ke selam at an lalin
TRANSCRIPT
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KESELAMATAN LALU-LINTAS
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Fatality Rate/ 100 Million Passenger-
Miles in Transport in the United States
Mode Rate
Autos and taxisMotorcyclesLocal transitBusesRailroadsDomestic scheduled air carriersWater transport
1.9017.000.160.190.530.13NA
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Typical Accident Characteristic
Categories
Description Categories
Summary by type 1. Left-turn, head-on2. Right- angle3. Rear-end4. Sideswipe5. Pedestrian-related6. Run-off-road7.
Fixed object8. Head-on
9. Parked vehicle10.Other
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Typical Accident Characteristic
Categories
Description Categories
Summary by severity 1. Fatal2. Personal injury
- Incapacitating- Nonincapacitating- Possible injury
3. Property damage
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Typical Accident Characteristic
Categories
Description Categories
Summary by contributingcircumstances
1. Driving under the influences of alcohol or drugs2. Reckless or careless driving3. Ill, fatigued, or inattentive4. Failure to comply with license restrictions5. Obscured vision6.
Defective equipment7. Lost control due to shifting load, wind, or vacuum
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Typical Accident Characteristic
Categories
Description Categories
Summary byenvironmental conditions
1. Weather (clear, cloudy, rain, fog, snow)2. Ambient light (light, dark, dawn, dusk, street
lights)3. Roadway surface (dry, wet, snowy, ice)
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Typical Accident Characteristic
Categories
Description Categories
Summary by time of day 1. 12:00 midnight1:00 A.M.2. 1:00 A.M.2:00 A.M.3. 2:00 A.M.3:00 A.M.4. 3:00 A.M.4:00 A.M.
24. 11:00 P.M.12:00 midnight
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GENERAL COUNTERMEASURES FORACCIDENT PATTERNS AND THEIR
PROBABLE CAUSES
Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasure
Right-angle collisions atunsignalized intersections Restricted sightdistance
Large totalitersection volumeHigh approachspeed
Remove sight obstructionsRestrict parking near cornersInstall stop signs (see MUTCD)Install warning signs (see MUTCD)Install/improve street lightingReduce speed limit on approachesInstall signals (see MUTCD)
Install yield signs (see MUTCD)Channelize intersectionsInstall signals (see MUTCD)Reroute through trafficReduce speed limit on approachesInstall rumble strips
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GENERAL COUNTERMEASURES FORACCIDENT PATTERNS AND THEIR
PROBABLE CAUSES
Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasure
Right-angle collisions at
signalized intersections
Poor visibility
of signals
Inadequatesignal timing
Install advanced warning devices (see
MUTCD)Install 12-in. signal lenses (see MUTCD)Install overhead signalsInstall visorsInstall back platesImprove location of signals headsAdd additional signal heads
Reduce speed limit on approachesAdjust amber phaseProvide all-red clearance phasesAdd multidial controllerInstall signal actuationRetime signalsProvide progression through a set of
signalized intersections
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GENERAL COUNTERMEASURES FORACCIDENT PATTERNS AND THEIR
PROBABLE CAUSES
Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasure
Rear-end collisions atunsignalized intersections
Pedestrian crossing
Driver not aware ofintersectionsSlippery surface
Large numbers of turningvehicles
Install/improve signing ormarking of pedestrian
crosswalksRelocate crosswalksInstall/improve warningsignsOverlay pavementProvide adequate drainageGroove pavement
Reduce speed limit onapproachesProvide slippery when wetsignsCreate left-or right-turnlanesProhibit turns
Increase curb radii
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GENERAL COUNTERMEASURES FORACCIDENT PATTERNS AND THEIR
PROBABLE CAUSES
Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasureRear-end collisions atsignalizedintersections
Poor visibility ofsignals
Inadequate signal
timing
Pedestrian crossings
Slippery surface
Unwarranted signals
Install/improve advance warningdevicesInstall overhead signals
Install 12-in. signal lenses (seeMUTCD)Install visorsInstall back platesRelocate signalsAdd additional signals headsRemove obstaclesReduce speed limit on approachesAdjust amber phase
Provide progression through a set ofsignalized intersectionsInstall/improve signing or marking of
pedestrian crosswalksProvide pedestrian walk phaseOverlay pavementProvide adequate drainageGroove pavementReduce speed limit on approaches
Provide slippery when wet signsRemove signals (see MUTCD)
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GENERAL COUNTERMEASURES FORACCIDENT PATTERNS AND THEIR
PROBABLE CAUSES
Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasure
Pedestrian accidents atIntersections
Large turning volumes
Restricted sight distance
Inadequate protection forpedestriansInadequate signals
Inadequate signal phasing
School crossing area
Create left or right turnlanes
Prohibit turnsIncrease curb radiiRemove sight obstructionsInstall pedestrian crossingsImprove/install pedestriancrossing signsReroute pedestrian paths
Add pedestrian refugeislandInstall pedestrian signals(see MUTCD)Add pedestrian walk phaseChange timing of pedestrian
phase
Use school crossing guards
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GENERAL COUNTERMEASURES FORACCIDENT PATTERNS AND THEIR
PROBABLE CAUSES
Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasure
Pedestrian accidents
between intersections
Driver has inadequate
warning of frequentmidblock crossings
Pedestrian walking onroadwayLong distance to nearest
crosswalk
Prohibit parking
Install warning signsLower speed limitInstall pedestrians barriersInstall sidewalks
Install pedestrian crosswalk
Install pedestrian actuatedsignals (see MUTCD)
Pedestrian accidents atdriveway crossing
Sidewalk too close to
traveled way
Move sidewalk laterally
away from highway
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GENERAL COUNTERMEASURES FORACCIDENT PATTERNS AND THEIR
PROBABLE CAUSES
Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasure
Left-turn collisions at
intersections
Large volume of left turns
Restricted sight distance
Provide left-turn signal
phasesProhibit left-turnReroute left-turn trafficChannelize intersectionInstall stop signs (seeMUTCD)Create one-way streets
Provide turning guidelines(if there is a dual left-turnlane)Remove obstaclesInstall warning signsReduce speed limit onapproaches
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GENERAL COUNTERMEASURES FORACCIDENT PATTERNS AND THEIR
PROBABLE CAUSES
Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasureRight-turn collisions at
intersections
Short turning radii Increase curb radii
Fixed-object collisions Objects near traveled way Remove obstacles nearroadway
Install barrier curbingInstall breakaway feature to
right poles, signposts, etc.Protect objects with
guardrail
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GENERAL COUNTERMEASURES FORACCIDENT PATTERNS AND THEIR
PROBABLE CAUSES
Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasure
Fixed-object collisionsand or vehicles running offroadway
Slippery pavement
Roadway design
inadequate for trafficconditionPoor delineation
Overlay existing pavementProvide adequate drair ageGroove existing pavementReduce speed limitProvide slippery when wetsignsWiden lanes
Relocate islandsClose curb laneImprove/install pavementmarkingsInstall roadside delineatorsInstall advance warningsigns (e.g., curves)
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GENERAL COUNTERMEASURES FORACCIDENT PATTERNS AND THEIR
PROBABLE CAUSES
Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasure
Sideswipe collisionsbetween vehicles travelingin opposite directions orhead-on collisions
Roadway design inadequatefor traffic conditions
Install/improve pavementmarkingsChannelize intersectionsCreate one-way streetRemove constrictions such
as parked vehiclesInstall median dividerWiden lanes
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GENERAL COUNTERMEASURES FORACCIDENT PATTERNS AND THEIR
PROBABLE CAUSES
Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasure
Collisions between vehiclestraveling in same directionsuch as sideswipe, turning,or lane changing
Roadway design inadequatefor traffic conditions
Widen lanesChannelize intersectionsProvide turning baysInstall advance route orstreet signs
Install/improve pavementlane linesRemove parkingReduce speed limit
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GENERAL COUNTERMEASURES FORACCIDENT PATTERNS AND THEIR
PROBABLE CAUSES
Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasure
Collisions atdriveways
Left turningvehiclesImproperly located
driveway
Right turningvehicles
Large volume ofthrough traffic
Large volume ofdriveway traffic
Restricted sightdistance
Install median dividerInstall two-way left-turn lanesRegulate minimum spacing of driveways
Regulate minimum corner clearanceMove driveway to side streetInstall curbing to define driveway locationConsolidate adjacent drivewaysProvide right-turn lanesRestrict parking near drivewaysIncrease the width of the drivewayWiden through lanes
Increase curb radiiMove driveway to side streetConstruct a local service roadReroute through trafficSignalize drivewayProvide acceleration and deceleration lanesChannelize drivewayRemove sight obstructionRestrict parking near drivewayInstall/improve street lightingReduce speed limit
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GENERAL COUNTERMEASURES FORACCIDENT PATTERNS AND THEIR
PROBABLE CAUSES
Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasureNight accidents Poor visibility Install/improve street lighting
Install/improve delineationmarkingsInstall/improve warning signs
Wet-pavement accidents Slippery pavement Overlay with skid resistantsurface
Provide adequate drainageGroove existing pavementReduce speed limitProvide slippery when wet signs
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SAMPLE ACCIDENT COSTS
Source Accident severity Cost per involvement
NSC (1973)
NHTCA (1975)
FatalNonfatal disabling injuryProperty damage (includingminor injuries)FatalityCritical injurySevere injury-life threatening
Severe injury-not life threateningModerate injuryMinor injuryAverage injuryProperty damage only
$160,0006200
870$287,175192,24089,955
8085435021903185
520