GUA PARA EXAMEN

You can do it | Karely Salmn

TOEFLGUA PARA EXAMEN

TYPES OF VERBSBefore you begin the verb tense lessons, it is extremely important to understand that NOT all English verbs are the same. English verbs are divided into three groups: Normal Verbs, Non-Continuous Verbs, and Mixed Verbs.Group I Normal VerbsMost verbs are "Normal Verbs." These verbs are usually physical actions which you can see somebody doing. These verbs can be used in all tenses.Normal Verbsto run, to walk, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to touch, etc.Examples: Ieatdinner every day. Iam eatingdinner now.

Group II Non-Continuous VerbsThe second group, called "Non-Continuous Verbs," is smaller. These verbs are usually things you cannot see somebody doing. These verbs are rarely used in continuous tenses. They include:Abstract Verbsto be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist...Possession Verbsto possess, to own, to belong...Emotion Verbsto like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind...Examples: Heis needinghelp now.Not Correct Heneedshelp now.Correct Heis wantinga drink now.Not Correct Hewantsa drink now.Correct

Group III Mixed VerbsThe third group, called "Mixed Verbs," is the smallest group. These verbs have more than one meaning. In a way, each meaning is a unique verb. Some meanings behave like "Non-Continuous Verbs," while other meanings behave like "Normal Verbs."Mixed Verbsto appear, to feel, to have, to hear, to look, to see, to weigh...List of Mixed Verbs with Examples and Definitions:to appear: Donnaappearsconfused.Non-Continuous VerbDonna seems confused. My favorite singeris appearingat the jazz club tonight.Normal VerbMy favorite singer is giving a performance at the jazz club tonight.to have: Ihavea dollar now.Non-Continuous VerbI possess a dollar. Iam havingfun now.Normal VerbI am experiencing fun now.to hear: Shehearsthe music.Non-Continuous VerbShe hears the music with her ears. Sheis hearingvoices.Normal VerbShe hears something others cannot hear. She is hearing voices in her mind.to look: Nancylookstired.Non-Continuous VerbShe seems tired. Farahis lookingat the pictures.Normal VerbShe is looking with her eyes.to miss: JohnmissesSally.Non-Continuous VerbHe is sad because she is not there. Debbieis missingher favorite TV program.Normal VerbShe is not there to see her favorite program.to see: Iseeher.Non-Continuous VerbI see her with my eyes. Iam seeingthe doctor.Normal VerbI am visiting or consulting with a doctor. (Also used with dentist and lawyer.) Iam seeingher.Normal VerbI am having a relationship with her. Heis seeingghosts at night.Normal VerbHe sees something others cannot see. For example ghosts, aura, a vision of the future, etc.to smell: The coffeesmellsgood.Non-Continuous VerbThe coffee has a good smell. Iam smellingthe flowers.Normal VerbI am sniffing the flowers to see what their smell is like.to taste: The coffeetastesgood.Non-Continuous VerbThe coffee has a good taste. Iam tastingthe cake.Normal VerbI am trying the cake to see what it tastes like.to think: Hethinksthe test is easy.Non-Continuous VerbHe considers the test to be easy. Sheis thinkingabout the question.Normal VerbShe is pondering the question, going over it in her mind.to weigh: The tableweighsa lot.Non-Continuous VerbThe table is heavy. Sheis weighingherself.Normal VerbShe is determining her weight.Some Verbs Can Be Especially Confusing:to be: JoeisAmerican.Non-Continuous VerbJoe is an American citizen. Joeis beingvery American.Normal VerbJoe is behaving like a stereotypical American. Joeis beingvery rude.Normal VerbJoe is behaving very rudely. Usually he is not rude. Joeis beingvery formal.Normal VerbJoe is behaving very formally. Usually he is not formal.

NOTICE: Only rarely is "to be" used in a continuous form. This is most commonly done when a person is temporarily behaving badly or stereotypically. It can also be used when someone's behavior is noticeably different.

to feel: The massagefeelsgreat.Non-Continuous VerbThe massage has a pleasing feeling. Idon't feelwell today.Sometimes used as Non-Continuous VerbI am a little sick. Iam not feelingwell today.Sometimes used as Normal VerbI am a little sick.

NOTICE: The second meaning of "feel" is very flexible and there is no real difference in meaning between "I don't feel well today" and "I am not feeling well today."

English Tenses Graphic ComparisonProblems with the English tenses? Have a look at the time line, it might help you understand when to use which tense. As there is a similarity between past, present and future tenses, there are just a few rules to keep in mind. If you know how to use the present progressive correctly to express present actions, you will as well be able to use the past progressive correctly to express past actions.

Legendmoment in time action that takes place once, never or several times actions that happen one after another actions that suddenly take place

period of time action that started before a certain moment and lasts beyond that moment actions taking place at the same time

Result action taking place before a certain moment in time puts emphasis on the result

Course / Duration action taking place before a certain moment in time puts emphasis on the course or duration of the action

ENGLISH TENSESSimple PresentSimple present is also called present simple.

The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place once, never or several times. It is also used for actions that take place one after another and for actions that are set by a timetable or schedule. The simple present also expresses facts in the present.

Affirmative formI, we, they, youHe, she, it

IWe Verb They + infinitive + ComplementYouHeShe+ Verb infinitive s / es +Complement It

Negative formI, we, they, youHe, she, it

IWe Verb They + dont+ infinitive + CompYouHeShe+ doesnt + Verb infinitive +Comp It

QuestionI, we, they, youHe, she, it

I We Verb Do +They +infinitive + Comp + ? You HeDoes +She + Verb infinitive + Comp+ ? It

Signal Words always every ... often normally usually sometimes seldom never

USESUSE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.Examples: Iplaytennis. Shedoes not playtennis. Doesheplaytennis? The trainleavesevery morning at 8 AM. The traindoes not leaveat 9 AM. Whendoesthe train usuallyleave? She alwaysforgetsher purse. He neverforgetshis wallet. Every twelve months, the Earthcirclesthe Sun. Doesthe Suncirclethe Earth?USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.Examples: Catslikemilk. Birdsdo not likemilk. Dopigslikemilk? Californiaisin America. Californiais notin the United Kingdom. Windowsaremade of glass. Windowsare notmade of wood. New Yorkisa small city.It is not important that this fact is untrue.USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.Examples: The trainleavestonight at 6 PM. The busdoes not arriveat 11 AM, itarrivesat 11 PM. Whendoweboardthe plane? The partystartsat 8 o'clock. Whendoesclassbegintomorrow?USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done withNon-Continuous Verbsand certainMixed Verbs.Examples: Iamhere now. Sheis nothere now. Heneedshelp right now. Hedoes not needhelp now. Hehashis passport in his hand. Doyouhaveyour passport with you?ADVERB PLACEMENTThe examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.Examples: Youonlyspeak English. Do youonlyspeak English?ACTIVE / PASSIVEExamples: Once a week, Tomcleansthe car.Active Once a week, the caris cleanedby Tom.PassiveUseExample

action in the present taking place once, never or several timesColin always plays soccer on Tuesdays.

actions in the present taking place one after anotherShe takes her bag and leaves.

facts (something is generally known to be true)The sun sets in the west.

action set by a timetable or scheduleThe train leaves at 9 pm.

verbs of possession, senses, emotions and mental activityI love her.

Present continuous/progressiveThe present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action.

The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking place only for a short period of time. It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged for the near future. Present progressive is also known as present continuous.Affirmative formI, we, they, youHe, she, it

I + am We Verb They + are + -ing form + ComplementYouHeShe + is + Verb ing form +Complement It

Negative formI, we, they, youHe, she, it

I + am not We Verb They + are not+ -ing form + CompYouHeShe+ is not + Verb ing form +Comp It

QuestionI, we, they, youHe, she, it

Am + I We Verb Are + They + -ing form + Comp + ? You HeIs + She + Verb ing form + Comp+ ? It

Signal words Actions taking place at the moment of speaking (now) at the moment now / just now / right now Listen! Look!Arrangements for the near future in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening at noon / tonight tomorrow next ...Actions taking place only for a limited period of time this week / this month / this yearActions taking place around now (but not at the moment of speaking) at the moment now / just now / right nowDevelopment, changing situations more and more

USESUSE 1 Now

Use the Present Continuous withNormal Verbsto express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.Examples: Youare learningEnglish now. Youare not swimmingnow. Areyousleeping? Iam sitting. Iam not standing. Ishesittingorstanding? Theyare readingtheir books. Theyare not watchingtelevision. Whatareyoudoing? Whyaren'tyoudoingyour homework?USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.) Iam studyingto become a doctor. Iam not studyingto become a dentist. Iam readingthe bookTom Sawyer. Iam not readingany books right now. Areyouworkingon any special projects at work? Aren'tyouteachingat the university now?USE 3 Near Future

Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.Examples: Iam meetingsome friends after work. Iam not goingto the party tonight. Ishevisitinghis parents next weekend? Isn'thecomingwith us tonight?USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is likeSimple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."Examples: Sheis always comingto class late. Heis constantly talking. I wish he would shut up. I don't like them because theyare always complaining.REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed VerbsIt is important to remember thatNon-Continuous Verbscannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings forMixed Verbscannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must useSimple Present.Examples: Sheis lovingthis chocolate ice cream.Not Correct Shelovesthis chocolate ice cream.CorrectADVERB PLACEMENTThe examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.Examples: You arestillwatching TV. Are youstillwatching TV?ACTIVE / PASSIVEExamples: Right now, Tomis writingthe letter.Active Right now, the letteris being writtenby Tom.Passive

Past SimpleThe simple past expresses an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can also be used for actions taking place one after another or in the middle of another action.Affirmative formI, we, they, youHe, she, it

IWe Verb They + inifinitiveed(regular) + CompYouHeShe+ Verb infinitive ed (regular) +Complement It

Negative formI, we, they, youHe, she, it

IWe Verb They + didnt + infinitive + CompYouHeShe+ didnt + Verb infinitive +Comp It

QuestionI, we, they, youHe, she, it

I We Verb Did +They +infinitive + Comp + ? You HeDid +She + Verb infinitive + Comp+ ? It

Signal Words yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday If-Satz Typ II (If I talked, )

USESUSE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.Examples: Isawa movie yesterday. Ididn't seea play yesterday. Last year, Itraveledto Japan. Last year, Ididn't travelto Korea. Didyouhavedinner last night? Shewashedher car. Hedidn't washhis car.USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.Examples: Ifinishedwork,walkedto the beach, andfounda nice place to swim. Hearrivedfrom the airport at 8:00,checkedinto the hotel at 9:00, andmetthe others at 10:00. Didyouaddflour,pourin the milk, and thenaddthe eggs?USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.Examples: Ilivedin Brazil for two years. ShaunastudiedJapanese for five years. Theysatat the beach all day. Theydid not stayat the party the entire time. Wetalkedon the phone for thirty minutes. A: How longdidyouwaitfor them?B: Wewaitedfor one hour.USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.Examples: IstudiedFrench when I was a child. Heplayedthe violin. Hedidn't playthe piano. Didyouplaya musical instrument when you were a kid? Sheworkedat the movie theater after school. They neverwentto school, they alwaysskippedclass.USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."Examples: Shewasshy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. Hedidn't liketomatoes before. Didyoulivein Texas when youwerea kid? Peoplepaidmuch more to make cell phone calls in the past.IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen FirstClauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.Examples: When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question. She answered my questionwhen I paid her one dollar.When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.Example: I paid her one dollarwhen she answered my question.ADVERB PLACEMENTThe examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.Examples: Youjustcalled Debbie. Did youjustcall Debbie?ACTIVE / PASSIVEExamples: Tomrepairedthe car.Active The carwas repairedby Tom.Passive

Past Continuous The past progressive puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past.Affirmative formWe, they, youI, He, she, it

We Verb They + Were + -ing form + ComplementYouIHeShe + was + Verb ing form +Complement It

Negative formWe, they, youI, He, she, it

We Verb They + were not+ -ing form + CompYouIHeShe+ was not + Verb ing form +Comp It

QuestionI, we, they, youHe, she, it

We Verb Were + They + -ing form + Comp + ? You I HeWas + She + Verb ing form + Comp+ ? It

Signal Words when, while, as long as

USESUSE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.Examples: Iwas watchingTV when she called. When the phone rang, shewas writinga letter. While wewere havingthe picnic, it started to rain. Whatwereyoudoingwhen the earthquake started? Iwas listeningto my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm. Youwere not listeningto me when I told you to turn the oven off. While Johnwas sleepinglast night, someone stole his car. Sammywas waitingfor us when we got off the plane. While Iwas writingthe email, the computer suddenly went off. A: Whatwereyoudoingwhen you broke your leg?B: Iwas snowboarding.USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.Examples: Last night at 6 PM, Iwas eatingdinner. At midnight, wewerestilldrivingthrough the desert. Yesterday at this time, Iwas sittingat my desk at work.IMPORTANTIn the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.Examples: Last night at 6 PM, Iatedinner.I started eating at 6 PM. Last night at 6 PM, Iwas eatingdinner.I started earlier;and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.USE 3 Parallel Actions

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.Examples: Iwas studyingwhile hewas makingdinner. While Ellenwas reading, Timwas watchingtelevision. Wereyoulisteningwhile hewas talking? Iwasn't payingattention while Iwas writingthe letter, so I made several mistakes. Whatwereyoudoingwhile youwere waiting? Thomaswasn't working, and Iwasn't workingeither. Theywere eatingdinner,discussingtheir plans, andhavinga good time.USE 4 AtmosphereIn English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.Example: When I walked into the office, several peoplewerebusilytyping, somewere talkingon the phones, the bosswas yellingdirections, and customerswere waitingto be helped. One customerwas yellingat a secretary andwavinghis hands. Otherswere complainingto each other about the bad service.USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."Examples: Shewas always comingto class late. Hewas constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. I didn't like them because theywere always complaining.While vs. WhenClauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tenseSimple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence.Examples: I was studyingwhen she called. While I was studying, she called.REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed VerbsIt is important to remember thatNon-Continuous Verbscannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings forMixed Verbscannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must useSimple Past.Examples: Janewas beingat my house when you arrived.Not Correct Janewasat my house when you arrived.CorrectADVERB PLACEMENTThe examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.Examples: You werejuststudying when she called. Were youjuststudying when she called?ACTIVE / PASSIVEExamples: The salesmanwas helpingthe customer when the thief came into the store.Active The customerwas being helpedby the salesman when the thief came into the store.Passive

Present perfect simpleThe present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result.Affirmative formI, we, they, youHe, she, it

IWe Verb They + have + past participle + CompYouHeShe+ has + Verb past participle +Complement It

Negative formI, we, they, youHe, she, it

IWe Verb They + havent + past participle + CompYouHeShe+ hasnt + Verb past participle +Comp It

QuestionI, we, they, youHe, she, it

I We Verb Have +They + past participle + Comp + ? You HeHas +She + Verb past participle + Comp+ ? It

Signal Words of Present Perfect already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to nowUSESUSE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.Examples: Ihave seenthat movie twenty times. I think Ihave methim once before. Therehave beenmany earthquakes in California. Peoplehave traveledto the Moon. Peoplehave not traveledto Mars. Haveyoureadthe book yet? Nobodyhaseverclimbedthat mountain. A:Hasthere everbeena war in the United States?B: Yes, therehas beena war in the United States.How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:TOPIC 1 ExperienceYou can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.Examples: Ihave beento France.This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times. Ihave beento France three times.You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence. Ihaveneverbeento France.This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France. I think Ihave seenthat movie before. Hehasnevertraveledby train. Joanhas studiedtwo foreign languages. A:Haveyou evermethim? B: No, Ihavenotmethim.TOPIC 2 Change Over TimeWe often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.Examples: Youhave grownsince the last time I saw you. The governmenthas becomemore interested in arts education. Japanesehas becomeone of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established. My Englishhasreallyimprovedsince I moved to Australia.TOPIC 3 AccomplishmentsWe often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.Examples: Manhas walkedon the Moon. Our sonhas learnedhow to read. Doctorshave curedmany deadly diseases. Scientistshave splitthe atom.TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are ExpectingWe often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.Examples: Jameshas not finishedhis homework yet. Susanhasn't masteredJapanese, but she can communicate. Billhasstillnot arrived. The rainhasn't stopped.TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different TimesWe also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.Examples: The armyhas attackedthat city five times. Ihave hadfour quizzes and five tests so far this semester. Wehave hadmany major problems while working on this project. Shehas talkedto several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.Time Expressions with Present PerfectWhen we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples: Haveyoubeento Mexicoin the last year? Ihave seenthat movie six timesin the last month. Theyhave hadthree testsin the last week. She graduated from university less than three years ago. Shehas workedfor three different companiesso far. My carhas brokendown three timesthis week.NOTICE"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requiresSimple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.Examples: Iwentto Mexicolast year.I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one. Ihave beento Mexicoin the last year.I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

WithNon-Continuous Verbsand non-continuous uses ofMixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.Examples: Ihave hada cold for two weeks. Shehas beenin England for six months. Maryhas lovedchocolate since she was a little girl.Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.ADVERB PLACEMENTThe examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.Examples: You haveonlyseen that movie one time. Have youonlyseen that movie one time?ACTIVE / PASSIVEExamples: Many touristshave visitedthat castle.Active That castlehas been visitedby many tourists.Passive

Referenceshttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/tenses_table.pdfhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/types.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbtenseintro.htmlhttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammarhttp://www.englishpage.com/