kelompok aplikasi terdepan cairan ion dalam ilmu polimerisasi

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  • 7/23/2019 Kelompok Aplikasi Terdepan Cairan Ion Dalam Ilmu Polimerisasi

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    P_FL] POENGCGFB IOIDTLN

    LZCBEL]B POT@OZLN MLBTLN BGN @LCLI BCI_ ZGCBIOTB]L]B

    Zonflrlnf ;

    Kblniob Cul# Aonf Rlnl# Kghn Poxtor

    @btorkoilheln Gcoh ;

    Lnnbsl Ehlcb`l :=

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    Lpcbelsb Por`opln Mlbrln Bgn @lcli Bciu Zgcbior

    Kblniob Cul# Aonf Rlnl# Kghn Poxtor

    lEoy Cldgrltgry ga Grflnbm ]ynthosbs ga Kblnfsu Zrgvbnmo# ]mhggc ga Mhoibstry

    ln` Mhoibmlc Onfbnoorbnf# ]uzhgu _nbvorsbty# ]uzhgu 4

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    ylnf ron`lh `ln kufl sbalt egn`uetbvbtls bgnbe ylnf tbnffb. ]oclil dodorlpl

    tlhun torlehbr# BC] toclh pgpucor `bfunleln sodlflb poclrut untue sbntosbs

    grflnbe# eltlcbsbs# `ln kufl toclh `bfunleln untue lsio`bl prgsos oestrlesb U

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    igcoeuc ron`lh U

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    4.

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    ionffunleln porslilln Qgfoc)Pliiln)Aucmhor (QPA" untue

    pgcbocoetrgcbt;

    @bilnl; ; egn`uetbvbtls bgnbe

    L ; aletgr aroeuonsb

    P ; toiporltur

    Pf ; fclss trlnsbtbgn toiporlturo

    Ol ; onorfb letbalsb

    ]orupl `onfln pgcb(Q`A)HAZ"# BC foc kufl `bsblpeln

    dor`lslreln mlbrln bgnbe `lrb

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    Zgcbior soclbn pgcb (Q`A)HAZ" kufl toclh `btorlpeln untue

    foclsb BC'pgcbior foc. Pbylpbdggnmhlbyl ot lc. dorhlsbc

    ioiporsblpeln BC'pgcbior foc dor`lslreln pgcb)Uvbnycpyrrgcb`gno)

    mg)(vbnbc lsotlt"Y (pgcb (QZ)m)QL"" `ln

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    ocoetrgcbt pgcbior ionunkueeln oclstbsbtls soportb elrot `ln

    egn`uetbvbtls ilesbiuinyl soebtlr

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    bgnbe trlnsplrln `lplt `bdontue `onfln ibnbiui ?/ dorlt trbdcgme

    egpgcbior. Bgnbe egn`uetbvbtls foc bgnbe `bporgcoh pl`l

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    (pgcb (]t)mg)IIL"" `b UM4ibiY UNPa4Y# suhu CM]P konbs phlso

    soplrltbgn untue pgcb (]t)mg)IIL"s ionurun `onfln ponbnfeltln

    `lrb egipgsbsb ]t U08Y.

    Dlru)dlru bnb# Cg`fo ioclpgreln porbcleu also cygtrgpbm `lrb

    pgcb (

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    cbplt# `ln igragcgfb trlnsbsb `lrb hgigfon iunmuc arletur

    poriuelln untue lfcgiorlt duclt.

    ]odulh lpcbelsb ylnf slnflt dlru)dlru `lr BC ylnf ionfln`unf

    foc sodlflb `bocoetrbe flto `lcli pgcbior trlnsbstgr abci tbpbs toclh

    `bclpgreln U?

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    `lcli BC bn sbtu. @onfln l`lnyl mrgss)cbnebnf lfont# ylnf `bhlsbceln

    ZIIL ' BC ocoetrgcbt ionlipbceln sbalt oclstgior `ln

    egn`uetbvbtls ylnf tbnffb (ml.

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    Prlnsaor eocgipge pgcbiorbslsb IIL kufl toclh `bbcustrlsbeln

    ionffunleln poclrut BC UZ

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    egn`uetbvbtls bgnbe ZIIL ' UOibiY UPA]BY foc ionfbeutb

    porslilln QPA. Foc bgn dordlsbs BC ylnf slnflt egn`uetba bnb

    `bhlsbceln ionkl`b acoesbdoc `ln abci trlnsplrln. Hlsbc ylnf plcbnf

    ionmgcge `bporgcoh U?8Y l`lclh dlhwl ngigr gporltgr tgtlc bgn foc

    pl`l egipgsbsb tortontu iocodbhb nbclb ylnf `bporgcoh untue BC btu

    son brb. Poiuln bnb ionfokuteln ionygrgtb pontbnfnyl

    ionfoidlnfeln poilhliln bntorlesb absbe ylnf sposbabe lntlrl BC]

    `ln pgcbior pon`ueunf iltrbes `b ilnl BC] ylnf egipltbdoc.

    Zgcbiorbslsb lnbgn stbronl pl`l BC] dlru)dlru bnb toclh

    `bclpgreln U?2Y# `ln dodorlpl lspoe ioelnbstbe pgcbiorbslsb lnbgnbe

    `bporbesl. Prbhoxyc (totrl`omyc" agsagnbui dbs (trbacugrgiothlno

    sucagnbc" lib`l (UZ1# 1#1#

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    4.=. Zgcbiorbslsb BC] torpgcbiorbslsb

    Zgcbiorbslsb igngior pl`l BC] l`lclh strltofb clbn untue

    ioiporsblpeln foc bgnbe. Eocgipge Ghng iocleueln sbntosbs

    sorlnfelbln ocoetrgcbt pgcbior `onfln pgcbiorbslsb bgnbe dordlsbs

    mlbrln igngior U1:)11Y. ]omlrl uiui# eocgipge vbnbc

    pgcyiorbzldco egvlcon `bporeonlceln pl`l eltbgn ltlu (`ln" lnbgn

    dlfbln `lrb mlbrln bgnbe. Zgcbiorbslsb pl`l suhu ylnf sosulb

    ionfhlsbceln pgcbiorbslsb (ltlu mrgss)cbneo " foc bgnbe (Flidlr 4"

    U11#16Y. Dordlflb sbstoi BC pgcyiorbzldco soportb pgcymltbgn)tbpo

    BC] U1=Y# pgcylnbgn)tbpo BC] U14Y# egpgcbior U14Y# `ln pgcb

    ([wbttorbgn" U1=Y dlru)dlru bnb `bclpgreln. Nliun# egn`uetbvbtls

    bgnbe pgcbiorbslsb BC] uiuinyl ionurun kluh elronl dorflntunf

    pl`l eo`ul ocovlsb toiporltur trlnsbsb focls (Pf" `ln doreurlnfnyl

    kuiclh bgn gaigdbco sotoclh egvlconbeltln `lrb bgn. Eorkl egipgnon

    `b `lorlh bnb toclh `btbnklu gcoh Ghng U11Y. Zonffunlln struetur

    erbstlc mlbr slnflt ionklnkbeln untue ion`lplteln porsblpln)

    `bionsb ron`lh (lnbsgtrgpbe" dlhln aunfsbgnlc. Eocgipge Eltg

    dlru)dlru bnb ioclpgreln sbntosbs sltu `bionsb bgn)egn`uetba abci

    pgcbior dor`lslreln pgcyiorbzldco egcuinlr mlbr erbstlc urutln

    bgnbe mlbrln ylnf tor`brb `lrb bgn egn`uesb `ln dlfbln bsgclsb

    ngnbgnbe (]eoil 4" U18Y. Fufus bgnbe iorlebt `brb ionkl`b dlfbln

    `lcli struetur egcuinlr ioclcub nlngsofrofltbgn `ln bntorlesb

    ocoetrgstltbe `ln dontue hoeslfgnlc also egcuinlr CM lntlrl 4: `ln

    ?: M. ]truetur soklklr nlng dordlsbs BC dbsl `bportlhlneln ioclcub

    pgcbiorbslsb mlbr erbstlc ionfhlsbceln abci pgcbior ylnf

    ionfln`unf lnbsgtrgpbmlccy nlngmhlnnocs dorgrbontlsb. Abci

    pgcbior ylnf `bporgcoh egn`uetbvbtls bgnbe ionunkueeln lnbsgtrgpbm

    egn`uetbvbtls `bilnl soklklr `onfln suidu egcuinlr codbh tbnffb

    `lrbpl`l ioroel ylnf tofle curus `onfln suidu egcuinlr.

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    Abrostgno ot lc. dlru)dlru bnb ioclpgreln ponyusunln hb`rgfoc

    erbstlc mlbr dorstruetur nlng ioclcub socalssoidcy `ln

    phgtgpgcyiorbzltbgn `lrb mlbrln bgnbe lerbclt igngior liphbphbco#

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    `lcli lceghgc# ylnf `bsortlb `onfln wlrnl dorudlh `lrb unfu

    ionkl`b iorlh iu`l pumlt. Hlsbc bnb ionunkueeln tunbnf io`ln

    kluh `lrb spoetrui pclsignbm oils nlngplrtbeoc gcoh porudlhln

    poclrut)`bio`blsb `lcli onmlpsucltbnf iltrbes U6

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    ylnf clbnnyl# elronl egnsontrlsb `bpgc tbnffb pgcb (mlbrln

    bgnbe"s (Flidlr 0". ZBC bnb ioibcbeb pgtonsb gptbe

    trlnsplrln ibmrgwlvo untue ionyorlp dlhln. ZBC kufl

    `lplt `bfunleln untue ponyorlpln MG4. Tl`gsz ot lc.

    dlru bnb ionunkueeln dlhwl eoclrutln MG4 `b pgcb

    (pvbnycdonzyctrbiothyc lignbui totrlacugrgdgrlto" l`lclh

    kluh codbh tbnffb `lrbpl`l ylnf `b pgcb (< ) (p)vbnycdonzyc"

    )= ) iotbc)bib`lzgcbui totrlacugrgdgrlto"# ylnf ionunkue

    eo oaoe eltbgn)konbs pl`l sorlpln MG4 `lcli pgcbiorbslsb

    mlbrln bgnbe U6=Y. Ionffunleln prgportb bnb# gcoh elronl

    btu# ZBC toclh dorhlsbc `bfunleln sodlflb ioidrln

    poibslhln fls untue Zoibslhln MG4 U60Y.

    Cu ot lc. dlru)dlru bnb ioclpgreln `oslbn agtgsonsbtba

    iltorb sodlflb clpbsln eosoclrlsln erbstlc mlbr `bdlnfun

    gcoh egpcbnf ZBC `ln unbt agtgsonsbtba# lzgdonzono

    dorwlrnl kbnffl iotbc (IG"# dor`lslreln toengcgfb soca)

    lssoidcy bgnbe (]eoil =" U6?Y. Dlhln pgcbior ylnf

    ioiporgcoh bgn)beltln ionunkueeln slnflt gr`or tbnffb

    struetur nlng pbpbh `ln agtgsonsbtbabtls. Hlsbc torsodut

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    ionunkueeln dlhwl dlhln ZBCIG `lplt `bfunleln

    sodlflb dlhln agtgsonsbtba `b dordlflb db`lnf pgtonsblc.

    ]odulh `yo ' pgcbocoetrgcbt slnflt sorupl `onfln bgnbe

    egipcoes kufl toclh `bsbntosbs gcoh Dlzubn ot lc. gcoh

    portuelrln bgn IG `onfln lceghgc pgcb (0)Qbnycpyrb`bno"

    (Z0QZIo". Hlsbc egipcoes bgn `btunkueeln siomtbm L

    gr`orbnf `ln `ofrl`lsb stldbc U61Y. Hlsbc bnb ionlwlreln

    strltofb dlru untue `oslbn dlhln aunfsbgnlc dor`lslreln

    eoegipcoeslnnyl# ylnf tb`le iu`lh untue ionsbntosbs

    gcoh bciu ebibl trl`bsbgnlc.

    Nlngmrystlcs soibegn`uetgr M`Po toclh `bfunleln

    sodlflb agtgsonsbtbzor untue phgtgpgcyiorbzltbgn sultu

    igngior lerbcbe `lcli egidbnlsb `onfln flrli gnbui#

    hoxlacugrgphgsphlto `bphonycbg`gnbui# gcoh Nlelshbil

    ot lc. U66Y. Zon`bnfbnln oibsb `ln stu`b ocoetrgebibl

    ionfunfelpeln dlhwl pgcbiorbslsb `bprlelrslb gcoh

    phgtgbn`umo` trlnsaor ocoetrgn `lrb M`Po nlngerbstlc eo

    flrli `bphonycbg`gnbui. Egoabsbon doslr `ln oesbtlsb

    uiur nlngmrystlcs M`Po dortlnffunf klwld untue trlnsaor

    ocoetrgn ylnf oabsbon `onfln flrli `ln gnbui ylnf

    oabsbon `ln phgtgpgcyiorbzltbgn ylnf moplt.

    Zgcbiorbslsb BC] pgcyiorbzldco ionfhlsbceln

    pgcbocoetrgcbt ylnf dblslnyl l`lclh pl`ltln tbtbe codur

    tbnffb ltlu suhu `oegipgsbsb. Nliun# dodorlpl elsus

    ionfhlsbceln pgcbocoetrgcbt `bilnl pgcbior BC] btu

    son brb. Rlnf portlil ebtl tlhu `bsbntosbs gcoh Tbmes)

    Clsegseb `ln ]ngw (]eoil 0" U68Y. Ioroel dorolesb 4 )

    Lsli lerbclib`g)4)iotbc)

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    `ln `blwlcb `onfln LBDN ionfhlsbceln =# sodulh BC

    pgcbior `ln kocls mlbr pl`l toiporltur elilr. Eounbeln

    gesbotbconl libnl `lcli poidontueln eltbgn lignbui

    sposbos egntrbdusb dlbe sbalt bgnbe `ln mlbr igngior `ln

    pgcbior. Pho ocomtrgwottbnf `lrb eo`ul igngior `ln

    pgcbior toclh `btocbtb.

    Clbnnyl# codbh dlru# mgntgh prg`uesb mlbrln BC

    pgcbior (BC ZBC" `lrb igngior BC roletba dor`lslreln

    un`omyclmryclto bib`lzgcbui `bbcustrlsbeln `lcli ]eoil

    ? U62)8

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    @b slipbnf untue eohb`upln pgcbiorbslsb lnbgnbe

    dlru)dlru bnb ionunkueeln `lcli sbstoi poclrut BC#

    rovorsbdco soeuonsblc pl`l poibn`lh rlntlb l``btbgn)

    arlfiontlsb (TLAP" pgcbiorbslsb toclh `btunkueeln pl`l

    dordlflb igngior BC.Eotbfl igngior ylnf dordlsbs

    bib`lzgcbui l`lclh;

    l. = ) (

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    `ln dordlflb lnbgn ylnf ionfon`lcbeln eocgipge somlrl

    eosocuruhln `ln `lyl clrut dcge. Bnb leln ionlrbe untue

    ioiporsblpeln `ln ionfelrletorbslsb torigrovorsbdoc `ln

    lnbgn egpgcbior `bdcgme rospgnsba# `b ilnl suhu `ln

    egnsontrlsb bgn `lplt son`brbnyl ionfudlh eoclrutln dcge.

    =. @lrb mlbrln bgn untue dlhln pgcbior dorpgrb

    Zonfhbclnfln mlbrln bgnbe `lrb BC ' egipgsbt pgcbior l`lclh mlrl

    so`orhlnl `ln iu`lh untue ioiporsblpeln pgcyiors dorpgrb.Zgcyiors `onfln

    pgrgsbtls porilnon toclh `bdult gcoh Vbntortgn ot lc. Ioclcub pgcbiorbslsb bn sbtu

    `b ponfhbclnfln mlbrln bgnbe `lrb BC ' egipgsbt pgcbior .Zgcbior ylnf `bhlsbceln

    ionunkueeln ueurln pgrb lntlrl 42:)?6: ni.

    Zgcyurol `onfln struetur dorpgrb oesgtbs toclh `bsbntosbs `onfln pgcbiorbslsb

    lntlriuel lntlrl hoeslnl `ln sorlnfelbln

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    Flidlr. ?. Flidlr ]OI pgcbior; (L" sotoclh `lrb pgcbiorbslsb ibergoiucsb

    (BC)DA0#IIL#

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    suraletln BC] roletba". Zgcbiorbslsb pl`l ibergoiucsb bnb `lplt ionfhlsbceln

    suraletln roletba BC )IIL foc egpgcbior ylnf `lplt `budlh ionkl`b pgcbior

    dorpgrb `onfln portuelrln lnbgn gcoh lnbgn `bsortlb suraletln igobty BC. Hlc btu

    toclh `bsoduteln pl`l lehbr dlfbln torlehbr dlhwl ponyltuln lnbgn ZA1)

    ionfbn`uesb `onfln moplt kbel tb`le nlngcltoxos stldbc `begpgcbiorbslsbeln

    `onfln drgib`l bib`lzlgcbui roletba egpgcbior `onfln suraletln BC. @onfln

    Dr)`ln DA0 ylnf ionfln`unf foc# portuelrln bgn `onfln lnbgn ZA1)

    ionyodldeln plslnfln lnbgn bib lzgcbui ionkl`b hb rgagdbe# ionuku eo

    `oegipgsbsb spbng`lc ylnf ionfudlh foc (soportb `bbcustrlsbeln pl`l Flidlr. ?

    (L"" eo gpon)mocc `lcli dlhln dorpgrb. Prlnsagrilsb bnb pl`l `lslrnyl l`lclh

    rovorsbdoc# soportb ylnf `btunkueeln `onfln ioron`li dlhln iberg `lcli :#< I

    NlDr# `bilnl doreurlnfnyl `ln gplmbty `bbn`uesb gplmbty pl`l `lslrnyl tordlcbe.

    Gpon)mocc pl`l pgcbior dorpgrb bnb `lplt `budlh eoidlcb ionkl`b foc pgcbior

    `onfln poron`liln `lcli poclrut grflnbe# soportb @I]G `ln @IA# `ln foc

    pgcbior ylnf `bporgcoh `lplt `budlh eoidlcb codbh kluh eo pgcbior dorpgrb

    `onfln mlrl ioron`linyl `lcli lbr (Flidlr ?". Zrgsos pgcbiorbslsb

    ibergoiucsb ionfbn`uesb ylnf slnflt rbnfln `onfln mrgss)cbnebnf `onfln

    iocbdlteln eocgipge bib`lzgcbui# dlheln eotbel mrgss)cbneor tb`le l`l#ilel bnb

    sonflkl `btlidlheln. Pln`l Mrgss)cbnebnf bnb pl`l sbstoi `ul also sohbnffl

    ionflclib `oegipgsbsb spbng`lc dgcle)dlcbe lntlrl foc `ln `onfln eol`lln soc

    torduel dorpgrb. Prlnsbsb rovorsbdoc `bbcustrlsbeln pl`l Flidlr. ? `bporgcoh

    `onfln ionffunleln OF@IL sodlflb igngior `btlidlheln 4/ dorlt rocltba

    torhl`lp egipgnon clbnnyl.

    _eurln pgrb pgcbior dorpgrb kufl `lplt `bsotoc `onfln ionyosulbeln

    eln`unfln mrgss)cbneor `btlidlheln.]oilebn zlt mrgss)cbnebnf l`l `lcli

    ibergoiucsb soilebn eombc ueurln pgrb rltl)rltl `lrb pgcbior dorpgrb Konbs

    pgcbior dorpgrb ioibcbeb pgtonsb untue poidontueln klrbnfln# abctrlsb

    lntbibergdl# ioidrln `bausb `lcli soc dlhln dlelr# `ln lpcbelsb pocoplsln

    toreon`lcb `lcli ponfbrbiln ebibl.

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    0. BC] `b`ueunf

    L`l `ul lrol lpcbelsb dlru pontbnf ylnf `b`ueunf BC] `b`ueunf.Ilslclh

    portlil# ebtl ioibcbeb flrli mlbr bgnbe somlrl egvlcon `bhudunfeln `onfln

    pgcbior pl`l poriuelln lngrflnbe ltlu plrtbeoc# sohbnffl ion`ueunf flrli

    grflnbe.@lcli sbstoi soportb elrletor `lrb flrli grflnbe BC `budlh sliplb dltls

    tortontu# totlpb sorbnfelcb mbrb utlil `bportlhlneln.Lpcbelsb eo`ul untue BC]

    `b`ueunf`b ilnl ioidrln pgcbior# iltrbes dorpgrb# plrtbeoc# ltlu duce iltorblc

    ionyorlp sultu BC gcoh poclrutln ltlu torldsgrpsb `lrb BC `lcli iltrbes ilsbnf)

    ilsbnf.

    0.

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    `lrbpl`l `b BC].

    Dgurcbngs `onfln Fblnnocbs `ln roeln eorkl clbnnyl toclh

    ionoiueln sodulh konbs dlru ylnf ionlrbe `lrb iltorb ylnf ebtl

    sodut poclrut dodls nlngacub`s ltlu mlbrln suprligcoeuc.Nlngacub`l

    `lplt `b`oabnbsbeln sodlflb nlngplrtbeoc lngrflnbe# dlhln grflnbe#

    ltlu hydrb`# `bilnl plrtbeoc poriuelln `baunfsbeln `onfln igcoeuc

    ltlu gcbfgior# sohbnffl l`l dodorlpl rontlnf suhu pl`l `baunfsbeln

    nlngacub`s tb`le l`lnyl ponlidlhln `lcli poclrut mlbr . Fblnnocbs

    ot lc.ionunkueeln dlhwl eotbel poriuelln ionfaunfsbgnlcbslsbeln

    nlngplrtbeoc `onfln flrli grflnbe# `b ilnl flrli torsodut

    dorhudunfln `onfln flrli grflnbm BC# ilel leln `bporgcoh poclrut

    mlbr dodls pl`l suhu elilr poriuelln egcgb . Mlbrln bnb

    sodonlrnyl mlbrln bgnbe suprligcoeuc `onfln dordlflb konbs

    egipgsbsb bntb. Lpcbelsb dorbeutnyl toclh `bageuseln pl`l

    nlngplrtbeoc cuibnosmont [nG `ln pl`l oestonsb uiui tbnfelh cleu

    BC torsodut untue nlngplrtbeoc cgfli .]lnflt dlru)dlru bnb

    nlngplrtbeoc sbcbel toclh `big`babelsb `onfln ponlidlhln eocgipge

    bsgthbgmylnlto eo konbs mlbrln bgnbe flrli grflnbe untue

    ionfhlsbceln nlngacub`l ylnf ionfhbclnfeln u`lrl `onfln

    ponlidlhln `bbsgmylnltos untue ionfhlsbceln clpbsln donbnf

    trlnsplrln. Clpbsln donbnf `bhbclnfeln gcoh sbnlr _Q yln kufl toclh

    `bporgcoh `onfln ionffunleln nlngacub`s BC pl`l poriuelln ylnf

    `baunfsbeln `onfln eocgipge lerbclt. Kuiclh iltorblc dlru torsodut

    `bhlrlpeln doreoidlnf# elronl aunfsbgnlcbslsb poriuelln `onfln

    eocgipge `bvorsocy roletba soelrlnf clnfsunf ionffunleln

    porolesb trblcegxysbcyc prgpbc)X `ln iotg`o egn`onslsb sgc)foc# `b

    ilnl X dbsl ionkl`b slclh sltu `lrb eocgipge aunfsbgnlc roletba

    ylnf torso`bl.

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    0.4. Zonyorlpln BC]

    ]eoil 6.

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    `onfln igdbcbtls tbnffb `bsorlp `lcli wlaor ioidrln# egn`uetbvbtls

    prgtgn pun ionbnfelt `rlstbs.@lcli dltlsln aroeuonsb ylnf ron`lh

    egn`uetbvbtls prgtgn ionbnfelt poslt `onfln ionbnfeltnyl suhu..

    Eotbel HZA1 `bsudstbtusbeln pl`l sltu oeubvlcon por igngior ylnf

    sotlrl# oibebln pucl `bporgcoh egn`uetbvbtls prgtgn tbnffb @lcli

    sbstoi bnb su`lh `bporebrleln dlhwl lnbgn ZA1) ionfbelt `onfln

    eult eo eltbgn bib lzgcbui# ionurunnyl io`ln pgtonsblc ylnf

    ropucsba untue trlnspgrtlsb prgtgn ioclcub dlhln ioidrln. Hlc bnb

    `bporebrleln dlhwl dlhln)dlhln torsodut leln ioidorbeln

    eofunlln lctornltba dlfb acugrpgcyiors Nlabgn untue dlhln dlelr

    pl`l soc ioidrln.

    Flidlr. 1. Zrgtgn `ln egn`uetbvbtls ocoetrgnbe pgcb (BC)LIZ]"sodlflb aunfsb `lrb aroeuonsb `ln suhu (pl`l flidlr sodoclh ebrb"

    sodocui ponforbnfln ylnf oestonsba `lcli vleui `ln `onfln

    ionyobidlnfeln :/ rh# (pl`l flidlr sodoclh elnln" sotoclhionlidlheln sltu oeubvlcon por BC)LIZ] soplslnf iultln

    otbclignubi nbtrlt.

    ?. Zgcbiorbslsb Ocoetrgebibl `lcli BC]

    Mlbrln bgnbe kufl sodlflb ocoetrgcbt pon`ueunf ylnf b`olc dlfb fonorlsb

    pgcbior ocoetrgebibl toregnkuflsb elronl stldbcbtls gesb`ltba `ln ro`uetba slnflt

    dlbe# ylnf ioiunfebneln lesos eo pgtonsb tb`le `lplt `bso`bleln `lcli wbn`gw

    ocoetrgebibl ylnf codbh eombc `lcli sbstoi poclrut ' igcoeuc ocoetrgcbt.

    Nlu`bn ot lc. ionyltleln dlhwl gesb`lsb ocoetrgebibl = ) (0)acugrgaonbc"

    tbgaonl (AZP" `lcli

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    sucagnbc" lib`l iurnb `ln

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    doreoidlnf pl`l poclrut egnvonsbgnlc ' sbstoi ocoetrgcbt. ]oclbn btu# rolesb

    ocoetrgpgcbiorbslsb b BC] `lplt bliltb eoeontlclnnyl `ln eurlnf egn`uetba

    sohbnffl `lplt ionfhlsbceln abci hlcus .Zoibcbhln BC ioibcbeb ponflruh ylnf

    pl`l pl`l ro`ges ebibl `lrb pgcbior egn`uetba ylnf `bporgcoh. Zonffunlln

    pyrrgcb`bnbui ylnf ionfhlsbceln konbs ylnf so`bebt hlcus# pl`lt `ln culs

    poriuelln ocoetrgletba ron`lh pl`l abci pgcythbgphono `bdln`bnfeln `lrb lnlcgf

    bib`lzgcbui.

    Zgcbiorbslsb bntoralmo pgcbior egn`uetba `lcli BC'bntoralmo lbr iorupleln

    sudkoe ylnf rocltba dlru. Dlru)dlru bnb Flg ot lc. ioclpgreln sbntosbs pgcblnbcbn

    (ZLNB" ZL@L nlngplrtbeoc (`onfln dordlflb ueurln =:)8: ni" `b UDIBIY

    UZA1Y ' bntoralmo lbr gcoh gesb`lsb lnbcbn `onfln elcbui porgesb`bsucalt sodlflb

    gesb`ln.Zrbnfco `ee. portlil elcb ioclpgreln ocoetrgpgcbiorbslsb bntoralmo `lrb

    Zpys `onfln igragcgfb dlru pl`l lbr'bntoralmo

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    `lcli mlbrln bgnbm poclrut# eudbsl ioidorbeln flidlrln sbnfelt slnflt dlru

    eoilkuln tgpbe bnb.

    1.

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    ionffunleln mlbrln bgnbe ylnf clrut `lcli lbr (V]BCs" sodlflb io`bl

    rolesb untue pgcbiorbslsb rl`belc ibergwlvo.Zonffldunfln BC] eo `lcli

    pgcbiorbslsb ionunkueeln prgabc poilnlsln codbh oabsbon `b dlwlh

    focgidlnf iberg brl`bltbgn `bdln`bnfeln `onfln tlnpl BC].

    Eltlcbs ylnf plcbnf uiui `bfunleln untue LPTZ# soportb Mu (B"

    hlcb`l# ylnf clrut `b `lcli dordlflb ilmli mlbrln bgnbe.Gcoh elronl btu#

    mlbrln bgnbe toclh dorhlsbc `bfunleln sodlflb poclrut untue LPTZ. Zormom

    ot lc. docui clil bnb ioclpgreln oaoe eltlcbtbe mlbrln bgn pl`l

    pgcbiorbslsb rl`belc hb`up IIL.@btoiuelnnyl lesocorlsb `rliltbs `lrb

    pgcbiorbslsb rl`belc ylnf hb`up `lcli mlbrln bgnbe.Eomopltln eohb`upln

    pgcbiorbslsb rl`belc ioiportlhlneln oabsbonsb lwlc `lrb

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    1.4. Mlbrln bgnbe untue pgcbiorbslsb bgnbe

    Zgclrbtls ylnf tbnffb `ln eoilipuln untue ioclruteln dordlflb

    ilmli sonylwl grflnbe `ln bgn eo tbnfelt ylnf mueup ioidult poclrut

    mlbrln bgnbe poclrut dlfb bgnbm prgsos pgcbiorbslsb._ntue portlil elcbnyl#

    IlmAlrclno ot lc. ioclpgreln pgcbiorbslsb eltbgnbe ylnf hb`up stbronl

    `bcleueln `lcli UZ

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    1.=. ]bntosbs plrtbeoc pgcbior `lcli mlbrln bgnbe

    Mlbrln bgnbe ionlwlreln eoiunfebnln dlru sodlflb slrlnl untue

    ioiprg`uesb plrtbeoc pgcbior `onfln pgcbiorbslsb `bsporsb. Ibslcnyl#

    ]mhudort ot lc.# _ntue portlil elcbnyl ion`oignstrlsbeln dlhwl V]BCs

    `lplt `bfunleln sodlflb lfon stldbcbslsb `lcli sbntosbs pgcbior dol`

    `onfln pgcbiorbslsb susponsb#ylnf `bsodldeln sbalt poriuelln letba.

    _eurln rltl)rltl pgcbior dol` `lplt dorvlrblsb `lrb ilerg eo selcl nlng

    `onfln ionyosulbeln egnsontrlsb `ln plnklnf sbsb rlntlb lcbaltbe `lrb

    mlbrln bgnbe `lcli also susponso mlbr. Culs poriuelln dol`s kufl dbsl

    $`bsosulbeln$ `onfln egidbnlsb poidontueln pgrb `ln V]BC ylnf

    `bfunleln sodlflb dlhln stldbcbslsb soclil sbntosbs.

    Clrutln mlbr BC `bfunleln `lplt `bromgvor `ln `bfunleln eoidlcb

    untue iocrolesbeln rolesb ylnf codbh clnkut. Ibnlib ot lc. dorhlsbc

    ionoiueln ueurln sudibergn igng`bsporso pl`l plrtbeoc pgcbstbron

    igng`bsporso `onfln `bsporsb pgcbiorbslsb stbronl `lcli mlbrln bgnbe# N#

    N)`botbc)N)iotbc)N)(4)iotgesbotbc" lignbui dbs (trbacugrgiothlno)

    sucagnbc" bib o (U@OIOY UPA]BY " `onfln pgcb (vbnbc pbrgcb gn" (ZQZ"

    sodlflb stldbcbsltgr. _eurln plrtbeoc ionbnfelt `onfln ponurunln

    egnsontrlsb ZQZ `ln ponbnfeltln egnsontrlsb stbronl. @onfln

    Ioilnallteln eountunfln `lrb ngn)vgcltbcbtls `ln stldbcbtls torilc `lrb

    mlbrln bgn# plrtbeoc pgcbstbron kufl `lplt `bdult `onfln pgcbiorbslsb torilc

    tlnpl l`lnyl bnbtbltgr rl`belc pl`l suhu

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    ilsbnf)ilsbnf plrtbeoc pgcb (torthbgphono" `ln pgcb (pbrgc".

    ]odulh porudlhln ion`oeltb poclrut untue `bsbntosbs pphonycono

    vbnycono (ZZQ" plrtbeoc ylnf dlru)dlru bnb `bunfelpeln `ln iotg`o bnb

    `brbnfels `lcli Flidlr. 6. ]odulh :.4 ifiC )< sgcusb `lrb proeursgr ZZQ

    (pgcb Up)xbconl totrlhy`rgthbgphonbui ecgrb`lY" `lcli lbr somlrl porclhln

    `btlidlheln eo `ul dlfbln BC# ylbtu U@OIIOLY UDA0Y.Lbr bnb eoiu`bln

    `bulpeln pl`l toelnln ron`lh `ln suhu tbnffb.BC l`lclh poclrut durue

    untue proeursgr ZZQ `ln `lplt ioidontue plrtbeoc duclt sodlflb lebdlt

    ponurunln egnsontrlsb lbr.]lipoc torsodut eoiu`bln `beorbnfeln `lcli

    egn`bsb vleui untue ionfhbclnfeln lbr `ln ionfbn`uesb poidontueln

    plrtbeoc# soportb BC l`lclh poclrut durue untue ZZQ proeursgr. ]usponsb

    plrtbeoc ZZQ promursgr bnb eoiu`bln `bplnlseln sliplb 40: M soclil 8

    kli# `ln plrtbeoc proeursgr `begnvorsb eo plrtbeoc ZZQ# torsusponsb `lcli

    BC. Hlsbc lehbr ueurln plrtbeoc ylnf `bporgcoh l`lclh =0: 6: ni.

    Flidlr. 6. Zrgsos poidontueln nlngplrtbeoc ZZQ. Zrgsos rolesb `lrb

    ZZQ ylnf iorupleln egnvorsb lwlc `lrb ZZQ# `ln agtg)agtg `bsporsb

    nlngplrtbeoc `lcli mlbrln bgnbe sodocui `ln sosu`lh thorilc

    lnnolcbnf.

    6. Egipgsbt

    ]bntosbs tordlru `lrb gno)pgt `onfln iocleueln egipgsbt nlngplrtbeoc

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    cgfli iucbl pgcbior ylnf `beoidlnfeln gcoh Zrbnfco `ee# dor`lslreln

    ponffunlln cgfli iucbl `lcli clrutln BC ylbtu sodlflb gesb`ltgr. @lcli

    pon`oeltln bnb# flrli oils ltlu porle# soportb oils ecgrb`l `ln porle nbtrlt# ylnf

    sgcudbcbzo` `lcli BC]# ylbtu UOtIoBiY Uta4NY# `ln pgcbiorbslsb igngior bgn

    cgfli gesb`ltba soportb pbrgc `ln torthbgphono# soportb ylnf `bkoclseln

    sodocuinyl. Egipgsbt ylnf `bporgcoh# soportb ylnf `blnlcbsl gcoh POI pl`l

    slipoc `b`ueunf pl`l toidlfl clmoy elrdgn frb`# pl`l pgcb (pbrgc" ' oils ylnf

    tor`brb ?)

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    untue ionfhlsbceln dlhln dorpgrb dlru ylnf ioibcbeb eosln tbfl `bionsb nofltba

    `lrb also toipclto. @lcli lpcbelsb torelbt# egpgcbior iberg `ln nlngpgrgus BC)Dr

    `ln IIL `bprg`uesb gcoh pgcbiorbslsb ibergoiucsb `ln lnbgn oxmhlnfo)bn`umo`

    `oegipgsbsb spbng`lc ylnf `bhlsbceln `lr foc dbmgntbnugus ylnf # ilsbnf)ilsbnf

    `bponuhb `onfln oils `ln sbcbel# `ln eoiu`bln pyrgcyzo` untue ionfhlsbceln

    also lngrflnbe ibergpgrgus `ln nlngpgrgus. Elronl suraletln roletba BC BC)DA0

    (]eoil ?" dorolesb untue ioidontue egpgcbior torilc# `ln portuelrln lnbgn

    `onfln hoxlacugrgphgsphlto untue ionbnfelteln stldbcbtls torilc egpgcbior#

    pbrgcbsbs pl`l suhu 8:: M `bporcueln untue ionfhbclnfeln soiul also

    egpgcbior toipclto. Hlsbc bnb porgco h`lrb sbcbel nlngpgrgus `bporgcoh ylnf `b

    bcustrlsbeln pl`l Flidlr. 8.

    Flidlr. 8. Nlngpgrgus ]bG4 `bmgntgheln pgrgus pgcyiorhb`rgtorilc pl`l

    4:: ni `bporgcoh ibergoiucsb `lrb pgcbiorbslsb egpgcbior BC)Dr'IIL

    `bbeutb `onfln `oegipgsbsb spbng`lc `lrb foc ylnf `bhlsbceln.

    8. Eosbipucln

    Zonffunlln mlbrln bgnbe `lcli bciu pgcbior toclh doreoidlnf `lrb

    ponffunlln sodlflb poclrut `ln dorageus pl`l ponffunlln mlbrln bgn sodlflb

    l`btba aunfsbgnlc untue rlntlb pgcbior ltlu dlhln hbdrb`l. Aunfsb bnb iunfebn

    elronl eoclrutln igngior `lrb BC# `onsbtls iultln `lrb dlhln ylnf `bhlsbceln#

    ltlu elronl igdbcbtls `lslr `lrb BC# soportb pl`l dlhln hbdrb`l.

    Lpcbelsb lwlc ylnf slnflt ionlrbe untue ponffldunfln igngior BC eo

    pgcbior toclh `uiuieln# tlpb dordlflb eoiunfebnln struetur BC# kluh codbh doslr

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    `lrbpl`l sokluh bnb toclh `boespcgrlsb. Gcoh elronl btu elib dorhlrlp dlnyle

    ponlidlhln fufus ylnf dorlfli untue `lplt `bsbntosbs `lcli poidultln

    pgcbior dlru `onfln sbalt ionlrbe.

    Zgcbior dorpgrb ionfhlsbceln rolesb rovorsbdoc `ln ponffldunfln

    pgcbior nlngpgrgus `onfln igngior BC ionunkueeln dlnyle lpcbelsb iltorblc

    dlru `b db`lnf ylnf so`lnf doreoidlnf soportb dltorlb `ln dlhln dlelr

    ioidrln soc dlhln dlelr. Elib dorhlrlp b tb`le torclcu clil sodocui ebtl kufl

    iocbhlt foc aboc`)rospgnsba `ln dlhln dorpgrb# elronl eocgipge bgnbe pon`lnt

    hlrus slnflt sonsbtba torhl`lp io`ln cbstrbe ylnf `btlidlhelnpl`l poclrut `ln

    rlnfslnfln clbnnyl.

    ]oiontlrl kuiclh lpcbelsb BC] sodlflb pgcbior ylnf `b`ueunf BC] ylnf

    ilsbh eombc# eofunlln lwlcnyl pl`leltlcbsbs# nlngacub`s# `ln egn`uetbvbtls

    ioidrln prgtgn ylnf slnflt sbfnbabeln. Elib dorhlrlp untue iocbhlt

    poreoidlnfln dlru `ln sbfnbabeln `b `lorlh bnb# torilsue pon`oeltln dlru untue

    ionstldbceln `bsporsb ionffunleln slidunfln BC] `ln ylnf torl`sgrpsb eo

    poriuelln plrtbeoc# pon`oeltln dlru untue pgcbior pclstbmbzbnf# `ln konbs dlru

    `lrb klrbnfln pgcbior slcbnf# `bilnl slclh sltu egipgnon l`lclh BC ZBC. Elib

    dorhlrlp `lorlh pl`l nlngacub`s dodls poclrut# `b ilnl BC aunfsbgnlcbslsb

    poriuelln ionfhlsbceln eocls dlru `lrb suprligcoeuc BC] suprligcoeuc#

    tuiduh`onfln moplt `lcli wletu `oelt# `l elib dorhlrlp soportb BC ioipunylb

    eocls dlru ylnf ioibcbeb dorlfli rosbn `ln dlhln hbdrb`l.

    Lpcbelsb BC sodlflb io`bl sbntosbs ocoetrgebibl `bhlrlpeln torus tuiduh

    `lcli kuiclh dlnyle soionkle `bporculs pgtonsblc wbn`gw ylnf torso`bl ylnf

    `bdln`bnfeln `onfln poclrut `ln ibergoiucsb tortontu.

    _mlpln Porbil Elsbh

    _mlpln Porbil Elsbh pl`l poidultln kurnlc bnb ylnf b`ueunf sodlfbln

    gcoh _] Lriy Plne)Gtgigtba `ln Zorklnkbln Eorklslil Zorlcltln Zorlnf

    Egiln`g Zorklnkbln Eorklslil Ng @LL@

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    eoulnfln ylnf `bdorbeln gcoh Nlturlc ]mbonmo Agun`ltbgn ga Mhbnl (Ng

    4:.660.:1=# 4:.860.:6

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    Toaoronmos

    U

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    U40Y Mhon [# Cb A# Rlnf H# Rb P# Hulnf M. L thorigstldco ln` cgnf)toristldco bgnbm)cbqub`)dlsofoc ocomtrgcyto agr oaabmbont yo)sonsbtbzo` sgclr moccs. Mhoi Zhys Mhoi 4::658;

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    U06Y Ng l L# Vltlnldo I. Hbfhcy mgn`umtbvo pgcyior ocomtrgcytos proplro` dy bn sbtupgcyiorbzltbgn ga vbnyc igngiors bn rggi toiporlturo igcton slcts. Ocomtrgmhbi Lmtl

    4:::50?;

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    U6

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    U12Y Dltrl @# Hly @NP# Abrostgno IL. Agriltbgn ga l dbgibiotbm# cbqub`mrystlccbno hy`rgfoc dysoca)lssoidcy ln` pgcyiorbzltbgn ga ln bgnbm cbqub`. Mhoi Iltor 4::65

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    U2:Y Dgurcbngs LD# Mhgw`hury ]T# Horrorl T# Kblnf @@# [hlnf \# Lrmhor CL# ot lc.Aunmtbgnlcbzo` nlngstrumturos wbth cbqub )cbeo dohlvbgr; oxpln`bnf tho flccory ga lvlbcldco

    nlngstrumturos. L`v Aunmt Iltor 4::?5

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    U