jti-ubh vol 1 - luthfi hakim : asetilasi kayu rambutan (nephelium lappaceum l), cempedak (artocarpus...

8/13/2019 JTI-UBH VOL 1 - LUTHFI HAKIM : ASETILASI KAYU RAMBUTAN (Nephelium Lappaceum L), CEMPEDAK (Artocarpus Integer Merr), DAN RAMBAI (Baccaurea

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;60

Ourlkc Pbglig Ilùstri Rlivbrsitks Julf Hkttk, Unc. ; Ln. :, pp. ;60-;82, @bsbdjbr :1;:

K]BPICK]I GKYR ZKDJRPKL (Lbphbciud Ckppkmbud C),

MBDQB@KG (Krtnmkrpus IltbfbrDbrr), @KL ZKDJKI (Jkmmkurbk

Dnltcbyklk Dubcc. KZF)

Cuthei Hkgid;, Zuì Hkrtnln

;,Obl`rn _kcughu

;

kQrnfrkd ]tuì Gbhutklkl, Dilkt Pbglncnfi Hksic Hutkl, Ekguctks Qbrtklikl

Rlivbrsitks ]udktbrk Rtkrk,

Oc. Pri`hkrdk Roulf Ln.; Gkdpus R]R Db`kl :1;22

B-dkic ? cutheiAusu.km.i`

KJ]PZKMP

Phb uticizktinl neeruit wnn`silmrbksb` kmmnr ilf neilmrbksilfhudkl lbb`s. ]bvbrkcwbkglbss ne eruit wnn`s wbrb jk`ìdblsinlkc stkjicitykl`susmbptijcb wnn` ernd tbrditb kttkmg.

Qrbsbrvktinl mklidprnvb thb ìdblsinlkc stkjicitykl` ilmrbksb thb wnnèrndtbrditb kttkmg. Nlb

prbsbrvktinl dbthn` ne wks kmbtycktinl. Phb rbsbkrmh purpnsb wbrb tn glnwl thb beebmt ne rkdjutkl,mbdpb`kg kl` rkdjki wnn`s vkribty kl` kmbtim kmi` mnlmbltrktinl tn rbtbltinl vkcub, tn bvkcuktb` thb

ìdbltinl stkjicity kl` Vbifht Qbrmblt Fkil kl` tn bvkcuktb` ùrkjicity ernd kttkmg tbrditb jksb` nl

frkvbykr` tbst kl` ckjnrktnry tbst.]ndb gil` ne wnn` sumh ks rkdjutkl, mbdpb`kg kl` rkdjki wnn`s

wbrb trbktb` jy snkgilf ùrilf : wbbgs with kmbtim kmi` mnlmbltrktinl ne ;1%, ;2%, :1% kl` :2%.

Phb rbsucts shnwb` thb beebmtivb rbtbltinl nl rkdjki wnn` with mnlmbltrktinl ne :1% wks =.8;%. Phb

hifh ìdbltinl stkjicity K]B nl rkdjutkl wnn` with mnlmbltrktinl ne ;2% wks 6=.=6%, kl` thb hifh

VQF nl rkdjki wnn` with mnlmbltrktinl ne :2% wks 05.55%. Phb ilmrbksilf ne kmbti` kmi`

mnlmbltrktinl mkusb` thb ilmrbksilf rbtbltinl kl` wnn` rbsistklmb ernd tbrditb kttkmg il frkvbykr`

tbst kl` ckjnrktnry tbst.

Gby wnr`s? Vnn`, kmbtycktinl, K]B, VQF, tbrditb

;. QBL@KHRCRKL

Gkyu dbrupkgkl skckh sktu dktbrikc yklf sklfkt ìjutuhgkl/ìpbrfulkgkl `kckdgbhiùpkl dklusik. Qblffulkkl yklf sklfkt jklykg dblybjkjgkl gkyu yklf jbrgukcitkstilffi sklfkt sucit ì`kpkt skkt ili. ]bckil itu, jklykg pbruskhkkl yklf dbdicigi HQH (HkgQblfuskhkkl Hutkl) dbrkdjkh hutkl sbmkrk jbrcbjihkl ultug dblfkdjic gkyulyk, `kltbrokìlyk pbrujkhkl eulfsi hutkl, jkig ultug HPI (Hutkl Pklkdkl Ilùstri), gbckpk skwitdkupulgkrbt sbrtk tbrokìlyk gbjkgkrkl hutkl dblfkgijktgkl gkyu yklf jbrgukcitks tilffisbdkgil cklfgk. Gbk`kkl ili dblfkgijktgkl pblffulkkl gkyu jbrgukcitks rbl`kh/gurklf

jkig sbdkgil dblilfgkt. Lkdul, gkyu `blfkl gukcitks rbl`kh ili ti`kg stkjic ìdblsigkyulyk `kl du`kh ìsbrklf nrfklisdb pbruskg gkyu, ghususlyk rkykp (Eblfbc bt kc, ;99=).

Rltug dbdpbrjkigi gukcitks `kri gkyu yklf jbrgukcitks rbl`kh ili jklykg upkykyklf tbckh ìckgugkl ultug dblilfgktgkl gbstkjickl ìdblsi gkyulyk `kl dblilfgktgklgbtkhklkl gkyulyk tbrhk`kp sbrklfkl nrfklisdb pbruskg gkyu. ]kckh sktu upkyk tbrsbjutk`kckh `blfkl dbdnìeigksi gidik gkyulyk, `blfkl dbtn`b ksbticksi. Ksbticksi tbckh tbrjugti`kpkt dblilfgktgkl stkjicitks ìdblsi gkyu. sbckil itu, ksbticksi dbrupkgkl skckh sktu mkrkdbdnìeigksi gidik gkyu yklf `kpkt ìfulkgkl ultug dblilfgktgkl gbkwbtkl gkyu. Hkc iliìdulfgilgkl gkrblk gkyu dbdpulyki fufus-fusus rbkgtie, ykitu fufus hi`rngsic yklf`kpkt jbrbkgsi `blfkl pbrbkgsi gidik kskd ksbtkt, dbdjbltug gkyu ksbtkt yklf jbrsiektrkmul jkfi nrfklisdb pbruskg gkyu, ghususlyk rkykp (Hicc, :115).

Qk`k pblbcitikl ili, dbtn`b ksbticksi yklf ìckgugkl dblffulkgkl ckrutkl kskdksbtkt. Dbtn`b ksbticksi ili ìtbrkpgkl pk`k gkyu jukh-jukhkl yklf jklykg ìfulkgkl ncbh


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Ouruskl Pbglig Ilùstri - Ekguctks Pbglncnfi Ilùstri - Rlivbrsitks Julf Hkttk ;62

OPI-RJH, ;(:), pp. ;60-;82 , @bsbdjbr :1;:

dksykrkgkt ultug jkhkl jklfulkl `kl ultug gbpbrcukl ckillyk, ykitu gkyu rkdjutkl(Lbphbciud ckppkmbud C), mbdpb`kg (Krtnmkrpus iltbfbr Dbrr) `kl rkdjki (Jkmmkurbk

dnltcbyklk Dubcc. Krf). Gbtifk oblis gkyu ili jklykg ìtbdugkl ì pklfcnlf `kl dbdicigi

stkjicitks ìdblsi gkyu yklf gurklf stkjic. ]bckil itu, dksih okrklflyk pblbcitikl yklfìckgugkl pk`k gbtifk oblis gkyu ili kgkl gbtkhklkllyk tbrhk`kp sbrklfkl nrfklisdbpbruskg gkyu, ghususlyk rkykp.Jbr`kskrgkl hkc tbrsbjut ì ktks, dkgk ìckgugklckhpblbcitikl ksbticksi pk`k gkyu rkdjutkl, mbdpb`kg `kl rkdjki.

Qblbcitikl ili jbrtuoukl ultug dblfbtkhui rbtblsi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt `blfkljbrjkfki gnlsbltrksi (;1%, ;2%, :1% `kl :2%) pk`k gkyu rkdjutkl, mbdpb`kg `klrkdjki., dblfbtkhui pblfkruh gbtifk oblis gkyu (rkdjutkl, mbdpb`kg `kl rkdjki) `klgnlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt (;1%, ;2%, :1% `kl :2%) tbrhk`kp stkjicitks ìdblsi gkyu(Kltiswbccilf Beeimiblmy/K]B) `kl pblkdjkhkl jbrkt gkyu (Vbifht Qbrmblt Fkil/VQF)sbtbckh prnsbs ksbticksi `kl dblfbvkcuksi gbtkhklkl gkyu rkdjutkl, mbdpb`kg `kl rkdjkitbrhk`kp sbrklfkl rkykp sbtbckh prnsbs ksbticksi dblffulkgkl ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt `blfkljbrjkfki gnlsbltrksi (gnltrnc, ;1%, ;2%, :1% `kl :2%).

:. DBPN@NCNFI QBLBCIPIKL

Qblbcitikl ili ìckgugkl ducki `kri juckl Oklukri :1;: skdpki Ouci :1;: ì KrjnrbtudPri`hkrdk R]R, Ckjnrktnriud Pbglncnfi Hksic Hutkl Ouruskl Gbhutklkl Ekguctks

Qbrtklikl R]R `kl Ckjnrktnriud Gidik Qncidbr Ekguctks DIQK R]R.Kckt yklf ìfulkgklpk`k pblbcitikl ili k`kckh nvbl, tidjklfkl klkcitig, gkciebr, digrndbtbr sbgrup, fbcks ugur,bdjbr, gkcgucktnr, jkg rbl`kd, dksgbr, skrulf tklfkl, kckt tucis, jntnc gkmk (okdpnt), gkilgksk, `kl sprkybr.Jkhkl yklf ìfulkgkl pk`k pblbcitikl ili k`kckh gkyu mbdpb`kg,rkdjutkl `kl rkdjki dksilf-dksilf jbrugurkl =1md x :md x :md dksilf-dksilf

sbjklykg 02 jukh, gkyu yklf jbrugurkl ;1md x 2md x 2md dksilf-dksilf 02jukh, gkyuyklf jbrugurkl 1,2md x 1,2md x :md sbjklykg 02 jukh, sbrtk jbrugurkl :md x :md x1,2md sbjklykg 9 jukh, ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt (;1%, ;2%, :1% `kl :2%), kir jbrsih, pksir, mkt

gkyu. Qrnsbùr pblbcitikl yklf ìckgugkl k`kckh?;. Qbrsikpkl Mnltnh Roi

Mnltnh uoi yklf ìfulkgkl k`kckh gkyu mbdpb`kg, rkdjutkl `kl rkdjki yklfdksilf jbrugurkl =1md x :md x :md sbjklykg 02 jukh.Mnltnh uoi tbrsbjut ìfulkgkl

ultug uoi gujur (frkvbykr tbst) tbrhk`kp sbrklfkl rkykp, dblfugur pblkdjkhkl jbrkt gkyuktku Vbifht Qbrmblt Fkil (VQF) `kl stkjicitks ìdblsi ktkuKltiswbbcilf Beeimiblmy (K]B).Gkyu yklf jbrugurkl ;1md x 2md x 2md sbjklykg =5 jukh sbjkfki mnltnh uoi ultug rbtblsi,`kl gbrkpktkl gkyu. Gkyu yklf jbrugurkl :md x :md x 1,2 md sbjklykg 02 jukh ultug uoigbtkhklkl tbrhk`kp sbrklfkl rkykp sgkck ckjnrktnriud. Gkyu jbrugurkl :md x :md x :md

sbjklykg 9 jukh ultug dblfugur gbrkpktkl gkyulyk.:. Qbrbl`kdkl @kckd Ckrutkl Kskd Ksbtkt

]bduk mnltnh uoi gkyu ìugur ìdblsi `kl jbrktlyk, gbduìkl ìnvbl `blfkl suhu82nM sbckdk = hkri `kl ìugur ckfi ìdblsi `kl jbrktlyk. ]bckloutlyk sbduk mnltnh uoi gkyuìrbl`kd `kckd ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt ;1%, ;2%, :1%, `kl :2% (dksilf-dksilf gnlsbltrksi

ckrutkl sbjklykg = jukh ultug tikp oblis gkyu) sbckdk : dilffu. ]btbckh : dilffu, gkyuyklf tbckh ìrbl`kd, ìmumi `blfkl kir yklf dblfkcir skdpki jbrsih, ckcu ìugur ckfi ìdblsi

`kl jbrktlyk, gbduìkl ìnvblgkl ckfi `blfkl suhu 82nM sbckdk = hkri `kl ìugur ckfi

ìdblsi `kl jbrktlyk (gbmukci mnltnh uoi yklf ultug pblfugurkl rbtblsi).

=. Qblfugurkl Zbtblsi Gkyu

Mnltnh uoi yklf jbrugurkl ;1md x 2md x 2md sbjbcudlyk ìmkt gbùk uoulflykckcu ìtidjklf jbrktlyk sbtbckh prnsbs ksbticksi. Dblurut Ducykì (:1;;) rbtblsi ìhitulf

jbr`kskrgkl sbcisih jbrkt dksilf-dksilf gkyu sbjbcud `kl sbsu`kh ìkwbtgkl. Zbtblsi`kpkt ihitulf blfkl rudus?


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Ouruskl Pbglig Ilùstri - Ekguctks Pbglncnfi Ilùstri - Rlivbrsitks Julf Hkttk;65

HKGID, bt.kc

Z 4 J; J1 x GU

Gbtbrklfkl?

Z 4 rbtblsi (fr/md

=

)Ji 4 jbrkt kghir `kckd (fr)Jn 4 jbrkt kghir kckd (fr)U 4 vncudb mnltnh uoi (md

=)

G 4 gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl (%)

0. Qblfugurkl ]tkjicitks @idblsi

Mnltnh uoi yklf ìpkgki k`kckh gkyu yklf jbrugurkl =1md x :md x :md. Rltugdblfhitulf stkjicitks ìdblsi, dkgk ìugur ìdblsi kwkc `kl ìdblsi kghir. @idblsi ìugur`kckd gbk`kkl gbrilf `kl gbk`kkl jkskh ultug dblfbtkhui ]wbccilf (]).Dblurut Znwbcc`kl Bccis (;980) Kltiswbbcilf Beeimiblmy (K]B) ìbvkcuksi `blfkl dblfhitulf pbrjb`kkl

swbccilfsbsu`kh `kl sbjbcud pbrckgukl mnltnh uoi yklf ìhitulf `blfkl rudus ?

] (%) 4 {(U:/U;)} -; x ;11 %

Gbtbrklfkl? U: 4 vncudb `kckd gbk`kkl jkskhU; 4 vncudb `kckd gbk`kkl gbrilf nvbl

K]B 4 {;- (]:/];) } x ;11 %Gbtbrklfkl? ]: 4swbccilf`kckd gbk`kkl jkskh

]; 4swbccilf`kckd gbk`kkl gbrilfnvbl

2. Qblfugurkl Qblkdjkhkl Jbrkt Gkyu

Mnltnh uoi yklf ìfulkgkl ultug pblfugurkl pblkdjkhkl jbrkt gkyu jbrugurkl

=1md x :md x :md. Jbrkt gkyu sbjbcud`kl sbsu`kh prnsbs ksbticksiyklf su`kh ìpbrncbh,ìhitulf pblkdjkhkl jbrkt gkyulyk (Vbifht Qbrmblt Fkil/VQF), `blfkl rudus?

VQF (%) 4 J; J1 x ;11 %J1

Gbtbrklfkl ?VQF 4 pbrsbl pbrtkdjkhkl jbrkt gkyu (%)J1 4 jbrkt jkhkl jkgu sbjbcud ksbticksi (fr)J; 4 jbrkt jkhkl jkgu sbtbckh ksbticksi (fr)

5. Qblfuoikl Gbtkhklkl Gkyu Pbrhk`kp ]brklfkl Zkykp

k) Roi Gujur (Frkvbykr` Pbst)Gkyu yklf jbrugurkl =1md x :md x :md `kl tbckh ìgbtkhui jbrkt gbrilf tklurlykìudpklgkl tbrhk`kp rkykp tklkh sbckdk = juckl.Cngksi pblfujurkl ì KrjnrbtudPri`hkrdk R]R. Qk`k kghir pblfuoikl ìtbtkpgkl pbrsbl pblfurklfkl jbrkt `kl

pbrsbl gbruskgkl dksilf-dksilf mnltnh uoi. Mnltnh-mnltnh uoi ili ìgujur gb `kckdtklkh hilffk dblyiskgkl sbgitkr 2md jkfikl yklf ìktks pbrdugkkl sbjkfkidklk

ìskoigkl pk`k Fkdjkr ;. Gkyu yklf tbckh ìgujur ìhitulf gbhicklfkl jbrktgkyulyk sbtbckh pblfuoikl, `blfkl rudus?

Gbhicklfkl Jbrkt (%) 4 V; V: x ;11%

V;Gbtbrklfkl?

V; 4 jbrkt kwkc (fr)V: 4 jbrkt sbtbckh pblfuoikl (fr)


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Fkdjkr ;. Mkrk pblfujurkl ultug uoi gujur

]btbckh dblfbtkhui pbrsbl gbhicklfkl jbrkt gkyu, dkgk gkyu `igcksieigksigkljbr`kskrgkl gbcks gbtkhklkllyk.

Pkjbc ;. Gcksieigksi gbtkhklkl gkyu tbrhk`kp rkykp tklkh ultug uoi gujur

Gbhicklfkl Jbrkt (%) Gbcks Gbtkhklkl

1 ]klfkt Pkhkl

;-= Pkhkl

0-8 Mugup Zbltkl9-;2 Zbltkl


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Jbr`kskrgkl klkcisis siìg rkfkd yklf ìckgugkl, ìpbrncbh jkhwk oblis gkyu `klgnlsbltrksi ckrutkl jbrpblfkruh lyktk tbrhk`kp rbtblsi yklf tbrokì pk`k gkyu, sb`klfgkliltbrkgsi gbùklyk ti`kg jbrpblfkruh lyktk. Jbr`kskrgkl uoi cklout @ulmkl yklf ìckgugkl

tbrhk`kp oblis gkyu, ìpbrncbh jkhwk gkyu rkdjutkl `kl gkyu rkdjki jbrjb`k lyktk,sb`klfgkl gkyu mbdpb`kg ti`kg jbrjb`k lyktk `blfkl gkyu rkdjutkl `kl rkdjki.@ikltkrkgbtifk oblis gkyu tbrsbjut, gkyu rkdjki ìrbgndbl`ksigkl ultug ìfulkgkl cbjih ckloutgkrblk dbdicigi licki rbtblsi yklf cbjih tilffi ìjklìlfgkl gkyu rkdjutkl `kl mbdpb`kg.

Roi cklout @ulmkl yklf ìckgugkl tbrhk`kp gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt,ìpbrncbh jkhwk gnlsbltrksi :1% `kl :2% ti`kg jbrjb`k lyktk, tbtkpi jbrjb`k lyktk `blfklgnlsbltrksi ;1% `kl ;2%. @ikltkrk gbbdpkt gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt yklfìfulkgkl, gnlsbltrksi :1% cbjih bebgtie, sbhilffk ìrbgndbl`ksigkl utug ìfulkgkl cbjihcklout. Hult `kl Fkrrkt (;985), dblyktkgkl jkhwk sbdkgil tilffi gnlsbltrksi kgkldbdu`khgkl `kl dbdpbrmbpkt jkhkl pblfkwbt dksug gb`kckd gkyu, gnlsbgublsilykpblmkpkikl licki rbtblsi yklf gbmic wkckupul pblbtrksilyk jbskr, `bdigikl puck pk`kpbdkgkikl gnlsbltrksi yklf tilffi dkgk licki rbtblsi yklf ìmkpki kgkl sbdkgil jbskr puck

tbtkpi dbdbrcugkl wkgtu yklf ckdk.Zbtblsi yklf tbrokì pk`k gkyu sbtbckh prnsbs ksbticksi, jbrhujulfkl `blfkl

gbrkpktkl `kri gkyu tbrsbjut. ]bdkgil jbskr gbrkpktkl gkyu dkgk sbdkgil gbmic rbtblsi yklftbrokì.Hksic pblfugurkl gbrkpktkl pk`k gbtifk oblis gkyu itulouggkl pk`k Fkdjkr 0.

Fkdjkr 0. Frkeig rktk-rktk licki gbrkpktkl

Fkdjkr 0 dblulouggkl jkhwk gkyu rkdjutkl dbdicigi licki gbrkpktkl rktk-rktkcbjih tilffi ìjklìlfgkl `blfkl gkyu mbdpb`kg `kl rkdjki, ykgli 1,9=: fr/md

=ultug

gkyu rkdjutkl, 1,655 fr/md=, `kl 1,5;9 fr/md= ultug gkyu rkdjki. Qbrjb`kkl licki rbtblsi

gkyu rkdjutkl, mbdpb`kg `kl rkdjki yklf ìpbrncbh sbtbckh prnsbs ksbticksi ìsbjkjgklncbh pbrjb`kkl siekt klktndi yklf ìdicigi gbtifk oblis gkyu tbrsbjut. Gkyu rkdjutkl

dbdicigi gbrkpktkl yklf tilffi, sbhilffk pnri-pnri gkyulyk gbmic `kl mugup rkpkt

ìjklìlfgkl gkyu mbdpb`kg `kl rkdjki, sbhilffk rbtblsi yklf tbrokì pk`k gkyu rkdjutklgbmic.Hkc ili `kpkt ìcihkt `kri licki gbrkpktkl yklf ìpbrncbh pk`k gbtifk oblis gkyu tbrsbjut.

Ktkjidn (;98:) dblyktkgkl jkhwk pblbtrksi `kl rbtblsi jkhkl pblfkwbt gb `kckdgkyu tbrfkltulf gbpk`k tipb jkhkl pblfkwbt, oblis gkyu yklf ìkwbtgkl, siekt-siekt klktndi

gkyu `kl gnlsbltrksi jkhkl pblfkwbt.]bckil itu prnsbùr pblfkwbtkl jisk ìgnltrnc `klìktur, `bdigikl oufk ultug pbrsikpkl gkyu.]b`klfgkl ultug ekgtnr klktndi gkyu ti`kg

ecbgsijbc, sbhilffk dbdpbrsucit uskhk ultug dblmkpki hksic yklf dbduksgkl `klsbrkfkd.Hkc tbrsbjut ì ktks ìsbjkjgkl gkrblk strugtur klktndi gkyu kltkrk oblis gkyudkupul kltkrk gkyu itu sblìri dbdpulyki pbrjb`kkl.

]tkjicitks @idblsi

]tkjicitks ìdblsi ìpbrncbh `blfkl dblfbvkcuksi licki K]B `blfkl dblfhitulf

pbrjb`kkl swbbcilfsbjbcud `kl sbsu`kh pbrckgukl.Hksic pblfuoikl K]B yklf ìhksicgkl

pk`k pblbcitikl ili ìtulouggkl pk`k Fkdjkr 2.

1.9=:

1.655

1.5;9

1

1.;1.:

1.=

1.0

1.2

1.5

1.6

1.8

1.9

;

Zkdjutkl Mbdpb`kg Zkdjki

G

brkpktkl(fr/md=)

Oblis Gkyu


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HKGID, bt.kc

Fkdjkr 2. Frkeig rktk-rktk licki K]B

Jbr`kskrgkl hksic ìpbrncbh jkhwk `kri gnlsbltrksi ;1% gb ;2% licki K]B

dblfkckdi gblkigkl, sbdbltkrk `kri gnlsbltrksi ;2% gb gnlsbltrksi :1% `kl :2%dblfkckdi pblurulkl. Hkc ili ìsbjkjgkl gkrblk gnlsbltrksi :1% `kl :2% dbrupkgklckrutkl yklf pbgkt, yklf kgkl dblfkgijktgkl gbruskgkl pk`k ìlìlf sbc gkyu. Oigk ìlìlf

sbc gkyu su`kh ruskg, dkgk stkjicitks ìdblsilyk kgkl sbdkgil rbl`kh, gkrblk ìlìlf sbckgkl du`kh dblybrkp `kl dbcbpks kir yklf kgkl dbdpblfkruhi gbdjklf susut gkyu.]bsuki `blfkl pbrlyktkkl ]umiptn (:119) yklf dblyktkgkl jkhwk pbrckgukl yklf dbcbjihijktks `blfkl pblkdjkhkl jkhkl gidik ultug dblilfgktgkl igktkl gidik kgkl dbruskgstrugtur ìlìlf sbc gkyu `kl gbhicklfkl stkjicitks ìdblsi gkyu. Ncbh gkrblk itu, licki K]B

pk`k gnlsbltrksi :1% `kl :2% mbl`brulf dblurul. Hksic klkcisis si ig rkfkd dblulouggkljkhwk oblis gkyu, gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt `kl iltbrkgsi gbùklyk ti`kg jbrpblfkruhlyktk tbrhk`kp licki K]B.

Jbr`kskrgkl hksic ìpbrncbh jkhwk gkyu rkdjutkl dbdicigi licki K]B yklf cbjih

tilffi ìjklìlfgkl `blfkl gkyu mbdpb`kg `kl rkdjki.Qbrjb`kkl tbrsbjut ìkgijktgklgkrblk gkyu rkdjutkl dbdicigi gbrkpktkl ktku jbrkt oblis yklf cbjih tilffi ìjklìlfgkl`blfkl gkyu mbdpb`kg `kl rkdjki, sbhilffk gkyu rkdjutkl mbl`brulf cbjih ti`kg stkjic.Kjùrrnmhid (:116) dblyktkgkl jkhwk gkyu rkdjutkl dbdicigi jbrkt oblis rktk-rktk 1,9;fr/md=, sb`klfgkl gkyu mbdpb`kg dbdicigi jbrkt oblis rktk-rktk 1,62 fr/md=. Pnrkdjulf`kl @kykì (:112) dblyktkgkl jkhwk gkyu rkdjki dbdicigi gbrkpktkl gkyu gbrilf tklursbjbskr 1,29= fr/md

=.Ncbh sbjkj itu, gkyu rkdjutkl cbjih jklykg dblybrkp ckrutkl kskd

ksbtkt, yklf dbdjukt gkyu rkdjutkl dblokì cbjih stkjic.Hkc tbrsbjut ìkgijktgkl gkrblkfufus ksbtic `kri kskd ksbtkt jbrigktkl `blfkl fufus Nh pk`k gkyu, sbhilffk gkyu ti`kg jiskckfi jbrigktkl ktku dbcbpksgkl ukp kir yklf k`k ì u`krk.

]umiptn (:119) dblyktkgkl jkhwk ksbticksi `kpkt dblilfgktgkl licki K]Bgkyu.Eblfbc bt kc (;99=) dblkdjkhgkl jkhwk dbtn`b ksbticksi gkyu k`kckh dbtn`bstkjicisksi ìdblsi gkyu sbmkrk gidikwi, yklf jbrtuoukl dblfujkh fufus NH jbjks ktku NH pk`k `kbrkh kdnre pk`k strugtur gndpnlbl gkyu `blfkl fufus ksbtic `kri sblykwk yklfdblfklùlf fufus ksbtic, diskclyk kskd ksbtkt (MH=MNNH). _kt kìtie dksug gb `kckdstrugtur gkyu, sbhilffk strugtur gkyu dblokì stkjic ìdblsilyk.Qblilfgktkl licki K]Bkgijkt ksbticksi ìsbjkjgkl ncbh tbrokìlyk pbdjcngkl sbmkrk gidik tbrhk`kp fufushi`rngsic.Fufus hi`rngsic pk`k gkyu jbrigktkl blfkl fufus ksbtic kri kskd ksbtkt, sbhilffkgkyu ti`kg jisk ckfi dblybrkp ukp kir yklf k`k ì u`krk sbhilffk gkyu dblokì cbjih stkjic.Qrnsbs rbkgsilyk k`kckh sbjkfki jbrigut?

MH=GkyuNH + MH=MNNH GkyuNM4N + H:N

08

.11

6=

.=6

52

.9:

0;

.;5

:1

.19

21

.06

02

.9;

:2

.:0

=9

.95

59

.51

5=

.55

2:

.6

;

1

;1

:1

=1

01

21

5161

81

;1% ;2% :1% :2%

KltiswbbcilfBeeimiblmy(

%)

Gnlsbltrksi



8/12

I]]L ? :=1:-1=;8

Ouruskl Pbglig Ilùstri - Ekguctks Pbglncnfi Ilùstri - Rlivbrsitks Julf Hkttk ;8;


Qblkdjkhkl Jbrkt Gkyu (Vbifht Qbrmblt Fkil/VQF)

Vbifht Qbrmblt Fkil (VQF) dbrupkgkl pbrsbltksb pblkdjkhkl jbrkt gkyu yklfì`kpkt `kri jbrkt gkyu sbjbcud `kl sbsu`kh prnsbs ksbticksi. Hksic pblfuoikl VQF yklf

ìhksicgkl pk`k pblbcitikl ili itulouggkl pk`k Fkdjkr 5.

Fkdjkr 5. Frkeig rktk-rktk licki VQF

Jbr`kskrgkl Fkdjkr 5 tbrcihkt jkhwk sbdkgil tilffi gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtktdkgk sbdkgil dblilfgkt licki VQF lyk pk`k gbtifk oblis gkyu.Hkc ili ìsbjkjgkl gkrblksbdkgil tilffi gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt, dkgk sbdkgil pbgkt ckrutkl tbrsbjut.Kgijktlyk ckrutkl kgkl sbdkgil du`kh ìsbrkp gkyu, sbhilffk jbrkt gkyu kgkl sbdkgiljbrtkdjkh yklf dbdpblfkruhi licki VQF lyk. Qrksbtyk (:115) dblyktkgkl jkhwk ekgtnr

gnlsbltrksi jkhkl pblfkwbt dbdpblfkruhi pblfkwbtkl gkyu.]bdkgil tilffi gnlsbltrksijkhkl pblfkwbtlyk, dkgk sbdkgil jklykg jkhkl pblfkwbt yklf dksug gb `kckd gkyu `kl

gkyu yklf tbckh ikwbtgkl dblokì cbjih kwbt. Hksic klkcisis siìg rkfkd dblulouggkl

jkhwk oblis gkyu `kl gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt jbrpblfkruh lyktk tbrhk`kp lickiVQF.Pbtkpi iltbrkgsi kltkrk gbùklyk ti`kg jbrpblfkruh lyktk tbrhk`kp licki VQF.

Jbr`kskrgkl uoi cklout @ulmkl yklf ìckgugkl tbrhk`kp oblis gkyu ìpbrncbh jkhwkgkyu rkdjutkl `kl mbdpb`kg ti`kg jbrjb`k lyktk, tbtkpi jbrjb`k lyktk `blfkl gkyu

rkdjki.@kl ìkltkrk gbtifk oblis gkyu, gkyu rkdjki dbrupkgkl gkyu yklf ìrbgndbl`ksigklultug ìfulkgkl gkrblk dbdicigi stkjicitks ìdblsi yklf tilffi ìjklìlfgkl gkyurkdjutkl `kl mbdpb`kg. @kri gbtifk oblis gkyu, gkyu rkdjki dbdicigi licki VQF yklf cbjihtilffi pk`k tikp gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl ìjklìlfgkl `blfkl gkyu rkdjutkl `kl mbdpb`kg.Hkcili gkrblk gkyu rkdjki dbdicigi gbrkpktkl yklf cbjih rbl`kh `kl pnri-pnri yklf jbskr,

sbhilffk sbdkgil du`kh ultug dblybrkp jkhkl pblfkwbt.Pnrkdjulf `kl @kykì (:112)dblyktkgkl jkhwk gkyu rkdjki dbdicigi gbrkpktkl gkyu gbrilf tklur rktk-rktk 1,29=

fr/md=. Kjùrrnmhid (:116) dblyktkgkl jkhwk gkyu rkdjutkl dbdicigi jbrkt oblis rktk-

rktk 1,9; jbrkrti pnri-pnri `kl sbrktlyk mugup rkpkt sbhilffk `kyk sbrkp kirlyk gbmic.]b`klfgkl gkyu mbdpb`kg dbdpulyki jbrkt oblis rktk-rktk 1,62.

Jbr`kskrgkl uoi cklout @ulmkl tbrhk`kp gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt, ìpbrncbhjkhwk gnlsbltrksi ;2%, :1% `kl :2% ti`kg jbrjb`k lyktk, tbtkpi jbrjb`k lyktk `blfkl

gnlsbltrksi ;1%. @kl ìkltkrk gbbdpkt gnlsbltrksi yklf ìfulkgkl, gnlsbltrksi ;2%ìrbgndbl ksigkl ultug ìfulkgkl, gkrblk cbjih tilffi ìjklìlfgkl gnlsbltrksi ;1%, sbrtkti`kg jbrjb`k lyktk gnlsbltrksi :1% `kl :2%, sbhilffk ckrutkl ;2% bebgtie ultugìfulkgkl ultug pblfkpcigksikl sgkck ilùstri.

Gbtkhklkl Gkyu Pbrhk`kp ]brklfkl Zkykp

;) Roi Gujur (Frkvbykr` Pbst)

Gbtkhklkl gkyu tbrhk`kp sbrklfkl rkykp ìpbrncbh `blfkl dblfhitulf gbhicklfkl

jbrkt gkyulyk sbtbckh pblfuoikl.Roi gujur ìckgugkl ì Krjnrbtud Pri`hkrdk R]R sbckdk =

;:.19 ;

8.92

:1.2;

::.5=

9.:1

:1.80

:=.58

:0.8:

;9.1:

=2.59

=8.10

05.55

1

2

;1

;2

:1

:2

=1

=2

01

02

21

;1% ;2% :1% :2%

VbifhtQbrmbltFkil(%)

Gnlsbltrksi



9/12

I]]L ? :=1:-1=;8

Ouruskl Pbglig Ilùstri - Ekguctks Pbglncnfi Ilùstri - Rlivbrsitks Julf Hkttk;8:

HKGID, bt.kc

juckl.Hksic pblfuoikl gkyu tbrhk`kp sbrklfkl rkykp yklf ìgujur ì Krjnrbtud Pri`hkrdkìtulouggkl pk`k Fkdjkr 6.

Fkdjkr 6. Frkeig rktk-rktk gbhicklfkl jbrkt gkyu uoi gujur

Fkdjkr 6 dblulouggkl jkhwk sbdkgil tilffi gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt, dkgksbdkgil rbl`kh licki gbhicklfkl jbrkt gkyulyk. Ili ìkgijktgkl gkrblk sbdkgil tilffignlsbltrksi ckrutkl dkgk kgkl sbdkgil pbgkt yklf jbrkrti gklùlfkl kskd ksbtktlyk kgklsbdkgil tilffi. Ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt yklf pbgkt kgkl sklfkt jbrjkhkyk jkfi dkghcug hiùp,`kckd hkc ili rkykp. Hkc ili sbsuki `blfkl pbrlyktkkl Cklmbstbr (:11:) yklf dblyktkgkljkhwk kskd ksbtkt yklf cbjih pbgkt kgkl jbrjkhkyk jkfi dklusik dkupul hbwkl, yklf kgkldblybjkjgkl gbruskgkl pk`k sistbd pblmbrlkkl `kl pbrujkhkl yklf dbdktigkl pk`kgbkskdkl `krkh. ]bhilffk rkykp hklyk sbìgit dblybrklf gkyu yklf ìrbl`kd gnlsbltrksickrutkl kskd ksbtkt yklf tilffi.Ncbh gkrblk itu gbhicklfkl jbrkt yklf tbrokì hklyk sbìgit.

Hksic klkcisis siìg rkfkd dblulouggkl jkhwk oblis gkyu `kl gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl

kskd ksbtkt jbrpblfkruh lyktk tbrhk`kp uoi gbtkhklkl gkyu tbrhk`kp sbrklfkl rkykp.Lkdul,iltbrkgsi gbùklyk ti`kg jbrpblfkruh lyktk tbrhk`kp uoi gbtkhklkl gkyu tbrhk`kp sbrklfklrkykp. Jbr`kskrgkl uoi cklout @ulmkl yklf ìckgugkl tbrhk`kp oblis gkyu, ìpbrncbh jkhwkgkyu mbdpb`kg `kl rkdjki ti`kg jbrjb k lyktk, tbtkpi jbrjb`k lyktk `blfkl gkyurkdjutkl.@ikltkrk gbtifk oblis gkyu tbrsbjut, gkyu rkdjki cbjih ìrbgndbl`ksigkl ultug

ìfulkgkl gkrblk dbdicigi gbhicklfkl jbrkt yklf pkcilf rbl`kh ìjklìlfgkl gkyurkdjutkl `kl mbdpb`kg. Roi cklout @ulmkl yklf ìckgugkl tbrhk`kp gnlsbltrksi ckrutklkskd ksbtkt, ìpbrncbh jkhwk gnlsbltrksi ;2%, :1% `kl :2% ti`kg jbrjb`k lyktk, tbtkpijbrjb`k lyktk `blfkl gnltrnc `kl gnlsbltrksi ;1%. @ikltkrk gbcidk gnlsbltrksi yklfìfulkgkl, gnlsbltrksi ;2% su`kh bebgtie ìfulkgkl `kckd dblilfgktgkl gbtkhklkl gkyu

tbrhk`kp sbrklfkl rkykp.Jbr`kskrgkl hksic pblfuoikl yklf ìckgugkl, ìpbrncbh jkhwk gkyu rkdjutkl

dbdicigi licki rktk-rktk gbhicklfkl jbrkt yklf pkcilf tilffi ìjklìlfgkl gkyu mbdpb`kg`kl rkdjki.Hkc ili ìsbjkjgkl gkrblk gkyu rkdjutkl hklyk sbìgit dblybrkp jkhklpblfkwbt ìjklìlfgkl gbùk oblis gkyu ckillyk yklf `kpkt ìcihkt `kri `ktk rbtblsi yklf

ìpbrncbh.]bckil itu, pbrjb`kkl tbrsbjut ìkgijktgkl ncbh pbrjb`kkl siekt klktndi `klgklùlfkl jkhkl gidik, sbrtk gbcks kwbt ìkltkrk gbtifk gkyu tbrsbjut. Kjùrrnmhid (:116)

dblyktkgkl jkhwk gkyu rkdjutkl dbdpulyki jbrkt oblis rktk-rktk 1,9; yklf jbrkrti pnri-pnri `kl sbrktlyk mugup rkpkt sbhilffk `kyk sbrkp kirlyk gbmic `kl dbdicigi gbcks kwbt III,sb`klfgkl gkyu mbdpb`kg dbdpulyki jbrkt oblis rktk-rktk 1,62 yklf jbrkrti pnri-pnri `kldbdicigi gbcks kwbt II. Pnrkdjulf `kl @kykì (:112) dblyktkgkl jkhwk gkyu rkdjkidbdicigi gbcks kwbt yklf skdk dutulyk `blfkl oblis dbrklti tbrjkig (I-II) sbrtk dbdicigi

licki gk`kr kir gkyu lnrdkc ;:,26% `kl gbrkpktkl gkyu gbrilf tklur 1,92= fr/md=.

Roi gbtkhklkl rkykp yklf ìckgugkl dblulouggkl jkhwk prnsbs ksbticksi yklf

ìckgugkl mugup jbrhksic. Ili ìtulouggkl `kri licki rktk-rktk gbhicklfkl jbrkt yklf tbrokì

;;.65

;;.=0

=.;=

:.82

;.5:

5.59

=.=0

:.91

;.8=

1.91

=.92

=.;:

:.62

;.51

1.61

1.1

:.1

0.1

5.1

8.1

;1.1

;:.1

;0.1

gnltrnc ;1% ;2% :1% :2%

GbhicklfklJbrkt(%)

Gnlsbltrksi



10/12

I]]L ? :=1:-1=;8

Ouruskl Pbglig Ilùstri - Ekguctks Pbglncnfi Ilùstri - Rlivbrsitks Julf Hkttk ;8=


hklyk sbìgit.@kri licki rktk-rktk gbhicklfkl jbrkt, ìgcksieigksigklckh gbcks gbtkhklklgkyulyk tbrhk`kp sbrklfkl rkykp, yklf ìtkdpicgkl pk`k Pkjbc =.

Pkjbc =. Gbcks gbtkhklkl gkyu pk`k uoi gujur

Oblis Gkyu Gnlsbltrksi Gbhicklfkl Jbrkt Gbcks Gbtkhklkl

Zkdjutkl Gnltrnc ;;,65 Zbltkl

;1% ;;,=0 Zbltkl

;2% =,;= Pkhkl

:1% :,82 Pkhkl

:2% 1,=8 ]klfkt Pkhkl

Mbdpb`kg Gnltrnc 5,59 Mugup Zbltkl;1% =,=0 Pkhkl

;2% :,91 Pkhkl

:1% ;,8= Pkhkl

:2% 1,91 ]klfkt Pkhkl

Zkdjki Gnltrnc =,92 Pkhkl;1% =,;: Pkhkl

;2% :,62 Pkhkl

:1% ;,51 Pkhkl

:2% 1,61 ]klfkt Pkhkl

Pkjbc = dblulouggkl jkhwk gkyu rkdjki dbdicigi gbcks gbtkhklkl yklf cbjih jkigìjklìlfgkl gkyu mbdpb`kg `kl rkdjutkl. Gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt ;2% su`khbebgtie ultug dblilfgktgkl gbtkhklkl gkyu tbrhk`kp sbrklfkl rkykp, gkrblk gbtifk oblisgkyu dbdicigi gbcks gbtkhklkl yklf skdk, ykitu tkhkl tbrhk`kp sbrklfkl rkykp.

:) Roi CkjnrktnriudGbtkhklkl gkyu tbrhk`kp sbrklfkl rkykp uoi ckjnrktnriud ìckgugkl ìCkjnrktnriud Pbglncnfi Hksic Hutkl R]R. Zkykp yklf ìudpklgkl jbrkskc rkykp yklfdblybrklf fbùlf Gbhutklkl.Hksic pblfuoikl gkyu tbrhk`kp sbrklfkl rkykp uoickjnrktnriud ìtulouggkl pk`k Fkdjkr 8. Jbr`kskrgkl Fkdjkr 8, ìpbrncbh jkhwk sbdkgil

tilffi gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt, dkgk sbdkgil rbl`kh licki gbhicklfkl jbrkt gkyuyklf tbrokì. Hksic ili skdk `blfkl hksic yklf ì`kpktgkl pk`k uoi gujur. Gnlsbltrksickrutkl kskd ksbtkt yklf tilffi dblfklùlf kskd ksbtkt yklf jklykg yklf jbrjkhkyk jkfirkykp.]bhilffk rkykp hklyk sbìgit dblybrklf gkyu. Ncbh gkrblk itu, sbdkgil tilffignlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt, dkgk kgkl sbdkgil sbìgit gbhicklfkl jbrkt yklf tbrokìpk`k gkyu. Jbr`kskrgkl hksic klkcisis siìg rkfkd yklf ìckgugkl, ìpbrncbh jkhwk oblisgkyu `kl gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt jbrpblfkruh lyktk tbrhk`kp gbtkhklkl gkyu

tbrhk`kp rkykp ultug uoi ckjnrktnriud.Pbtkpi iltbrkgsi gbùklyk ti`kg jbrpblfkruh lyktktbrhk`kp gbtkhklkl gkyu tbrhk`kp rkykp ultug uoi ckjnrktnriud.

Jbr`kskrgkl uoi cklout @ulmkl tbrhk`kp oblis gkyu, ìpbrncbh jkhwk gkyu rkdjutkljbrjb`k lyktk `blfkl gkyu rkdjki, sb`klfgkl gkyu mbdpb`kg ti`kg jbrjb`k lyktk `blfklgkyu rkdjutkl `kl rkdjki.@ikltkrk gbtifk oblis gkyu, gkyu rkdjki cbjih ìrbgndbl`ksigkl

ultug ìfulkgkl gkrblk dbdicigi licki gbhicklfkl jbrkt yklf cbjih gbmic ìjklìlfgkl gkyurkdjutkl `kl mbdpb`kg.Roi cklout @ulmkl yklf ìckgugkl tbrhk`kp gnlsbltrksi ckrutklkskd ksbtkt, ìpbrncbh jkhwk gnlsbltrksi ;1%.;2%, :1% `kl :2% ti`kg jbrjb`k lyktk,tbtkpi jbrjb k lyktk blfkl gnltrnc. @kri gbtifk oblis gkyu, gkyu rkdjki dbdicigi lickigbhicklfkl jbrkt yklf cbjih rbl`kh.Qbrjb`kkl ili ìsbjkjgkl gkrblk gkyu rkdjki cbjih kwbt

ìjklìlfgkl gkyu mbdpb`kg `kl rkdjutkl. Pnrkdjulf `kl @kykì (:112) dblyktkgkljkhwk gkyu rkdjki dbdpulyki gbcks kwbt yklf skdk dutulyk `blfkl oblis dbrklti yklf

tbrjkig (gbcks kwbt I-II). Kjùrrnmhid (:116) dblyktkgkl jkhwk gkyu mbdpb`kg dbdicigi


11/12

I]]L ? :=1:-1=;8


HKGID, bt.kc

gbcks kwbt II `kl gkyu rkdjutkl dbdicigi gbcks kwbt III. Licki rbtblsi `kl VQFdbdpblfkruhi tilfgkt gbjbrhksickl pblfkwbtkl yklf ìckgugkl.Zbtblsi yklf tilffi VQFyklf sbdkgil tilffi jbrkrti sbdkgil jklykg jkhkl pblfkwbt yklf dksug gb `kckd gkyu.Hkc

ili ìsbjkjgkl gkrblk dbgklisdb `kri pbrckgukl kskd ksbtkt `blfkl gkyu yklf dbrujkhfufus NH pk`k gkyu dblokì fufus ksbtkt (MH=MNN), sbhilffk gkyu ti`kg jisk ckfidblybrkp kir `kl dbdjukt gkyu dblokì cbjih stkjic `kl cbjih kwbt.Okì `kpkt ìgktkgkljkhwk licki VQF `kl rbtblsi jbrjklìlf curus `blfkl gbtkhklkl gkyu tbrhk`kp sbrklfklrkykp. Qblbltukl gbcks gbtkhklkl gkyu tbrhk`kp sbrklfkl rkykp tklkh i`kskrgkl pk`kpbrsbltksb gbhicklfkl jbrkt.Jbr`kskrgkl licki rktk-rktk gbhicklfkl jbrkt, gbcks gbtkhklklgbtifk oblis gkyu dblurut ]LI 1;-6:16-:115, `kpkt ìcihkt pk`k Pkjbc 0.

Fkdjkr 8. Frkeig rktk-rktk gbhicklfkl jbrkt gkyu uoi

Pkjbc 0. Gbcks gbtkhklkl gkyu pk`k pblfuoikl ckjnrktnriud

Oblis Gkyu Gnlsbltrksi Gbhicklfkl Jbrkt Gbtkhklkl Gkyu

Zkdjutkl Gnltrnc ;8,5= Jurug ;1% ;1,;5 ]b`klf

;2% 9,;9 ]b`klf

:1% 8,58 ]b`klf:2% 6,96 ]b`klf

Mbdpb`kg Gnltrnc ;0,;1 Jurug

;1% 9,:: ]b`klf

;2% 8,:= ]b`klf

:1% 6,=; Pkhkl

:2% 5,12 Pkhkl

Zkdjki Gnltrnc 9,19 ]b`klf

;1% 8,62 ]b`klf;2% 6,95 ]b`klf:1% 6,;1 Pkhkl

:2% 2,:8 Pkhkl

Pkjbc 0 dblulouggkl jkhwk gkyu rkdjutkl dbdicigi gbcks gbtkhklkl jurug skdpkisb`klf, gkyu mbdpb`kg dbdicigi gbcks gbtkhklkl jurug skdpki tkhkl, sb`klfgkl gkyu

rkdjki dbdicigi gbcks gbtkhklkl sb`klf skdpki tkhkl. Gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt :1%su`kh bebgtie ultug dblilfgktgkl gbtkhklkl gkyu mbdpb`kg `kl rkdjki gkrblk dbdicigi

gbcks gbtkhklkl yklf skdk, ykitu tkhkl tbrhk`kp sbrklfkl rkykp, sb`klfgkl gkyu rkdjutkl,gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt ti`kg k`k yklf bebgtie ultug dblilfgktgkl gbtkhklkl gkyutbrhk`kp sbrklfkl rkykp, gkrblk gkyu rkdjutkl `blfkl gnlsbltrksi ;1% skdpki :2%

dbdicigi gbcks gbtkhklkl sb`klf.

;8.5=

;1.;

5

9.;9

8.58

6.96

;0.;1

9.::

8.:=

6.=;

5.12

9.19

8.62

6.95

6.;1

2.:8

1

:

0

5

8

;1

;:;0

;5

;8

:1

gnltrnc ;1% ;2% :1% :2%

GbhicklfklJbrk

t(%)

Gnlsbltrksi



12/12

I]]L ? :=1:-1=;8



0. GB]IDQRCKL

Gbsidpuckl

;) @i kltkrk gbtifk oblis gkyu, gkyu rkdjki dbdicigi rbtblsi yklf pkcilf jbskr `klgnlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt yklf bebgtie ultug ifulkgkl k`kckh gnlsbltrksi :1%.

:) Licki K]B yklf pkcilf tilffi tbrokì pk`k gkyu rkdjutkl `blfkl gnlsbltrksi ;2%,sb`klfgkl licki VQF yklf pkcilf tilffi tbrokì pk`k gkyu rkdjki `blfkl gnlsbltrksi:2%.

=) ]bdkgil tilffi gnlsbltrksi ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt, dkgk sbdkgil rbl`kh licki gbhicklfkljbrkt gkyu kgijkt sbrklfkl rkykp pk k uoi gujur dkupul uoi ckjnrktnriud.

]krkl

Qk`k ksbticksi `blfkl dblffulkgkl ckrutkl kskd ksbtkt, gnlsbltrksi ;2% su`kh bebgtieultug dblilfgktgkl stkjicitks ìdblsi gkyu `kl dblilfgktgkl gbtkhklkl gkyulyk tbrhk`kpsbrklfkl rkykp.]bckil itu, gkyu rkdjki dbrupkgkl gkyu yklf jkfus ultug ìfulkgkl cbjih

cklout gkrblk dbdicigi stkjicitks ìdblsi yklf tilffi `kl dbdicigi gbtkhklkl gkyu tbrhk`kpsbrklfkl rkykp yklf tilffi.

2. @KEPKZ QR]PKGK

Kjùrrnmhid, ]. :116. Gbtbrkwbtkl Gkyu Gurklf @igblkc. Dkgkckh Qbluloklf ]bdilkr

Hksic Citjklf Hksic Hutkl. Jnfnr.Ktkjidn, V. ;98:. Qblfkwbtkl Cidk Oblis Gkyu Irikl Okyk @blfkl Qbrsblykwkkl Jnr

]bmkrk @ieusi Qblmbcupkl WPbsisT. Rlivbrsitks Lbfbri Mbl`rkwksih. Dklngwkri.Eblfbc, @., F. Vbfblbr, `kl H. ]nstrnhkdiònon. ;99=. Gkyu, Gidik, Rctrkstrugtur, Zbkgsi-

Zbkgsi. Fkòkh Dk`k Rlivbrsity Qrbss.Ynfykgkrtk.Hicc, M. K. ]. :115. Vnn` Dnìeimktinl? Mhbdimkc, Phbrdkc kl` Nthbr Qrnmbssbs. Onhl

Vicby kl` ]nls. Blfckl`.

Hult, F. D `kl F. K. Fkrrkt. ;985. Qblfkwbtkl Gkyu. Pbrobdkhkl D. Ousue. Bìsi Qbrtkdk.Mbtkgkl Qbrtkdk. Kgk`bdigk Qrbssil`n. Okgkrtk.

Cklmbstbr, D. :11:.Frbbl Mhbdistry.Znykc ]nmibty ne Mhbdistry. Mkdjri`fb.Dkl`ksykri, Z. :116. Gbkwbtkl Kckdi `kl Gbtbrkwbtkl Gkyu Lklfgk (Krtnmkrpus

hbtbrnphyccus Ckdg) W]gripsiT.R]R. Db`kl.

Ducykì, I. :1;;. Qblfkruh Qbrjb`kkl Qbrckgukl Kwkc (]bjbcud Gkyu @ikwbtgkl)Pbrhk`kp Qblbtrksi `kl Zbtblsi @ieeusnc-MJ Qk`k Gkyu Dilì (Dbcik kzb`krkmh C)W]gripsiT. IQJ. Jnfnr.

Limhncks `kl @. @krrbc. ;988. Gbdulùrkl (@btbrinrksi) Gkyu `kl Qblmbfkhkllyk `blfklQbrckgukl-Qbrckgukl Qblfkwbt. Pbrobdkhkl. Brcklffk Rlivbrsity Qrbss.]urkjkyk.

Qrksbtyk, @. J. :115. Beigksi Phikdbthnxkd :01 ]M Pbrhk`kp Zkykp Pklkh Mnptntbrdbsmurviflkthus Hncdfrbl (Isnptbrk, Zhilntbrditi`kb).W]gripsiT.IQJ. Jnfnr.

Znwbcc, Z, D., kl` V. @. Bccis. ;980. Zbkmtinl ne Bpnxi`bs Vith Vnn`.@bpkrtbdblt neKfrimucturb, Enrbst ]brvimb, Enrbst Qrnùmts Ckjnrktnry. Vismnlsil.

(]LI) ]tkl`kr Lksinlkc Il`nlbsik 1;-6:16-:115. :115. Roi Gbtkhklkl Gkyu `kl QrnùgGkyu Pbrhk`kp Nrfklisdb Qbruskg Gkyu.Jk`kl ]tkl`kr Lksinlkc (J]L) Il`nlbsik.Okgkrtk.

]umiptn, P. :119. Gkryk Pucis? Dnìeigksi Gidik Gkyu. Rlivbrsitks ]udktbrk Rtkrk. Db`kl.Pnrkdjulf, K. G. `kl I. @kykì. :112. ]iekt Eisigk `kl Dbgkligk Gkyu Zkdjki (Jkmmkurbk

Dntcbyklk Dubcc. Krf.) Jbr`kskrgkl Cbtkg Gbtilffikl @kckd Jktklf. Qrnsiìlf]bdilkr Lksinlkc Dkpbgi UIII.Pblffkrnlf.

jti-ubh vol 1 - luthfi hakim : asetilasi kayu rambutan (nephelium lappaceum l), cempedak (artocarpus...

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