqjdz` nd ~bz

! e{j nf e abip`js aeacj cnj{e{ac~ |b wb{h e{bzfl eaajqq

! abf|{b` j{{b{q&

!

!Ljdez`|=! {j|{~RbfRj{{b{ bdd

! \EG= eqRwcbnqRqj{tj{

! WCBNQ qj{tj{ |b uzj{~ db{ EQ fzikj{q& FB\J= EQ fzikj{q e{j

! uzj{njl bf`~ wcjf Quznl q|e{|q zp, fb| db{ jtj{~ {juzjq|&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! eqRwcbnqRqj{tj{ wcbnq&{e&fj|

! eqRwcbnqRqj{tj{ wcbnq&{e&fj|

! \EG= bdd`nfjRiblj! Jfek`j |cnq bp|nbf efl Quznl wn`` fjtj{ |{~ |b te`nle|j aeacjl

! bkmja|q&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! bdd`nfjRiblj bdd

! \EG= z{nRwcn|jqpeaj

! Wce| |b lb wn|c {juzjq|q |ce| cetj wcn|jqpeaj ace{ea|j{q nf |cj

! Z[N& Bp|nbfq=

!

! q|{np= \cj wcn|jqpeaj ace{ea|j{q e{j q|{nppjl bz| bd |cj Z[@&

! \cnq nq |cj kjcetnb{ {jabiijfljl k~ [DA;1>4&

! ljf~= \cj {juzjq| nq ljfnjl& \cj zqj{ {jajntjq ef +Nfte`nl

! [juzjq|+ ijqqegj&

! e``bw= \cj {juzjq| nq e``bwjl efl |cj Z[N nq fb| acefgjl& \cj

! wcn|jqpeaj ace{ea|j{q {jienf nf |cj Z[N& Fb|j |cj

! wcn|jqpeaj nq peqqjl |b {jln{ja|b{ p{bajqqjq nd |cj~

! e{j nf zqj&

! jfablj= \cj {juzjq| nq e``bwjl efl |cj wcn|jqpeaj ace{ea|j{q e{j

! jfabljl eaab{lnfg |b [DA5713& \cnq abz`l kj abfqnlj{jl

! e tnb`e|nbf bd |cj C\\_"5&5! [DA kjaezqj p{bsnjq e{j fb| e``bwjl |b {jw{n|j Z[N'q&

! acbp= \cj {juzjq| nq e``bwjl efl |cj Z[N nq acbppjl e| |cj

! dn{q| wcn|jqpeaj& \cnq ingc| e`qb kj abfqnlj{jl e

! tnb`e|nbf&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! z{nRwcn|jqpeaj q|{np

! \EG= ab{jlzipRln{

! K~ ljdez`| Quznl `jetjq ab{j dn`jq nf |cj ln{ja|b{~ d{bi wcj{j

! n| weq q|e{|jl& Nd ~bz qj| 'ab{jlzipRln{' |b e ln{ja|b{~! |ce| jsnq|q, Quznl wn`` acln{#. |b |ce| ln{ja|b{~ e| q|e{|zp


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4?N{& [nqefz{n Cnle~e|, I&Qa\J ZGI.

! efl ab{jlzip dn`jq wn`` kj `jd| |cj{j&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! ab{jlzipRln{ fbfj

!

! @jetj ab{jlzipq nf |cj dn{q| aeacj ln{ab{jlzipRln{ a="quznl"te{"aeacj

! \EG= ac{bb|

! Zqj |cnq |b cetj Quznl lb e ac{bb|#. wcn`j nfn|ne`n}nfg& \cnq

! e`qb aezqjq Quznl |b dz``~ l{bp {bb| p{ntn`jgjq ed|j{

! nfn|ne`n}nfg& \cnq ijefq, db{ jseip`j, nd ~bz zqj e C\\_

! pb{| `jqq |cef 5?;< efl |{~ |b {jabfdngz{j, ~bz wn`` ie~ gj| ef

! j{{b{ qe~nfg |ce| Quznl aef fb| bpjf |cj pb{|&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! fbfj

! \EG= keèfajRbfRiz`|np`jRnp

! Qbij `bel keèfanfg qj{tj{q keqjl bf {bzfl {bknf LFQ cetj kjjf

! dbzfl fb| |b p{jqj{tj zqj{ qjqqnbf q|e|j ea{bqq {juzjq|q

! |b lnddj{jf| N_ ell{jqqjq&

!

! K~ ljdez`| Quznl {b|e|jq N_'q pj{ {juzjq|& K~ lnqek`nfg

! |cnq ln{ja|ntj bf`~ abffja|nbf den`z{j |{nggj{q {b|e|nbf&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! keèfajRbfRiz`|np`jRnp bf

! \EG= pnpj`nfjRp{jdj|ac

!

\b kbbq| |cj pj{db{iefaj bd pnpj`nfjl {juzjq|q |b a`bqj{

! ie|ac |ce| bd e fbf)p{bsnjl jftn{bfijf| Quznl aef |{~ |b dj|ac

! zp |b |wb {juzjq|q nf pe{e``j` d{bi e pnpj`nfj&

!

! Ljdez`|q |b bdd db{ keflwnl|c iefegjijf| efl eaajqq `bggnfg

! {jeqbfq&

!!Ljdez`|=

! pnpj`nfjRp{jdj|ac bdd

! \EG= cngcR{jqpbfqjR|nijRwe{fnfg #iqja.

! Nd |cj bfj)infz|j ijlnef {jqpbfqj |nij jsajjlq |cnq te`zj,

! Quznl p{nf|q e WE[FNFG wn|c ljkzg jtj` ? |b gj| |cj

! elinfnq|{e|b{q e||jf|nbf& \cj te`zj nq nf in``nqjabflq&

!

!Ljdez`|=

! cngcR{jqpbfqjR|nijRwe{fnfg ?

! \EG= cngcRpegjRdez`|Rwe{fnfg


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