klasifikasi hewan ta 2010/2011 tm 4 · pdf filea. avertebrata tidak bertulang belakang 1....
TRANSCRIPT
KLASIFIKASI HEWAN TA 2010/2011
TM 4
Eva Ari Wahyuni
Marine Sciences Agriculture Faculty Trunojoyo University Madura, Indonesia
CIRI UMUM ANIMALIA
• Ukuran bervariasi yaitu mulai dari yang mikroskopis sampai yang paling besar
• Uniseluler atau Multiseluler
• Tidak berdinding sel
• Tidak berplastida dan klorofil (heterotrof)
• Mahluk eukariotik (inti ditutupi membran)
• Motil (bergerak aktif), untuk survive
• Dapat merespon rangsangan dengan cepat.
PENGELOMPOKAN HEWAN
HEWAN
Tipe
Simetri
Jmlh lapisan
jaringan
Tipe selom
asimetri
Simetri radial
Simetri bilateral
Segmentasi
SIMETRI TUBUH
• Terdiri dari tiga A B C
Bentuk Tubuh Hewan • Asimetrik
Tak Beraturan
• Radial
punya tubuh atas (dorsal) dan ventral (bawah) tapi tidak punya bagian depan (anterior) dan bagian belakang (posterior)
• Bilateral
punya tubuh atas (dorsal) dan ventral (bawah) dan punya bagian depan (anterior) dan bagian belakang (posterior)
LAPISAN LEMBAGA
• Diploblastik
Memiliki dua lapisan lembaga / tubuh yaitu:
1. Lapisan luar Ektoderm.
2. Lapisan dalam Endoderm.
• Triploblastik
Memiliki tiga lapisan lembaga / tubuh yaitu:
1. Lapisan luar Ektoderm
2. Lapisan tengah Mesoderm
3. Lapisan dalam Endoderm
Struktur Tubuh
Animalia
Vertebrata
Invertebrata
Parazoa
Eumetazoa
Tidak memiliki
jaringan
Sudah memiliki
jaringan
Diploblastik Triploblastik
Ektoderm
Endoderm
Ektoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
A. Avertebrata
Tidak bertulang
belakang
1. Protozoa
Hewan bersel satu (akhirnya dikelompokkan dalam
ganggang/ alga)
2. Metazoa
Hewan bersel
banyak
1. Porifera Hewan berpori
2. Coelenterata Hewan berongga
3. Platyhelminthes Cacing pipih
4. Nemathelminthes Cacing gilig
5. Annellida Cacing gelang
6. Mollusca Hewan lunak
7. Arthropoda Hewan kaki
beruas2/buku2
8. Echinodermata Hewan berkulit
duri
B. Vertebrata
Bertulang
belakang
1. Pisces Ikan
2. Amphibi Hidup di 2 alam
3. Reptil Hewan melata
4. Aves Burung
5. Mamalia Hewan menyusui
FILUM
Why Study Invertebrates?
• Banyak penyakit pd manusia&hewan disebabkan oleh invertebrata
• Invertebrata adalah dasar dari sumber makanan
• Invertebrata dasar dari bbrp studi medis (obat): – Kontrol ekspresi gen
– Aging, cell death, fertilization and chemoreception
– Transmission of nerve impulses, biochemical basis of learning and memory
– Genetic basis for the predisposition for major diseases (i.e. type II diabetes)
– Isolating unique chemicals for biomedical reasons
– Using invertebrates as indicators in monitoring aquatic systems for pollutants
CIRI UMUM INVERTEBRATA
Eksoskeleton (rangka luar)
Ekskresi melalui membran sel atau dengan alat ekskresi
Peredaran darah terbuka atau difusi
Sistem sarafnya belum punya otak tapi dengan simpul-simpul saraf
Pernapasan dengan ronga tubuh atau dengan organ pernapasan
Diploblastik (dua lapisan tubuh)
Simetri tubuh yaitu simetri bilateral atau radial
Deep
Sea Invertebrates
Galapagos Islands
• “If there is a harsher place to live than a hydrothermal vent, it hasn't been found yet. Pitch darkness, poison gas, heavy metals, extreme acidity, enormous pressure, water at turns frigid and searing—this seafloor environment seems more like something from deep space than from our own deep sea.”
• Peter Tyson
BASIC VENT LIFE
• Bacteria are essential to the vent ecosystem. They are thought to attract invertebrates (like tube worms) through chemical signals that they give off, bringing creatures to the vent and establishing themselves as essential to vent life.
• The clams, mussels, tube worms, and other creatures at the vent have a symbiotic relationship with bacteria.
White Bacteria
on new basalt
rocks.
CHEMOSYNTHESIS
• Chemosynthesis uses the hydrogen sulfide in the vents to create sugars and other compounds.
• These sugars and other compounds are used for energy by the bacteria, as well as by other animals that have a symbiotic relationship with the bacteria.
• Chemosynthetic microbes provide the foundation for biological colonization of vents. Chemosynthetic microbes live on or below the seafloor, and even within the bodies of other vent animals as symbionts.
Deep sea community
Large worms that grow on and near deep sea vents, some get to be up to 8 feet long.
• These tube worms grow in large clusters around the vents and live inside hard, shell-like protective tubes that attach to the rocks.
• They live in a symbiotic relationships with microbes. As a child these worms are invaded by bacteria called microbes.
• These microbes bury themselves within the young tube worm. As the tube worm grows these bacteria feed the worms through a process called chemosynthesis.
• The relationship between tubeworms and microbes is quite convenient. The tube worms give the microbes a place to live while the microbes share the food they make from the various gasses from the vents
TUBE WORMS (RIFTIA PACHYPTILA )
TUBE WORMS
• Link to disection of a tube worm on the Tube worm fact sheet.
• http://www.venturedeepocean.org/downloads/R2Ktubeworm_fs1.pdf
ANOTHER TYPE OF WORM
Pompeii Worms (Alvinella pompejana ):
• Pompeii worms are most famous for the current belief that they are the "hottest" animals on Earth. They are known as extremophiles.
• These worms simultaneously keep their heads (including the gills) in much cooler water while their tails are exposed to hot water. It is the posterior end that is exposed to extreme temperatures; the anterior end stays at a much more comfortable 22°C (72°F).
• Reaching a length of up to 13 centimeters (5 inches), Pompeii worms are a pale gray with hairy backs; these hairs are actually colonies of bacteria which are thought to afford the worm some degree of insulation. Glands on the worm's back secrete a mucus which the bacteria feed on.
• The Pompeii worm pokes its feather-like head out of its tube home to feed on microbes and breathe.
• Information on the Pompeii worm is hard to gather because none have ever survived decompression.
MUSSELS + CLAMS • Like tubeworms, several deep-sea mussel and clam
species living near deep-sea vents contain in their tissues symbiotic microbes which manufacture food for them.
• The body structure of these animals differs from related species of shallower waters:
• the deep-sea vent species typically have bigger gills, and some have smaller guts. The gills hold the microbes: larger gills mean more microbes, hence less need for a digestive system. But species which retain functional guts can live for a short time even if vent fluids stop jetting from the seafloor. This could help them survive near vents which are fitfully active.
MUSSELS+ CLAMS
B. thermophilus mussels are found at vent sites along the Galapagos Rift.
depend almost entirely on symbiotic bacteria within their gills to supply energy
Deep-sea vent mussels obtain raw materials (oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide) from the environment, and supply this to the bacteria. Using these raw materials, the bacteria create sugars that provide the majority of nutrition for the mussel
Larvae of this species are thought to be actively feeding (planktotrophic)
have high dispersal capabilities
Previous studies have found few differences between individuals at different sites along the East Pacific Rise
Researchers have concluded that high rates of gene flow occur between populations of these mussels throughout their known range
B. thermophilus
MUSSELS + CLAMS
The deep-sea clam, Calyptogena magnifica, is found in the eastern Pacific Rise along the Galapagos Rift.
These clams produce large yolky eggs
Their occurrence is spotty; abundant at some sites and entirely absent at others.
C. magnifica is also dependent on energy produced by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in their gills.
Deep sea
Shallow
SOME CRUSTACEANS
• Vent Spider crabs (Macroregonia macrocheira)
• Found at depths of up to and around 11,000 feet.
• Hydrothermal vent squat lobster (Munidopsis)
• Hydrothermal vent barnacle (Neolepas)
• Vent crab (Bythograea thermydron)
Deep sea
spider crab
SOME CRUSTACEANS CONT.
• Mussels, shrimp, clams, and crabs are abundant at many vents, but not the same as the ones you find on your plate.
• shrimp that dominate vents in the mid-Atlantic, for example, have no eyes. However, at least one species has an extremely sensitive receptor on its head that may be used to detect heat or even dim light coming from vents. Scientists still aren't sure how shrimp and other vent creatures cope with chemical-laden seawater that would kill ordinary shellfish.
Biologists have observed a variety of smaller crustaceans around vents, including miniature lobsters called galatheids, and amphipods resembling sand fleas. They have also seen snail-like limpets the size of BBs, sea anemones, snakelike fish with bulging eyes, and even octopuses.
THE VENT CRAB
• Found at vent sites in the eastern Pacific Ocean among dense clusters of tubeworms at an average depth of 2.7 kilometers (1.7 mi).
• We’ve observed it feeding on several species of deep-sea worms, as well as clams and mussels. Also, some studies have suggested that the adult crabs feed on bacterial mats
• The growth stage beyond the larval stage is called the megalopa. At this stage, the crab has well-developed eyes that can sense light levels expected at depths around 1,000 meters in the water column. In contrast, once the megalopae develop into adult crabs, they have much smaller, probably non-functional eyes.
• Scientists have been able to maintain the larval stages and small juveniles at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. However, the adults are pressure-sensitive and do not survive long at atmospheric pressure.
• Scientists still don’t know do not know:
• how long it takes for the larvae to develop or where these larvae develop.
• how long they live
• how they colonize new vents.
ECHINODERMS
• the most common large invertebrates
• SEA CUCUMBERS (most common)
• Seapig (type of sea cucumber)
• Transparent, rounded sea cucumber 2–4 in long, with 10 tentacles and a small number of large papillae.
• Deep ocean bottoms from 1,800 to 2,400 ft (550–730 m).
• Feeds on fine surface sediment on the deep ocean bottom by pushing material into the mouth by means of tentacles with flattened ends. On most specimens a sediment-filled gut is easily seen through the thin body wall.
• Sea cucumbers have tough skins that probably lessen the risk of predation. However, they do face the problem of being eaten by large fish. Sea cucumbers, however, don’t just lie around and let this happen. They have a number of neat tricks. The first is that some sea cucumbers have the ability to throw up their entire digestive systems! They do this to distract the predator who generally focuses on the yummy bits thrown up with the stomach. The sea cucumber then crawls away and re-grows its entire digestive tract over the next couple of months.
ECHINODERMS CONT.
• The second trick is that some other sea cucumbers have fine
sticky threads that they are able to eject out their bottoms when
trouble brews
• There are a number of animals that live with sea cucumbers.
Tiny polychaete worms that look almost identical to the skin of
the sea cucumbers crawl across the skin and are probably
responsible for cleaning the surface of the sea cucumber in
return for getting a place to live.
ECHINODERMS CONT.
• Seastars:
• Move with tube feet.
• Diet: Sea stars are carnivores (meat-eaters). They eat clams, oysters, coral, fish, and other animals.
• They normally eat small prey whole, but they have to extrude their stomachs to digest larger prey outside their bodies. Sometimes, sea stars will use their tube feet to help pry open bivalves, and then they will slip their stomachs in between the two shells.
ECHINODERMS CONT.
• Sea stars do not have a brain; they have a simple ring of nerve cells that moves information around the body.
• Eyespots are at the tip of each arm. If a sea star's arm is cut off, it will regenerate.
• There are a number of predators on sea stars, including fish. We know that Red Emperors fish eat juvenile Crown-of-Thorns sea stars, and that this species of fish may play a role in preventing outbreaks of sea stars on the Great Barrier Reef.
• The parasites of starfish have not largely been documented. There are a range of symbionts (crustaceans, polychaete worms, flatworms) which live on the surface of the sea stars. Here they usually eat substances that settle on the skin of the sea star. This is beneficial for the sea star, which needs to keep its body surfaces clear of substances so that it can carry out the normal activities of gas exchange and excretion.
OTHER ECHINODERMS
• BRITTLE AND BASKET STARS
• Class: Ophiuroidea
• The group includes about 2000 species, varying in color. They eat decaying matter and microscopic organisms that are found on soft muddy bottoms.
• SEA URCHINS
• Class: Echinoidea
• Covered with spines; they probably eat organic remains. They are usually rigid, but some of the abyssal ones are curiously soft and flexible. They locomote using short to long, movable spines.
• SEA LILIES
• Class: Crinoidea
• Like inverted starfish, with their arms up in the current to catch organic particles.
• FEATHER STARS
• Class: Crinoidea--
SOME OTHER VENT CREATURES
• Vent octopus
• Vent eelpout fish
• Vent limpets
• Vent scaleworm
• Jericho Worms
INTERESTING FACTS
• Perhaps the most startling condition these animals cope with is unusual temperatures. For they must deal with both extremes -- icy and scalding, often simultaneously. Water at the bottom of the ocean is about 35°F, while vent fluids released from chimneys can reach 750°F.
• Since the eruption, scientists have been able to watch several stages of colonization at one site in the Atlantic. When they returned in March 1992, only a few bacterial mats remained. In their place were colonies of Jericho worms and a variety of small crustaceans. The scientists named the area Phoenix, because new life had arisen from the ashes of the eruption.
TROPHICS
Producers: Bacteria
and Chemosynthethic
organisms.
Primary and lower
Consumers:
Tube worms,
amphipods, baby
crabs, clams,
mussels…
Higher consumers:
Vent octopus, eelpout fish,
crabs …
