i

IMPLEMENTASI ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LAW DALAM

ASPEK PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN DI CHINA

SKRIPSI

Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1

SHERLY AYU NINGTYAS

201410360311167

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2018

viii

KATA PENGANTAR

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,

Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahhi wa barakatuh.

Pada dasarnya, China merupakan negara yang menarik untuk dikaji.

Mengingat opini yang berkembang dalam masyarakat global terkait cepatnya

pertumbuhan ekonomi dan padatnya tingkat penduduk, serta penyumbang akan

penyebab munculnya isu lingkungan di dunia. Untuk itu karya ini dirasa sangat

perlu untuk ditinjau dan dibaca agar pembaca mengetahui bahwa China tidak lagi

mengadaikan kepentingan lingkungan demi kepentingan ekonominya. China telah

melakukan berbagai upaya untuk mengatasi kerusakan lingkungan di dalam

negaranya, baik secara hukum maupun kebijakan.

Dengan terselesaikannya skripsi ini penulis sepantasnya memanjatkan puji

syukur atas kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat, nikmat

kesehatan serta izin-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan karya skripsi

dengan judul Implementasi Environmental Protection Law Dalam Aspek

Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Di China. Tujuan penulisan skripsi ini adalah

untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan memperoleh gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik

(S.IP) Strata-1, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik. Serta diharapkan dapat

bermanfaat dengan memberikan bantuan intelektual kepada peneliti maupun

pembaca. Namun penulis menyadari dalam proses pengerjaan skripsi ini masih

banyak terdapat kekurangan, serta sangat jauh dari kata sempurna. Oleh karena itu

dengan segala kerendahan hati penulis sangat mengharapkan kritik dan masukan

yang membangun agar skripsi ini menjadi lebih baik lagi.

Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahhi wa barakatuh.

Malang, 27 Juni 2018

Sherly Ayu Ningtyas

xi

DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN UJIAN SKRIPSI ................................................... ii

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. iii

BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI ....................................................... iv

SURAT PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS .........................................................v

ABSTRAKSI......................................................................................................... vi

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... vii

KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................ viii

LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN .............................................................................. ix

DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................... xi

DAFTAR TABEL .............................................................................................. xiii

DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................................................................... xiv

DAFTAR GRAFIK ..............................................................................................xv

BAB I PENDAHULUAN .......................................................................................1

1.1. Latar Belakang ......................................................................................... 1

1.2. Rumusan Masalah .................................................................................... 6

1.3. Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................. 6

1.3.1. Tujuan Penelitian .............................................................................. 6

1.3.2. Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................ 6

1.4. Penelitian Terdahulu ................................................................................. 7

1.5. Landasan Teori ....................................................................................... 22

1.5.1. Konsep Pembangunan Berkelanjutan ............................................. 22

1.5.2. Konsep Implementasi Kebijakan Publik ......................................... 26

1.6. Metode Penelitian ................................................................................... 30

1.6.1. Jenis Penelitian ................................................................................ 30

1.6.2. Metode Analisis .............................................................................. 31

1.6.3. Ruang Lingkup Penelitian ............................................................... 31

1.6.4. Teknik dan Alat Pengumpulan Data ............................................... 32

1.7. Sistematika Penulisan ............................................................................. 32

BAB II ISU LINGKUNGAN DAN MUNCULNYA ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION LAW DI CHINA .........................................................................34

xii

2.1. China Sebagai Penyumbang Polutan Dunia ........................................... 34

2.2. Permasalahan Lingkungan China ........................................................... 42

2.3. Keikutsertaan China Dalam Forum-Forum Lingkungan Internasional .. 46

2.3.1 Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment ................................................................................................... 46

2.3.2 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ......... 47

2.3.3 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ..... 49

2.3.4 World Summit on Sustainable Developmen .................................... 51

2.3.5 Earth Summit 2012 .......................................................................... 51

2.4. Terbentuknya Environmental Protection Law of The Peoples Republic of China 53

BAB III IMPLEMENTASI ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LAW

MELALUI PROGRAM LINGKUNGAN DALAM ASPEK POLUSI,

TANAH DAN AIR ...............................................................................................66

3.1. Soil Ten Plan .......................................................................................... 67

3.2. Water Ten Plan ....................................................................................... 74

3.3. Action Plan Air Pollution ....................................................................... 90

BAB IV IMPLEMENTASI ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LAW

DALAM ASPEK ENERGI TERBARUKAN DAN TEKNOLOGI RAMAH

LINGKUNGAN ..................................................................................................101

3.1. Pengembangan Energi Terbarukan ...................................................... 101

3.2. Pengembangan Teknologi Ramah Lingkungan.................................... 123

BAB V KESIMPULAN .....................................................................................133

4.1. Kesimpulan ........................................................................................... 133

4.2. Saran ..................................................................................................... 134

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .........................................................................................136

xiii

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1.1. Posisi Penelitian

xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1. Pola Pembuatan Kebijakan Lingkungan China

Gambar. 3.1. Polluted Soils in China 2015

Gambar 3.2. Pipa Pembuangan Air Limbah ke Sungai

Gambar 3. 3. Polusi Menyelimuti Beijing Pada Juni 2013

Gambar 4.1. Proyek PLTA Baihetan

Gambar 4. 2. China General Nuclear Power Corporation Wind Power Project

Gambar 4. 2. Panda Solar Station

Gambar 4. 3. Solar Road

Gambar 4. 4. Mobil Energi Terbarukan di Beijing

Gambar 4.5. Mobil Energi Terbarukan di Taiyun

Gambar 4.6. Trem di Qingdao

xv

DAFTAR GRAFIK

Grafik 2.1. Pertumbuhan Gross Domestic Product (GDP) China

Grafik 2.2. Pertumbuhan Ukuran Populasi China Dan Produk Domestik Bruto

Grafik 2.3. 2014 Global CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion and Some Industrial Processes

Grafik 2.4. Top 10 Countries with the Largers Emitters

Grafik 3.1. Kandungan Polutan Tanah di Provinsi China pada Mei 2016-Mei 2017

Grafik 3.2. Ground Water Quality Deterioration 2011-2015

Grafik 3.3. Overall Water Quality of China‟s Rivers 2011-2015

Grafik 3.4. Water Quality of China‟s Rivers 2011-2015

Grafik 3.5. 2012-2016 Groundwater Quality

Grafik 3.6. Overall Surface and Groundwater Quality of China‟s Rivers

Grafik 3.7. Water Quality of China‟s Rivers 2015-2016

Grafik 3.8. Konsentrasi PM10 ug/m3 2013-2017

Grafik 3. 9. Konsentrasi PM2.5 ug/m3 2013-2017

Grafik 3. 10. Konsentrasi NO2 ug/m3 2013-2017

Grafik 3. 11. Konsentrasi SO2 ug/m32013-2017

Grafik 3. 12. Konsentrasi O3 ug/m3 2013-2017

Grafik 4.1. China‟s Primary Energy Consumption from 1990 to 2015

Grafik 4.2. China‟s Primary Energy Consumption by Sectors 2013

Grafik 4. 3 Renewable Capacity Growth by Country

Grafik 4. 4. Hydro Capacity Growth 2017-2022

Grafik 4.5. The Chinese Auto Industry

136

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