homeostasis hormon

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    Fisiologi:Homeostasis Hormon

    Titis NurmasitohDepartemen Fisiologi FK UII

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    Pokok Bahasan

    Respons tubuh terhadap stress

    Pertumbuhan, perkembangan, dan efek

    penuaan terhadap kelenjar endokrin

    Peran sistem endokrin padahomeostasis setiap sistem

    Ketidakseimbangan endokrin terhadaphomeostasis

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    Homeostasis

    The body ability to maintain internal

    stability

    (homeo similar; stasis condition

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    Internal Failure

    Abnormal growth of cells

    Cancer, benign tumours

    Production of antibodies by the bodyagainst its own tissues (autoimmunedisease)

    Premature death of cells or the failure ofcell processes

    Inherited disorders

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    External Causes

    Toxic chemicals

    Physical trauma

    Foreign invaders (viruses & bacteria)

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    TRIAS HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

    PHYSICALLY ACTIVE

    BALANCE NUTRITION

    MANAGEABLE MENTAL CONDITION

    Whats the now situation ?

    Stressful living Imbalance nutrition

    (less fiber, more fat, shifted-food culture)

    Less physical activity

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    The stress respons

    Nowadays situation: stressful living

    Eustress: prepares to meet challenges,

    helpful Distress: harmful

    Stressor: any stimulus that produces a

    stress response

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    Stressor

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    The respons to stressors

    Pleasant

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    Why do the compensationfail??

    Extreme stress

    Unusual stress

    Long lasting stress

    Normal mechanisms may not be enough

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    Stress response/generaladaptation syndrome (GAS)

    Controlled mainly by the hypothalamus

    Occurs in three stages:

    1. An initial fight-or-flight response

    2. A slower resistance reaction

    3. Exhaustion

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    The fight-or-Flight Response

    Stressor stimulatehypothalamusSympathetic centers of ANSMedulla adrenalEpinephrine andResponse

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    The responses

    Brings huge amounts of glucose andoxygen to the organs that are most activein warding off danger:

    The brain (highly alert)

    The skeletal muscles (fight off an attacker)

    The heart (pump enough blood to the brain and

    muscles)

    Inhibitted nonessential body function(digestive, urinary, and reproductiveactivities)

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    The responses..

    Reduction of blood flow to nonessentialorgans:

    Kidney: promotes release of renin activate renin-angiotensin-aldosteronepathway Retaining Na+ by kidney water retention elevated blood pressure

    & helps preserve body fluid volume

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    The resistance reaction

    Initiated by hypothalamic releasinghormones, a longer lasting response

    The releasing hormones involved: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

    Growth hormone-releasing hormone

    (GHRH) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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    CRH

    Cortisol:

    Stimulate gluconeogenesis by liver cells,

    breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids cells use glucose, fatty acids, amino acids toproduce ATP or to repair damaged cells

    Reduced inflammation

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    GHRH

    IGFs:

    Protein synthesis

    Lipolysis and glycogenolysis in the liver

    Elevation of blood glucose

    Tissue repair

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    TRH

    Thyroid hormones:

    Increasing use of glucose for ATPproduction

    Supply additional ATP for metabolicallyactive cells (combine action with hGH)

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    The resistance reaction..

    Helps the body continue fighting astressor long after the previous stagedissipates

    Occasionally, the resistance stage fails

    to combat the stressor, and the bodymoves into the stage of exhaustion

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    Exhaustion

    The body become so tired & depleted-- exhaustion

    Prolonged exposure to high levels ofcortisol and other hormones

    wasting of muscle,

    suppresion of the immune system, ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract,

    failure of pancreatic beta cells

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    Stress and disease

    The exact role: still unclear

    Stress related disorders include: gastritis,

    ulcerative colitis, irritable bowelsyndrome, hypertension, asthma,rheumatoid arthritis, migraine, anxiety,depression

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    Aging and the endocrinesystem

    Some endocrine glands shrink as we get older

    The performance may or may not becompromised

    Shrinkage

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    Aging..

    Decrease in production of hGH muscleatrophy

    Decrease production of thyroid hormonesby thyroid gland:

    decrease in metabolic rate,

    increase in body fat,

    hypothyroidism

    less negative feed back the level of TSHincreases

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    Aging..

    Blood level of PTH rises due toinadequate dietary intake of calcium

    Calcitriol and calcitonin (CT) levels arelower

    Age related decrease in bone mass osteoporosis and increased risk offractures

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    Aging..

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    Aging.. Pancreas gland

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    Aging.. The thymus

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    Aging.. The ovaries

    Decrease in size with age no longerrespond to gonadotropins decreaseoutput of estrogens lead to suchcondition:

    Osteoporosis

    High blood cholesterol

    Atherosclerosis

    FSH and LH levels are high

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    Aging.. The testes

    Decrease in testosteron production

    Can still produce active sperm in

    normal numbers The effects are not usually change

    (until very old age)

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    Contribution of the endocrine system inhomeostasis

    For all body systems: together with thenervous system, regulate activity andgrowth of target cells throughout thebody; regulate metabolism, uptake ofglucose, and molecules used for ATPproduction by body cells

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    Integumentary system

    Androgen stimulate growth of axillaryand pubic hair, activation of sebaceousglands,

    Regulate MSH darkening of skin

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    Skeletal system

    hGH & IGF: stimulate bone growth

    Estrogen: enclosure of epiphyseal

    plates, help maintain bone mass PTH and calcitonin: regulate calcium

    and bone matrix

    Thyroid hormone: normal developmentand growth of skeleton

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    Muscular system

    Epinephrine and norepinephrine:increase blood flow

    PTH: regulate Ca level for musclecontraction

    Glucagon, insulin: regulate

    metabolisme in muscle fibers hGH, IGF, thyroid: maintain the muscle

    mass

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    Nervous sytem

    PTH

    Thyroid, insulin, growth hormone

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    Cardiovascular system

    EPO

    ADH

    Epinephrine norepinephrine

    ANP

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    Lymphatic system andimmunity

    Cortisol

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    Respiratory system

    Epinephrine and norepinephrine

    EPO

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    Digestive system

    Epinephrine norepinephrine

    Gastrin

    Peptida YY

    Leptin

    Calcitriol

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    Urinary system

    ADH

    Aldosterone

    ANP

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    Reproductive system

    GRH/GIH

    LH/FSH

    Esterogen/progesteron

    Prolactin

    oxytocin