jaminan & pasal 9 ucc
TRANSCRIPT
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Maksud dan Tujuan Jaminan Kredit
a. Untuk menghindari terjadinya wanprestasi oleh pihakdebitur (penerima kredit);
b. Untuk menghindari resiko rugi yang akan dialamioleh pihak kreditur (pemberi kredit);
c. Kegunaan dari barang/benda jaminan kredit:
i. Untuk memberikan hak dan kekuasaan kepadakreditur/ pemberi kredit (umumnya pihak bank)untuk mendapatkan pelunasan dengan benda
jaminan bilamana debitur/penerima kreditmelakukan wanprestasi atau cidera janji, yaitutidak membayar kembali utangnya pada waktuyang ditetapkan dalam perjanjian kredit.
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ii. Memberikan dorongan kepada debitur/penerimakredit agar:
betul-betul menjalankan usaha yang dibiayai
dengan kredit itu, karena bila hal tersebut
diabaikan, maka resikonya hak atas tanahyang dijaminkan akan hilang.
betul-betul memenuhi ketentuan-ketentuan
yang tercantum dalam perjanjian kredit.
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Jaminan yang ideal (baik) terlihat dari:
Dapat secara mudah membantu perolehan kredit oleh
pihak yang memerlukannya
Memberikan kedudukan mendahulukan kepada
pemegangnyaMengikuti obyek yang dijaminkan
Memenuhi azas spesialitas dan publikasi
Tidak melemahkan potensi (kekuatan) si penerimakredit untuk melakukan (meneruskan) usahanya
Memberikan kepastian kepada kreditur dalam arti
bahwa yaitu bila perlu mudah diuangkan untuk
melunasi utangnya si debitur
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JAMINAN HUTANG
Jaminan Umum Jaminan Khusus
1131 KUH Perdata
i. Barang-barang milik Debitur
ii. Tanggungan atas segala
hutangnya
Terhadap benda
tertentu
Debitur wanprestasi, Krediturdapat mengajukan sita terhadap
benda-benda milik Debitur
Terhadap orang
(subjek hukum)tertentu
i. Hak Tanggungan
ii. Hypotek
iii. Gadai
iv.Fidusia
v. Cessie
i. Personal
Guarantee
ii. Corporate
Guarantee
iii. Bank Guarantee
Garansi cair menjadi tagihan
Guarantor kepada debitur
dengan jaminan yang bersifat
umum dan/atau khusus
Pelaksanaan ketentuan undang-undang
(by the operation of law)
Lahir dari perjanjian tertentu
(kontraktual)
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Penggolongan dari Lembaga-lembaga Jaminan
yang dikenal dalam Tata Hukum Indonesia
A. Jaminan yang lahir karena ditentukan oleh Undang-undang dan jaminan yang lahir karena perjanjian
B. Jaminan yang tergolong Jaminan Umum dan
Jaminan KhususC. Jaminan yang bersifat kebendaan dan jaminan yang
bersifat perorangan
D. Jaminan yang mempunyai obyek benda bergerak danjaminan atas benda tidak bergerak
E. Jaminan yang menguasai bendanya dan jaminantanpa menguasai bendanya
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Jaminan yang lahir karena UU dan karena
Perjanjian
Jaminan yang ditentukan oleh UU ialah jaminan yang adanyaditunjuk oleh UU tanpa adanya perjanjian dari para pihak, yaitu
misalnya adanya ketentuan UU yang menentukan bahwa semua
harta benda Debitur baik benda bergerak maupun benda tetap,
baik benda-benda yang sudah ada maupun yang masih akan
ada, menjadi jaminan bagi seluruh perutangan. Berarti bahwaKreditur dapat melaksanakan haknya terhadap semua benda
Debitur kecuali benda-benda yang dikecualikan oleh UU (Pasal
1131 KUH Perdata). Juga oleh UU ditentukan bahwa seluruh
benda-benda dari Debitur tersebut menjadi jaminan bagi semua
Kreditur. Ditentukan oleh UU bahwa hasil penjualan dari benda-benda tersebut harus dibagi antara para kreditur seimbang
dengan besarnya masing-masing (Pasal 1132 KUH Perdata).
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Kreditur yang kedudukannya sama
berhak (Kreditur Bersama) dan tak ada
yang harus didahulukan dalampemenuhan piutangnya disebut
Kreditur Konkuren.
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Jaminan Umum
Jaminan Umum timbulnya dari Undang-
undang tanpa adanya perjanjian yang
diadakan oleh para pihak terlebih dahulu.Para Kreditur Konkuren semuanya secara
bersama memperoleh Jaminan Umum yang
diberikan oleh Undang-undang itu. (Pasal
1131 dan 1132 KUH Perdata)
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Pasal 1131 Kitab Undang Undang Hukum
Perdata
Segala kebendaan si berutang, baik yang
bergerak maupun tidak bergerak, baik yang
sudah ada maupun yang baru akan ada di
kemudian hari, menjadi tanggungan untuk
segala perikatan perseorangan.
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Pasal 1132 Kitab Undang Undang Hukum
Perdata
Kebendaan tersebut menjadi jaminan bersama-
sama bagi semua orang yang mengutangkanpadanya; pendapatan penjualan benda-benda itu
dibagi-bagi menurut keseimbangan, yaitu menurut
besar-kecilnya piutang masing-masing, kecuali
apabila di antara para berpiutang itu ada alasan-alasan yang sah untuk didahulukan.
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Jaminan Khusus
Jaminan Khusus timbul karena adanya perjanjian
yang khusus diadakan antara Kreditur dan Debitur
yang dapat berupa jaminan yang bersifat kebendaan
ataupun jaminan yang bersifat perorangan.
Jaminan yang bersifat kebendaan ialah adanya
benda tertentu yang dipakai sebagai jaminan
sedangkan jaminan yang bersifat perorangan ialah
adanya orang tertentu yang sanggup membayar/
memenuhi prestasi manakala Debitur wanprestasi.
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Jaminan Bersifat Perorangan
Jaminan yang bersifat perorangan adalah
jaminan yang menimbulkan hubungan
langsung pada perorangan tertentu, hanyadapat dipertahankan terhadap Debitur
tertentu, terhadap kekayaan Debitur
seumumnya. (contoh: Borgtocht)
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Jaminan Bersifat Kebendaan
Jaminan yang bersifat kebendaan adalah
jaminan yang berupa hak mutlak atas sesuatu
benda yang mempunyai ciri-ciri: mempunyai
hubungan langsung atas benda tertentu dariDebitur, dapat dipertahankan terhadap
siapapun, selalu mengikuti bendanya (droit de
suite) dan dapat diperalihkan. (contoh: Hak
Tanggungan, Gadai, dll.)
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Jaminan atas Benda Bergerak
Jika benda jaminan itu berupa benda
bergerak, maka dapat dipasanglembaga jaminan yang berbentuk
Gadai atau Fidusia.
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Jaminan atas Benda Tak Bergerak
(Tetap)
Jika benda jaminan itu berbentuk bendatetap, maka lembaga jaminan dapat
dipasang Hak Tanggungan.
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PASAL 9
UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE (UCC)
Tujuan diundangkannya Pasal 9 UCC :
Tujuan adanya peraturan ini adalah memberikan kedudukanyang lebih baik terhadap kreditor, yaitu sebagai kreditor yang
haknya didahulukan (secured creditor) dari kreditor lainnya.
Hal ini dianggap penting apabila dalam transaksi pinjam
meminjam uang debitur (borrower) gagal untuk
mengembalikan pinjaman, sehingga dibuat suatu securityagreement dengan kreditur (lender) dimana kreditur (lender)
dapat memiliki barang milik debitur (borrower) yang dijadikan
colateral (hak milik beralih).
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PASAL 9
UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE (UCC)
Ada dua jenis Security Interest dalam pasal 9,
yaitu :
1. Consensual Security Interest, yaitu security
interest berdasarkan kesepakatan.
2. Statuary Security Interest, yaitu securityinterest berdasarkan undang-undang.
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Beberapa pengertian dalam Pasal 9 UCC
1. Debtor : Debtor means the person who owes payment or
other performance of the obligation secured, whether or not he
owns or has rights in the collateral ..... The reason for the last
clause in the above sentence is that the person who owes the
debt may induce a third person to put up collateral on hisbehalf. If this happens, the definition of debtor provides that the
term means the owner of the collateral in any provision dealing
with the collateral, the obligor in any provision dealing with the
obligation, and may include both where the context so requires.
The term debtor also includes one who sells accounts or chattel paper, even though this seller does not, strictly
speaking, owe a debt to the buyer. However, these sales are
covered by Article 9, and the seller is treated as a debtor for
the purpose of the article.
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2. Secured Party A secured party is a lender, seller or other
person in whose favor there is a security interest, including
a person to whom accounts or chattel paper have beensold. Both a lender of money (a bank or finance company,
for instance) and a seller who gives credit for a portion of the
purchase price, are secured parties forArticle 9 purposes.
(where a seller gives credit, and takes a security interest in
the goods which have been sold, his interest is known as apurchase moneysecurityinterest.
Note : Chattel paper. A writing that shows both a monetary obligation
and a security interest in or lease of specific goods.
Chattel paperis generally used in a consumer transaction when the
consumer buys goods on credit. The consumer typically promises to
pay for the goods by executing a promissory note, and the seller
retains a security interest in the goods.
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3. Security Interest, A security interest is an interest in
personal property or fixtures which secures payment orperformance of an obligation. This definition goes on
to state that where an agreement for the sale of goods
states that the seller retains title to the goods until
payment is made, this retention established only a
security interest. Thus the conditional sale, whichreserves title in the vendor until the goods are paid for,
is abolished as a distinct kind of security interest,
and becomes an ordinary Article 9 security interest (a
purchase money security interest, since the sellerwould be the one giving credit).
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4. Collateral, Collateral is the property subject to a
security interest, and includes account and chattelpaper which have been sold. Collateral forArticle 9
purposes thus means not only property which is
transferred to the security partys possession, but
also any property which remains in the debtors
possession, and which may be seized by thesecured party on default.
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FIXTURE
Fixture is Personal property that is attached to land or a buildingand that is regarded as an irremovable part of the real property,
such as a fireplace built into a home.
A Fixture can best be defined as a thing which, althoughoriginally a movable chattel, is by reason of its annexation to, or
association in use with land, regarded as a part of the land.The
law of fixtures concerns those situations where the chattel
annexed still retains a separate identity in spite of annexation, for
example a furnace or a light fixture. Where the chattel annexedloses such identity, as in the case of nails, boards, etc. the
problem becomes one of accession.
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PERFECTION
Perfection is validation of a security
interest as against other creditors, usu. By
filing a statement with some public office orby taking possession of the collateral
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SISTEMATIKA ARTICLE 9 UCC
I. General Requirements
A. Requisities for enforceability
II. Use of Financing Statement as Security Agreement
A. Reason question arises
B. Position of the courts
III. Requirement That Collateral Be Described
A. General requirement
B. Courts approach
IV. Other Requirements for Enforceability
A. Value given and right received
B. Giving of value
C.D
ebtors rights in the collateral
FORMAL REQUISITES OF A SECURITY INTEREST
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PERFECTION
I. Perfection Generally
A. Meaning of Perfection
II. Various Means of Perfection
A. Transactions excluded from filing
requirement
B. Purchase money interest in consumer goods
C. Perfection by possession
D. Instruments perfectible only by possession
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III. Perfection By Filing
A. Purpose of filing
B. Interests for which filing requiredC. Where to file
D. Duration of financing statement
E. Pre-filing
F. Contents of financing statement
IV. Special Perfection Rules For Particular Types of
Collateral
A. Scope of discussion
B.D
ocumentsC. Instruments
D. Chattel paper
E. Accounts
F. General intangibles
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V. Certificate of Title Acts
A. Exception for other filing systemsB. How Certificate of title acts work
VI. How Third Parties Can Get Details of Security
A
greementA. Where third party needs further information
B. Mechanism
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PERFECTION IN MULTI-STATE TRANSACTIONS
I. General Principles
A. Five classes of collateral
II.D
ocuments, Instruments and Ordinary GoodsA. Items not ordinarily moved
B. Language
C. Movement of the collateral
D. Goods to be kept in another state
III. Mobile Goods and Intangibles
A. Introduction
B. Keyed to debtors location
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IV. Vehicles Covered By Certificates Of Title
A. Problems of interstate movement
B. Certificate-to-Certificate movement
C. Non-Certificate-to-Certificate movement
D. Certificate-to-Non-Certificate movement
E. Non-Certificate-to-Non-Certificate
movementF. The non-professional buyer
V. Chattel Paper
A. Two ways to perfect
VI. Minerals
A. Location of mine head or wellhead
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PRIORITIES
I. General Scope
A. Various kinds of conflicts
B. Importance of priority
C. Shelter principle
II. Priorities Between Conflicting Security Interests
A. Scope
B. Residual rule
C. Scope
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III. Special Priority For Purchase Money Security Interests
A. General priority principleB. Definition of purchase money security interest
C. Nature of preference
D. Inventory and non-inventory collateral
distinguished
E. Purchase money security interests in non-inventory
F. Where purchase money lender does not
comply
G. Where both secured parties qualify
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IV. Right Of Unperfected Security InterestsA. Generally
B. General rule
C. Scope
D. Persons getting priority
E. Levying creditorsF. Transferees in bulk and other
G. Buyers of accounts and general intangibles
H. Lack of knowledge requirement
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V. Rights of Purchasers Of Collateral
A. Generally
B. Buyers whose purchase is authorized by
the secured party
C. Buyer in ordinary course
D. Sales by consumers to consumersE. Purchasers of chattel paper and non-
negotiable instruments
F. Purchasers of negotiable documents,
negotiable instruments and securities
G. Purchasers of vehicles
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VI. Proceeds
A. Generally
B. Proceeds defined
C. Proceeds automatically covered by agreementD. Insurance payments as proceeds
E. Perfection on interest in proceeds
VII. FutureA
dvanceA. Generally
B. Priority conflict with other security interest
C. Conflict with non-Article 9 interests
VIII.SubrogationA. Generally
B. National Shawmut
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FIXTURES
I. Introduction
A. Nature of a fixtureB. Scope ofArticle 9 fixture provision
C. Protection of real estate searchers
II. Priority Rules For Fixtures
A. Effect of non-purchase money fixture filingB. Purchase-money interest
C. Readily removable fixtures
D. Construction mortgages
E. Fixture interest vs. lien creditor
F. Waiver and tenants rights
III. Removal On Default
A. Right to remove on default
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BANKRUPTCY
I. General Scope
A. The trustee and the secured party
B. Scope of discussion
C. New code vs. old Act
D. Reorganization and wage earners plans
II. Secured Creditors Right To Repossess
A. Desire to repossess promptly
B. Length of stay
C. Debtor may use collateral
III. Trustees Right To Debtors Property
A. Assets and defenses of debtor
IV. Trustees Use OfActual Creditors Right
A. Use of actual creditors rights
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V. Security Interest Not Perfected On Date Of Bankruptcy
A. Lack of perfection at bankruptcy
B. Exceptions
C. Where perfection has lapsed
D. Trustees knowledge irrelevant
VI. Delayed Perfection As Preference
A. Striking down delayed perfection
B. Policies behind preference rules
C. Requirements for striking down preference
D. Discussion of elements
E. When grant of security interest deemed made
VII. The Floating Lien and The Preferential Transfer Rule
A. Definition of floating lien
B. Improvement of position
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VIII. Proceeds in Bankruptcy
A. Proceeds outside of bankruptcyB. Proceeds in insolvency
IX. Sellers Right Of Reclamation In Bankruptcy
A. Reclamation in General
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DEFAULT
I. Defining Default
A. Definition left to the parties
II. Creditors Options On Default
A. Several options
III. Self-Help Repossession
A. Allowed by code
B. What constitutes breach of peaceC. Constitutionality of self-help repossession
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IV. Resale Of The Collateral
A. Resale usual method
B. Substance
C. Disposition must be commercially
reasonable
D. Application of proceeds
E. Notice of resale
V. Debtors Right To Redeem Collateral
A. Right of redemption generally
B. Acceleration clause
C. Not weighable after defaultsD. Strict foreclosure
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VI. Taking The Collateral For The Debt (Strict
Foreclosure)
A. General conceptB. When available
C. Where 60% of debt paid by consumer
D. Strict foreclosure forced on secured
creditor
VII. Consequences Of Creditors Failure To Follow
Rules
A. Consequence generally
B. Criminal and tort liabilityC. Code liability for loss
D. Penalty in consumer goods cases
E. Denial of the defiance