gramatica rusa para hispanohablantes (nivel … · 2019. 2. 15. · gramatica rusa para...

T.I. Kapitonova, L.V. Moskovkin

GRAMATICA RUSAPARA HISPANOHABLANTES

(NIVEL ELEMENTAL)

2 Edición

San Petersburgo«Zlatoust»

2016

!"#"$%&'()*+*,&-$."/"$0*12*,2(+

!"##$%&'(!%))%*+$%',-&'(./.!&0+1'

2%'+#3%2#$.)'&45$6'78-6)62*%!259'"!./62:;

345$(67&+(5

8&+2)495)5:;<:=>?@&)*<1)A

2016

BC%$DEE"EFE"E

$<=>?@A@B<C'*D+DC')@EF@BF>AC'-D/D G<112&H$=:&II&)(2&$7@H$=*,*:HJ(K$+&$(1'&+12*I$H6L25$MN@5I5+)&:+LO$<:*,5+PQ"$R$

345$(67"$R$89;"$S$?@&)*<1)-$3TEF"$R$D3$U"GHIJKLMLNHC'ODPDC'QLRSLNSJM'TDUD

VWXYXZ[UX$W\]X$^XWX$_[]^X`a_XbcX`Zd]$M`[edc$dcdYd`ZXcQ"$R$3`f$df"$R$gX`$hdZdW]b\Wia$S$ jcXZa\]Z-$3TEF"$R$D3$^"

G5k5+65+)S$':*l511*:$m:&+&712*=*$<+(,5:1()5)&$

7*2)*:$l(@*@*=(n512(K$+&<2$G&l&N@P$m<1I&+$!(:&7*

m@&,+LO$:57&2)*:S$!"#$"#%"#&"'"#()*+,-./G57&2)*:S$0"1"#2/33)*4 %*::52)*:S$0"1"#2/33)*4

o:(=(+&@4I&25)S$'"'"#5678)./o;@*p2&S$'"'"#5678)./

9*1*;(5$ &7:51*,&+*$ 1)<75+)&I-$ +&n(+&qJ(I$ (6<n&)P$ :<112(O$ H6L2-$ ($ ':5'*7&,&)5@HI$:<112*=*$H6L2&$(6$#1'&+(($($1):&+$.&)(+12*O$rI5:(2(-$&$)&2p5$:*11(O12(I$':5'*7&,&)5@HI$:<112*=*$H6L2&-$2*)*:L5$*;<n&q)$1)<75+)*,-$=*,*:HJ(K$+&$(1'&+12*I$H6L25"$o+*$1*75:p()$=:&II&)(n512(O$I&)5:(&@-$ +5*;K*7(ILO$7@H$*,@&75+(H$:<112(I$H6L2*I$+&$N@5I5+)&:+*I$<:*,+5"$ !521)$ 7&+$ ,$ 7,<K$ ,&:(&+)&KS$ +&$ (1'&+12*I$ ($ +&$ :<112*I$ H6L2&K-$ n)*$ *;@5=n&5)$1&I*1)*H)5@P+*5$ (6<n5+(5$ '*1*;(H$ 1)<75+)&I($ ($ 7&5)$ ,*6I*p+*1)P$ ':5'*7&,&)5@HI$(1'*@P6*,&)P$5=*$+&$<n5;+LK$6&+H)(HK"$/15$':(I5:L$1*=@&1*,&+L$1$@521(n512(I$I(+(I<I*I$N@5I5+)&:+*=*$<:*,+H$,@&75+(H$:<112(I$H6L2*I"

s$!"#"$%&'()*+*,&-$."/"$0*12*,2(+$M)521)Q-$3TEts$ooo$u5+):$>?@&)*<1)A$M:57&2k(*++*4(67&)5@P12*5$

*l*:I@5+(5-$(67&+(5-$@(k5+6(*++L5$':&,&Q-$3TEt

vgwx$yzD4{4DF{tz4zyt4{

9*7=*)*,2&$*:(=(+&@4I&25)&S$(67&)5@P1),*$>?@&)*<1)A"9*7'(1&+*$,$'5n&)P$Ez"EE"E{"$|*:I&)$Dt}ETD~EF"$95n"$@"${-E"$95n&)P$*l15)+&H"$!(:&p${TT$N26"$?&2&6$�$E�t3"8&+()&:+*4N'(75I(*@*=(n512*5$6&2@qn5+(5$+&$':*7<2k(q$(67&)5@P1),&$m*1<7&:1),5++*O$8�8$G|�$zD"TE"Tz"y{�"9"TEE�E3"TF"ET$*)$�T"TF"3TET$="#67&)5@P1),*$>?@&)*<1)AS$EyzETE-$8&+2)495)5:;<:=-$%&I5++**1):*,12(O$':"-$7"$3t-$*l"$3t"!5@"S$M�z4DE3Q$�tF4TF4FD�$l&21S$M�z4DE3Q$zT�4EE4zy�$d4YX[cS$]Xcd]��cXZ"]^b"W\�$_ZZ^S~~��"�cXZ"]^b"W\o)'5n&)&+*$1$=*)*,LK$7(&'*6()(,*,$,$)('*=:&l(($ooo$>#9%$��5:51)&�»EyFTDt-$8&+2)495)5:;<:=-$<@"$%"$!*In&2&-$7"$3D"$!5@"S$M�z4DE3Q$�DD4yT4TT"

6

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

#.,6!V%2+6'A-78)#3@-B67*).6>$ D

+WX'EYZ[E?B>?[\]A@[ 10G*7$(I�+$1<J51),()5@P+LK$ ET�(1@*$(I�+$1<J51),()5@P+LK$ Et82@*+5+(5$(I�+$1<J51),()5@P+LK$ ED

95:,*5$12@*+5+(5$(I�+$1<J51),()5@P+LK$ 3T/)*:*5$12@*+5+(5$(I�+$1<J51),()5@P+LK$ 33!:5)P5$12@*+5+(5$(I�+$1<J51),()5@P+LK$ 3t

#I5+()5@P+LO$'&75p$ 3tG*7()5@P+LO$'&75p$ 3FC&)5@P+LO$'&75p$ 3D/(+()5@P+LO$'&75p$ �T!,*:()5@P+LO$'&75p$ �T9:57@*p+LO$'&75p$ �To1*;5++*1)($*;:&6*,&+(H$l*:I$2*1,5++LK$'&75p5O$+52*)*:LK$(I�+$1<J51),()5@P+LK$ �3

+WX'=^>\<_<?[\]A@[$ �3+WX'`>E\>?[\]A@[$ �F

%*@(n51),5++L5$n(1@()5@P+L5$ �F9*:H72*,L5$n(1@()5@P+L5$ �D

)[E?@>W[A>[$ �D.(n+L5$I51)*(I5+(H$ tT/*':*1()5@P+L5-$':()Hp&)5@P+L5-$<2&6&)5@P+L5$I51)*(I5+(H$($*':575@()5@P+*5$I51)*(I5+(5$!/GBFH$ t3

(\<_@\$ tF/(7$=@&=*@&$ tF#+l(+()(,$ {39:*�57�55$,:5IH$ {t�&1)*HJ55$,:5IH$ {t�<7<J55$,:5IH$ {D#I'5:&)(,$ FTm@&=*@L$7,(p5+(H$ F3

2<^[`>[' Ft3^[a\@_ 66#@bc$ FDd<E?>e< 703^@E?@['=^[a\@f[A>[ 70#BXc]'=^@E?gh'=^[a\@f[A>i'B'?[FE?[ 76#\@fA@['=^[a\@f[A>[ 763^[a\@f[A>X'B'^<c_@B@^A@i'^[`>$ zD.EA@BAg['_^<WW<?>`[EF>['?[^W>Ag DT

:73)*4E)./%%/>#*68-@/8+@/$ D3

7

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

CONTENIDOIJ#KLM#NLO#PQLRSTUV 9

jkRKHMKJNL 11Género de los sustantivos 11x�YdWa$fd$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$ E{Declinación de los sustantivos 19

Primera declinación de los sustantivos 21gdi\`fX$fdUc[`XU[�`$fd$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$ 3��dWUdWX$fdUc[`XU[�`$fd$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$ 3{

�X]a$àY[`XZ[ea$ 3{Caso genitivo 27Caso dativo 29�X]a$XU\]XZ[ea$ �E�X]a$[`]ZW\Yd`ZXc$ �E�X]a$^Wdâ][U[a`Xc$ �EhXWZ[U\cXW[fXfd]$fd$cX$�aWYXU[�`$fd$ca]$UX]a]$[`f[WdUZa]$fd$U[dWZa]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$ ��

Adjetivo$ ��Numeral$ �z

x\YdWXcd]$UXWf[`Xcd]$ �zx\YdWXcd]$aWf[`Xcd]$ �y

Pronombre$ �yhWaàYbWd]$^dW]a`Xcd]$ tEPronombres interrogativos, posesivos, demostrativos y el pronombre determinativo !/GBFH$ t�

Verbo$ tz�]^dUZa$fdc$edWba$ tzv`�`[Z[ea$ {�hX]Xfa$ {{hWd]d`Zd$ {{�\Z\Wa$ {yImperativo 61�dWba]$fd$Yae[Y[d`Za$ F�

Adverbio$ F{lmnILRJoJpM 67qLMrkMoJpM 69lHmKsoktH 71umHoJpM'RJvItn 71qLMnwJpM'xn'tHR'LmHoJLMnR'RJvItnR'nM'nt'KnwKL 77umHoJpM'oLvIknRKH 77umHoJLMnR'nM'tH'tnMykH'zH{tHxH 79lmJMoJIHtnR'K|mvJMLR'ymHvHKJoHtnR$ DTWUXOUVYQSRZS$ D3

D

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

/)6#*.'3!6,+#-./+&C*:*=(5$7:<6PH�$

/L$+&n(+&5)5$(6<n&)P$:<112(O$H6L2-$2*)*:LO$*)2:*5)$,&I$7,5:P$,$I(:$:*11(O12*=*$*;:&-6*,&+(H-$:*11(O12*O$+&<2($($2<@P)<:L"$#6<n&H$:<112(O$H6L2-$,L$;<75)5$(6<n&)P$($5=*$=:&I-I&)(2<-$2*)*:<q$,$7:5,+*1)($1n()&@($+&<2*O$':&,(@P+*$=*,*:()P$($'(1&)P"$�)&$2+(=&$'*I*-p5)$,&I$*,@&75)P$*1+*,&I($:<112*O$=:&II&)(2(-$<6+&)P-$n5I$*+&$*)@(n&5)1H$*)$=:&II&)(2($,&�5=*$:*7+*=*$(1'&+12*=*$H6L2&"$0L$+&755I1H-$n)*$*+&$1)&+5)$,&I$K*:*�(I$'*I*J+(2*I$,$(6<n5+(($:<112*=*$H6L2&"

G<112(O$($(1'&+12(O$H6L2($,K*7H)$,$(+7*5,:*'5O12<q$H6L2*,<q$15IPq"$�)*$6+&n()-$n)*$*+($:*71),5++(2(-$K*)H$($*n5+P$7&@�2(5"$0+*=(5$1@*,&$:<112*=*$H6L2&$+&'*I+H)$,&I$6+&-2*IL5$ (1'&+12(5S$A/84#—#[SNQL;#8@6#—# ZQL\;# B-7>84#—# NULM;# 7)*%]-#—# \VO;# 7)*4#—# \SO, +*$;*@P�5$,$+&�(K$H6L2&K$:&6@(n+LK$1@*,"$�*@P�(5$:&6@(n(H$,L$,1):5)()5$($,$+&�(K$=:&II&)(2&K-$'*N)*I<$1$=:&II&)(2*O$:<112*=*$H6L2&$+&7*$+5$':*1)*$6+&2*I()P1H-$5�$+&7*$,+(I&)5@P+*$(6<n&)P$($(1'*@P6*,&)P$,$:5n("$

9*K*p(5$H6L2($1*1)&,@Hq)$H6L2*,L5$=:<''L"$/$(+7*5,:*'5O12*O$15IP5$751H)P$=:<''S$:*I&+12&H-$=5:I&+12&H-$1@&,H+12&H-$(+7(O12&H$($)"$7"$G<112(O$($(1'&+12(O$H6L2($*)+*1H)1H$2$ :&6+LI$H6L2*,LI$ =:<''&I"$G<112(O$H6L2$,K*7()$,$ =:<''<$ 1@&,H+12(K$H6L2*,"$�=*$;@(-p&O�(5$:*71),5++(2($—$<2:&(+12(O-$;5@*:<112(O-$'*@P12(O-$n5�12(O-$;*@=&:12(O$($7:<=(5$1@&,H+12(5$H6L2("$#1'&+12(O$H6L2$,K*7()$,$=:<''<$:*I&+12(K$H6L2*,"$�=*$;@(p&O�(5$:*7-1),5++(2($—$l:&+k<612(O-$'*:)<=&@P12(O-$()&@PH+12(O-$:<IL+12(O$H6L2("$/*)$'*n5I<$:<1-12(O$($(1'&+12(O$H6L2(-$K*)H$($:*71),5++(2(-$+*$*n5+P$7&@�2(5-$($=:&II&)(2($<$+(K$:&6+L5"$

?+&+(5$1K*71),$($:&6@(n(O$(1'&+12*=*$($:<112*=*$H6L2*,$'*6,*@()$,&I$@<n�5$'*+H)P$:<112<q$=:&II&)(2<-$75@&)P$I5+P�5$*�(;*2"

o$:<112*O$=:&II&)(25$($*$)*I-$n5I$*+&$*)@(n&5)1H$*)$(1'&+12*O$=:&II&)(2(-$,&I$:&1-12&p5)$N)&$2+(=&"

9

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

EN VEZ DEL PREFACIO��\dW[fa]$XY[ia]�$

�]Zdfd]$dY^[d�X`$X$d]Z\f[XW$cX$cdì\X$W\]X-$�\d$cd]$XbW[W�$cX$̂ \dWZX$Xc$Y\`fa$fd$cX$df\UXU[�`-$cX$U[dÙ[X$�$cX$U\cZ\WX$W\]X]"$�`$d]Zd$c[bWa$eX`$X$$d]Z\f[XW$cX$iWXY�Z[UX$fd$d]ZX$cdì\X-$�\d$d`$cX$antigüedad se consideraba como «la ciencia de hablar y escribir sin faltas»"$�]Zd$c[bWa$cd]$X�\fXW�$a dominar la base gramatical de la lengua rusa y conocer sus diferencias con la de su lengua YXZdW`X-$dc$d]^X ac"$�]^dWXYa]$�\d$d]Zd$YX`\Xc$cd$][WeX$fd$iWX`$X�\fX$f\WX`Zd$]\$X^Wd`f[�X¡d"

�c$W\]a$�$dc$d]^X ac$^dWZd`dUd`$X$cX$�XY[c[X$c[ì¢£]Z[UX$[`fad\Wa^dX-$ca$�\d$$][i`[�UX$�\d$]a`$^XW[d`Zd]-$X\`�\d$Y\�$cd¡Xà]"$¤\U_X]$^XcXbWX]$fdc$ [f[aYX$W\]a$cd]$^XWdUdW�`$]dYd¡X`Zd]$X$aZWX]$^XcXbWX]$d]^X acX]S$A/84#^#[SNQL;#8@6#^#ZQL\;#B-7>84#^#NULM;#7)*%]-#^#\VO;#7)*4#^#\SO-$̂ dWa$d`$$̀ \d]ZWX]$cdì\X]$d}[]Zd`$Y\U_X]$Y�]$̂ XcXbWX]$f[�dWd`Zd]"$�XYb[¥`$d}[]Zd`$iWX`fd]$f[�dWdÙ[X]$d`ZWd$`\d]ZWX]$iWXY�Z[UX]-$âW$d]a-$fdbd`$à$]aca$ �XY[c[XW[�XW]d$Ua`$ cX$iWXY�Z[UX$rusa, sino también estudiarla con atención y aplicarla al hablar.

Las lenguas parecidas entre sí suelen pertenecer a un mismo grupo lingüístico. En la familia [`fad\Wa^dX$^\dfd`$f[]Z[ì\[W]d$f[d�$iW\â]$fd$cdì\X]S$dc$WaYXÙd-$dc$idWY�`[Ua-$dc$d]cXea-$el indioiranio, etc. El ruso y el español pertenecen a grupos diferentes de lenguas. El ruso forma parte del grupo de lenguas eslavas y tiene entre sus parientes cercanos el ucraniano, el b[dcaWW\]a-$dc$âcXUa-$dc$U_dUa-$dc$b�ciXWa$�$aZWX]$cdì\X]$d]cXeX]�$Y[d`ZWX]$�\d$dc$d]^X ac$�aWYX$parte del romance. Sus parientes cercanos son el francés, el portugués, el italiano, el rumano, d`ZWd$aZWa]"$haW$ca$ZX`Za-$dc$W\]a$�$dc$d]^X ac$]a`$̂ XW[d`Zd]$cd¡Xà]$�$Z[d`d`$iWXY�Z[UX]$f[�dWd`Zd]"$$

�c$ UaàU[Y[d`Za$fd$ cX]$]dYd¡X`�X]$�$f[�dWdÙ[X]$d`ZWd$dc$d]^X ac$�$dc$ W\]a$ cd]$X�\fXW�$X$UaY^Wd`fdW$Yd¡aW$cX$iWXY�Z[UX$W\]X$�$X$UaYdZdW$Ydà]$dWWaWd]"$

x\d]ZWa$YX`\Xc$cd$^dWY[Z[W�$UaàUdW$cX$iWXY�Z[UX$W\]X$�$]\]$f[�dWdÙ[X]$Ua`$cX$d]^X acX"

10

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

#6<n5+(5$:<112*=*$H6L2&$+&'*I(+&5)$@51)+(k<-$'*$2*)*:*O$,L$;<75)5$'*7+(I&)P1H$+5-12*@P2*$@5)"$95:,&H$1)<'5+P2&$N)*O$@51)+(kL$R$N@5I5+)&:+LO$<:*,5+P$,@&75+(H$:<112(I$H6L2*I-$7*1)(p5+(5$2*)*:*=*$'*6,*@()$,&I$<7*,@5),*:H)P$N@5I5+)&:+L5$2*II<+(2&)(,-+L5$'*):5;+*1)($,$I(+(I&@P+*I$+&;*:5$1()<&k(O$*;J5+(H"$8()<&k(($*;J5+(H$+&$N)*I$<:*,+5$1,H6&+L$1$;L)*,*O$($1*k(&@P+*42<@P)<:+*O$1l5:&I(-$&$+&;*:$H6L2*,LK$1:571),-$*;51'5n(,&qJ(K$*;J5+(5$,$N)(K$1l5:&K-$1):*=*$I(+(I(6(:*,&+"$C@H$7*1)(p5+(H$N@5I5+-)&:+*=*$<:*,+H$,@&75+(H$:<112(I$H6L2*I$,&I$+5*;K*7(I*$<1,*()P$*2*@*$DTT$:<112(K$1@*,$($*,@&75)P$*1+*,&I($:<112*O$=:&II&)(2("$

+)&'#"06#*/+*6-:2.6#I5+&$1<J51),()5@P+L5$,$:<112*I$H6L25$:&6@(n&q)1H$'*$:*7&I-$*+($(6I5+Hq)1H$'*$

n(1@&I$($'&75p&I"

!.,'+)}2'#"06#*/+*6-:251/L$':(,L2@($2$)*I<-$n)*$(1'&+12*I$H6L25$7,&$:*7&S$I<p12*O$($p5+12(O"$/$:<112*I$p5$

H6L25$):($:*7&S$I<p12*O-$p5+12(O$($1:57+(O"$

G<112(O$H6L2 #1'&+12(O$H6L20<p12*O$:*7 0<p12*O$:*7¦5+12(O$:*7 ¦5+12(O$:*78:57+(O$:*7 �5)

�5*;K*7(I*$6+&)P$:*7$:<112*=*$1<J51),()5@P+*=*-$)&2$2&2$*)$N)*=*$6&,(1()$l*:I&$1,H-6&++*=*$1$+(I$':(@&=&)5@P+*=*-$'*:H72*,*=*$n(1@()5@P+*=*-$I51)*(I5+(H$($ =@&=*@&$':*-�57�5=*$,:5I5+("$�&':(I5:S$6%8-@-7%!"#G+@%/*$MI<p12*O$:*7Q-$6%8-@-7%#$#!%6?/$Mp5+-12(O$:*7Q-$6%8-@-7%%&#E/B/%6-$M1:57+(O$:*7Q"

11

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

�c$$X^Wd`f[�X¡d$fd$cX$cdì\X$W\]X$]d$^XWdUd$X$\`X$d]UXcdWX$�\d$\]Zdf$[W�$]\b[d`fa$f\WX`Zd$varios años. El primer peldaño de esta escalera es el nivel elemental de la lengua rusa. Con ¥c$ âfW�$ ]XZ[]�XUdW$ cX]$ `dUd][fXfd]$ UaY\`[UXZ[eX]$ dcdYd`ZXcd]$ d`$ \`$ Ua`¡\`Za$ Y£`[Ya$ fd$situaciones comunicativas. Estas situaciones pertenecen a la esfera de la vida diaria y socio-U\cZ\WXc�$]d$ZWXZX$fd$\`$Ua`¡\`Za$Y£`[Ya$fd$Ydf[a]$c[ì¢£]Z[Ua]$�\d$X]di\WX`$cX$UaY\`[UXU[�`$d`$estas esferas. Para conseguir el nivel elemental del idioma ruso es necesario asimilar cerca de DTT$^XcXbWX]$�$faY[`XW$cX]$bX]d]$fd$cX$iWXY�Z[UX$W\]X"$

SUSTANTIVOLos sustantivos rusos tienen género, número y caso.

GÉNERO DE LOS SUSTANTIVOS�$ f[�dWdÙ[X$ fdc$ d]^X ac-$ fa`fd$ d}[]Zd`$ fa]$ i¥`dWa]$ MYX]U\c[à$ �$ �dYd`[àQ-$ d`$ W\]a$ ]d$

f[]Z[ì\d`$ZWd]S$YX]U\c[à-$�dYd`[à$�$`d\ZWa"$

El ruso El españolGénero masculino Género masculinoGénero femenino Género femenino

Género neutro xa$d}[]Zd

�]$`dUd]XW[a$UaàUdW$dc$i¥`dWa$fdc$]\]ZX`Z[ea$W\]a-$âW�\d$fd$¥c$fd^d`fd`$cX]$�aWYX]$fdc$Xf¡dZ[ea-$fdc$`\YdWXc$UXWf[`Xc-$fdc$^WaàYbWd$�$fdc$edWba$d`$^X]Xfa"$haW$d¡dY^caS$6%8-@-7%!"#G+@%/*$MYX]U\c[àQ-$6%8-@-7%#$#!%6?/$M�dYd`[àQ-$6%8-@-7%%&'E/B/%6-$M`d\ZWaQ"

12

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

/$:<112*I$H6L25-$2&2$($,$(1'&+12*I-$:*7$1<J51),()5@P+LK-$*;*6+&n&qJ(K$@(k&-$*':5-75@H5)1H$'*@*I"$#I5+&$1<J51),()5@P+L5-$*;*6+&n&qJ(5$@(k$I<p12*=*$'*@&-$ *)+*1H)1H$2$I<p12*I<$:*7<-$&$*;*6+&n&qJ(5$@(k$p5+12*=*$'*@&$R$2$p5+12*I<$:*7<"$�&':(I5:S$

§$I<p12*O$:*7S$,@/8$M_LQ[SJVQ-$B@+?$MS[UYVQ-$7F%$M_U`VQ�§$p5+12(O$:*7S$7-78@/$M_LQ[SJSQ-$3)B@+?/$MS[UYSQ-$B)a4$M_U`SQ"/15$I<p12(5$(I5+&$+56&,(1(I*$*)$*2*+n&+(H$R$I<p12*=*$:*7&S$&%8)%;#b@6H;#c6!68/;#

'*/B6A6@"$/15$p5+12(5$(I5+&$R$p5+12*=*$:*7&S$&%%/;#c6%/;#b*6>;#5d,).4.G*7$ +5*7<�5,@�++LK$ 1<J51),()5@P+LK-$ *;*6+&n&qJ(K$ ':57I5)L$ (@($ H,@5+(H-$ ,$ (1-

'&+12*I$($:<112*I$H6L2&K$I*p5)$1*,'&7&)P-$+&':(I5:S$78)*6]/$ Mp5+12(O$:*7Q$R$TSPUZSO Mp5+12(O$:*7Q"$�*$n&1)*$:*7$+5*7<�5,@�++LK$1<J51),()5@P+LK$,$+&�(K$H6L2&K$+5$1*,'&-7&5)"$�&':(I5:S$78@/%/$Mp5+12(O$:*7Q$R$PSe\$MI<p12*O$:*7Q-$?)@)B#MI<p12*O$:*7Q$R$TUfNSN Mp5+12(O$:*7Q-$)E-@)$M1:57+(O$:*7Q$R$OSYV$MI<p12*O$:*7Q"$

/$(1'&+12*I$H6L25$:*7$1<J51),()5@P+*=*$I*p+*$<6+&)P$'*$l*:I5$&:)(2@H"$/$:<112*I$H6L25$&:)(2@5O$+5)"$%&2$p5$<6+&)P-$2$2&2*I<$:*7<-$I<p12*I<-$p5+12*I<$(@($1:57+5I<-$*)-+*1()1H$+5*7<�5,@�++*5$1<J51),()5@P+*5¨$G*7$)&2(K$1<J51),()5@P+LK$*':575@H5)1H$'*$*2*+n&+(HI"

E"$8<J51),()5@P+L5-$+5$(I5qJ(5$*2*+n&+(H-$1$*1+*,*O$+&$),�:7LO$1*=@&1+LO$M6%786-8+8;#?)@)B;#B)AQ$(@($+&$1*=@&1+LO$~i$MA+E-H;#8@/A./HQ$R$I<p12*=*$:*7&"

3"$8<J51),()5@P+L5$1$*2*+n&+(5I$~<, ~X$R$p5+12*=*$:*7&S$!)A%/8/;#78@/%/;#/+B68)-@6>.

�"$8<J51),()5@P+L5$1$*2*+n&+(5I$~@, ~[$R$1:57+5=*$:*7&S$3674A);#A)@-.%:*I5$N)*=*-$,$:<112*I$H6L25$(I5q)1H$1<J51),()5@P+L5-$*2&+n(,&qJ(51H$+&$~]"$o+($

I*=<)$;L)P$($p5+12*=*-$($I<p12*=*$:*7&S$7*)./@4$MNUTTUVJSQUVQ-$B-%4$MNeSQ$R$I<p12*=*$:*7&�$3*)C/B4$MPOSMSQ-$8-8@/B4$MTfSNLQJVQ$R$p5+12*=*$:*7&"$G*7$)&2(K$1<J51),()5@P+LK$<2&6L-,&5)1H$,$1@*,&:5-$+&':(I5:S$7*)./@4$M["Q-$8-8@/B4#MR"Q"$

9:571)&,(I$,1q$N)<$(+l*:I&k(q$,$*;*;J&qJ5O$)&;@(k5"

G*7 9:(I5:L %*+5k$1@*,&

0<p12*O$:*7 1)<75+),:&n1@*,&:PI<65O

!,�:7LO$1*=@&1+LO0H=2(O$1*=@&1+LO0H=2(O$1*=@&1+LO-$*;*6+&n5++LO$;<2,*O$~]4O

¦5+12(O$:*7 =:<''&&<7()*:(H'@*J&7P

4&4H0H=2(O$1*=@&1+LO-$*;*6+&n5++LO$;<2,*O$~]

8:57+(O$:*7 '(1PI*I*:5

4*45

/$)521)5$:*7$1<J51),()5@P+*=*$I*p+*$*':575@()P$'*$l*:I5$1,H6&++LK$1$+(I$':(@&=&-)5@P+LK-$'*:H72*,LK$n(1@()5@P+LK$(@($'*$l*:I5$':*�57�5=*$,:5I5+($ =@&=*@&-$+&':(-I5:S$,)*4g%"#7*)./@4$MI<p12*O$:*7Q-$,)*4g#$#8-8@/B4$Mp5+12(O$:*7Q"

E�

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

�`$W\]a-$UaYa$d`$d]^X ac-$dc$i¥`dWa$fd$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$�\d$[`f[UX`$^dW]a`X]$]d$fdZdWY[`X$âW$dc$]d}aS$ca]$$�\d$fdàZX`$^dW]a`X]$fdc$]d}a$YX]U\c[à$^dWZd`dUd`$Xc$i¥`dWa$YX]U\c[à-$�$ca]$�\d$[`f[UX`$^dW]a`X]$fdc$]d}a$�dYd`[à$^dWZd`dUd`$Xc$�dYd`[à"$haW$d¡dY^caS

§$dc$YX]U\c[àS$,@/8$M_LQ[SJVQ-$B@+?$MS[UYVQ-$7F%$M_U`VQ�§$dc$�dYd`[àS$7-78@/$M_LQ[SJSQ-$3)B@+?/$MS[UYSQ-$B)a4$M_U`SQ"Todos los nombres de hombres, independientemente de su desinencia, son de género

YX]U\c[àS$&%8)%;#b@6H;#c6!68/;#'*/B6A6@�$ Y[d`ZWX]$ �\d$ ca]$ fd$ Y\¡dWd]$ ]a`$ fd$ i¥`dWa$�dYd`[àS$&%%/;#c6%/;#b*6>;#5d,).4.

�c$i¥`dWa$fd$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$[`X`[YXfa]$�\d$fdàZX`$ab¡dZa]$a$�d`�Ydà]$̂ \dfd$Ua[Ù[f[W$d`$W\]a$�$d]^X ac-$âW$d¡dY^caS$78)*6]/$M�dYd`[àQ$R$TSPUZSO. Pero, a menudo, el género de los ]\]ZX`Z[ea]$[`X`[YXfa]$à$Ua[Ù[fd$d`$cX]$fa]$cdì\X]"$haW$d¡dY^caS$78@/%/$M�dYd`[àQ$R$PSe\ MYX]U\c[àQ-$?)@)B$MYX]U\c[àQ$R$TUfNSN$M�dYd`[àQ-$)E-@)#M`d\ZWaQ$R$OSYV$MYX]U\c[àQ"$

�`$d]^X ac$]d$^\dfd$fdZdWY[`XW$dc$i¥`dWa$fdc$]\]ZX`Z[ea$âW$dc$XWZ£U\ca"$hdWa-$fXfa$�\d$dc$W\]a$UXWdUd$fd$¥c-$d`ZaÙd]$©��Ya$fdZdWY[`XW$X$�\¥$i¥`dWa$^dWZd`dUd$dc$]\]ZX`Z[ea$[`X`[YXfaS$$YX]U\c[à-$�dYd`[à$a$`d\ZWa¨$g\$i¥`dWa$]d$$d]ZXbcdUd$âW$cX]$fd][`dÙ[X]"

E"$ªa]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$�\d$UXWdUd`$fd$fd][`dÙ[X]$�$U\�X$WXf[UXc$ZdWY[`X$d`$$Ua`]a`X`Zd$f\WX$M6%7868+8;#?)@)B;#B)AQ$a$d`$Ua`]a`X`Zd$~i$MA+E-H;#8@/A./HQ-$]a`$fd$i¥`dWa$YX]U\c[à"$

2. Los sustantivos con las desinencias ~<, ~X$ ^dWZd`dUd`$ Xc$ i¥`dWa$ �dYd`[àS$ !)A%/8/;#78@/%/;#/+B68)@6>.

�"$ªa]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$Ua`$cX]$fd][`dÙ[X]$~@, ~[$]a`$fd$i¥`dWa$`d\ZWaS$3674A);#A)@-.�fdY�]$fd$d]Za-$d`$W\]a$d}[]Zd`$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$�\d$UXWdUd`$fd$fd][`dÙ[X]-$U\�X$WXf[UXc$ZdWY[`X$

con ~]"$h\dfd`$^dWZd`dUdW$Xc$i¥`dWa$YX]U\c[à$a$�dYd`[àS$7*)./@4#MNUTTUVJSQUVQ-$B-%4$MNeSQ$R$]a`$YX]U\c[`X]�$3*)C/B4$MPOSMSQ-$8-8@/B4$MTfSNLQJVQ$R$]a`$�dYd`[`X]"$�c$i¥`dWa$fd$d]Za]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$]d$[`f[UX$d`$dc$f[UU[a`XW[a-$âW$d¡dY^caS$7*)./@4$M["Q-$8-8@/B4$MR"Q"$

Resumiremos toda esta información en la siguiente tabla.

El género �¡dY^ca] Final de palabraGénero masculino 1)<75+)

,:&n1@*,&:PI<65O

Consonante duraConsonante blandaConsonante blanda designada por ~]4O

Género femenino =:<''&&<7()*:(H'@*J&7P

4&4HConsonante blanda designada por ~]

Género neutro '(1PI*I*:5

4*45

�`$dc$ Zd}Za$ ]d$^\dfd$fdZdWY[`XW$dc$ i¥`dWa$fdc$ ]\]ZX`Z[ea$âW$ cX]$ �aWYX]$fd$ ca]$Xf¡dZ[ea]-$`\YdWXcd]$UXWf[`Xcd]$a$edWba$d`$̂ X]Xfa$�\d$UaÙ\dWfX`$Ua`$¥c-$̂ aW$d¡dY^caS$,)*4g%"#7*)./@4 MYX]U\c[àQ-$,)*4g#$#8-8@/B4$M�dYd`[àQ"

Et

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

d+#-.'+)}2'#"06#*/+*6-:251/$:<112*I$H6L25-$ 2&2$($,$(1'&+12*I-$1<J51),()5@P+L5$(I5q)$l*:I<$+5$)*@P2*$57(+-

1),5++*=*-$+*$($I+*p51),5++*=*$n(1@&"$8<J51),()5@P+L5$I<p12*=*$($p5+12*=*$:*7&$1$*1+*,*O$+&$),�:7LO$1*=@&1+LO$,*$I+*-

p51),5++*I$n(1@5$':(*;:5)&q)$*2*+n&+(5$ ~gS$78+B-%8#^#78+B-%8F, E/.)B#^#E/.)BF, 78)*6]/#^#78)*6]F, ?@+33/#^#?@+33F.

8@*,&$I<p12*=*$($p5+12*=*$:*7&$1$*1+*,*O$+&$IH=2(O$1*=@&1+LO$(@($~i$,*$I+*p51),5+-+*I$n(1@5$(I5q)$*2*+n&+(5$~>S$3@-3)B/./8-*4#^#3@-3)B/./8-*6, A+E-H#^#A+E-6, /+B6-8)@6>#^#/+B68)@66, 3*)C/B4#^#3*)C/B6.

%:*I5$)*=*-$*2*+n&+(5$~>$'*@<n&q)$1@*,&$I<p12*=*$($p5+12*=*$:*7&$1$*1+*,*O$+&$~F~, ~_~, ~h~$($+&$�('HJ(O$1*=@&1+LOS$+a-,%6!#^#+a-,%6!6;#!%6?/#^#!%6?6;#h8/G#^#h8/G6;#!/@/%-B/g#^#!/@/%B/g6;#,)@C#^#,)@C6;#.@/a#^#.@/a6.

8<J51),()5@P+L5$1:57+5=*$:*7&$,*$I+*p51),5++*I$n(1@5$(I5q)$*2*+n&+(5$~<$(@($~XS$3674A)#^#3674A/;#)!%)#^#)!%/;#A)@-#^#A)@>;#E/B/%6-#^#E/B/%6>.

9:571)&,(I$N)($*1+*,+L5$1@<n&($,$*;*;J&qJ5O$)&;@(k5"

G*7 9:(I5:L o2*+n&+(H

0<p12*O$:*7 1)<75+)$—$1)<75+)L$,:&n$—$,:&n($1@*,&:P$—$1@*,&:($I<65O$—$I<65(

4L4(4(4(

¦5+12(O$:*7 =:<''&$—$=:<''L&<7()*:(H$—$&<7()*:(('@*J&7P$—$'@*J&7(

4L4(4(

8:57+(O$:*7 '(1PI*$—$'(1PI&$I*:5$—$I*:H$

4&4H

!"4%3.)2+*6C n)*$,15$1@*,&$+&$~]-$*;*6+&n&qJ(5$I51HkL-$*)+*1H)1H$2$I<p12*I<$:*7<S$>%./@4$MLJLQVQ-$$-.@/*4$MRLXQLQVQ-$/3@-*4$MSXQUOQ-$6d%4$M`fJUVQ-$6d*4$M`fOUVQ-$7-%8>,@4$M\LPZUL[XQLQ-$)!8>,@4$MVTZfXQLQ-$%)>,@4#MJVKUL[XQLQ-$B-!/,@4#MNUTUL[XQLQ"$�)*$+51@*p+*$6&'*I+()P-$'*)*I<$n)*$,$(1'&+12*I$H6L25$N)*$)*p5$1@*,&$I<p12*=*$:*7&"$%:*I5$)*=*-$2$I<p12*I<$:*7<$*)+*1H)1H$1@*,&$B-%4$ MNeSQ-$B)GB4$ MOOfKUSQ-$%)*4# MTLQVQ-$@+,*4$ MQfXOVQ-$7*)./@4$ MNUTTUVJSQUVQ"$8@*,&$B.-@4$ MPfLQZSQ-$%)a4$MJVT_LQ-$)7-%4#MVZViVQ-$3*)C/B4$MPOSMSQ-$7)*4$M\SOQ-$8-8@/B4$MTfSNLQJVQ$R$p5+12*=*$:*7&"$

!&2p5$,$:<112*I$H6L25$(I5q)1H$1<J51),()5@P+L5$I<p12*=*$:*7&-$*2&+n(,&qJ(51H$+&$~<$($~XS$3/3/#MPSPjQ-$B>B>#MZeVQ-$B-B+g!/$MSXfLOVQ-$A+Ga6%/$M_V[XQLQ"

�52*)*:L5$1@*,&$I<p12*=*$:*7&$,*$I+*p51),5++*I$n(1@5$)&2p5$'*@<n&q)$*2*+n&+(5$~<$(@($ ~X-$ ':(n�I$ <7&:5+(5$ '&7&5)$ +&$ *2*+n&+(5S$/B@-7#^#/B@-7j;# .-a-@#^# .-a-@j;# ?)-@)B#^#?)@)Bj;#B)A#^#B)Aj;#%)A-@#^#%)A-@j;#)83+7!#^#)83+7!j;#3/73)@8#^#3/73)@8j;#3)-EB#^#3)-EBj;#7%-?#^#7%-?j;#7ak8#^#7a-8j;#+a68-*4#^#+a68-*>l;#].-8#^#].-8j"$�)($l*:IL$+&7*$6&'*I+()P"$

/$ +52*)*:LK$ 1@<n&HK$ ,*$ I+*p51),5++*I$ n(1@5$ (6I5+H5)1H$ +5$ )*@P2*$ *2*+n&-+(5-$ +*$ ($ *1+*,&$ 1<J51),()5@P+*=*S$ ,@/8# ^# ,@/84>;# B@+?# ^# B@+E4>;# A+G# ^# A+G4>;##78+*#^#78+*4>;#7F%#^#7F%).4>;#@-,k%)!#^#B-86;#a-*).-!#^#*dB6.

E{

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

NÚMERO DE LOS SUSTANTIVOSEn ruso, como en español, los sustantivos tienen formas de singular y de plural.ªa]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$fd$i¥`dWa]$YX]U\c[à$�$�dYd`[à$Ua`$WXf[UXc$d`$Ua`]a`X`Zd$f\WX$Xf�\[dWd`$

en plural la desinencia ~gS$78+B-%8#^#78+B-%8F;#E/.)B#^#E/.)BF;#78)*6]/#^#78)*6]F;#?@+33/#^#?@+33F.

Los sustantivos de géneros masculino y femenino con radical en consonante blanda o ~i'tienen en plural la desinencia ~>S$3@-3)B/./8-*4#^#3@-3)B/./8-*6, A+E-H#^#A+E-6, /+B6-8)@6>#^#/+B68)@66, 3*)C/B4#^#3*)C/B6.

�fdY�]-$ ca]$ ]\]ZX`Z[ea]$fd$i¥`dWa$YX]U\c[à$ �$ �dYd`[à$Ua`$ WXf[UXc$ d`$ ~F~, ~_~, ~h~ o en fricativa o africada tienen en plural la desinencia ~>S$ +a-,%6!#^# +a-,%6!6;# !%6?/#^# !%6?6;#h8/G#^#h8/G6;#!/@/%B/g#^#!/@/%B/g6;#,)@C#^#,)@C6;#.@/a#^#.@/a6.

Los sustantivos de género neutro tienen en plural las desinencias ~< o ~XS$3674A)#^#3674A/;#)!%)#^#)!%/;#A)@-#^#A)@>;#E/B/%6-#^#E/B/%6>.

Resumiremos toda esta información en la siguiente tabla.

�ci\`X]$^XcXbWX]$fd$i¥`dWa$YX]U\c[à$ZXYb[¥`$Xf�\[dWd`$d`$^c\WXc$cX]$fd][`dÙ[X]$~< o ~X, �\d$eX`$XUd`Z\XfX]S$/B@-7#^#/B@-7j;#.-a-@#^#.-a-@j;#?)@)B#^#?)@)Bj;#B)A#^#B)Aj;#%)-A-@#^#%)A-@j;#)83+7!#^#)83+7!j;#3/73)@8#^#3/73)@8j;#3)-EB#^#3)-EBj;#7%-?#^#7%-?j;#7ak8#^#7a-8j;#+a68-*4#^#+a68-*>;#].-8#^#].-8j"$�]$`dUd]XW[a$YdYaW[�XW$d]ZX]$�aWYX]"

A veces en plural cambia no solo la desinencia sino tambiel`$cX$WXf[UXc$fdc$]\]ZX`Z[eaS$,@/8#^#,@/84>;#B@+?#^#B@+E4>;#A+G#^#A+G4>;#78+*#^#78+*4>;#7F%#^#7F%).4>;#@-,k%)!#^#B-86;#a-*).-!#^#*dB6.

Género �¡dY^ca] Desinencias

Género masculino 1)<75+)$R$1)<75+)L$,:&n$R$,:&n($1@*,&:P$R$1@*,&:($I<65O$R$I<65(

4L4(4(4(

Género femenino =:<''&$R$=:<''L&<7()*:(H$R$&<7()*:(('@*J&7P$R$'@*J&7(

4L4(4(

Género neutro '(1PI*$R$'(1PI&$I*:5$R$I*:H$

4&4H

!"RECUERDEN$�\d$ZafX]$cX]$̂ XcXbWX]$�\d$ZdWY[`X`$d`$~]$�$�\d$][Wed`$̂ XWX$fdàY[`XW$ca]$Yd]d]$del año son de género masculino >%./@4$ MLJLQVQ-$$-.@/*4$ MRLXQLQVQ-$/3@-*4$ MSXQUOQ-$6d%4$ M`fJUVQ-$6d*4$ M`fOUVQ-$7-%8>,@4$ M\LPZUL[XQLQ-$)!8>,@4$ MVTZfXQLQ-$%)>,@4$ MJVKUL[XQLQ-$B-!/,@4$ MNUTUL[XQLQ"$�fdY�]-$^dWZd`dUd`$Xc$i¥`dWa$YX]U\c[à$cX]$^XcXbWX]$B-%4$MNeSQ-$B)GB4$MOOfKUSQ-$%)*4$MTLQVQ-$@+,*4 MQfXOVQ-$7*)./@4$ MNUTTUVJSQUVQ"$ ªX]$ ^XcXbWX]$B.-@4$ MPfLQZSQ-$%)a4$ MJVT_LQ-$)7-%4$ MVZVmVQ-$3*)C/B4 MPOSMSQ-$7)*4$M\SOQ-$8-8@/B4$MTfSNLQJVQ$]a`$fd$i¥`dWa$�dYd`[à"$

�`$W\]a$ZXYb[¥`$d}[]Zd`$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$YX]U\c[à]$�\d$ZdWY[`X`$d`$~< y ~XS$3/3/#MPSPjQ-$B>B>$MZeVQ-$B-B+g!/$MSXfLOVQ-$A+Ga6%/$M_V[XQLQ"

16

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

9:($ *;:&6*,&+(($ I+*p51),5++*=*$ n(1@&$ *)$ 1@*,-$ *2&+n(,&qJ(K1H$ +&$ ~[e-$ 6,<2$ ~[~'<):&n(,&5)1HS$673/%&]#n#673/%]F;# !+,6%&]#n#!+,6%]F;#)8&]#n#)8]F;#6%)78@/%&]#n##6%)78@/%]F"$ /L'&7&5)$ =@&1+LO$ ~[~$ ($ ':($ *;:&6*,&+(($ I+*p51),5++*=*$ n(1@&$ *)$ 1@*,&$B-%4#n#B%6"$�)*)$p5$6&2*+$75O1),<5)$':($*;:&6*,&+(($I+*p51),5++*=*$n(1@&$*)$+52*)*:LK$1@*,$+&$~@FS$3)B/@%!#n#3)B/@!6, @F%%!#n#@F%!6#M,L'&7&5)$6,<2$~@~Q"$

8<J51),<5)$:H7$1@*,$1:57+5=*$:*7&$+&$~WX"$/*$I+*p51),5++*I$n(1@5$N)($1@*,&$*2&+n(-,&q)1H$+&$~W[A<S$.@-A>#n#.@-A-%/;#6A>#n#6A-%/"$#I5q)1H$($7:<=(5$l*:IL$I+*p51),5+-+*=*$n(1@&$1<J51),()5@P+LK$1:57+5=*$:*7&-$2*)*:L5$+&7*$':*1)*$6&'*I+()PS$B-@-.)#n#[email protected]>;#>,*)!)#n#>,*)!6.

�<p+*$)&2p5$6&'*I+()P$*1*;L5$l*:IL$I+*p51),5++*=*$n(1@&$1<J51),()5@P+LK$p5+-12*=*$:*7&S$A/84#n#A/8-@6;#B)a4#n#B)a-@6.

o7+&$(6$)('(n+LK$*1*;5++*1)5O$:<112*=*$H6L2&$«$(6I5+5+(5$I51)&$<7&:5+(H$,$l*:-I&K$I+*p51),5++*=*$n(1@&"$/$*7+(K$1@*,&K$':($*;:&6*,&+(($I+*p51),5++*=*$n(1@&$I51)*$<7&:5+(H$+5$I5+H5)1HS$78+Bo%8#n#78+Bo%8F;#/+B68p@6>#n#/+B68p@66;#+3@/G%o%6-#n#+3@/G%o%6>"$/$7:<=(K$1@*,&K$<7&:5+(5$'5:5K*7()$1$*7+*=*$1@*=&$+&$7:<=*O"$

/*$I+*=(K$1@*,&K$I<p12*=*$:*7&$<7&:5+(5$,$l*:I&K$I+*p51),5++*=*$n(1@&$'5:5K*7()$+&$*2*+n&+(5S$.@/a#n#.@/aq;#B-%4#n#B%6;#B)GB4#n#B)GBq;# !/@/%B/lg#n#!/@/%B/gq;# !)-%-l]#n#!)%]Fl;#!*da#n#!*daq;#A)78#n#A)78Fl;#)8-l]#n#)8]Fl;#@+,*4#n#@+,*q;#@>B#n#@>BFl;#78)*#n#78)*Fl;#7+3#n#7+3Fl;#7F@#n#7F@Fl;#a/7#n#a/7Fl;#g/@$#n#g/@$Fl;#h8/lG#n#h8/Gq;#>EFl!#n#>EF!q.

/$1@57<qJ(K$1@*,&K$p5+12*=*$:*7&$<7&:5+(5$'5:5K*7()$1$*2*+n&+(H$+&$*1+*,<S$.)Bj#n#.pBF;#B)7!j#n#Bp7!6;#G-%j#n#Gk%F;#E6Aj#n#EqAF;#@-!j#n#@o!6;#@+!j#n#@r!6;#7-A4>l#n#7o-A46;#7-78@/l#n#7k78@F;#78@/%j#n#78@j%F.

/$+52*)*:LK$1@*,&K$1:57+5=*$:*7&$<7&:5+(5$,$l*:I&K$I+*p51),5++*=*$n(1@&$I*p5)$'5:5K*7()P$1$*1+*,L$+&$*2*+n&+(5S$Ao78)#n#A-78j;#Ap@-#n#A)@>l;#7*p.)#n#7*).j-$(@($1$*2*+n&+(H$+&$*1+*,<S$.6%p#n#.q%/;#3674Ap#n#3q74A/;#)!%p#n#p!%/;#>H]p#n#>lH]/"$#+*=7&$<7&:5+(5$'5:5K*7()$1$*7+*=*$1@*=&$*1+*,L$+&$7:<=*O$1@*=S$pE-@)#n#)Ek@/.

/$(1'&+12*I$H6L25$(6I5+5+(5$I51)&$<7&:5+(H$,$l*:I5$I+*p51),5++*=*$n(1@&$R$H,@5-+(5$:572*5-$'*N)*I<$7@H$@q75O-$=*,*:HJ(K$+&$(1'&+12*I$H6L25-$(6I5+5+(5$I51)&$<7&:5+(H$,$:<112(K$1@*,&K$I*p5)$2&6&)P1H$+5*;Ln+LI"$C@H$<1,*5+(H$N)(K$*1*;5++*1)5O$,15$N)($1@*-,&$:52*I5+7<5)1H$6&'*I(+&)P$,I51)5$1$l*:I&I($I+*p51),5++*=*$n(1@&"$$

17

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

�`$ ^c\WXc$ cX]$ ^XcXbWX]$ �\d$ ZdWY[`X`$ d`$ ~[e pierden el sonido ~[~S$673/%&]#^#673/%]F;#!+,6%&]#^#!+,6%]F;#)8&]#^#)8]F;#6%)78@/%&]#^#6%)78@/%]F. El sonido ~[~' también se pierde en la forma de plural de la palabra B-%4#^#B%6. Esta misma regularidad tiene lugar en la formación del plural de algunas palabras en ~@FS$3)B/@%!#^#3)B/@!6;#@F%%!#^#@F%!6#Mfd]X^XWdUd$dc$]a`[fa$~@~Q"$

�}[]Zd$\`$iW\â$fd$^XcXbWX]$�\d$XUXbX`$d`$ ~WX y pertenecen al género neutro. Hacen el plural en ~W[A<S$ .@-A>#^# .@-A-%/;# 6A>#^# 6A-%/. Hay también otras formas de plural de ]\]ZX`Z[ea]$fd$i¥`dWa$`d\ZWa$�\d$d]$^WdU[]a$$X^Wd`fdWS$B-@-.)#^#[email protected]>;#>,*)!)#^#>,*)!6.

�]$ `dUd]XW[a$ ZXYb[¥`$ WdZd`dW$ d`$ cX$ YdYaW[X$ cX]$ �aWYX]$ d]^dU£�UX]$ fd$ ^c\WXc$ fd$ ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$fdc$i¥`dWa$�dYd`[àS$A/84#^#A/8-@6;#B)a4#^#B)a-@6.

Uno de los rasgos típicos de la lengua rusa es el cambio del lugar del acento en las formas fdc$^c\WXc"$�`$\`X]$^XcXbWX]-$dc$c\iXW$fdc$XUd`Za$d`$^c\WXc$à$UXYb[XS$78+Bo%8#^#78+Bo%8F;#/+B68p@6>#^#/+B68p@66;#+3@/G%o%6-#^#+3@/G%o%6>. En otras palabras, el acento pasa de una sílaba a otra.

�`$ Y\U_X]$ ^XcXbWX]$ fd$ i¥`dWa$ YX]U\c[à-$ dc$ XUd`Za$ d`$ ^c\WXc$ UXd$ ]abWd$ cX$ fd][`dÙ[XS$.@/a#^#.@/aq;# B-%4#^#B%6;# B)GB4#^#B)GBq;# !/@/%B/lg#^#!/@/%B/gq;# !)%-l]#^# !)%]Fl;#!*da#^#!*daq;#A)78#^#A)78Fl;# )8-l]#^#)8]Fl;# @+,*4#^#@+,*q;# @>B#^#@>BFl;# 78)*#^#78)*Fl;#7+3#^#7+3Fl;#7F@#^#7F@Fl;#a/7#^#a/7Fl;#g/@$#^#g/@$Fl;#h8/lG#^#h8/Gq;#>EFl!#^#>EF!q.

�`$cX]$^XcXbWX]$fd$i¥`dWa$�dYd`[à$][i\[d`Zd]-$dc$XUd`Za$^X]X$fd$cX$fd][`dÙ[X$X$cX$WXf[UXcS$.)Bj#^#.pBF;#B)7!j#^#Bp7!6;#G-%j#^#Gk%F;#E6Aj#^#EqAF;#@-!j#^#@o!6;#@+!j#^#@r!6;#7-A4>l#^#7oA46;#7-78@/l#^#7k78@F;#78@/%j#^#78@j%F.

En algunas palabras de género neutro, el acento en plural puede pasar de la radical a la fd][`dÙ[XS$Ao78)#^#A-78j;#Ap@-#^#A)@>l;#7*p.)#^#7*).j-$a$fd$cX$fd][`dÙ[X$X$cX$WXf[UXcS$.6%p#^#.q%/;#3674Ap#^#3q74A/;#)!%p#^#p!%/;#>H]p#^#>lH]/. A veces, el acento pasa de una ]£cXbX$fd$cX$WXf[UXc$X$cX$aZWXS$pE-@)#^#)Ek@/.

En español, el cambio de lugar del acento en las formas del plural es un fenómeno poco frecuente, por eso, para los hispanohablantes, el cambio del lugar del acento en las palabras W\]X]$ ^\dfd$ ^XWdUdW$ Xcia$ d}ZWX a"$ hXWX$ X][Y[cXW$ d]ZX]$ ^XWZ[U\cXW[fXfd]$ ]d$ WdUaY[d`fX$YdYaW[�XW$ZafX]$d]ZX]$^XcXbWX]$¡\`Za$X$cX]$�aWYX]$fdc$^c\WXc.

ED

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

#$-.262+6'+)}2'#"06#*/+*6-:251 o1*;5++*1)Pq$:<112*O$=:&II&)(2($H,@H5)1H$12@*+5+(5$(I�+$1<J51),()5@P+LK$«$(K$(6-

I5+5+(5$,$1**),5)1),(($1$)*O$:*@Pq-$2*)*:<q$*+($,L'*@+Hq)$,$':57@*p5+(("$G&11I*):(I$':(I5:L"

G<112(5$':(I5:L #1'&+12(O$'5:5,*7s+/%$«$I*O$7:<="$M(I5+()5@P+LO$'&75pQ$ tfSJ es mi amigo.�)*$2+(=&$s+/%/"$M:*7()5@P+LO$'&75pQ$ Es el libro NL#tfSJ.¬$+&'(1&@$'(1PI*$s+/%+. M7&)5@P+LO$'&75pQ$

Le escribí la carta S#tfSJ.

¬$7&,+*$6+&q$s+/%/"$M,(+()5@P+LO$'&75pQ$ �aà�Ua$S#tfSJ hace mucho tiempo.¬$n&1)*$:&6=*,&:(,&q$7#s+/%)A.M),*:()5@P+LO$'&75pQ$

Hablo TVJ#tfSJ a menudo.

¬$ :&112&p<$ ,&I$ )# s+/%-"$ M':57@*p+LO$'&75pQ$

Le contaré a Ud. \VXQL#tfSJ.

o;:&)()5$,+(I&+(5$+&$)*-$n)*$,$(1'&+12*I$H6L25$,$:&6+LK$':57@*p5+(HK$l*:I&$1@*-,&$tfSJ$+5$I5+H5)1H$ MtfSJ;#S#tfSJ;#TVJ#tfSJ;#NL#tfSJ;#\VXQL#tfSJQ-$&$*$:*@($N)*=*$1@*,&$,$ ':57@*p5+(($ IL$ 1<7(I$ '*$ :&6+LI$ ':57@*=&I$ (@($ '*$ (K$ *)1<)1),(q"$ /$ :<112*I$ H6L25$':57@*=($)*p5$(1'*@P6<q)1H-$+*$=@&,+LI$1'*1*;*I$<2&6&+(H$+&$:*@P$,$':57@*p5+(($H,-@Hq)1H$:&6+L5$l*:IL$N)*=*$1@*,&$ Ms+/%;#s+/%/;#s+/%+;#7#s+/%)A;#)#s+/%-Q"$�)($l*:IL$,$:<112*I$H6L25$+&6L,&q)1H$'&75p&I($MUX]a]Q-$($(K$+&1n()L,&5)1H$�51)PS$(I5+()5@P+LO$MUX]a$àY[`XZ[eaQ-$:*7()5@P+LO$MUX]a$id`[Z[eaQ-$7&)5@P+LO$MUX]a$fXZ[eaQ-$,(+()5@P+LO$MUX]a$XU\]XZ[eaQ-$),*:()5@P+LO$MUX]a$[`]ZW\Yd`ZXcQ$($':57@*p+LO$MUX]a$^Wdâ][U[a`XcQ"$%$2&p7*O$(6$N)(K$l*:I$1)&,H)1H$,*':*1L"$

9&75p($($,*':*1L Casos y preguntas#I5+()5@P+LO$'&75p"$%)*¨$�)*¨

Caso nominativo. ©�\[¥`¨$©�\¥¨

G*7()5@P+LO$'&75p"$%*=*¨$�5=*¨$o)2<7&¨

Caso genitivo. ©d$�\[¥`¨$©d$�\¥¨$©d$f�`fd¨

C&)5@P+LO$'&75p"$%*I<¨$�5I<¨

Caso dativo. ©�$M^XWXQ$�\[¥`¨$©�$M^XWXQ$�\¥¨$

/(+()5@P+LO$'&75p"$%*=*¨$�)*¨$%<7&¨

Caso acusativo. ©�$�\[¥`¨$©�\¥¨$©�$f�`fd¨$

!,*:()5@P+LO$'&75p"$M8Q$25I¨$M8Q$n5I¨

Caso instrumental. ©M�a`Q$�\[¥`¨$©M�a`Q$�\¥¨

9:57@*p+LO$'&75p"$o$2*I¨$o$n�I¨$m75¨

Caso preposicional. ©d$M]abWdQ$�\[¥`¨$©d$M]abWdQ$�\¥¨$©�`fd¨

�)*$+5$57(+1),5++L5$,*':*1L$2$'&75p+LI$l*:I&I"$8<J51),<q)$($7:<=(5$,*':*1L-$($,L$,15$(K$(6<n()5"$

#I5+&$1<J51),()5@P+L5$12@*+Hq)1H$'*4:&6+*I<"$/$:<112*O$=:&II&)(25$,L75@Hq)$):($12@*+5+(H$1<J51),()5@P+LK"

19

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

DECLINACIÓN DE LOS SUSTANTIVOSªX$^XWZ[U\cXW[fXf$fd$cX$iWXY�Z[UX$W\]X$d]$cX$fdUc[`XU[�`$fd$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]S$]\$Yaf[�UXU[�`$

Ua`�aWYd$X$cX$�\Ù[�`$�\d$fd]dY^d X`$d`$cX$aWXU[�`"$�`Xc[UdYa]$ca]$][i\[d`Zd]$d¡dY^ca]"

�¡dY^ca]$W\]a] Traducción españolas+/%$«$I*O$7:<="$MUX]a$àY[`XZ[eaQ$ tfSJ es mi amigo.�)*$2+(=&$s+/%/"$MUX]a$id`[Z[eaQ$ Es un libro NL#tfSJ.¬$+&'(1&@$'(1PI*$s+/%+"$MUX]a$fXZ[eaQ$ Le escribí la carta S#tfSJ.¬$7&,+*$6+&q$s+/%/"$MUX]a$XU\]XZ[eaQ$ �aà�Ua$S#tfSJ hace mucho tiempo.¬$n&1)*$:&6=*,&:(,&q$7#s+/%)A.MUX]a$[`]ZW\Yd`ZXcQ$

Hablo TVJ#tfSJ a menudo.

¬$:&112&p<$,&I$)#s+/%-"$MUX]a$^Wdâ][U[a`XcQ$ Le contaré a Ud. \VXQL#tfSJ.

®b]dWed`$�\d$d`$d]^X ac-$d`$ cX]$aWXU[a`d]$�\d$XUXbXYa]$fd$edW-$ cX$ �aWYX$fd$ cX$^XcXbWX$tfSJ#à$UXYb[X$MtfSJ;#S#tfSJ;#TVJ#tfSJ;#NL#tfSJ;#\VXQL#tfSJQ-$UaY^Wd`fdYa]$]\$�\Ù[�`$$d`$la oración por las distintas preposiciones o por su ausencia. En ruso, las preposiciones también se usan, pero el medio principal de indicar la función de la palabra en la oración son las distintas �aWYX]$fd$d]ZX$^XcXbWX$ Ms+/%;#s+/%/;#s+/%+;#7#s+/%)A;#)#s+/%-Q"$�`$ W\]a-$d]ZX]$ �aWYX]$]d$llaman 3/B-G6$ MUX]a]Q-$ ]a`$ ]d[]S$ 6A-%68-*4%FH$ MUX]a$ àY[`XZ[eaQ-$ @)B68-*4%FH# MUX]a$id`[Z[eaQ-$ B/8-*4%FH$ MUX]a$ fXZ[eaQ-$ .6%68-*4%FH$ MUX]a$ XU\]XZ[eaQ-$ 8.)@68-*4%FH$ MUX]a$[`]ZW\Yd`ZXcQ-$3@-B*)G%FH$MUX]a$^Wdâ][U[a`XcQ"$�$UXfX$\`X$fd$d]ZX]$�aWYX]$cd$UaWWd]â`fd`$unas determinadas preguntas.

9&75p($($,*':*1L Casos y preguntas#I5+()5@P+LO$'&75p"$%)*¨$�)*¨

Caso nominativo. ©�\[¥`¨$©�\¥¨

G*7()5@P+LO$'&75p"$%*=*¨$�5=*¨$o)2<7&¨

Caso genitivo. ©d$�\[¥`¨$©d$�\¥¨$©d$f�`fd¨

C&)5@P+LO$'&75p"$%*I<¨$�5I<¨

Caso dativo. ©�$M^XWXQ$�\[¥`¨$©�$M^XWXQ$�\¥¨$

/(+()5@P+LO$'&75p"$%*=*¨$�)*¨$%<7&¨

Caso acusativo. ©�$�\[¥`¨$©�\¥¨$©�$f�`fd¨$

!,*:()5@P+LO$'&75p"$M8Q$25I¨$M8Q$n5I¨

Caso instrumental. ©M�a`Q$�\[¥`¨$©M�a`Q$�\¥¨

9:57@*p+LO$'&75p"$o$2*I¨$o$n�I¨$m75¨

Caso preposicional. ©d$M]abWdQ$�\[¥`¨$©d$M]abWdQ$�\¥¨$©�`fd¨

�]ZX]$^Wdi\`ZX]$X$ca]$UX]a]$à$]a`$cX]$�`[UX]"$�}[]Zd`$aZWX]$YX l]$�$\]Zdfd]$cX]$X^Wd`fdW�`$todas.

ªa]$ ]\]ZX`Z[ea]$ ]d$fdUc[`X`$ fd$YX`dWX$ f[�dWd`Zd"$�`$ cX$ iWXY�Z[UX$ W\]X$ ]d$f[]Z[ì\d`$ ZWd]$declinaciones de los sustantivos.

20

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

3[^B@['EF\@A[A>['>W�A'EYZ[E?B>?[\]Agh%$'5:,*I<$12@*+5+(q$*)+*1H)1H$(I5+&$1<J51),()5@P+L5$p5+12*=*$:*7&$+&$~<$($~X"$o;-

:&)()5$,+(I&+(5$+&$l*:IL$1@*,$78@/%/$MPSe\Q-$7-A4>$MRS[UOUSQ-$/+B68)@6>$MSfOSQ$,$57(+-1),5++*I$n(1@5"$

#)&2-$1<J51),()5@P+L5$p5+12*=*$:*7&$1$*1+*,*O$+&$),�:7LO$1*=@&1+LO$M78@/%/;#!/@8/;#78)*6]/$($7:<=(5Q$(I5q)$1@57<qJ(5$*2*+n&+(HS$,$(I5+()5@P+*I$'&75p5$R$~<-$,$:*7()5@P-+*I$~g$M+*$51@($*1+*,&$*2&+n(,&5)1H$+&$~F~, ~_~, ~h~-$)*$;<75)$*2*+n&+(5$~>S$@+!/#^#@+!6;#!%6?/#^#!%6?6Q-$,$7&)5@P+*I$R$~[-$,$,(+()5@P+*I$R$~Y-$,$),*:()5@P+*I$R$~@i-$,$':57@*p-+*I$R$~[.

8<J51),()5@P+L5$p5+12*=*$:*7&$1$*1+*,*O$+&$IH=2(O$1*=@&1+LO$M7-A4>;#B-@-.%>#($7:<-=(5Q$(I5q)$1@57<qJ(5$*2*+n&+(HS$,$(I5+()5@P+*I$'&75p5$R$~X-$,$:*7()5@P+*I$R$~>-$,$7&-)5@P+*I$R$~[-$,$,(+()5@P+*I$R$~b-$,$),*:()5@P+*I$R$~�i-$51@($<7&:5+(5$'&7&5)$+&$*2*+-n&+(5$M7-A4kHQ$(@($~[i-$51@($<7&:5+(5$'&7&5)$+&$*1+*,<$MB-@-.%-HQ-$,$':57@*p+*I$R$~[.

8<J51),()5@P+L5$p5+12*=*$:*7&-$*2&+n(,&qJ(51H$+&$~>X$M/+B68)@6>;#678)@6>;#3)*6-]6>;#$/A6*6>$($7:<=(5Q-$*;@&7&q)$*1*;5++*1)HI($12@*+5+(HS$,$(I5+()5@P+*I$'&75p5$*+($(I5q)$*2*+n&+(5$~X-$,$:*7()5@P+*I-$7&)5@P+*I$($':57@*p+*I$R$*2*+n&+(5$~>-$,$,(+()5@P-+*I$~b-$,$),*:()5@P+*I$R$~[i.

%$'5:,*I<$12@*+5+(q$*)+*1H)1H$)&2p5$1<J51),()5@P+L5$I<p12*=*$:*7&$+&$~<, ~XS$3/3/;#B>B>;#B-B+g!/;#A+Ga6%/;#c6!68/;#'/%>.

9&75p($($,*':*1L

|*:IL$1<J51),()5@P+LK

o2*+n&+(H

#"'"$%)*¨$�)*¨

1):&+& 15IPH &<7()*:(H 4&-$4H

G"'"$%*=*¨$�5=*¨$

1):&+L 15IP( &<7()*:(( 4L-$4(

C"'"$%*I<¨$�5I<¨

1):&+5 15IP5 &<7()*:(( 45-$4(

/"'"$%*=*¨$�)*¨$

1):&+< 15IPq &<7()*:(q 4<-$4q

!"'"$%5I¨$�5I¨

1):&+*O 15IP�O &<7()*:(5O 4*O$M4�OQ-45O

9"'"$o$2*I¨$o$n�I¨$

*$1):&+5 *$15IP5 *;$&<7()*:(( 45-$4(

21

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

lmJvnmH'xnotJMHoJpM'xn'tLR'RkRKHMKJNLRA la primera declinación pertenecen los sustantivos de género femenino en ~< y ~X. Analicen

las formas de las palabras 78@/%/$MPSe\Q-$7-A4>$MRS[UOUSQ-$/+B68)@6>$MSfOSQ$d`$][ì\cXW"$

Casos y preguntas

Formas de los sustantivos

Desinencias

#"'"$%)*¨$�)*¨

1):&+& 15IPH &<7()*:(H 4&-$4H

G"'"$%*=*¨$�5=*¨$

1):&+L 15IP( &<7()*:(( 4L-$4(

C"'"$%*I<¨$�5I<¨

1):&+5 15IP5 &<7()*:(( 45-$4(

/"'"$%*=*¨$�)*¨$

1):&+< 15IPq &<7()*:(q 4<-$4q

!"'"$%5I¨$�5I¨

1):&+*O 15IP�O &<7()*:(5O 4*O$M4�OQ-45O

9"'"$o$2*I¨$o$n�I¨$

*$1):&+5 *$15IP5 *;$&<7()*:(( 45-$4(

ªa]$ ]\]ZX`Z[ea]$ fd$ i¥`dWa$ �dYd`[à$ Ua`$ cX$ WXf[UXc$ d`$ Ua`]a`X`Zd$ f\WX$ M78@/%/;# !/@8/;#78)*6]/$�$aZWa]Q$Z[d`d`$cX]$][i\[d`Zd]$fd][`dÙ[X]S$d`$dc$àY[`XZ[ea$R$~<-$d`$dc$id`[Z[ea$R$~g M^dWa$][$cX$WXf[UXc$ZdWY[`X$d`$~F~, ~_~, ~h~-$cX$fd][`dÙ[X$]dW�$~>S$@+!/#^#@+!6;#!%6?/#^#!%6?6Q-$d`$dc$fXZ[ea$R$~[-$d`$dc$XU\]XZ[ea$R$~Y-$d`$dc$[`]ZW\Yd`ZXc$R$~@i-$d`$dc$^Wdâ][U[a`Xc$R$~[.

ªa]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$fd$i¥`dWa$�dYd`[à$Ua`$cX$WXf[UXc$d`$Ua`]a`X`Zd$bcX`fX$M7-A4>, B-@-.%> y aZWa]Q$Z[d`d`$cX]$][i\[d`Zd]$fd][`dÙ[X]S$d`$dc$̀ aY[`XZ[ea$R$~X-$d`$dc$id`[Z[ea$R$~>-$d`$dc$fXZ[ea$R$~[-$ d`$ dc$ XU\]XZ[ea$ R$ ~b-$ d`$ dc$ [`]ZW\Yd`ZXc$ R$ ~�i$ M][$ dc$ XUd`Za$ UXd$ ]abWd$ cX$ fd][`dÙ[X$R$7-A4kHQ$a$~[i$M][$dc$XUd`Za$UXd$]abWd$cX$WXf[UXc$R$B-@-.%-HQ-$d`$dc$^Wdâ][Z[ea$R$-e.

ªa]$ ]\]ZX`Z[ea]$ fd$ i¥`dWa$ �dYd`[à$ �\d$ ZdWY[`X`$ d`$ ~>X$ M/+B68)@6>;# 678)@6>;# 3)*6-]6>;#$/A6*6>$ ($7:<=(5Q$ Z[d`d`$ U[dWZX]$^XWZ[U\cXW[fXfd]$d`$ ]\$ $ fdUc[`XU[�`S$ d`$dc$ àY[`XZ[ea$tienen la desinencia ~X-$d`$dc$id`[Z[ea-$fXZ[ea$�$^Wdâ][U[a`Xc$R$~>-$d`$dc$XU\]XZ[ea$R$~b'y en el [`]ZW\Yd`ZXc$R$~[i.

A la primera declinación también pertenecen los sustantivos de género masculino en ~<, ~XS$3/3/;#B>B>;#B-B+g!/;#A+Ga6%/;#c6!68/;#'/%>.

22

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

/?@^@['EF\@A[A>['>W�A'EYZ[E?B>?[\]Agh%*$,)*:*I<$12@*+5+(q$*)+*1H)1H$1<J51),()5@P+L5$I<p12*=*$:*7&$;56$*2*+n&+(H$M1$*1-

+*,*O$+&$),�:7LO$(@($IH=2(O$1*=@&1+LO$($1:57+5=*$:*7&$+&$~@$($~[Q"$o;:&)()5$,+(I&+(5$+&$l*:IL$1@*,$E/.)B#MRjXQUTSQ-$A+E-H$M[f\LVQ-$7*)./@4$MNUTTUVJSQUVQ-$3674A)$MTSQZSQ-$A)@-$M[SQQ$,$57(+1),5++*I$n(1@5"

#)&2-$1<J51),()5@P+L5$I<p12*=*$:*7&$1$*1+*,*O$+&$),�:7LO$1*=@&1+LO$ME/.)B;#?)@)B;#!6)7!;# +%6.-@768-8$ ($ 7:<=(5Q$ ,$ (I5+()5@P+*I$ '&75p5$ +5$ (I5q)$ *2*+n&+(H-$ &$ ,$ 7:<=(K$'&75p&K$':(*;:5)&q)$ 1@57<qJ(5$*2*+n&+(HS$ ,$ :*7()5@P+*I$R$ ~<-$ ,$7&)5@P+*I$R$ ~Y-$ ,$,(+()5@P+*I$+5$(I5q)$*2*+n&+(H$M6&$(12@qn5+(5I$*7<�5,@�++LK$(I�+$1<J51),()5@P+LK-$'*@<n&qJ(K$*2*+n&+(5$~<S$2)*¨$:./%$R$2*=*¨$:./%/;$2)*¨$78+B-%8$R$2*=*¨$78+B-%8/Q-$,$),*:()5@P+*I$R$~@W-$,$':57@*p+*I$R$~[.

8<J51),()5@P+L5$I<p12*=*$:*7&$1$*1+*,*O$+&$IH=2(O$1*=@&1+LO$MA+E-H;#8@/A./H;#7*)-./@4;#B)GB4$($7:<=(5Q$,$(I5+()5@P+*I$'&75p5$+5$(I5q)$*2*+n&+(H-$&$,$7:<=(K$'&75p&K$':(-*;:5)&q)$1@57<qJ(5$*2*+n&+(HS$,$:*7()5@P+*I$R$~X-$,$7&)5@P+*I$R$~b-$,$,(+()5@P+*I$+5$(I5q)$*2*+n&+(H$M6&$(12@qn5+(5I$*7<�5,@�++LK$(I�+$1<J51),()5@P+LK-$'*@<n&qJ(K$*2*+n&+(5$ ~XS$ 2)*¨$b@6H$R$2*=*¨$b@6>-$ 2)*¨$3@-3)B/./8-*4$R$2*=*¨$3@-3)B/./8-*>Q-$,$),*:()5@P+*I$R$~�W$M51@($<7&:5+(5$'&7&5)$+&$*2*+n&+(5Q$($~[W$M51@($<7&:5+(5$'&7&5)$+&$*1+*,<Q-$,$':57@*p+*I$R$~[$M6&$(12@qn5+(5I$1@*,$+&$~>i-$2*)*:L5$,$':57@*p+*I$'&75-p5$'*@<n&q)$*2*+n&+(5$~>S$n)*¨$7/%/8)@6H$R$*$n�I¨$)#7/%/8)@66).

8<J51),()5@P+L5$1:57+5=*$:*7&$1$*1+*,*O$+&$),�:7LO$1*=@&1+LO$M3674A);#A-78);#)!%);#7*).)$($7:<=(5Q$,$(I5+()5@P+*I$($,(+()5@P+*I$'&75p&K$(I5q)$*2*+n&+(5$~@-$,$:*7()5@P-+*I$R$~<-$,$7&)5@P+*I$R$~Y-$,$),*:()5@P+*I$R$~@W-$,$':57@*p+*I$R$~[.

8<J51),()5@P+L5$1:57+5=*$:*7&$1$*1+*,*O$+&$IH=2(O$1*=@&1+LO$MA)@-;#E/B/%6-;#EB/-%6-;#+3@/G%-%6-$($7:<=(5Q$,$(I5+()5@P+*I$($,(+()5@P+*I$'&75p&K$(I5q)$*2*+n&+(5$~[, ,$:*7()5@P+*I$R$~X-$,$7&)5@P+*I$R$~b-$,$),*:()5@P+*I$R$~�W$M51@($<7&:5+(5$'&7&5)$+&$*2*+n&+(5Q$($~[W$M51@($*+*$'&7&5)$+&$*1+*,<Q-$,$':57@*p+*I$R$~[$M6&$(12@qn5+(5I$1@*,$+&$ ~>[-$2*)*:L5$,$':57@*p+*I$'&75p5$'*@<n&q)$*2*+n&+(5$ ~>S$n)*¨$E/B/%6-$R$*$n�I¨$*$E/B/%66Q"$

9&75p($($,*':*1L

|*:IL$1<J51),()5@P+LK

o2*+n&+(H

#"'"$%)*¨$�)*¨

6&,*7 I<65O 1@*,&:P '(1PI* I*:5 I":"$«1":"$4*-$45"$

G"'"$%*=*¨$�5=*¨

6&,*7& I<65H 1@*,&:H '(1PI& I*:H 4&-$4H

C"'"$%*I<¨$�5I<¨

6&,*7< I<65q 1@*,&:q '(1PI< I*:q 4<-$4q

/"'"$%*=*¨$�)*¨$

6&,*7 I<65O 1@*,&:P '(1PI* I*:5 %&2$#"$'"I":"$«1":"$4*-$45$

!"'"$%5I¨$�5I¨

6&,*7*I I<655I 1@*,&:�I '(1PI*I I*:5I 4*I$M�IQ-$45I

9"'"$o$2*I¨$o$n�I¨$

*$6&,*75 *$I<655 *$1@*,&:5 *$'(1PI5 *$I*:5 45

3�

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

jnykMxH'xnotJMHoJpM'xn'tLR'RkRKHMKJNLR�$cX$]di\`fX$fdUc[`XU[�`$^dWZd`dUd`$ ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$fd$i¥`dWa$YX]U\c[à$�\d$UXWdUd`$fd$

fd][`dÙ[X$MUa`$WXf[UXc$d`$Ua`]a`X`Zd$f\WX$a$bcX`fXQ$�$fd$id lnero neutro en -o y -e. Observen las formas de las palabras E/.)B$MRjXQUTSQ-$A+E-H$M[f\LVQ-$7*)./@4$MNUTTUVJSQUVQ-$3674A)$MTSQZSQ-$A)@-$M[SQQ$d`$][ì\cXWS

Casos y preguntas

Formas de los sustantivos

Desinencias

#"'"$%)*¨$�)*¨

6&,*7 I<65O 1@*,&:P '(1PI* I*:5 I":"$«1":"$4*-$45$

G"'"$%*=*¨$�5=*¨$

6&,*7& I<65H 1@*,&:H '(1PI& I*:H 4&-$4H

C"'"$%*I<¨$�5I<¨

6&,*7< I<65q 1@*,&:q '(1PI< I*:q 4<-$4q

/"'"$%*=*¨$�)*¨$

6&,*7 I<65O 1@*,&:P '(1PI* I*:5 �aYa$#"$'"I":"$«1":"$4*-$45$

!"'"$%5I¨$�5I¨

6&,*7*I I<655I 1@*,&:�I '(1PI*I I*:5I 4*I$M�IQ-$45I

9"'"$o$2*I¨$o$n�I¨$

*$6&,*75 *$I<655 *$1@*,&:5 *$'(1PI5 *$I*:5 45

ªa]$ ]\]ZX`Z[ea]$ fd$ i¥`dWa$ YX]U\c[à$ Ua`$ WXf[UXc$ d`$ Ua`]a`X`Zd$ f\WX$ ME/.)B;# ?)@)B;# !6-)7!;#+%6.-@768-8$�$aZWa]Q$UXWdUd`$fd$fd][`dÙ[X$d`$dc$àY[`XZ[ea$�$Xf�\[dWd`$cX]$][i\[d`Zd]$fd][`dÙ[X]$d`$aZWa]$UX]a]S$d`$dc$id`[Z[ea$R$~<-$d`$dc$fXZ[ea$R$~Y, no tienen desinencias en el XU\]XZ[ea$ Md}Ud^Za$ ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$X`[YXfa]-$�\d$ Z[d`d$ cX$fd][`dÙ[X$ ~<S$ 2)*¨$:./%$R$2*=*¨$:./%/-$2)*¨$78+B-%8$R$2*=*¨$78+B-%8/Q-$d`$dc$[`]ZW\Yd`ZXc$R$~@W'�$d`$dc$̂ Wdâ][U[a`Xc$R$~[.

Los sustantivos de género masculino con radical en consonante blanda o ~i$MA+E-H;#8@/A-./H;#7*)./@4;#B)GB4$�$aZWa]Q$à$Z[d`d`$fd][`dÙ[X]$d`$dc$àY[`XZ[ea$�$Xf�\[dWd`$cX]$fd][`dÙ[X]$][i\[d`Zd]$d`$dc$Wd]Za$fd$ca]$UX]a]S$d`$dc$id`[Z[ea$R$~X-$d`$dc$fXZ[ea$R$~b, no tienen desinencia d`$dc$XU\]XZ[ea$ Md}Ud^Za$ ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$X`[YXfa]-$�\d$ Z[d`d$ cX$fd][`dÙ[X$ ~XS$2)*¨$b@6H$R$2*=*¨$b@6>-$2)*¨$3@-3)B/./8-*4$R$2*=*¨$3@-3)B/./8-*>Q-$d`$dc$[`]ZW\Yd`ZXc$R$~�W$M][$dc$XUd`Za$UXd$]abWd$cX$fd][`dÙ[XQ$�$~[W$M][$dc$XUd`Za$UXd$]abWd$cX$WXf[UXcQ-$d`$dc$^Wdâ][U[a`Xc$R$~[ Md}Ud^Za$^XcXbWX]$d`$~>i-$�\d$d`$dc$^Wdâ][U[a`Xc$Z[d`d`$cX$fd][`dÙ[X$~>S$n)*¨$7/%/8)@6H$R$ *$n�I¨$)#7/%/8)@66).

ªa]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$fd$i¥`dWa$`d\ZWa$Ua`$ WXf[UXc$d`$Ua`]a`X`Zd$f\WX$ M3674A);#A-78);#)!%);#7*).)-$�$aZWa]Q$d`$dc$àY[`XZ[ea$�$d`$dc$XU\]XZ[ea$Z[d`d`$cX$fd][`dÙ[X$~@, en el genitivo ~<, en el fXZ[ea$R$~Y-$d`$dc$[`]ZW\Yd`ZXc$R$~@W-$d`$dc$^Wdâ][U[a`Xc$R$~[.

ªa]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$fd$i¥`dWa$`d\ZWa$Ua`$WXf[UXc$d`$Ua`]a`X`Zd$bcX`fX$MA)@-;#E/B/%6-;#EB/%6-;#+3@/G%-%6-$�$aZWa]Q$d`$dc$àY[`XZ[ea$�$d`$dc$XU\]XZ[ea$Z[d`d`$cX$fd][`dÙ[X$~[, en el genitivo ~X, d`$dc$fXZ[ea$R$~b-$d`$dc$[`]ZW\Yd`ZXc$R$~�W$M][$dc$XUd`Za$UXd$]abWd$cX$fd][`dÙ[XQ$�$~[W$M][$dc$XUd`Za$UXd$]abWd$cX$WXf[UXcQ-$d`$dc$^Wdâ][U[a`Xc$R$~[$Md}Ud^Za$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$d`$~>[-$�\d$d`$dc$preposicional adoptan la desinencia ~>S$n)*¨$E/B/%6-$R$*$n�I¨$)#E/B/%66Q"

3t

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

*^[?]['EF\@A[A>['>W�A'EYZ[E?B>?[\]Agh%$):5)P5I<$12@*+5+(q$*)+*1H)1H$(I5+&$1<J51),()5@P+L5$p5+12*=*$:*7&$+&$~]"$o;:&)(-

)5$,+(I&+(5$+&$l*:IL$1@*,$3*)C/B4$MPOSMSQ$($%)a4$MJVT_LQ$,$57(+1),5++*I$n(1@5"$

#)&2-$1<J51),()5@P+L5$p5+12*=*$:*7&$+&$~]$M3*)C/B4;#8-8@/B4;#%)a4;#B.-@4$($7:<=(5Q$,$(I5+()5@P+*I$($,(+()5@P+*I$'&75p&K$+5$(I5q)$*2*+n&+(O-$,$:*7()5@P+*I-$7&)5@P+*I$($':57@*p+*I$'&75p&K$*+($'*@<n&q)$*2*+n&+(5$~>-$,$),*:()5@P+*I$R$~]b.

%&p7&H$'&75p+&H$l*:I&$(I55)$+512*@P2*$6+&n5+(O"$G&11I*):(I$6+&n5+(H$:<112(K$'&-75p5O"

+)62+*6-:259'3%,6V|*:I&$(I5+()5@P+*=*$'&75p&$+5*;K*7(I&-$':5p75$,15=*-$n)*;L$*;*6+&n()P$,$':57@*-

p5+(($'*7@5p&J55"$9*7@5p&J55$R$N)*$=@&,+LO$n@5+$':57@*p5+(H-$=:&II&)(n512($+56&-,(1(ILO$*)$7:<=(K$n@5+*,$':57@*p5+(H"$9*7@5p&J55$*;*6+&n&5)$':57I5)$IL1@(-$':(6+&2$2*)*:*=*$*':575@H5)1H$12&6<5ILI-$($*),5n&5)$+&$,*':*1LS$28)u#v8)u$R$wxfUoJu#wxfou. �)*$I*p5)$;L)P$@(k*$M()&*#@/,)8/-8"$R$IO#PSNQL#ZQSXS`S"Q-$':57I5)$M+,-.##%/#78)*-"$R$IO#OUXQV#L\Zj#\VXQL#OS#[L\S"Q-$1*;L)(5$M/0%1#%/a/*7>#.#y#a/7)."$R$zS#OLTTUpJ#L[PLMp#S#OS\#y"Q-$H,@5+(5$':(:*7L$M2%345#6Bk8"$R$I\Zj#OOVKULJNV"Q"

8$ '*7@5p&J(I$ ,$ n(1@5-$ @(k5$ (@($ :*75$ 1*=@&1<5)1H$ ,)*:*O$ =@&,+LO$ n@5+$ ':57@*p5-+(H$R$12&6<5I*5"$82&6<5I*5$*),5n&5)$+&$,*':*1LS$v8)#B-*/-8#8)#6*6#6%)-#*6])u v8)#3@)67D)B68#7#3@-BA-8)A;#*6])A;#>.*-%6-A#6*6#7),F86-Au 2/!).#h8)8#3@-BA-8;#*6]);#>.*-%6-#6*6#7),F86-u v-A#)%#>.*>-87>u v8)#)%#3@-B78/.*>-8#7),)Hu :E#a-?)#)%#7)-78)68u$($)"'"

G&11I*):(I$':571)&,@5++L5$,L�5$:<112(5$':57@*p5+(H$M()&*#@/,)8/-8"#^#IO#PSNQL#ZQSXS`S"�$+,-.##%/#78)*-"#^#IO#OUXQV#L\Zj#\VXQL#OS#[L\S"�$/0%1#%/a/*7>#.#y#a/7)."$R$zS#OLTTUpJ#L[PLMp#S#OS\#y"�$2%345#6Bk8"#^#I\Zj#OOVKULJNV"Q"$/$(1'&+12(K$N2,(,&@5+)&K$:<112(K$':57@*-p5+(O$1@*,&$PSNQL$M)8-]Q-$OUXQV$M!%6?/Q$($OLTTUpJ$M+@)!Q$)&2p5$H,@Hq)1H$'*7@5p&J(I("$/$'*-1@57+5I$p5$':(I5:5$':($<2&6&+(($H,@5+(H$':(:*7L$,$(1'&+12*I$H6L25$(1'*@P6<5)1H$+5$@(n+&H$2*+1):<2k(H$M{)GB4#6Bk8"$R$;<2,&@P+*$zS#OOfKUS#KS"Q-$&$;56@(n+&H$MI\ZSl#OOVKULJNV"$R$;<2,&@P+*${)GB68"Q"$

|*:I&$(I5+()5@P+*=*$'&75p&$)&2p5$(1'*@P6<5)1H$2&2$'*7@5p&J55S$§$,$ 1'5k(l(n512*O$ 2*+1):<2k((-$ 1@<p&J5O$ 7@H$ ,L:&p5+(H$ *;@&7&+(H$ M|# A-%># -784#

1%6758)&0"$R$}LJYV#fJ#VQNLJSNVQ"Q�$,$(1'&+12*I$':57@*p5+(($1@*,*$VQNLJSNVQ$M!)A34d-8-@Q$H,@H5)1H$+5$'*7@5p&J(I-$&$':HILI$7*'*@+5+(5I�

9&75p($($,*':*1L

|*:IL$1<J51),()5@P+LK

o2*+n&+(H

#"'"$�)*¨ '@*J&7P +*nP �5)$*2*+n&+(H

G"'"$�5=*¨$ '@*J&7( +*n( 4(

C"'"$�5I<¨ '@*J&7( +*n( 4(

/"'"$�)*¨$ '@*J&7P +*nP �5)$*2*+n&+(H

!"'"$�5I¨ '@*J&7Pq +*nPq 4Pq

9"'"$o$n�I¨$ *$'@*J&7( *$+*n( 4(

3{

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

OnmonmH'xnotJMHoJpM'xn'tLR'RkRKHMKJNLR�$cX$ZdWUdWX$fdUc[`XU[�`$^dWZd`dUd`$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$fd$i¥`dWa$�dYd`[à$d`$4P"$®b]dWed`$cX]$

formas de las palabras 3*)C/B4$MPOSMSQ$�$%)a4#MJVT_LQ$d`$][ì\cXW"$

Casos y preguntas Formas de los sustantivos Desinencias

#"'"$�)*¨ '@*J&7P +*nP no tiene desinencia

G"'"$�5=*¨$ '@*J&7( +*n( 4(

C"'"$�5I<¨ '@*J&7( +*n( 4(

/"'"$�)*¨$ '@*J&7P +*nP no tiene desinencia

!"'"$�5I¨ '@*J&7Pq +*nPq 4Pq

9"'"$o$n�I¨$ *$'@*J&7( *$+*n( 4(

Los sustantivos de género femenino en ~]$M3*)C/B4;#8-8@/B4;#%)a4;#B.-@4$�$aZWa]Q$d`$dc$nominativo y en el acusativo no tienen desinencia, en el genitivo, dativo y preposicional adoptan la desinencia ~>-$d`$dc$[`]ZW\Yd`ZXc$R$~]b.

�XfX$UX]a$Z[d`d$\à]$][i`[�UXfa]"$�}XY[`dYa]$Xci\à]$fd$dcca]"

CASO NOMINATIVOªX$�aWYX$fdc$àY[`XZ[ea$][Wed-$]abWd$Zafa-$^XWX$fd][i`XW$dc$]\¡dZa$fd$cX$aWXU[�`"$�c$]\¡dZa$d]$

el miembro principal de la oración, independiente de otros miembros, y da a la oración un sentido iWXYXZ[UXc"$ �c$ ]\¡dZa$ fd][i`X$ dc$ ab¡dZa$ fdc$ ^d`]XY[d`Za-$ U\�X]$ UXWXUZdW£]Z[UX]$ ]d$ fdZdWY[`X`$por el predicado, y contesta a las preguntas 28)u#v8)u$R$wxfUoJu#wxfou. Puede ser una ^dW]a`X$M()&*#@/,)8/-8"$R$IO#PSNQL#ZQSXS`S"Q-$\`X$Ua]X$M+,-.##%/#78)*-"$R$IO#OUXQV#L\Zj#\VXQL#OS#[L\S"Q-$\`$XUa`ZdU[Y[d`Za$M/0%1#%/a/*7>#.#y#a/7)."$R$zS#OLTTUpJ#L[PLMp#S#OS\#y"Q-$\`$�d`�Ydà$fd$cX$`XZ\WXcd�X$M2%345#6Bk8"$R$I\Zj#OOVKULJNV"Q"

�c$^Wdf[UXfa-$]di\`fa$Y[dYbWa$^W[Ù[^Xc$fd$cX$aWXU[�`-$UaÙ\dWfX$Ua`$dc$]\¡dZa$d`$`�YdWa-$persona o género. El predicado contesta a las preguntas wxfo#_STL#fJS#PLQ\VJSu wxfo#PS\S#TVJ#L\ZS#TV\S;#PLQ\VJS;#RLJp[LJV#V#STVJZLTU[ULJZVu wxfo#L\#L\ZS#TV\S;#PLQ\VJS;#RLJp[LJV#V#STVJZLTU[ULJZVu wxfUoJ#~�fo�#L\u wxfo#TOS\L#NL#PLQ\VJS#~TV\S�#L\u w�L#�fo#\L#TV[PVJLu, etc.

�`Xc[UdYa]$cX]$aWXU[a`d]$W\]X]$fXfX]$Y�]$XWW[bX$M()&*#@/,)8/-8"#^#IO#PSNQL#ZQSXS`S"�$+,-.##%/#78)*-"$R$IO#OUXQV#L\Zj#\VXQL#OS#[L\S"�$/0%1#%/a/*7>#.#y#a/7)."#^#zS#OLTTUpJ#L[PLMp#S#OS\#y"�$2%345#6Bk8"#^#I\ZSl# OOVKULJNV"Q"$�`$cX]$d�\[eXcd`Zd]$d]^X acX]-$ cX]$^XcXbWX]$PSNQL M)8-]Q-$ OUXQV$ M!%6?/Q$�$ OLTTUpJ$ M+@)!Q$ ZXYb[¥`$]a`$]\¡dZa]"$�`$dc$�cZ[Ya$d¡dY^ca$d]^X ac$^XWX$d}^Wd]XW$\`$ �d`�Ydà$fd$ cX$`XZ\WXcd�X$à$]d$\]X$ cX$Ua`]ZW\UU[�`$^dW]a`Xc$ M{)GB4#6Bk8"$Rliteralmente zS#OOfKUS KS"Q-$][à$cX$[Y^dW]a`Xc$MI\ZSl#OOVKULJNV"$R$c[ZdWXcYd`Zd${)GB68"Q"$

ªX$�aWYX$fdc$àY[`XZ[ea$ZXYb[¥`$]d$\]X$UaYa$]\¡dZaS§$d`$cX$Ua`]ZW\UU[�`$d]^dU£�UX$�\d$][Wed$^XWX$d}^Wd]XW$cX$â]d][�`$M|#A-%>#-784#1%6758-

)&0"$R$}LJYV#fJ#VQNLJSNVQ"Q�$d`$cX$aWXU[�`$d]^X acX-$cX$^XcXbWX$VQNLJSNVQ$M!)A34d8-@Q$à$d]$]\¡dZa-$][à$ab¡dZa$f[WdUZa�

26

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

§$,$2*+1):<2k((-$1@<p&J5O$7@H$2*+1)&)&k(($+&@(n(H$@(k&-$':57I5)&-$H,@5+(H$(@($1*-;L)(H$,$2&2*54@(;*$,:5IH$(@($,$2&2*I4@(;*$I51)5$M1-Ha/7#90%1"#^#�_VQS#_S�#TOS\L"#'#?)-@)B-#-784#)&#)0"#^#IJ#OS#TUfNSN#_S�#ZLSZQV"Q�$

§$,$2*+1):<2k((-$1@<p&J5O$7@H$,L:&p5+(H$':57'*n)5+(H$M<%-#%@/.687>#:9);%<"$R$�L#Yf\ZS#LO#RqZXVO"Q"$

/*$,15K$N)(K$ 2*+1):<2k(HK$ =@&=*@$I*p5)$1)*H)P$,$+&1)*HJ5I-$':*�57�5I$($;<7<J5I$,:5I5+(-$':($N)*I$l*:I&$'*7@5p&J5=*$*1)&+5)1H$+5(6I5++*O$R$+56&,(1(I*$*)$,:5I5+($=@&=*@&$,$2*+1):<2k(HK$;<75)$1)*H)P$,$l*:I5$(I5+()5@P+*=*$'&75p&"$

|*:I&$(I5+()5@P+*=*$'&75p&$(1'*@P6<5)1H$7@H$*;*6+&n5+(H$12&6<5I*=*$,$2*+1):<2k(-HK-$1@<p&J(K$7@H$,L:&p5+(H$K&:&2)5:(1)(2($@(k&-$':57I5)&-$H,@5+(H$(@($1*;L)(H$M'6!-8)@#^#=0#>"#^#�eTZVQ#L\#[oNUTV"�$<)7!./#^#?)%<-*##=)7766"#^#�V\Tq#L\# OS#TSPUZSO#NL#�f\US"Q"$/$N)(K$':57@*p5+(HK$K&:&2)5:(1)(2&$@(k&-$':57I5)&-$H,@5+(H$(@($1*;L)(H$7&�)1H$,$+&1)*HJ5I$,:5I5+("$/$':*�57�5I$(@($;<7<J5I$,:5I5+($(I5+()5@P+LO$'&75p$;<75)$6&I5+�+$),*:()5@P+LI$M'6!8)@#,+B-8#=0#>%6"#^#�eTZVQ#\LQj#[oNUTV"�$<)7!./#,F*/#?)%-<-*&"#=)7766"$R$�V\Tq#RfL#OS#TSPUZSO#NL#�f\US"Q"$

|*:I&$(I5+()5@P+*=*$'&75p&$)&2p5$(1'*@P6<5)1H$,$1'5k(l(n512*O$2*+1):<2k((-$1@<-p&J5O$7@H$+&6L,&+(H$(I5+($n5@*,52&$,$1()<&k(($6+&2*I1),&$M<-%>#E).+8#@-1)%0"#^#�L#OOS[V#�eTZVQ"Q"$/$(1'&+12*I$':57@*p5+(($�L#OOS[V$@(n+LO$=@&=*@$E4=*$@(k&$57(+1),5++*=*$n(1@&$M�L#OOS[V#�eTZVQ"$R$;<2,&@P+*$�#7-,>#E).+#'6!8)@)A"$(@($�#E).+74#'6!8)@)A"Q"$G<1-12*5$':57@*p5+(5$M�?)#E).+8#'6!8)@"$R$;<2,&@P+*$zL#OOS[SJ#�eTZVQ"Q$H,@H5)1H$+5*':575-@�++*4@(n+LI-$ '*7@5p&J55$ ,$ +�I$ *'<J5+*-$ 1@*,*$'6!8)@$ H,@H5)1H$ n&1)Pq$ 1*1)&,+*=*$(I5++*=*$12&6<5I*=*$E./84#'6!8)@)A.

#I5+()5@P+LO$'&75p$R$=@&,+&H$l*:I&$(I5+($1<J51),()5@P+*=*"$/$N)*O$l*:I5$1<J5-1),()5@P+L5$1)*H)$,$1@*,&:5"$/15$*1)&@P+L5$'&75p($+&6L,&q)1H$2*1,5++LI("

!.,+*6-:259'3%,6VG*7()5@P+LO$'&75p$;56$':57@*=&$(1'*@P6<5)1H$7@H$<2&6&+(H$@(k&-$2*)*:*I<$':(+&7@5-

p()$n)*4@(;*$M�)*$7*I$A=#,#'B6-0,%=#"$R$I\#OS#TS\S#NL#�KjJ#�[UQJVK"Q"$�)*;L$<6+&)P-$2*I<$':(+&7@5p()$':57I5)-$6&7&q)$,*':*1L$1*$1@*,&I($v-Hu#v4>u#v4ku#v46u$R$w�L#�fUoJu, +&':(I5:S$v-H#h8)#B)Au#:./%/#1A6@%)./"$R$w�L#�fUoJ#L\#L\ZS#TS\Su#�L#�KjJ#�[UQJVK.

G*7()5@P+LO$'&75p$(1'*@P6<5)1H$7@H$*':575@5+(H$':57I5)&$ M�8)#+*6]/#C&D%=#"$R$ I\# OS#TSOOL#�_o`VK"�$�/.8@/#,+B-8#.-a-@#7&?,-"$R$�SiSJS#\LQj# OS#KLOSNS#NL# OS#TSJTUpJ"Q"$/$N)*I$1@<n&5$1)&,H)1H$,*':*1L$2/!)Hu#2/!/>u#2/!)-u#2/!6-u#^#wxfLlu-$+&':(I5:S$2/!/>#h8)#+*6]/u#|*6]/#v-D)./"$R$wxfo#TSOOL#L\u#I\#OS#TSOOL#�_o`VK"�$2/!)H#.-a-@#,+B-8#E/.8@/u#'-a-@#3-7%6"$R$wxfo#KLOSNS#\LQj#[SiSJSu �LQj#OS#KLOSNS#NL#OS#TSJTUVJ"Q"$

%:*I5$)*=*-$l*:IL$:*7()5@P+*=*$'&75p&$;56$':57@*=&$(1'*@P6<q)1H$,$1'5k(l(n512(K$2*+1):<2k(HK$,$1*n5)&+(($1*$1@*,&I($%-8;#%-#,F*);#%-#,+B-8S

§$,$ 2*+1):<2k((-$ 1@<p&J5O$ 7@H$ ,L:&p5+(H$ *)1<)1),(H$ *;@&7&+(H$ M|# A-%># %-8# ;0#-)#"$R$�V#ZLJYV##_LQ[SJV"Q�

§$,$ 2*+1):<2k((-$ 1@<p&J5O$7@H$ 2*+1)&)&k(($*)1<)1),(H$@(k&-$ ':57I5)&-$ H,@5+(H$(@($1*;L)(H$,$2&2*54@(;*$,:5IH$(@($,$2&2*I4@(;*$I51)5$ME,)%,##%-8#B)A/"#^#�JZpJ#JV#L\Zj#LJ#TS\S"�$'#?)@)B-#%-8#)&#)0#"#^#IJ#OS#TUfNSN#JV#_S�#ZLSZQV"Q"

27

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

§$d`$cX$Ua`]ZW\UU[�`-$�\d$][Wed$^XWX$Ua`]ZXZXW$cX$^Wd]dÙ[X$fd$\`X$^dW]a`X-$Ua]X-$�d`�Ydà$a$XUa`ZdU[Y[d`Za$d`$U\Xc�\[dW$Z[dYâ$a$d`$U\Xc�\[dW$c\iXW$M1-Ha/7#90%1"$R$�_VQS#_S�#TOS\L"�$'#?)@)B-#-784#)&#)0"$R$IJ#OS#TUfNSN#_S�#ZLSZQV"Q�$

§$d`$cX$Ua`]ZW\UU[�`-$�\d$][Wed$^XWX$d}^Wd]XW$cX$^Wd�dWdÙ[X$M<%-#%@/.687>#:9);%<"$R$�L#Yf\ZS#LO#RqZXVO"Q"$

En todas estas construcciones, el verbo puede estar en presente, pasado o futuro, pero la �aWYX$fdc$]\¡dZa$�\dfXW�$[èXW[Xbcd�$XfdYX l]-$dc$]\¡dZa$[`fd^d`f[d`ZdYd`Zd$fdc$Z[dYâ$fdc$edWba-$va en nominativo.

ªX$ �aWYX$ fdc$ àY[`XZ[ea$ fd][i`X$ dc$ ^Wdf[UXfa$ d`$ cX]$ Ua`]ZW\UU[a`d]$ �\d$ d}^Wd]X`$ \`X$UXWXUZdW£]Z[UX$fd$cX$^dW]a`X-$Ua]X-$�d`�Ydà$a$XUa`ZdU[Y[d`Za$M'6!8)@#^#=0#>"#^#�eTZVQ#L\#[oNUTV"�$<)7!./#^#?)%<-*##=)7766"$R$�V\Tq#L\#OS#TSPUZSO#NL#�f\US"Q"$�`$d]ZX]$aWXU[a`d]-$cX$característica de la persona, cosa, fenómeno o acontecimiento va en presente. En pasado o en �\Z\Wa-$dc$àY[`XZ[ea$]dW�$]\]Z[Z\[fa$âW$dc$[`]ZW\Yd`ZXc$M'6!8)@#,+B-8#=0#>%6"#^#�eTZVQ#\LQj#[oNUTV"�$<)7!./#,F*/#?)%<-*&"#=)7766"$R$�V\Tq#RfL#OS#TSPUZSO#NL#�f\US"Q"$

�c$̀ aY[`XZ[ea$ZXYb[¥`$]d$\]X$d`$cX$Ua`]ZW\UU[�`$d]^dU£�UX$�\d$][Wed$̂ XWX$̀ aYbWXW$cX$̂ dW]a`X$U\X`fa$̀ a]$̂ Wd]d`ZXYa]$M<-%>#E).+8#@-1)%0"$R$�L#OOS[V#�eTZVQ"Q"$�`$cX$ZWXf\UU[�`$d]^X acX-$�L#OOS[V$d]$\`$edWba$^dW]a`Xc$fd$E¯$^dW]a`X$][ì\cXW$M�L#OOS[V#�eTZVQ"$R$c[ZdWXcYd`Zd$�#7-,>#E).+#'6!8)@)A. o �#E).+74#'6!8)@)A"Q"$ªX$aWXU[�`$W\]X$M�?)#E).+8#'6!8)@"$R$c[ZdWXcYd`Zd$zL#OOS[SJ#�eTZVQ"Q$d]$\`X$aWXU[�`$fd$]\¡dZa$[`fdZdWY[`Xfa-$]\$]\¡dZa$d]Z�$aY[Z[fa-$�$cX$^XcXbWX$'6!8)@#forma parte del predicado nominal compuesto E./84#'6!8)@)A.

�c$àY[`XZ[ea$d]$cX$�aWYX$^W[Ù[^Xc$fdc$]\]ZX`Z[ea$�$d]$cX$YX`dWX$d`$cX$�\d$]d$WdUaid`$d`$dc$f[UU[a`XW[a"$�afa]$ca]$fdY�]$UX]a]$]d$ccXYX`$[`f[WdUZa]"$

CASO GENITIVO �c$UX]a$id`[Z[ea$][`$^Wdâ][U[�`$]d$\]X$^XWX$[`f[UXW$cX$^dW]a`X$X$�\[d`$^dWZd`dUd$Xcia$M�)*$

7*I$A=#,#'B6-0,%=#"$R$I\#OS#TS\S#NL#�KjJ#�[UQJVK"Q"$hXWX$]XbdW$X$�\[¥`$^dWZd`dUd$cX$Ua]X-$se hacen preguntas con las palabras v-Hu#v4>u#v4ku#v46u#^#w�L#�fUoJu-$âW$d¡dY^caS$v-H#h8)#B)Au#:./%/#1A6@%)./"$R$w�L#�fUoJ#L\#L\ZS#TS\Su#�L#�KjJ#�[UQJVK.

�c$id`[Z[ea$]d$\]X$^XWX$fdZdWY[`XW$cX$Ua]X$M�8)#+*6]/#C&D%=#"$R$I\#OS#TSOOL#�_o`VK"�$�/.-8@/#,+B-8#.-a-@#7&?,-"$R$�SmSJS#\LQj#OS#KLOSNS#NL#OS#TSJTUpJ"Q"$�`$d]Zd$UX]a$]d$_XUd`$cX]$preguntas 2/!)Hu#2/!/>u#2/!)-u#2/!6-u#^#wxfou-$âW$d¡dY^caS$2/!/>#h8)#+*6]/u#|*6]/#v-D)./"$R$wxfo#TSOOL#L\#L\ZSu#I\#OS#TSOOL#�_o`VK"�$2/!)H#.-a-@#,+B-8#E/.8@/u#'-a-@#3-7-%6"$R$wxfLl#KLOSNS#\LQj#[SmSJSu#�LQj#OS#KLOSNS#NL#OS#TSJTUpJ"Q"$

�fdY�]-$ cX]$ �aWYX]$fd$id`[Z[ea$][`$^Wdâ][U[�`$]d$\]X`$d`$Ua`]ZW\UU[a`d]$d]^dU£�UX]$d`$combinación con las palabras %-8;#%-#,F*);#%-#,+B-8S

§$d`$cX$Ua`]ZW\UU[�`$�\d$][Wed$̂ XWX$d}^Wd]XW$cX$X\]dÙ[X$fd$̂ a]d][�`$M|#A-%>#%-8#;0#)#"$R$�V#ZLJYV##_LQ[SJV"Q�

§$d`$cX$Ua`]ZW\UU[�`$�\d$][Wed$^XWX$Ua`]ZXZXW$cX$X\]dÙ[X$fd$\`X$^dW]a`X-$Ua]X-$�d`�Ydà$a$XUa`ZdU[Y[d`Za$d`$Xci�`$Z[dYâ$a$d`$Xci�`$c\iXW$ME,)%,##%-8#B)A/"#̂ #�JZpJ#JV#L\Zj#LJ#TS\S"�$'#?)@)B-#%-8#)&#)0#"#^#IJ#OS#TUfNSN#JV#_S�#ZLSZQV"Q"

3D

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

!&2p5$l*:IL$:*7()5@P+*=*$'&75p&$;56$':57@*=&$(1'*@P6<q)1H$,$1*n5)&+(($1$2*@(n5-1),5++LI($ n(1@()5@P+LI(S$ 1$ n(1@()5@P+LI($ 3§t$ M33§3t-$ �3§�t$ ($ )"7"Q$ R$ l*:IL$ 57(+-1),5++*=*$n(1@&-$1$n(1@()5@P+LI(${§3T-$3{§�T-$�{§tT$R$l*:IL$I+*p51),5++*=*$n(1@&"$o;:&)()5$,+(I&+(5S

%:*I5$)*=*-$l*:I&$:*7()5@P+*=*$'&75p&$(1'*@P6<5)1H$7@H$<2&6&+(H$I51Hk&$,$1*n5)&+(-HK-$*;*6+&n&qJ(K$7&)<$M1-?)B%>#7&0=%&'?&,)$;0$"#^#�V�#L\#fJV#NL#\LPZUL[XQL"Q"$

G*7()5@P+LO$'&75p$1$':57@*=*I$Y$*;*6+&n&5)$@(k*-$ 2*)*:*I<$':(+&7@5p()$n)*4@(;*$(@($<$2*)*:*=*$(I55)1H$n)*4@(;*$M/'@-1)%0##-784#A/g6%/"#^#�eTZVQ#ZULJL#TVT_L"�$/'F-,!#-784#7-78@/"#^#�UJS#ZULJL#fJS#_LQ[SJS"Q"$/$(1'&+12*I$H6L25$*)1<)1),<5)$1*n5)&+(5$1<J5-1),()5@P+*=*$1$':57@*=*I-$2*)*:*5$*;*6+&n&@*$;L$1<;°52)&$*;@&7&+(H"$

G*7()5@P+LO$ '&75p$ 1$ ':57@*=&I($ >c$ ($ E' 7E@;$ *;*6+&n&5)$ (1K*7+LO$ '<+2)$ 7,(p5+(H$M:./%#3@6-D/*#-G'+-&=#"$R$�KjJ#OOLYp#NL#�eLK"�$&%8)%#3@6gk*#?%'?)#4-%,#"$R$�JZpJ#KUJV#NLO#L\ZSNUV"Q"$o;$*1*;5++*1)HK$<'*):5;@5+(H$':57@*=*,$>c$($E$IL$:&112&p5I$+(p5-$,$=@&,5$>9:57@*=A"

,%*6-:259'3%,6V C&)5@P+LO$'&75p$;56$':57@*=&$*;*6+&n&5)$@(k*-$2*)*:*I<$&7:51*,&+*$75O1),(5-$($*)-

,5n&5)$+&$,*':*1$2)A+u#^#w�#�fUoJu$M'6!8)@#%/367/*#3674A)#;0#)9"#^#�eTZVQ#_S#L\TQUZV#fJS#TSQZS#S#\f#_LQ[SJVQ"$

/$ :<112*I$ H6L25$ 51)P$ =:<''&$ =@&=*@*,-$ '*1@5$ 2*)*:LK$ *;H6&)5@P+*$ <'*):5;@5+(5$ 1<-J51),()5@P+LK$ ,$ 7&)5@P+*I$ '&75p5"$ �)($ =@&=*@L$ *;*6+&n&q)$ 75O1),(5-$ 1*,5:�&qJ5-51H$ ,$'*@P6<$ 7:<=*=*$ @(k&$ (@($ *;:&J�++*5$ 2$ 7:<=*I<$ @(k<S$B/@684$ MQLYSOSQQ-$3)7F*/84 MLJKUSQQ-$3)!/EF./84$M[V\ZQSQQ-$367/84$ML\TQUXUQQ-$@/77!/EF./84$MQLOSZSQQ-$?).)@684;#7!/E/84 MNLTUQQ-$),�>7%>84$ML�POUTSQQ-$)8.-a/84$MQL\PVJNLQQ-$E.)%684$MOOS[#SQ#PVQ#ZLOoRVJVQ-$3)!+3/84#MTV[PQSQQ"

C&)5@P+LO$'&75p$)&2p5$<'*):5;@H5)1HS$§$,$;56@(n+LK$ 2*+1):<2k(HK$7@H$*;*6+&n5+(H$@(k&-$ 2*)*:*5$(1'L)L,&5)$'*):5;+*1)P$

,$n�I4@(;*$MA=#,9#%/B)#7B/84#h!E/A-%"$R$�#�KjJ#OL#_STL#RSOZS#SPQVXSQ#LO#L�S[LJ"Q"$§$7@H$*;*6+&n5+(H$@(k&$,$2*+1):<2k(HK-$1@<p&J(K$7@H$,L:&p5+(H$':57'*n)5+(H$MA=#-

,9'%@/.687>#D6A6>"#^#�#�KjJ#OL#Yf\ZS#OS#�fe[UTS"Q�§$7@H$ *;*6+&n5+(H$ @(k&$ ,$ 2*+1):<2k(HK-$ 1@<p&J(K$ 7@H$ <2&6&+(H$ ,*6:&1)&$ MA=#,9'

��#*-8"#^#�KjJ#ZULJL#��#SiV\"Q"$C&)5@P+LO$'&75p$(1'*@P6<5)1H$1$':57@*=*I$F$7@H$*;*6+&n5+(H$@(k&-$'*$+&':&,@5+(q$2$

2*)*:*I<$*1<J51),@H5)1H$7,(p5+(5$M�#6B+#1'=0#>9"$R$�V�#SO#[oNUTV"Q"

E$M(I5+()5@P+LO$'&75p-$57(+1),5++*5$n(1@*Q

3§t$M:*7()5@P+LO$'&75p-$57(+1),5++*5$n(1@*Q

{§3T$M:*7()5@P+LO$'&75p-$I+*p51),5++*5$n(1@*Q

E$:<;@P1 rublo

3$M�-$tQ$:<;@H3$M�-$tQ$W\bca]

{§3T$:<;@5O{§3T$W\bca]

E$2*'5O2&1 copec

3$M�-$tQ$2*'5O2(3$M�-$tQ$Ua lpecs

{§3T$2*'552{§3T$Ua lpecs

29

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

ªX]$�aWYX]$fd$id`[Z[ea$][`$^Wdâ][U[�`$ZXYb[¥`$]d$\]X`$Ua`$ca]$`\YdWXcd]$UXWf[`Xcd]S$Ua`$ca]$`\YdWXcd]$3§t$M33§3t-$�3§$�t$($)"7"Q$]d$\]X`$cX]$�aWYX]$fdc$][ì\cXW-$Ua`$ca]$`\YdWXcd]${§3T-$3{§�T-$�{§tT$R$cX]$fdc$^c\WXc"$®b]dWedS

�c$ id`[Z[ea$ ZXYb[¥`$ ]d$ \]X$ ^XWX$ [`f[UXW$ dc$ Yd]$ d`$ UaYb[`XU[a`d]$ �\d$ d}^Wd]X`$ cX$ �dU_X$ M1-?)B%>#7&0=%&'?&,)$;0$"#^#�V�#L\#fJV#NL#\LPZUL[XQL"Q"$

El genitivo con la preposición Y$fd][i`X$cX$^dW]a`X$X$cX$�\d$^dWZd`dUd$Xcia$a$�\d$â]dd$Xcia$M/'@-1)%0##-784#A/g6%/"#^#�eTZVQ#ZULJL#TVT_L"�$/'F-,!#-784#7-78@/"#^#�UJS#ZULJL#fJS#_LQ[SJS"Q"$�`$d]^X ac$à$d}[]Zd$cX$UaYb[`XU[�`$fd$]\]ZX`Z[ea$Ua`$^Wdâ][U[�`$^XWX$d}^Wd]XW$dc$]\¡dZa$fd$cX$â]d][�`"$

El genitivo con las preposiciones >c y E'7E@;$fd][i`X$dc$^\`Za$[`[U[Xc$fdc$Yae[Y[d`Za$M:./%#3@6-D/*#-G'+-&=#"#^#�KjJ#OOLYp#NL#�eLK"�$&%8)%#3@6gk*#?%'?)#4-%,#"#^##�JZpJ#KUJV#NLO#L\ZSNUV"Q"$gabWd$cX]$^XWZ[U\cXW[fXfd]$fdc$dY^cda$fd$cX]$^Wdâ][U[a`d]$-G y ?$e¥X]d$Y�]$XfdcX`Zd-$d`$dc$UX^£Z\ca$�hWdâ][U[a l`�"

CASO DATIVO�c$fXZ[ea$][`$^Wdâ][U[�`$[`f[UX$cX$^dW]a`X$X$cX$�\d$]d$f[W[id$cX$XUU[�`$�$Ua`Zd]ZX$X$cX$^Wdi\`ZX$

2)A+u#^#w�# �fUoJu$ M'6!8)@# %/367/*# 3674A)#;0#)9"$ R$�eTZVQ# _S# L\TQUZV# fJS# TSQZS# S# \f#_LQ[SJVQ"$

�`$W\]a$d}[]Zd$\`$iW\â$fd$$edWba]$ZWX]$ca]$U\Xcd]$d]$abc[iXZaW[a$dc$\]a$fd$$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$d`$fXZ[ea"$�]Za]$edWba]$d}^Wd]X`$\`X$XUU[�`$�\d$]d$ WdXc[�X$X$ �XeaW$fd$aZWX$^dW]a`X$a$�\d$d]Z�$f[W[i[fX$X$aZWX$^dW]a`XS$B/@684$MQLYSOSQQ-$3)7F*/84$MLJKUSQQ-$3)!/EF./84$M[V\ZQSQQ-$367/84#ML\TQUXUQQ-$ @/77!/EF./84$ MQLOSZSQQ-$ ?).)@684;# 7!/E/84$ MNLTUQQ-$ ),�>7%>84$ ML�POUTSQQ-$ )8.--a/84#MQL\PVJNLQQ-$E.)%684$MOOS[SQ#PVQ#ZLOoRVJVQ-$3)!+3/84$MTV[PQSQQ"

�c$fXZ[ea$ZXYb[¥`$]d$\]XS§$d`$Ua`]ZW\UU[a`d]$[Y^dW]a`Xcd]$�\d$[`f[UX`$cX$`dUd][fXf$fd$Xcia$MA=#,9#%/B)#7B/84#h!-

E/A-%"#^#�#�KjJ#OL#_STL#RSOZS#SPQVXSQ#LO#L�S[LJ"Q"$§$^XWX$fd][i`XW$cX$^dW]a`X$d`$cX]$Ua`]ZW\UU[a`d]$�\d$][Wed`$^XWX$d}^Wd]XW$^Wd�dWdÙ[X$MA=#-

,9#%@/.687>#D6A6>"#^#�#�KjJ#OL#Yf\ZS#OS#�fe[UTS"Q�§$^XWX$fd][i`XW$ cX$^dW]a`X$d`$ cX]$Ua`]ZW\UU[�`d]$�\d$][Wed`$^XWX$ [`f[UXW$ cX$dfXf$ MA=#,9##

��#*-8"#^#�KjJ#ZULJL#��#SmV\"Q"$El dativo con la preposición F$fdàZX$cX$^dW]a`X-$d`$U\�X$f[WdUU[�`$]d$WdXc[�X$dc$Yae[Y[d`Za$

M�#6B+#1'=0#>9"$R$�V�#SO#[oNUTV"Q"

E$MàY[`XZ[ea-$][ì\cXWQ 3§t$Mid`[Z[ea-$][ì\cXWQ {§3T$Mid`[Z[ea-$^c\WXcQ

E$:<;@P1 rublo

3$M�-$tQ$:<;@H3$M�-$tQ$W\bca]

{§3T$:<;@5O{§3T$W\bca]

E$2*'5O2&1 copec

3$M�-$tQ$2*'5O2(3$M�-$tQ$Ua lpecs

{§3T$2*'552{§3T$Ua lpecs

�T

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

/+2+*6-:259'3%,6V /(+()5@P+LO$'&75p$;56$':57@*=&$<'*):5;@H5)1H$=@&,+LI$*;:&6*I$7@H$,L:&p5+(H$*;°52)&$

75O1),(H-$)"$5"$@(k&$(@($':57I5)&-$+&$2*)*:LO$'5:5K*7()$75O1),(5$M�#36g+#7-?56%"#^#I\ZV�#L\TQUXULJNV#fJS#TSQZS"�$:./%#a68/-8#1,-.9"$R$�KjJ#L\Zj#OL�LJNV#fJ#OUXQV"Q"$�)($75O1),(H$,L:&-p&q)1H$1@57<qJ(I($=@&=*@&I(S$a68/84$MOLLQQ-$367/84$ML\TQUXUQQ-$@67)./84#MPUJZSQQ-$@-g/84 MNLTUNUQQ-$6E+a/84$ML\ZfNUSQQ-$3-84$MTSJZSQQ-$@/77!/EF./84$MQLOSZSQQ-$)8!@F./84$MSXQUQQ-$3-@-.)-B684#MZQSNfTUQQ-$B-*/84#M_STLQQ-$3)!+3/84#MTV[PQSQQ-$3)*+a/84$MQLTUXUQQ-$%/a6%/84$ML[PLMSQQ-$.6B-84$MKLQQ-$7*Fg/84$MVeQQ-$7*+g/84$ML\TfT_SQQ-$73@/g6./84#MPQLYfJZSQQ-$*d,684$MS[SQQ-$E%/84$M\SXLQ;#TVJVTLQQ-$.78@-a/84$MLJTVJZQSQQ-$+a684$MSPQLJNLQQ-$3)%6A/84$MTV[PQLJNLQQ"$

/(+()5@P+LO$'&75p$;56$':57@*=&$)&2p5$(1'*@P6<5)1H$,$1@57<qJ(K$1@<n&HKS§$7@H$*;*6+&n5+(H$':*7*@p()5@P+*1)($75O1),(H$M�#6E+a/d#@+77!6H#>EF!#8)*4!)#,&4&-

<8"$R$I\ZfNUV#LO#Qf\V#NL\NL#_STL#\VOV#fJS#\L[SJS"Q�§$7@H$*;*6+&n5+(H$k5+L$'*1@5$ =@&=*@&$78)684# MTV\ZSQQ$ M2%6?/#78)68#%4,9')!?$>9#

@+,*-H"$R$IO#OUXQV#TfL\ZS#[UO#QfXOV\"Q"$/(+()5@P+LO$ '&75p$ 1$ ':57@*=&I($ B$ ($ A<$ <'*):5;@H5)1H$ 7@H$ *;*6+&n5+(H$ +&':&,@5-

+(H$7,(p5+(H$M'6!8)@#6Bk8#='6#.#G-,"$R$�eTZVQ#KS#S#OS#ZULJNS"�$�#6B+#,#'7%>)9"$R$�V�#S#TVQQLV\"Q"$o;$*1*;5++*1)HK$<'*):5;@5+(H$':57@*=*,$B$($A<$IL$:&112&p5I$+(p5-$,$=@&,5$>9:57@*=A"$

%:*I5$)*=*-$,(+()5@P+LO$'&75p$1$':57@*=*I$B$(1'*@P6<5)1H$7@H$*;*6+&n5+(H$,:5I5+(-$2*=7&$<2&6L,&q)1H$75+P$+575@($($n&1$M5-!]6>#,+B-8#='?0&49H'='I'>#?%="$R$zS#TVJRLQLJTUS#\LQj#LO#[UoQTVOL\#S#OS\#�"Q"

*/.!+*6-:259'3%,6V!,*:()5@P+LO$'&75p$;56$':57@*=&$<'*):5;@H5)1H$7@H$*;*6+&n5+(H$6&+H)(H$(@($':*l51-

1(($@(k&$':($=@&=*@&K$,F84#M\LQQ$($@/,)8/84#MZQSXS`SQQ$ M'6!8)@#,+B-8#=0#>%6"#^#�eTZVQ#\LQj#[oNUTV"�#08-]#@/,)8/-8#-,3&,&0%6"$R$IO#PSNQL#ZQSXS`S#NL#UJYLJULQV"Q-$&$)&2p5$,$2*+-1):<2k(($1$=@&=*@*I$E/%6A/847># MPQSZUTSQ;#L\ZfNUSQQ$ M18+B-%8F#E/%6A/d87>#?7%0)%6"$R$zV\#L\ZfNUSJZL\#PQSTZUTSJ#NLPVQZL"Q"$

!,*:()5@P+LO$'&75p$1$':57@*=*I$E$(1'*@P6<5)1H$7@H$*;*6+&n5+(H$@(k&-$2*)*:*5$<n&-1),<5)$,$*1<J51),@5+(($75O1),(H$M&%%/#,F*/#.#8-/8@-#?';0#)%6"$R$�JJS#L\ZfKV#LJ#LO#ZLSZQV#TVJ#\f#S[UYV"Q-$($K&:&2)5:(1)(2($':57I5)&$M�#*d,*d#!)$-#?'6%<%1%6"$R$�L#Yf\ZS#LO#TSRo#TVJ#OLT_L"Q"

3!6,-.V259'3%,6V9:57@*p+LO$'&75p$1$':57@*=*I$@$<'*):5;@H5)1H$7@H$*;*6+&n5+(H$':57I5)&$:5n($(@($

IL1@($M�#a68/*#%'J%?1=&"$R$�L#OLeNV#\VXQL#�V\Tq"Q$($*),5n&5)$+&$,*':*1LS$0#!)Au#0#akAu w�L# �fUoJu# w�L# �fou$ 9:($ N)*I$ (1'*@P6<q)1H$ =@&=*@L$ ?).)@684$ M_SXOSQQ-$@/77!/EF./84#MQLOSZSQQ-$B+A/84$MPLJ\SQQ"$

9:57@*p+LO$ '&75p$ 1$ ':57@*=&I($ B$ ($A<$ <'*):5;@H5)1H$ 7@H$ *;*6+&n5+(H$ I51)&$ 75O-1),(H$M:./%#@/,)8/-8#=';#,1&"$R$ �KjJ#ZQSXS`S#LJ#LO#XSJTV"Q-$I51)*+&K*p75+(H$@(k&$(@($':57I5)&$M2%6?6#,#'?)%<&"$R$zV\#OUXQV\#L\ZjJ#\VXQL#OS#[L\S"Q"$9:($N)*I$1<J51),()5@P+*5$1$':57@*=*I$B$(@($A<$*),5n&5)$+&$,*':*1$(B-u#w�pJNLu"$o;$*1*;5++*1)HK$<'*):5;@5+(H$':57@*=*,$B$($A<$,$N)(K$6+&n5+(HK$IL$:&112&p5I$+(p5-$,$=@&,5$>9:57@*=A"

%:*I5$)*=*-$':57@*p+LO$'&75p$1$':57@*=*I$A<$(1'*@P6<5)1H$7@H$*;*6+&n5+(H$1:571),&$'5:57,(p5+(H$M<F#-EB6*6#.#]-%8@#,#'#=)%;9?&"$R$�L[V\#UNV#SO#TLJZQV#LJ#SfZVXq\"Q$($*)-,5n&5)$+&$,*':*1$c/#akAu#wIJ#�fo#[LNUV#NL#ZQSJ\PVQZLu.

9:57@*p+LO$'&75p$1$':57@*=*I$B$<'*):5;@H5)1H$7@H$*;*6+&n5+(H$,:5I5+($75O1),(H-$51@($<2&6L,&5)1H$)*@P2*$I51Hk$ M�#3@6-D/*#.#=)776d#='?&,)$;0&"$R$zOLYfo#S#�f\US#LJ#\LPZUL[XQL"Q-$($*),5n&5)$+&$,*':*1$2)?B/u#w�fjJNVu.

�E

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

CASO ACUSATIVO�c$XU\]XZ[ea$][`$^Wdâ][U[�`$d}^Wd]X$^W[Ù[^XcYd`Zd$dc$ab¡dZa$f[WdUZa$fd$cX$XUU[�`-$d]$fdU[W-$

cX$^dW]a`X$a$dc$ab¡dWa$]abWd$ca]$�\d$WdUXd$M�#36g+#7-?56%"$R$I\ZV�#L\TQUXULJNV#fJS#TSQZS"�$:./%#a68/-8#1,-.9"$R$�KjJ#L\Zj#OL�LJNV#LO#OUXQV"Q"$�]ZX]$XUU[a`d]$]d$d}^Wd]X`$Ua`$ca]$edWba]$][i\[d`Zd]S$ a68/84$ MOLLQQ-$367/84$ ML\TQUXUQQ-$@67)./84$ MPUJZSQQ-$@-g/84$ MNLTUNUQQ-$6E+a/84 ML\ZfNUSQQ-$3-84$MTSJZSQQ-$@/77!/EF./84$MQLOSZSQQ-$)8!@F./84$MSXQUQQ-$3-@-.)B684$MZQSNfTUQQ-$B-*/84$M_STLQQ-$3)!+3/84$MTV[PQSQQ-$3)*+a/84$MQLTUXUQQ-$%/a6%/84$ML[PLMSQQ-$.6B-84$MKLQQ-$7*Fg/84$MVeQQ-$7*+g/84$ML\TfT_SQQ-$73@/g6./84$MPQLYfJZSQQ-$*d,684$MS[SQQ-$E%/84$M\SXLQ;#TVJVTLQQ-$.78@-a/84$MLJTVJZQSQQ-$+a684$MSPQLJNLQQ-$3)%6A/84$MTV[PQLJNLQQ"$

�c$XU\]XZ[ea$][`$^Wdâ][U[�`$ZXYb[¥`$]d$\]XS$§$^XWX$d}^Wd]XW$cX$f\WXU[�`$fd$cX$XUU[�`$M�#6E+a/d#@+77!6H#>EF!#8)*4!)#,&4&<8"$R$I\ZfNUV#

LO#Qf\V#NL\NL#_STL#\VOV#fJS#\L[SJS"Q�– para indicar el precio después del verbo 78)684#MTV\ZSQQ$M2%6?/#78)68#%4,9')!?$>9#

@+,*-H"$R$IO#OUXQV#TfL\ZS##[UO#QfXOV\"Q"$El acusativo con las preposiciones B y A<$fd][i`X$cX$f[WdUU[�`$M'6!8)@#6Bk8#='6#.#G-,"$R

�eTZVQ#KS#S#OS#ZULJNS"�$�#6B+#%/#3)a8+"$R$�V�#S#TVQQLV\"Q$�dX$cX]$^XWZ[U\cXW[fXfd]$fdc$\]a$fd$cX]$preposiciones B y A<$Y�]$XfdcX`Zd-$d`$dc$UX^£Z\ca$�hWdâ][U[a l`�"$

�fdY�]-$dc$XU\]XZ[ea$Ua`$cX$̂ Wdâ][U[�`$B$]d$\Z[c[�X$̂ XWX$d}^Wd]XW$dc$Z[dYâ-$U\X`fa$]d$[`f[UX$dc$f£X$fd$cX$]dYX`X$�$cX$_aWX$M5-!]6>#,+B-8#='?0&49H'='I'>#?%="$R$zS#TVJRLQLJTUS#\LQj#LO#[UoQTVOL\#S#OS\#�"Q"

CASO INSTRUMENTAL El instrumental sin preposición designa la ocupación o la profesión de la persona con los

verbos ,F84# M\LQQ#y# @/,)8/84# MZQSXS`SQQ' M'6!8)@#,+B-8#=0#>%6"$ R$�eTZVQ# \LQj#[oNUTV"� 08-]#@/,)8/-8#-,3&,&0%6"$R$IO#PSNQL#ZQSXS`S#NL#UJYLJULQV"Q-$�$ZXYb[¥`$d`$cX$Ua`]ZW\UU[�`$con el verbo E/%6A/847># MPQSTZUTSQ,# L\ZfNUSQQ$ M18+B-%8F# E/%6A/d87># ?7%0)%6"$ R$ zV\#L\ZfNUSJZL\#PQSTZUTSJ#NLPVQZL"Q"$

El instrumental con la preposición E$fd][i`X$cX$^dW]a`X$�\d$^XWZ[U[^X$d`$cX$WdXc[�XU[�`$fd$\`X$XUU[�`$M&%%/#,F*/#.#8-/8@-#?';0#)%6"$R$�JJS#L\ZfKV#LJ#LO#ZLSZQV#TVJ#\f#S[UYV"Q$a$d}^Wd]XW$cX$U\Xc[fXf$fdc$ab¡dZa$M�#*d,*d#!)$-#?'6%<%1%6"$R$�L#Yf\ZS#LO#TSRo#TVJ#OLT_L"Q"$

CASO PREPOSICIONALEl caso preposicional con la preposición @$ fd][i`X$dc$ab¡dZa$fdc$_XbcX$a$fdc$^d`]XY[d`Za$

M�#a68/*#%'J%?1=&"$R$�L#OLeNV#\VXQL#�V\Tq"Q$�$Ua`Zd]ZX$X$cX]$^Wdi\`ZX]$0#!)Au#0#akAu#w�L#�fUoJu#w�L#�fou En estas construcciones se usan los verbos ?).)@684$ M_SXOSQQ-$@/77!/EF-./84#MQLOSZSQQ-$B+A/84$MPLJ\SQQ"$

El preposicional con las preposiciones B y %/$fd][i`X$dc$c\iXW$fd$cX$XUU[�`$M:./%#@/,)8/--8#=';#,1&"$R$ �KjJ# ZQSXS`S#LJ#LO#XSJTV"Q-$ cX$d]ZXÙ[X$fd$ cX$^dW]a`X$a$fd$ cX$Ua]X$M2%6?6#,#'?)%<&"$R$zV\# OUXQV\#L\ZjJ#\VXQL# OS#[L\S"Q$�$Ua`Zd]ZX$X$ cX$^Wdi\`ZX$ $(B-u#w�pJNLu#Vea las particularidades del uso de las preposiciones B$($A<$Ua`$d]Zd$][i`[�UXfa$Y�]$XfdcX`Zd-$d`$dc$UX^£Z\ca$�hWdâ][U[oln�"

�fdY�]-$dc$^Wdâ][U[a`Xc$Ua`$cX$^Wdâ][U[�`$A< se usa para designar el medio de transporte M<F#-EB6*6#.#]-%8@#%/#/.8),+7-"$R$�L[V\#UNV#SO#TLJZQV#LJ#SfZVXq\"Q-$Ua`Zd]ZX$X$cX$^Wdi\`ZX$c/#akAu#wIJ#�fo#[LNUV#NL#ZQSJ\PVQZLu

El preposicional con la preposición B designa el tiempo de la acción, si se indica solo el mes M�#3@6-D/*#.#=)776d#='?&,)$;0&"$R$zOLYfo#S#�f\US#LJ#\LPZUL[XQL"Q$�$Ua`Zd]ZX$X$cX$^Wdi\`ZX$2)?B/u#w�fjJNVu.

�3

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

.#.�622.#*+'.�!%4./%2+&'�.!)'$.#/62251'3%,6V69' 26$.*.!51'+)}2'#"06#*/+*6-:251

9:($*;:&6*,&+(($l*:I$2*1,5++LK$'&75p5O$+52*)*:LK$(I�+$1<J51),()5@P+LK$I<p12*=*$:*7&$':*(1K*7()$(6I5+5+(5$I51)&$<7&:5+(H$R$<7&:5+(5$1$*1+*,L$'5:5K*7()$+&$*2*+n&-+(5-$+&':(I5:S$.@/a;#.@/aj;#.@/ar;#.@/ar;#.@/apA;#)#.@/ao"$?&'*I+()5$N)($l*:ILS$.@/a#^#.@/aj;#B-%4#^#B%>;#B)GB4#^#B)GB>l;#!/@/%B/lg#^#!/@/%B/gj;#!*da#^#!*daj;#!)%-l]#^#!)%-]j;#A)78#^#A)78j;#)8-l]#^#)8]j;#@+,*4#^#@+,*>l;#7*)./l@4#^#7*)./@>l;#78)*#^#78)*j;#g/@$#^#g/@$j;#h8/lG#^#h8/Gj;#>EFl!#^#>EF!j.

/$+52*)*:LK$l*:I&K$1<J51),()5@P+LK$I<p12*=*$:*7&$':*(1K*7()$,L'&75+(5$=@&1+LK$~[~$($~@~S$B&%4#^#B%>;#673/%&]#^#673/%]/;#)8&]#^#)8]/�#3)B/@%!#^#3)B/@!/;#@-,k%%!#^#@-,k%!/;#@F%%!#^#@F%!/.

/$l*:I&K$':57@*p+*=*$'&75p&$':($*),5)5$+&$,*':*1$(B-u$+52*)*:L5$1<J51),()5@P+L5$':(*;:5)&q)$*2*+n&+(5$~Y"$?&'*I+()5S$M?B-uQ$.#/h@)3)@8+l, .#7%-?+l.

/$ 2*1,5++LK$ '&75p&K$ +52*)*:LK$ 1@*,$ p5+12*=*$ ($ 1:57+5=*$ :*7&$ (6I5+H5)1H$ *1+*,&S$A/84#^#A/8-@6;#B)a4#^#B)a-@6;#6A>#^#6A-%6;#.@-A>#^#.@-A-%6.

�52*)*:L5$(I5+&$1<J51),()5@P+L5-$6&(I1),*,&++L5$(6$7:<=(K$H6L2*,-$,**;J5$+5$12@*-+Hq)1HS$!/$-;#!)$-;#A-8@);#3/*48).

+)&'3!+-%(%*6-:2.6 #I5+&$':(@&=&)5@P+L5$*;*6+&n&q)$K&:&2)5:(1)(2<$@(k&-$':57I5)&-$1*;L)(H$(@($H,@5-

+(H$($*),5n&q)$+&$,*':*1LS$2/!)Hu#2/!/>u#2/!)-u#2/!6-u/$:<112*I$H6L25$':(@&=&)5@P+L5$<'*):5;@Hq)1H$*;Ln+*$,$1*n5)&+(($1$1<J51),()5@P-

+LI$($1)*H)$'5:57$+(I$M09??1-"#>EF!;#D%0%K#$#3)?)B/;#-,)&0&?,%&#E/B/%6-Q"$/$(1'&+-12*I$ H6L25-$ +&*;*:*)-$ ':(@&=&)5@P+L5$ 1)&,H)1H$ '*1@5$ 1<J51),()5@P+*=*$ MOLJYfS# rusa;#ZUL[PV#bueno;#ZSQLS#interesanteQ"

#I5+&$':(@&=&)5@P+L5$1*=@&1<q)1H$1$1<J51),()5@P+LI($,$:*75-$n(1@5$($'&75p5"$o;:&-)()5$,+(I&+(5$+&$:*7*,L5$*2*+n&+(H$':(@&=&)5@P+LK"

0<p12*O$:*7Masculino

¦5+12(O$:*7Femenino

8:57+(O$:*7Neutro

0+*p51),5++*5$n(1@*Plural

%&2*O¨$©�\¥¨$©�\�c¨

4LO-$4*O-$(O

%&2&H¨$©�\¥¨$©�\�c¨4&H-$4HH

%&2*5¨$©�\¥¨$©�\�c¨4*5-$455$

%&2(5¨$©�\¥¨$©�\�cd]¨4L5-$4(5

+�,LO +�,&H +�,*5 +* l,L5

I*@*7�O I*@*7�H I*@*7�5 I*@*7L l5

7*I��+(O 7*I��+HH 7*I��+55 7*I& l�+(5

:±112(O :±112&H :±112*5 :<l112(5

'@*K�O '@*K�H '@*K�5 '@*K( l5

K*:��(O K*:��&H K*:��55 K*:* l�(5

;*@P��O ;*@P��H ;*@P��5 ;*@P�( l5

��

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

PARTICULARIDADES DE LA FORMACIÓN DE LOS CASOS INDIRECTOS DE CIERTOS SUSTANTIVOS

�`$cX$�aWYXU[�`$fd$ca]$UX]a]$[`f[WdUZa]$fd$Xci\à]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$fd$i¥`dWa$YX]U\c[à$U&Yb[X$dc$c\iXW$fdc$XUd`ZaS$^X]X$fd$cX$WXf[UXc$X$cX$fd][`dÙ[X-$âW$d¡dY^caS$.@/a, .@/aj, .@/ar, .@/ar, .@/apA, )#.@/ao"$²dZdìX$d`$cX$YdYaW[X$d]ZX]$�aWYX]S$.@/a#^#.@/aj;#B-%4#^#B%>;#B)GB4#^#B)GB>;#!/@/%B/lg#^#!/@/%B/gj;#!*da#^#!*daj;#!)%-l]#^#!)%]j;#A)78#^#A)78j;#)8-l]#^#)8]j;#@+,*4#̂ #@+,*>l;#7*)./l@4#̂ #7*)./@>l;#78)*#̂ #78)*j;#g/@$#̂ #g/@$j;#h8/lG#̂ #h8/Gj;#>EFl!#^#>EF!j.

En las formas de algunos sustantivos de género masculino se pierden las vocales L&L y L%LS$B&%4#^#B%>;#673/%&]#^#673/%]/;#)8&]#^#)8]/�#3)B/@%!#^#3)B/@!/;#@-,k%%!#^#@-,k%!/;#@F%%!#^#@F%!/.

En las formas del preposicional, cuando se responde a la pregunta (B-u ciertos sustantivos Xf�\[dWd`$cX$fd][`dÙ[X$~Y"$²dU\dWfdS$M?B-uQ$.#/h@)3)@8+;#.#7%-?+.

ªX$WXf[UXc$fd$Xci\`X]$^XcXbWX]$fd$i¥`dWa$�dYd`[à$�$`d\ZWa$UXYb[X$d`$ca]$UX]a]$[`f[WdUZa]S$A/84#^#A/8-@6;#B)a4#^#B)a-@6;#6A>#^#6A-%6;#.@-A>#^#.@-A-%6.

�ci\à]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$Xfa^ZXfa]$fd$aZWX]$cdì\X]$à$]d$fdUc[`X`S$!/$-;#!)$-;#A-8@);#3/*48).

ADJETIVOªa]$Xf¡dZ[ea]$fd][i`X`$cX$UXWXUZdW£]Z[UX$fd$\`X$^dW]a`X-$Ua]X-$XUa`ZdU[Y[d`Za$a$�d`�Ydà$�$

Ua`Zd]ZX`$X$cX]$^Wdi\`ZX]S$2/!)Hu#2/!/>u#2/!)-u#2/!6-u�`$W\]a-$ca]$Xf¡dZ[ea]$àWYXc$Yd`Zd$]d$\]X`$Ua`$]\]ZX`Z[ea$�$eX`$fdcX`Zd$fd$dcca]$M09??1-"#

>EF!;# D%0%K#$# 3)?)B/;#-,)&0&?,%&# E/B/%6-Q"$ �`$ d]^X ac-$ âW$ dc$ Ua`ZWXW[a-$ ca]$ Xf¡dZ[ea]$]\dcd`$]di\[W$X$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$MOLJYfS#rusa;#ZUL[PV#bueno;#ZSQLS#interesanteQ"

ªa]$ Xf¡dZ[ea]$ UaÙ\dWfX`$ Ua`$ ca]$ ]\]ZX`Z[ea]$ d`$ i¥`dWa-$ `�YdWa$ �$ UX]a"$ ®b]dWed`$ cX]$fd][`dÙ[X]$id`¥W[UX]$fd$ca]$Xf¡dZ[ea]"



8:57+(O$:*7Neutro

0+*p51),5++*5n(1@*Plural

%&2*O¨$©�\¥¨$©�\�c¨

4LO-$4*O-$(O

%&2&H¨$©�\¥¨$©�\�c¨4&H-$4HH

%&2*5¨$©�\¥¨$©�\�c¨4*5-$455$

%&2(5¨$©�\¥¨$©�\�cd]¨4L5-$4(5

+�,LO +�,&H +�,*5 +* l,L5

I*@*7�O I*@*7�H I*@*7�5 I*@*7L l5

7*I��+(O 7*I��+HH 7*I��+55 7*I& l�+(5

:±112(O :±112&H :±112*5 :< l112(5

'@*K�O '@*K�H '@*K�5 '@*K( l5

K*:��(O K*:��&H K*:��55 K*:* l�(5

;*@P��O ;*@P��H ;*@P��5 ;*@P�( l5

�t

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

9:(@&=&)5@P+L5$ 1$ ),�:7*O$ *1+*,*O$ (I5q)$ *2*+n&+(H$ ~gi, ~@i$ M%).!"# B)A, A)*)B%"'.@/aQ-$ ~<X$ M%).#$# B)@)?/;# A)*)B#$# G+@%/*678!/Q-$ ~@[$ M%).%&# EB/%6-;# A)*)B%&# B-@-.)Q"$�1@($<7&:5+(5$'&7&5)$+&$*1+*,<-$)*$':(@&=&)5@P+*5$I<p12*=*$:*7&$(I55)$*2*+n&+(5$~gi M%p.!" B)AQ-$&$51@($+&$*2*+n&+(5-$)*$~@i$MA)*)BM"#3@-3)B/./8-*4Q"$$

B$':(@&=&)5@P+LK$1$*1+*,*O$+&$~F~, ~_~, ~h~$($<7&:5+(5I$+&$*1+*,<$,$l*:I5$I<p12*=*$:*7&$;<75)$;56<7&:+*5$*2*+n&+(5$ ~>i$ M@r77!-"#>EF!;#*k?!-"#8-!78Q"$/$l*:I5$p5+12*=*$:*7&$*1)&+5)1H$*2*+n&+(5$~<X-$,$l*:I5$1:57+5=*$:*7&$R$*2*+n&+(5$~@[$M@r77!#$#*68-@/8+@/;#*k?!#$#E/B/a/;#@r77!%&'7*).);#*k?!%&#+3@/G%-%6-Q"$

B$':(@&=&)5@P+LK$1$*1+*,*O$+&$�('HJ(O$6,<2$,$l*:I5$I<p12*=*$:*7&$I*p5)$;L)P$(@($<7&:+*5$*2*+n&+(5$~@i$M,)*4gM"#?)@)BQ-$(@($;56<7&:+*5$*2*+n&+(5$~>i$MD)@pg-"#)8.-8Q"$/$l*:I5$p5+12*=*$:*7&$;<75)$*2*+n&+(5$~<X$M,)*4gN$#@/,)8/;#D)@pg#$#3)?)B/Q"$/$l*:I5$1:57+5=*$:*7&$;<75)$*2*+n&+(5$~@[-$51@($<7&:5+(5$'&7&5)$+&$*2*+n&+(5$M,)*4gM&')E-@)Q-$($~[[-$51@($<7&:5+(5$'&7&5)$+&$*1+*,<$MD)@pg&&#+3@/G%-%6-Q"$

9:(@&=&)5@P+L5$1$IH=2*O$*1+*,*O$(I5q)$*2*+n&+(H$~>i$MB)A/g%-"#),-BQ-$~XX$MB)A/g-%$$#,6,*6)8-!/Q-$~[[$MB)A/g%&&#E/B/%6-Q"$

/*$I+*p51),5++*I$n(1@5$':(@&=&)5@P+L5$,15K$:*7*,$(I5q)$*2*+n&+(H$~g[$($~>["$o2*+-n&+(5$ ~g[$ '*@<n&q)$ ':(@&=&)5@P+L5$ 1$ ),�:7*O$ *1+*,*O$ M%).!&# B)A/;# A)*)B!&# *dB6Q-$*2*+n&+(5$~>[$R$':(@&=&)5@P+L5$1$IH=2*O$*1+*,*O$MB)A/g%-&#E/B/%6>Q-$1$*1+*,*O$+&$~F~H'~_~H'~h~$M@+77!-&#7*)./Q$($+&$�('HJ(O$6,<2$M,)*4g-&#?)@)B/Q"$

/$':57@*p5+(($':(@&=&)5@P+*5$I*p5)$,L'*@+H)P$l<+2k(q$*':575@5+(H$M�8)#6%8-@-7-%/>#!%6?/"#^#I\#fJ#OUXQV#UJZLQL\SJZL"Q$(@($12&6<5I*=*$M�8/#!%6?/#6%8-@-7%/>"#^#I\ZL#OUXQV#L\#UJZLQL\SJZL"Q"

/$:<112*I$H6L25-$2:*I5$'*@+*O$l*:IL$':(@&=&)5@P+LK-$(I55)1H$($2:&)2&H$l*:I&"$/$(1-'&+12*I$H6L25$)&2*O$l*:IL$+5)"$/$':57@*p5+(($2:&)2*5$':(@&=&)5@P+*5$H,@H5)1H$(I5++*O$n&1)Pq$12&6<5I*=*$M:./%#-Ck#A)*)B"#̂ #�KjJ#ZVNSKeS#L\#̀ VKLJ"�$=/77!/E#:./%/#6%8-@-7-%"$R$ IO#QLOSZV#NL#�KjJ#L\#UJZLQL\SJZL"�$18+B-%8!/#E/%>8/"$R$zS#L\ZfNUSJZL#L\Zj#VTfPSNS"Q"$

%:&)2(5$ ':(@&=&)5@P+L5$ *;:&6<q)1H$ *)$ '*@+LK$ ,$ :56<@P)&)5$ <15n5+(H$ :*7*,LK$ *2*+-n&+(O$'*@+LK$l*:I$($':(1*57(+5+(H$*2*+n&+(O$~< (~X), ~@'(~�), ~g'(~>)S$E/%>8!"#�#E/%>8;#E/%>8#;#E/%>8%;#E/%>8!.

%:&)2(5$':(@&=&)5@P+L5$1*=@&1<q)1H$1$'*7@5p&J(I$,$:*75$($n(1@5$M:./%#E/%>8"#&%%/#E/%>8#"#<-78)#E/%>8%"#0%6#E/%>8!"Q"

o;:&)()5$,+(I&+(5S$':(@&=&)5@P+*5$@/B$(I55)$)*@P2*$2:&)2<q$l*:I<$M@/B#^#@/B##^@/B!Q"$

�{

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

ªa]$Xf¡dZ[ea]$Ua`$WXf[UXc$f\WX$Z[d`d`$cX]$fd][`dÙ[X]$~gi, ~@i'M%).!"#B)A;#A)*)B%"#.@/aQ-$~<X$M%).#$#B)@)?/;#A)*)B#$#G+@%/*678!/Q-$~@[$M%).%&#EB/%6-;#A)*)B%&#B-@-.)Q"$g[$dc$XUd`Za$UXd$]abWd$cX$WXf[UXc-$dc$Xf¡dZ[ea$fd$i¥`dWa$YX]U\c[à$Z[d`d$cX$fd][`dÙ[X$~gi$M%p.!"#B)AQ-$�$][$dc$acento cae sobre la desinencia, tiene la desinencia ~@i$MA)*)BM"#3@-3)B/./8-*4Q"$$

ªa]$Xf¡dZ[ea]$Ua`$WXf[UXc$d`$~F~, ~_~, ~h~ y el acento en la radical en la forma del masculino Z[d`d`$cX$fd][`dÙ[X$�Za`X$~>i$M@r77!-"#>EF!;#*k?!-"#8-!78Q"$�`$cX$�aWYX$fd$�dYd`[à$Zd`fW�`$cX$fd][`dÙ[X$�Za`X$~<X, en la del neutro, la desinencia ~@[$M@r77!#$#*68-@/8+@/;#*k?!#$#E/-B/a/;#@r77!%&#7*).);#*k?!%&#+3@/G%-%6-Q"$

ªa]$Xf¡dZ[ea]$U\�X$WXf[UXc$ZdWY[`X$d`$�W[UXZ[eX$a$X�W[UXfX-$d`$cX$�aWYX$fdc$YX]U\c[à$^\dfd`$tener desinencia tónica ~@i$M,)*4gM"#?)@)BQ$a$�Za`X$~>i'MD)@pg-"#)8.-8Q"$�`$cX$�aWYX$fdc$�dYd`[à$Z[d`d$cX$fd][`dÙ[X$Z�`[UX$a$�Za`X$~<X$M,)*4gN$#@/,)8/;#D)@pg#$#3)?)B/Q�$d`$cX$fdc$neutro, ~@[-$][$dc$XUd`Za$UXd$]abWd$cX$fd][`dÙ[X$M,)*4gM&#)E-@)Q-$�$~[[, si el acento cae sobre cX$WXf[UXc$MD)@pg&&#+3@/G%-%6-Q"$

ªa]$Xf¡dZ[ea]$Ua`$WXf[UXc$bcX`fX$Z[d`d`$cX]$fd][`dÙ[X]$~>i$MB)A/g%-"#),-BQ-$~XX$MB)A/g-%$$#,6,*6)8-!/Q-$~[[$MB)A/g%&&#E/B/%6-Q"$

�`$dc$̂ c\WXc-$ca]$Xf¡dZ[ea]$fd$Zafa]$ca]$i¥`dWa]$Z[d`d`$cX]$fd][`dÙ[X]$~g[ y ~>[. La desinencia ~g[$cX$Xf�\[dWd`$ca]$Xf¡dZ[ea]$Ua`$WXf[UXc$f\WX$M%).!&#B)A/;#A)*)B!&#*dB(Q-$cX$fd][`dÙ[X$L-& ca]$Xf¡dZ[ea]$�\d$Z[d`d$WXf[UXc$bcX`fX$M7*I&�+(5$6&7&+(HQ-$d`$~F~H'~_~H'~h~$M@+77!-&#7*)./Q$a$d`$$d`$�W[UXZ[eX$a$X�W[UXfX$M,)*4g-&#?)@)B/Q"$

�`$ cX$ aWXU[�`-$ dc$ Xf¡dZ[ea$ ^\dfd$ fd]dY^d XW$ �\Ù[�`$ fd$ XZW[b\Za$ M�8)# 6%8-@-7%/># !%6-?/"$R$I\ZL#L\#fJ#OUXQV#UJZLQL\SJZL"Q$a$fd$^Wdf[UXfa$M�8/#!%6?/#6%8-@-7%/>"$R$I\ZL#OUXQV#L\#UJZLQL\SJZL"Q"

�`$W\]a-$XfdY�]$fd$ cX$�aWYX$UaY^cdZX-$ ca]$Xf¡dZ[ea]$Z[d`d`$ cX$�aWYX$bWded"$�]ZX$�aWYX$à$d}[]Zd$d`$d]^X ac"$�c$Xf¡dZ[ea$bWded$fd]dY^d X$d`$cX$aWXU[�`$cX$�\Ù[�`$fd$^Wdf[UXfa$M:./%#-Ck#A)*)B"#̂ #�KjJ#ZVNSKeS#L\#̀ VKLJ"�$=/77!/E#:./%/#6%8-@-7-%"#̂ #IO#QLOSZV#NL#�KjJ#L\#UJZLQL\SJZL"�$18+B-%8!/#E/%>8/"#^#zS#L\ZfNUSJZL#L\Zj#VTfPSNS"Q"$

ªa]$Xf¡dZ[ea]$bWded]$]d$�aWYX`$X$^XWZ[W$fd$ca]$UaY^cdZa]$UaYa$$Wd]\cZXfa$fd$cX$^¥Wf[fX$fd$cX]$desinencias genéricas de las formas completas y la agregación de las desinencias ~<'(~XQ-$~@$M~�Q-$~g$M~>QS$E/%>8!"#�#E/%>8;#E/%>8#;#E/%>8%;#E/%>8!.

ªa]$Xf¡dZ[ea]$bWded]$UaÙ\dWfX`$Ua`$dc$]\¡dZa$d`$i¥`dWa$�$`�YdWa$M:./%#E/%>8"#&%%/#E/%>-8#"#<-78)#E/%>8%"#0%6#E/%>8!"Q"

²dU\dWfd`$�\d$dc$Xf¡dZ[ea$@/B$Z[d`d$]aca$�aWYX]$bWded]$M@/B#^#@/B##^#@/B!Q"

�F

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

+)&'d+#-+*6-:2.6 /$:<112*I$H6L25-$2&2$($,$(1'&+12*I-$(I5q)1H$2*@(n51),5++L5$n(1@()5@P+L5-$*;*6+&-

n&qJ(5$2*@(n51),*$':57I5)*,$ M4=##78+B-%8/;#>&)!0&#B)A/Q$($*),5n&qJ(5$+&$,*':*1$1!)*4!)u#w�fjJZV\u#w�fjJZS\u-$($'*:H72*,L5$n(1@()5@P+L5-$*;*6+&n&qJ(5$'*:H72*,LO$+*I5:$':57I5)&$M7&0=!"#+@)!;#=)%0#$#%-B-*>;#7$),#4*#)#$#78@/%6]/Q$($*),5n&qJ(5$+&$,*':*1L$2/!)H$M!/!/>;#!/!)-;#!/!6-Q$6A-%%)u$(@($2/!)H$M!/!/>;#!/!)-;#!/!6-Q$3)#7a-8+u wxfou#w�fjOu.

$.-+d6#*/62256'd+#-+*6-:256/$:<112*I$H6L25-$2&2$($,$(1'&+12*I-$2*@(n51),5++*5$n(1@()5@P+*5$)B6%$1*=@&1<5)1H$1$

1<J51),()5@P+LI$,$:*75$M%4-,#B)A#^#fJS#TS\S;#%4,N#!%6?/#^#fJ#OUXQV;#%4,M#3674A)#^#fJS#TSQZSQ"$!&2(I$p5$*;:&6*I$(6I5+Hq)1H$($7:<=(5$2*@(n51),5++L5$n(1@()5@P+L5-$*2&+n(,&q-J(51H$+&$)B6%$M4=#4*#)5'%4-,'B)A$R$KLUJZUfJS#TS\S\,'4=#4*#)5'%4,##!%6?/$R$KLUJZUqJ#OUXQV\, 4=#4*#)5'%4,%#3674A)$R$KLUJZUfJS#TSQZS\Q"

%*@(n51),5++*5$n(1@()5@P+*5$B./$(I55)$)*@P2*$7,5$l*:IL$M4=##B)A/$R$NV\#TS\S\, 4=#'3674A/$R$NV\#TSQZS\, 4=&#!%6?6$R$NV\#OUXQV\Q"$!&2$p5$(6I5+Hq)1H$($7:<=(5$2*@(n51),5++L5$n(1@()5@P+L5-$*2&+n(,&qJ(51H$+&$B./$M4=#4*#)5'4=##B)A/#^#KLUJZUNp\#TS\S\;#4=#4*#)5'4=&#!%6?6#^#KLUJZUNp\#OUXQV\;#4=#4*#)5'4=##3674A/#^#KLUJZUNp\#TSQZS\Q"

C:<=(5$n(1@()5@P+L5$1'5k(&@P+LK$l*:I$:*7&$+5$(I5q)$M)0-#B)lA/$R$ZQL\#TS\S\, )0-'!%6l?6$R$ZQL\#OUXQV\, )0-#3674A/l$R$ZQL\#TSQZS\Q"

9*1@5$n(1@()5@P+LK$1, 21, 31, 41$($7:"$1<J51),()5@P+L5$1)&,H)1H$,$(I5+()5@P+*I$'&-75p5$M)B6%#B)A;#B./B]/84#)B6%#B)A;#)B%/#!%6?#;#8@6B]/84#)B%/#!%6?#Q"$9*1@5$n(1@()5@P-+LK$2, 3, 4�$22, 23, 24�$32, 33, 34$($)"7"$1<J51),()5@P+L5$1)&,H)1H$,$l*:I<$:*7()5@P+*=*$'&75p&$57(+1),5++*=*$n(1@&$MB./#B)A#;#8@6#!%6?-;#a-8F@-#3674A#Q"$9*1@5$,15K$*1)&@P+LK$n(1@()5@P+LK$M5, �, 7, 8$($7:"Q$1<J51),()5@P+L5$1)&,H)1H$,$l*:I<$:*7()5@P+*=*$'&75p&$I+*p51),5++*=*$n(1@&$M3>84#B)A%=;#g-784#!%6?;#7-A4#367-AQ"$/$(1'&+12*I$H6L25$)&2*O$6&2*+*I5:+*1)($+5$1<J51),<5)S$1<J51),()5@P+L5$,$1*n5)&+(($1$2*@(n51),5++LI($n(1@(-)5@P+LI(-$6&$(12@qn5+(5I$n(1@()5@P+*=*$1$MfJ, fJSQ-$1)&,H)1H$,*$I+*p51),5++*I$n(1@5"$

8*1)&,+L5$n&1)($:<112(K$n(1@()5@P+LK-$)&2(K$2&2$48, 423, ��$($7:<=(K-$,$*)@(n(5$*)$(1-'&+12(K-$+5$1,H6&+L$1*q6*I$>-$+&':(I5:S$48$R$,$:<112*I$H6L25$7)@)!#.)7-A4-$,$(1'&+12*I$TfSQLJZS#+#VT_V.

/$:<112*I$H6L25$n(1@()5@P+*5$1)*()$'5:57$1<J51),()5@P+LI$M78)#@+,*-H;#8@6B]/84#*-8Q"$�1@($n(1@()5@P+*5$($1<J51),()5@P+*5$I5+Hq)1H$I51)&I($M@+,*-H#78);#*-8#8@6B-]/84Q-$)*$N)*$*6+&n&5)-$n)*$2*@(n51),*$@(k$(@($':57I5)*,$+&6L,&5)1H$+5$)*n+*-$&$':(;@(-6()5@P+*"$ /$ (1'&+12*I$ H6L25$ 6+&n5+(5$ 2*@(n51),5++*O$ +5*':575@�++*1)($ '5:57&�)1H$ 1$'*I*JPq$1@*,S$TLQTS#NL;#SPQV�U[SNS[LJZL$MTLQTS#NL#��#QfXOV\;#SPQV�U[SNS[LJZL#��#SiV\Q"

�z

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

NUMERAL�`$ W\]a$ UaYa$ d`$ d]^X ac$ d}[]Zd`$ `\YdWXcd]$ UXWf[`Xcd]-$ �\d$ fd][i`X`$ cX$ UX`Z[fXf$ fd$ ca]$

ab¡dZa]$M4=##78+B-%8/;#>&)!0&#B)A/Q$�$�\d$Ua`Zd]ZX`$X$cX$^Wdi\`ZX$1!)*4!)u#^#w�fjJZV\u#w�fjJZS\u-$�$`\YdWXcd]$aWf[`Xcd]-$�\d$fd][i`X`$dc$aWfd`$fdc$ab¡dZa$M7&0=!"#+@)!;#=)%0#$'%-B-*>;#7$),#4*#)#$#78@/%6]/Q$�$Ua`Zd]ZX`$X$cX]$^Wdi\`ZX]$2/!)H$M!/!/>;#!/!)-;#!/!6-Q$6A-%%)¨$*$2/!)H$M!/!/>;#!/!)-;#!/!6-Q$3)#7a-8+u$$R$wxfou#w�fjOu.

NUMERALES CARDINALES En ruso como en español, el numeral cardinal )B6% concuerda con el sustantivo en género

M%4-,# B)A#^#fJS# TS\S;#%4,N# !%6?/#^#fJ# OUXQV;#%4,M# 3674A)#^#fJS# TSQZSQ"$ �]Za$ ZXYb[¥`$]\Udfd$Ua`$ca]$`\YdWXcd]$UXWf[`Xcd]$�\d$ZdWY[`X`$d`$)B6%$M4=#4*#)5'%4-,#B)A#^#KLUJZUfJS#TS\S\;#4=#4*#)5'%4,##!%6?/#^#KLUJZUqJ#OUXQV\;#4=#4*#)5'%4,%#3674A)#^#KLUJZUfJS#TSQZS\Q"

El numeral cardinal B./$U\d`ZX$]aca$Ua`$fa]$�aWYX]$M4=##B)A/#^#NV\#TS\S\;#4=##3674A/#^#NV\#TSQZS\;#4=&#!%6?6#^#NV\#OUXQV\Q"$�]Za$ZXYb[¥`$]\Udfd$Ua`$aZWa]$`\YdWXcd]$UXWf[`Xcd]$�\d$terminan en B./$M4=#4*#)5'4=##B)A/#^#KLUJZUNp\#TS\S\;#4=#4*#)5'4=&#!%6?6#^#KLUJZUNp\#OUXQV\;#4=#4*#)5'4=##3674A/#^#KLUJZUNp\#TSQZS\Q"

®ZWa]$ `\YdWXcd]$ UXWf[`Xcd]$ UXWdUd`$ fd$ �aWYX]$ d]^dU[Xcd]$ fd$ i¥`dWa$ M)0-# B)A/#^# ZQL\#TS\S\;#)0-#!%6?6#^#ZQL\#OUXQV\;#)0-#3674A/#^#ZQL\#TSQZS\Q"

Tras los numerales cardinales �;#��;#��;#��-$dZU"-$ ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$eX`$d`$àY[`XZ[ea$M)B6%#B)A;#B./B]/84#)B6%#B)A;#)B%/#!%6?#;#8@6B]/84#)B%/#!%6?#Q"$�WX]$ca]$`\YdWXcd]$UXWf[`Xcd]$�;#�;#��#��;#��;#��#��;#��;#��-$dZU"$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$]d$â`d`$d`$id`[Z[ea$][ì\cXW$MB./#B)A#;#8@6#!%6?-;#a-8F@-#3674A#Q"$�WX]$ca]$fdY�]$`\YdWXcd]$UXWf[`Xcd]$M�;#�;#�;#�;#dZU"Q$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$eX`$d`$id`[Z[ea$^c\WXc$M3>84#B)A%=;#g-784#!%6?;#7-A4#367-AQ"$�`$d]^X ac-$d]ZX$Wdi\cXW[fXf$à$d}[]ZdS$ ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$d`$cX$UaYb[`XU[�`$Ua`$ca]$`\YdWXcd]$UXWf[`Xcd]$d}Ud^Za$dc$`\YdWXc$ 1$MfJMVQ-$fJSQ$eX`$d`$^c\WXc"$

Los componentes de numerales cardinales rusos tales como ��;#��;#�� y otros, a diferencia fd$ca]$d]^X acd]-$à$d]Z�`$\`[fa]$âW$cX$Ua`¡\Ù[�`$>-$âW$d¡dY^caS$48$R$d`$W\]a$d]$7)@)!#.)-7-A4, y en español, TfSQLJZS#+#VT_V.

�`$ W\]a-$ dc$ `\YdWXc$ UXWf[`Xc$ eX$fdcX`Zd$ fdc$ ]\]ZX`Z[ea$ M78)#@+,*-H;#8@6B]/84#*-8Q"$g[$dc$`\YdWXc$�$dc$]\]ZX`Z[ea$UXYb[X`$fd$c\iXW$M@+,*-H#78);#*-8#8@6B]/84Q-$d]Za$][i`[�UX$�\d$cX$UX`Z[fXf$fd$^dW]a`X]$a$Ua]X]$à$d]$d}XUZX-$][à$X^Wa}[YXfX"$�`$$d]^X ac-$dc$]d`Z[fa$fd$cX$[`fd�`[U[�`$U\X`Z[ZXZ[eX$]d$ZWX`]Y[Zd$Ua`$X�\fX$fd$cX]$^XcXbWX]$TLQTS#NL;#SPQV�U[SNS[LJZL#M@+-,*-H#78)#^#TLQTS#NL#��#QfXOV\;#*-8#8@6B]/84#^#SPQV�U[SNS[LJZL#��#SmV\Q"

�D

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

3.!&,$./56'd+#-+*6-:256 9*$l*:I5$($1(+)&21(n512*I<$<'*):5;@5+(q$'*:H72*,L5$n(1@()5@P+L5$;@(62($2$(I5-

+&I$':(@&=&)5@P+LI-$+*$*+($*)@(n&q)1H$*)$':(@&=&)5@P+LK$'*$1,*5I<$6+&n5+(q-$<2&6L,&H$)*@P2*$+&$'*:H7*2$1@57*,&+(H$':57I5)*,[email protected]#+@)!#^#OS#PQU[LQS#OLTTUpJ;#.8)@/>#78@/-%6]/#^#OS#\LYfJNS#PjYUJS;#3>8)-#+3@/G%-%6-#^#LO#�fUJZV#L`LQTUTUVQ"$

9*:H72*,L5$n(1@()5@P+L5$+5$I5+Hq)$l*:IL$n(1@&$1<J51),()5@P+*=*-$&$1&I($1*=@&1<-q)1H$1$+(I$,$:*75-$n(1@[email protected]#h!E/A-%#^#LO#PQU[LQ#L�S[LJ;#3-@./>#*-!]6>#^#OS#PQU[LQS#TOS\L;#3-@.)-#+3@/G%-%6-#̂ #LO#PQU[LQ#L`LQTUTUV;#[email protected]#+@)!6#̂ #OS\#PQU[LQS\#OLTTUVJL\Q"$/$1*-1)&,+LK$'*:H72*,LK$n(1@()5@P+LK$(6I5+H5)1H$)*@P2*$,)*:&H$n&1)P$M7)@)!#[email protected]#?)B;#7)-@)!#3-@./>#78@/%6]/;#7)@)!#3-@.)-#+3@/G%-%6-Q"$

9*:H72*,L5$ n(1@()5@P+L5$ *;:&6<q)1H$ *)$ *1+*,$ 1**),5)1),<qJ(K$ 2*@(n51),5++LK$n(1@()5@P+LK$,$:*7()5@P+*I$'&75p5S$*2*+n&+(5$~>$(@($~<$I5+H5)1H$+&$*2*+n&+(5$':(@&-=&)5@P+*=*$ M3>8�6#^#3>8�FH;# 3>8�/>;# 3>8�)-;# 3>8�F-�# 3>86B-7>8�6#^#3>86B-7>8�FH;#3>86B-7>8�/>;#3>86B-7>8�)-;#3>86B-7>8�F-�#B-.>%)78�/#^#B-.>%)78�FH;#B-.>%)78�/>;#B-.>%)78�)-;#B-.>%)78�F-Q"

o1*;LI$*;:&6*I$*;:&6<q)1H$n(1@()5@[email protected];#3o@./>;#3o@.)-;#[email protected]�#.8)@pH;#.8)@j>;#.8)@p-;#.8)@Fl-�#8@o86H;#8@o84>;#8@o84-;#8@o846�#a-8.k@8FH;#a-8.k@8/>;#a-8.k@8)-;#a-8.k@8F-�#7-B4ApH;#7-B4Aj>;#7-B4Ap-;#7-B4AFl-�#7)@)!).pH;#7)@)!).j>;#7)@)!).p-;#7)@)!).Fl-.

)6#*.+)62+6 /$:<112*I$H6L25$(I55)1H$+512*@P2*$:&6:H7*,$I51)*(I5+(O"$9:($7*1)(p5+(($N@5I5+-

)&:+*=*$<:*,+H$,@&75+(H$H6L2*I$(6<n&q)$1@57<qJ(5$:&6:H7LS§$@(n+L5$I51)*(I5+(H$>C'8FC')%C')%/³�§$,*':*1()5@P+L5$I51)*(I5+(H$28)u#v8)u#2/!)Hu#v-Hu³�$§$':()Hp&)5@P+L5$I51)*(I5+(H$A)H;#8.)H;#%/g³�§$<2&6&)5@P+L5$I51)*(I5+(H$h8)8;#h8/;#h8)³�§$*':575@()5@P+*5$I51)*(I5+(5$!/GBFH.

�y

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

NUMERALES ORDINALEShaW$]\$�aWYX$�$\]a$][`Z�UZ[Ua-$ ca]$`\YdWXcd]$aWf[`Xcd]$]d$^XWdUd`$X$ ca]$Xf¡dZ[ea]-$^dWa$]d$

f[�dWdÙ[X`$fd$dcca]$âW$]\$][i`[�UXfa-$âW$�\d$ [`f[UX`$]aca$dc$aWfd`$]\Ud][ea$fd$ ca]$ab¡dZa][email protected]#+@)!#^#OS#PQU[LQS#OLTTUpJ;#.8)@/>#78@/%6]/#^#OS#\LYfJNS#PjYUJS;#3>8)-#+3@/G%--%6-#^#LO#�fUJZV#L`LQTUTUVQ"$

ªa]$`\YdWXcd]$aWf[`Xcd]$à$ [`´\�d`$d`$cX$�aWYX$fdc$]\]ZX`Z[ea$^dWa$UaÙ\dWfX`$Ua`$¥c$d`$i¥`dWa$�$`�[email protected]#h!E/A-%#^#LO#PQU[LQ#L�S[LJ;#3-@./>#*-!]6>#^#OS#PQU[LQS#TOS\L;#3-@.)-# +3@/G%-%6-#^#LO# PQU[LQ# L`LQTUTUV;# [email protected]# +@)!6#^# OS\# PQU[LQS\# OLTTUVJL\Q"$ �`$ ca]$`\YdWXcd]$aWf[`Xcd]$UaY^\d]Za]$W\]a]$]d$Yaf[�UX$]aca$cX$]di\`fX$^XWZd$M7)@)!#[email protected]#?)B;#7)@)!#3-@./>#78@/%6]/;#7)@)!#3-@.)-#+3@/G%-%6-Q"$

Los numerales ordinales se forman de las radicales de los numerales cardinales UaWWd]â`f[d`Zd]S$d`$dc$id`[Z[ea-$cX$fd][`dÙ[X$~> o ~<$]d$UXYb[X$âW$cX$fd][`dÙ[X$fdc$Xf¡dZ[ea$M3>8�6#�#3>8�FH;#3>8�/>;#3>8�)-;#3>8�F-�#3>86B-7>8�6#�#3>86B-7>8�FH;#3>86B-7>8�/>;#3>86B-7>8�)-;# 3>86B-7>8�F-�# B-.>%)78�/# �# B-.>%)78�FH;# B-.>%)78�/>;# B-.>%)78�)-;#B-.>%)78�F-Q"

�ci\à]$`\YdWXcd]$aWf[`Xcd]$�\d$]d$�aWYX`$fd$YX`dWX$d]^dU[[email protected];#3o@./>;#3o@.)-;#[email protected]�#.8)@pH;#.8)@j>;#.8)@p-;#.8)@Fl-�#8@o86H;#8@o84>;#8@o84-;#8@o846�#a-8.k@8FH;#a-8.k@8/>;#a-8.k@8)-;#a-8.k@8F-�#7-B4ApH;#7-B4Aj>;#7-B4Ap-;#7-B4AFl-�#7)@)!).pH;#7)@)!).j>;#7)@)!).p-;#7)@)!).Fl-.

PRONOMBRE�`$ $ W\]a$ d}[]Zd`$ f[edW]a]$ iW\â]$ fd$ ^WaàYbWd]"$ �`$ dc$ `[edc$ dcdYd`ZXc$ ]d$ d]Z\f[X`$ ca]$

][i\[d`Zd]S– los pronombres personales >;#8F;#)%;#)%/ �– los pronombres interrogativos 28)u#v8)u#2/!)Hu#v-Hu �$– los pronombres posesivos A)H;#8.)H;#%/g �– los pronombres demostrativos h8)8;#h8/;#h8) �– los pronombres determinativos !/GBFH.

tT

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

-+d256')6#*.+)62+&.(n+L5$I51)*(I5+(H$6&I5+Hq)$,$':57@*p5+(HK$($)521)&K$(I5+&$1<J51),()5@P+L5"$!&2$

p5-$2&2$($1<J51),()5@P+L5-$@(n+L5$I51)*(I5+(H$(6I5+Hq)1H$'*$'&75p&I"

#"'" %)*¨�)*¨

Hyo

)Ltú

*+él

*+&$ella

*+*ello

ILnosotrosnosotras

,L$vosotrosvosotras

*+(ellosellas

G"'" %*=*¨�5=*¨

I5+H )5;H 5=* 5� 5=* +&1 ,&1 (K

C"'" %*I<¨$�5I<¨

I+5 )5;5 5I< 5O 5I< +&I ,&I (I

/"'" %*=*¨�)*¨

I5+H )5;H 5=* 5� 5=* +&1 ,&1 (K

!"'" %5I¨$�5I¨

I+*O )*;*O (I 5O (I +&I( ,&I( (I(

9"'" o$2*I¨o$n�I¨

*;*$I+5 *$)5;5

*$+�I *$+5O *$+�I *$+&1 *$,&1 *$+(K

%&2$($1<J51),()5@P+L5-$@(n+L5$I51)*(I5+(H$I*=<)$<'*):5;@H)P1H$1$':57@*=&I("$8<J5-1),<q)$1@57<qJ(5$*1*;5++*1)($<'*):5;@5+(H$':57@*=*,$1$l*:I&I($I51)*(I5+(H$XS$

§$51@($ '5:57$ l*:I*O$A%-$ M,$ 7&)5@P+*I$ '&75p5Q$ 1)&,()1H$ ':57@*=$ F-$ *+$ ':(*;:5)&5)$l*:I<$!)$M¡@6D)B68-#1%'6,&#.#?)786"#^#�LJYSJ#S#KU\UZSQ[L"Q�

§$51@($'5:57$l*:I*O$A%)H$M,$),*:()5@P+*I$'&75p5Q$1)&,()1H$':57@*=$E-$*+$':(*;:5)&5)$l*:I<$7)$M¡)HBkA8-#?%'6,%""#^#�S[V\#TVJ[UYV"Q�$

§$51@($'5:57$l*:I*O$A%-$M,$':57@*p+*I$'&75p5Q$1)&,()1H$':57@*=$@-$*+$':(*;:5)&5)$l*:I<$),)$M0%#?).)@6*#./A#),)#A%-"#^#¢O#OL#_S#_SXOSNV#S#£\ZLN#NL#[e"Q"

|*:IL$I51)*(I5+(H$�4=*$@(k&$)%,#)%/,#)%),#)%6$,$1*n5)&+(($1$':57@*=&I($':(*;:5)&q)$+&n&@P+LO$6,<2$A-$+&':(I5:-$,$':57@*p5+(($M�#3@6gk*#1',&69;#a8),F#3)A)a4#&69"#^#�L#KLJUNV#S#\f#TS\S#PSQS#S�fNSQOL"Q$I51)*(I5+(5$)%$,$7&)5@P+*I$'&75p5$'*1@5$=@&=*@&$3@6gk*#(7�)$1$':57@*=*I$F$($':(*;:5)&5)$+&n&@P+LO$6,<2$A$M1',&69Q-$&$'*1@5$=@&=*@&$3)A)a4$(7�)$;56$':57@*=&$($+5$(I55)$+&n&@P+*=*$A$M'*I*nP$&69Q"$

051)*(I5+(5$.F$MKV\VZQV\;#KV\VZQS\Q$(1'*@P6<5)1H$+5$)*@P2*$':($*;:&J5+(($2$=:<''5$@(k-$+*$($2&2$,5p@(,&H$l*:I&$*;:&J5+(H$2$*7+*I<$@(k<"$/$N)*I$1@<n&5$*+*$'(�5)1H$1$':*'(1+*O$;<2,LS$'F$M�#%/367/*#@#6#3674A)"$R$zL#_L#L\TQUZV#fJS#TSQZS#S#£\ZLN"Q"$/$(1'&+12*I$H6L25$,$N)*I$1@<n&5$(1'*@P6<q)1H$l*:IL$�4=*$@(k&$£\ZLN$M£N"Q$($£\ZLNL\$M£N\"Q"

G<112(5$@q7($<'*):5;@Hq)$l*:I<$'F$,$:&6=*,*:5$1$+56+&2*ILI$(@($I&@*6+&2*ILI$n5-@*,52*I"$9:($N)*I$*;:&J5+(5$+&$'F$2$n5@*,52<-$7*1)(=�5I<$3{$@5)-$7*'*@+H5)1H$(I5+5I$($*)n51),*I�$2$)5I$p5-$2*I<$*)$E{$7*$3{-$R$n&J5$,15=*$)*@P2*$'*@+*O$l*:I*O$(I5+("$o;:&J5-+(5$'F$*;H6&)5@P+*$':($*;J5+(($1$n5@*,52*I-$,1):5n5++LI$,'5:,L5"$

'F <'*):5;@H5)1H$ 7&p5$ '*$ *)+*�5+(q$ 2$ K*:*�*$ 6+&2*I*I<$ n5@*,52<$ ,$ *l(k(&@P+*O$*;1)&+*,25S$+&$<n5;+LK$6&+H)(HK-$,*$,:5IH$+&<n+LK$2*+l5:5+k(O$($15I(+&:*,-$+&$':(�I5$<$,:&n&-$':($*;J5+(($1$p<:+&@(1)&I(-$,$1()<&k(HK$*;J5+(H$+&n&@P+(2&$($'*7n(+�++*=*-$,$*;J5+(($I5p7<$1*1@<p(,k&I($,$1@<n&5$':(1<)1),(H$':($N)*I$'*1)*:*++(K$@(k$($)"7"$

'F$<'*):5;@H5)1H$'*$*)+*�5+(q$2$@q7HI$1)&:�5=*$,*6:&1)&$,I51)5$1$(I5+5I$($*)n5-1),*I"$

�&$8F$*;:&J&q)1H$7:<=$2$7:<=<$,$15IP5-$,$*;J5+(($1$7:<6PHI(-$1$75)PI("$8)<75+)L-$7&p5$I&@*6+&2*IL5-$n&1)*$*;:&J&q)1H$7:<=$2$7:<=<$+&$8F.

tE

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

PRONOMBRES PERSONALESªa]$^WaàYbWd]$^dW]a`Xcd]$WddY^cX�X`$X$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$d`$cX]$aWXU[a`d]$�$Zd}Za]�$UXYb[X`$

por casos.

#"'" %)*¨�)*¨

Hyo

)Ltú

*+él

*+&$ella

*+*ello

ILnosotrosnosotras

,L$vosotrosvosotras

*+(ellosellas

G"'" %*=*¨�5=*¨

I5+H )5;H 5=* 5� 5=* +&1 ,&1 (K

C"'" %*I<¨$�5I<¨

I+5 )5;5 5I< 5O 5I< +&I ,&I (I

/"'" %*=*¨�)*¨

I5+H )5;H 5=* 5� 5=* +&1 ,&1 (K

!"'" %5I¨�5I¨

I+*O )*;*O (I 5O (I +&I( ,&I( (I(

9"'" o$2*Iö$n�I¨

*;*$I+5

*$)5;5 *$+�I *$+5O *$+�I *$+&1 *$,&1 *$+(K

ªa]$̂ WaàYbWd]$̂ dW]a`Xcd]$Xc$[i\Xc$�\d$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$̂ \dfd`$\]XW]d$Ua`$̂ Wdâ][U[�`"$�}[]Zd`$las siguientes particularidades de uso de las preposiciones con las formas del pronombre XS$

– si delante de la forma A%-$Md`$fXZ[eaQ$eX$cX$^Wdâ][U[�`'F, esta se transforma en F@$M¡@6D)-B68-#1%'6,&#.#?)786"$R$�LJYSJ#S#KU\UZSQ[L"Q�

– si delante de la forma A%)H$ Md`$ [`]ZW\Yd`ZXcQ$ eX$ cX$ ^Wdâ][U[�`$ E, esta preposición se transforma en E@$M¡)HBkA8- ?%'6,%""$R$�LJYSJ#TVJ[UYV"Q�$

– si delante de la forma A%-$Md`$^Wdâ][U[a`XcQ$eX$cX$^Wdâ][U[�`$@, ésta se transforma en @�@'M0%#?).)@6*#./A#%;%'A%-"$R$¢O#OL#_S#_SXOSNV#S#£\ZLN#NL#[e"Q"$

ªX]$�aWYX]$fdc$̂ WaàYbWd$fd$�¯$̂ dW]a`X$)%;#)%/;#)%);#)%6 en combinación con las preposiciones desarrollan el sonido inicial A"$ haW$ d¡dY^ca-$ d`$ cX$ aWXU[�`$ M�#3@6gk*#1',&69;# a8),F#3)A)a4#&69"#^#�L#KLJUNV#S#\f#TS\S#PSQS#S�fNSQOL"Q$dc$^WaàYbWd$)% en dativo, después del verbo 3@6-gk*, va con la preposición F y desarrolla el sonido inicial A$M1',&69Q-$^dWa$ZWX]$dc$edWba$3)A)a4 va sin la preposición y carece del sonido inicial A$M3)A)a4#&69Q"$

El pronombre Bg$Mea]aZWa]-$ea]aZWX]Q$]d$\]X$̀ a$]aca$̂ XWX$dc$ZWXZXY[d`Za$Ua`$iW\â$fd$̂ dW]a`X]-$sino también como forma cortés de tratamiento con una persona. En este caso se escribe con mayúscula /g$M�#%/367/*#@#6#3674A)"#^#zL#_L#L\TQUZV#fJS#TSQZS#S#£\ZLN"Q"$�`$d]Zd$UX]a$d`$$d]^X ac$]d$\]X`$cX]$�aWYX]$fd$�¯$^dW]a`X$£\ZLN$M£N"Q$�$£\ZLNL\$M£N\"Q"

Los rusos emplean la forma 'F al hablar con una persona desconocida o poco conocida. Si el pronombre 'F$]d$\]X$Xc$_XbcXW$Ua`$\`X$^dW]a`X$fd$3{$X a]-$]d$X Xfd`$dc$àYbWd$^Wa^[a$�$patronímico de la persona. Si el pronombre 'F$]d$\]X$Xc$_XbcXW$Ua`$\`X$^dW]a`X$�\d$Z[d`d$fd$E{$X$3{$X a]-$]d$X Xfd$]aca$dc$àYbWd"$�c$ZWXZXY[d`Za$'F es obligatorio al hablar con una persona por ^W[YdWX$ed�"

'F$]d$\]X$d`$cX$UaY\`[UXU[�`$Ua`$\`X$^dW]a`X$b[d`$UaàU[fX$d`$cX$][Z\XU[�`$a�U[XcS$d`$cX]$UcX]d]-$ f\WX`Zd$ ca]$ UaìWd]a]$ �$ ]dY[`XW[a]$ U[d`Z£�Ua]-$ d`$ cX$ UaèdW]XU[�`$ Ua`$ dc$ Y¥f[Ua-$ ca]$^dW[af[]ZX]-$d`ZWd$dc$¡d�d$�$dc$]\baWf[`Xfa-$d`ZWd$ca]$UacdiX]$fd$ZWXbX¡a$d`$^Wd]dÙ[X$fd$^dW]a`X]$X¡d`X]-$dZU"$

'F$]d$\]X$Xc$_XbcXW$Ua`$\`X$^dW]a`X$fd$dfXf$¡\`Za$X$]\$àYbWd$^Wa^[a$�$X^dcc[fa"$El tratamiento 8F$]d$\]X$d`$dc$�Yb[Za$�XY[c[XW-$Xc$_XbcXW$Ua`$ca]$XY[ia]$a$Ua`$ca]$`[ a]"$ªa]$

estudiantes, incluso si se conocen poco, a veces usan 8F en sus conversaciones.

t3

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

8@57<5)$(I5)P$,$,(7<-$n)*$(1'&+kL$($@&)(+*&I5:(2&+kL-$'*6+&2*I(,�(1P$1$2*@@5=*O$'*$:&;*)5-$2&2$':&,(@*-$;L1):55-$n5I$:<112(5-$'5:5K*7H)$1$*;:&J5+(H$+&$.F$2$*;:&J5+(q$+&$8F"$G<112(I$7@H$N)*=*$+<p+*$I+*=*$,:5I5+(-$($(+*=7&$':*K*7()$I+*=*$@5)-$&$*+($)&2$($+5$'5:5K*7H)$+&$<:*,5+P$*;J5+(H$;@(62(K$@q75O"

/.3!.#+*6-:256C'3!+*&V%*6-:256C' "$%4%*6-:256')6#*.+)62+&'

+'.3!6,6-+*6-:2.6')6#*.+)62+6'2&¤{¥¦%$,*':*1()5@P+LI$*)+*1H)1H$I51)*(I5+(H$!8)u#w�fUoJu;#a8)u#w�fou;#!/!)Hu#wTfjOu;#

a-Hu#wNL#�fUoJu#wTf�Vu;#7!)*4!)u#wTfjJZVu051)*(I5+(H$!8)u$($a8)u$<'*):5;@Hq)1H$1$=@&=*@&I($,$l*:I5$57(+1),5++*=*$n(1@&$

M28)#6Bk8uQ"$m@&=*@L$($2:&)2(5$':(@&=&)5@P+L5$,$1*n5)&+(($1$I51)*(I5+(5I$!8)u$1)&-,H)1H$,$l*:I<$I<p12*=*$:*7&$M28)#3@6gk*u#28)#B)*G-%#h8)#7B-*/84u#28)#,)*-%uQ-$&$,$1*n5)&+(($1$I51)*(I5+(5I$a8)u$R$,$l*:I<$1:57+5=*$:*7&$Mv8)#7*+a6*)74uQ"$

051)*(I5+(H$!/!)Hu$($a-Hu$1*=@&1<q)1H$1$1<J51),()5@P+LI($,$:*75$($n(1@5"

�5O$N)*$<n5;+(2¨©d$�\[¥`$d]$d]ZdYX`\Xc¨

�PH$N)*$2+(=&¨©d$�\[¥`$d]$d]Zd$c[bWa¨

�P�$N)*$'(1PI*¨©d$�\[¥`$d]$d]ZX$UXWZX¨

�P($N)*$<n5;+(2(M2+(=(-$'(1PI&Q¨©d$�\[¥`$]a`$d]Za]YX`\Xcd]$Mc[bWa]-$UXWZX]Q¨

%&2*O$N)*$<n5;+(2¨$©�\¥$YX`\Xc$d]¨$

%&2&H$N)*$2+(=&¨$©�\¥$c[bWa$d]¨$

%&2*5$N)*$'(1PI*¨$©�\¥$UXWZX$d]¨$

%&2(5$N)*$<n5;+(2($M2+(=(-$'(1PI&Q¨©�\¥$YX`\cd]$Mc[bWa]-$UXWZX]Q$]a`¨

t�

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

µXUd$�XcZX$ Zd`dW$d`$U\d`ZX$�\d$ ca]$d]^X acd]$�$ ca]$ cXZ[àXYdW[UXà]-$Ua`$$]\]$UacdiX]$fd$ZWXbX¡a-$̂ aW$ca$id`dWXc$̂ X]X`$fdc$ZWXZXY[d`Za$fd$.F al tratamiento de ?g$fd$�aWYX$Y�]$W�^[fX$�\d$ca]$W\]a]"$ªa]$W\]a]$`dUd][ZX`$^XWX$d]a$Y\U_a$Y�]$Z[dYâ-$�$X$edUd]$_X`$fd$ZWX`]U\WW[W$Y\U_a]$años para pasar al nivel de comunicación de personas íntimas.

l�u�uQ��j'P�O��u��OPUujC'luj�jPUujC' DEMOSTRATIVOS Y EL PRONOMBRE DETERMINATIVO +EO2PQ

A los interrogativos pertenecen los pronombres !8)u#w�fUoJu;#a8)u#w�fou;#!/!)Hu#wTfjOu;#a-Hu#wNL#�fUoJu#wTf�Vu;#7!)*4!)u#wTfjJZVu"

Los pronombres !8)u$($a8)u$]d$\]X`$Ua`$ca]$edWba]$d`$][ì\cXW$M28)#6Bk8uQ"$ªa]$edWba]$�$Xf¡dZ[ea]$bWded]$d`$UaYb[`XU[�`$Ua`$dc$^WaàYbWd$!8)u se ponen en la forma del género YX]U\c[à$M28)#3@6gk*u#28)#B)*G-%#h8)#7B-*/84u#28)#,)*-%uQ-$�$d`$UaYb[`XU[�`$Ua`$dc$pronombre a8)u$d`$cX$�aWYX$fdc$i¥`dWa$`d\ZWa$Mv8)#7*+a6*)74uQ"$

Los pronombres !/!)Hu y a-Hu concuerdan con los sustantivos en género y número.

�5O$N)*$<n5;+(2¨©d$�\[¥`$d]$d]ZdYX`\Xc¨

�PH$N)*$2+(=&¨©d$�\[¥`$d]$d]Zd$c[bWa¨

�P�$N)*$'(1PI*¨©d$�\[¥`$d]$d]ZX$UXWZX¨

�P($N)*$<n5;+(2($M2+(=(-$'(1PI&Q¨©d$�\[¥`$]a`$d]Za]$YX`\Xcd]$Mc[bWa]-$UXWZX]Q¨

%&2*O$N)*$<n5;+(2¨$©�\¥$YX`\Xc$d]¨$

%&2&H$N)*$2+(=&¨$©�\¥$c[bWa$d]¨$

%&2*5$N)*$'(1PI*¨$©�\¥$UXWZX$d]¨$

%&2(5$N)*$<n5;+(2($M2+(=(-$'(1PI&Q¨©�\¥$YX`\Xcd]$Mc[bWa]-$UXWZX]Q$]a`¨

tt

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

051)*(I5+(5$1!)*4!)u#~w�fjJZVu#w�fjJZV\uQ$<'*):5;@H5)1H$1$1<J51),()5@P+LI($,$:*-7()5@P+*I$'&75p5$M1!)*4!)#.@-A-%6u#1!)*4!)#.)BFuQ"$

9:()Hp&)5@P+L5$I51)*(I5+(H$A)H;#8.)H;#-?);#-k;#%/g;#./g;#6D$<2&6L,&q)$+&$':(+&7-@5p+*1)P$':57I5)&$2&2*I<4@(;*$@(k<$($*),5n&q)$+&$,*':*1L$v-Hu#v4>u#v4ku#v46u#w�L#�fUoJu#w�L#�fUoJL\u"$051)*(I5+(H$A)H;#8.)H;#%/g;#./g$1*=@&1<q)1H$1$1<J51),()5@P+LI($,$:*75$($n(1@5"

0<p12*O$:*7 ¦5+12(O$:*7 8:57+(O$:*7 0+*p51),5++*5$n(1@*

I*O$1@*,&:Pmi diccionario

I*H$2+(=&mi libro

I*�$'(1PI*mi carta

I*($1@*,&:(-$2+(=(-$'(1PI&mis diccionarios, libros,cartas

),*O$1@*,&:Ptu diccionario

),*H$2+(=&tu libro

),*�$'(1PI*tu carta

),*($1@*,&:(-$2+(=(-'(1PI&tus diccionarios, libros, cartas

+&�$1@*,&:Pnuestrodiccionario

+&�&$2+(=&nuestro libro

+&�5$'(1PI*$nuestra carta

+&�($1@*,&:(-$2+(=(-'(1PI&nuestros diccionarios, libros, cartas

,&�$1@*,&:Pvuestrodiccionario

,&�&$2+(=&vuestro libro

,&�5$'(1PI*$vuestra carta

,&�($1@*,&:(-$2+(=(-$'(1PI&vuestros diccionarios, libros,cartas sus diccionarios, libros,UXWZX]$Mfd$�]ZdfQ

9:()Hp&)5@P+L5$I51)*(I5+(H$�4=*$@(k&$-?);#-k;#6D$+5$1*=@&1<q)1H$1$1<J51),()5@P+LI($,$:*75$($n(1@5-$+*$1*75:p&)$<2&6&+(5$+&$:*7$($n(1@*$@(k&-$2*)*:*I<$':(+&7@5p()$':57I5)"

0<p12*O$:*7 ¦5+12(O$:*7 8:57+(O$:*7 0+*p51),5++*5$n(1@*

5=*$1@*,&:P]\$f[UU[a`XW[a$Mfd$¥cQ

5=*$2+(=&$]\$c[bWa$Mfd$¥cQ$

5=*$'(1PI*]\$UXWZX$Mfd$¥cQ$

5=*$ 1@*,&:(-$ 2+(=(-$'(1PI&$sus diccionarios, libros, UXWZX]$Mfd$¥cQ$

5�$1@*,&:P$]\$f[UU[a`XW[a$Mfd$dccXQ

5�$2+(=&$]\$c[bWa$Mfd$dccXQ

5�$'(1PI*$]\$UXWZX$Mfd$dccXQ

5�$ 1@*,&:(-$ 2+(=(-$'(1PI&$sus diccionarios, libros, UXWZX]$Mfd$dccXQ

(K$1@*,&:P$]\$f[UU[a`XW[a$Mfd$dcca]Q

(K$2+(=&$]\$c[bWa$Mfd$dcca]Q

(K$'(1PI*$]\$UXWZX$Mfd$dcca]Q

(K$1@*,&:(-$2+(=(-$'(1PI&sus diccionarios, libros, UXWZX]$Mfd$dcca]Q

t{

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

El pronombre 1!)*4!)u#~w�fjJZVu#w�fjJZV\uQ$]d$\]X$Ua`$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$d`$id`[Z[ea$M1!)*4-!)#.@-A-%6u#1!)*4!)#.)BFuQ"$

Los pronombres posesivos A)H;#8.)H;#-?);#-k;#%/g;#./g;#6D$[`f[UX`$cX$̂ dWZd`dÙ[X$fdc$ab¡dZa$a una persona y contestan a las preguntas v-Hu#v4>u#v4ku#v46u#w�L#�fUoJu#w�L#�fUoJL\u" Los pronombres A)H;#8.)H;#%/g;#./g concuerdan con los sustantivos en género y número.



8:57+(O$:*7Neutro

0+*p51),5++*5$n(1@*Plural

I*O$1@*,&:Pmi diccionario

I*H$2+(=&mi libro

I*�$'(1PI*mi carta

I*($1@*,&:(-$2+(=(-$'(1PI&mis diccionarios, libros, cartas

),*O$1@*,&:Ptu diccionario

),*H$2+(=&tu libro

),*�$'(1PI*tu carta

),*($ 1@*,&:(-$ 2+(=(-$'(1PI&tus diccionarios, libros, cartas

+&�$1@*,&:Pnuestro diccionario

+&�&$2+(=&nuestro libro

+&�5$'(1PI*$nuestra carta

+&�($1@*,&:(-$2+(=(-$'(1PI&nuestros diccionarios,libros, cartas

,&�$1@*,&:Pvuestro diccionariosu diccionario Mfd$�]ZdfQ$

,&�&$2+(=&vuestro libro]\$c[bWa$Mfd$�]ZdfQ

,&�5$'(1PI*$vuestra carta]\$UXWZX$Mfd$�]ZdfQ

,&�($1@*,&:(-$2+(=(-$'(1PI&vuestros diccionarios,libros, cartassus diccionarios, libros,UXWZX]$Mfd$�]ZdfQ

ªa]$^WaàYbWd]$â]d][ea]$fd$�¯$^dW]a`X$-?);#-k;#6D#no concuerdan con los sustantivos en i¥`dWa$�$`�YdWa$^dWa$[`f[UX`$dc$i¥`dWa$�$`�YdWa$fd$cX$^dW]a`X$X$cX$�\d$^dWZd`dUd$dc$ab¡dZa"



8:57+(O$:*7Neutro

0+*p51),5++*5$n(1@*Plural

5=*$1@*,&:Psu diccionario Mfd$¥cQ

5=*$2+(=&$]\$c[bWa$Mfd$¥cQ$

5=*$'(1PI*]\$UXWZX$Mfd$¥cQ$

5=*$1@*,&:(-$2+(=(-$'(1PI&$sus diccionarios, libros, UXWZX]$Mfd$¥cQ$

5�$1@*,&:P$su diccionario Mfd$dccXQ

5�$2+(=&$]\$c[bWa$Mfd$dccXQ

5�$'(1PI*$]\$UXWZX$Mfd$dccXQ

5�$1@*,&:(-$2+(=(-$'(1PI&$sus diccionarios, libros, UXWZX]$Mfd$dccXQ

(K$1@*,&:P$su diccionario Mfd$dcca]Q

(K$2+(=&$]\$c[bWa$Mfd$dcca]Q

(K$'(1PI*$]\$UXWZX$Mfd$dcca]Q

(K$1@*,&:(-$2+(=(-$'(1PI&sus diccionarios, libros, UXWZX]$Mfd$dcca]Q

tF

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

B2&6&)5@P+L5$I51)*(I5+(H$h8)8;#h8/;#h8);#h86$($*':575@()5@P+*5$I51)*(I5+(5$!/G-BFH *),5n&q)$+&$,*':*1L$2/!)Hu#2/!/>u#2/!)-u#2/!6-u#wxfou#w�fjOu#w�fjOL\u$($1*=@&-1<q)1H$1$1<J51),()5@P+LI($,$:*75$($n(1@5$Mh8)8#B)A;#h8/#+*6]/;#h8)#EB/%6-;#h86#B)A/;#M+*6]F;#EB/%6>Q�$!/GBFH#78+B-%8;#!/GB/>#78+B-%8!/Q"$

8$1<J51),()5@P+LI(-$2*)*:L5$*;*6+&n&q)$,:5IH-$I51)*(I5+(5$!/GBFH$<'*):5;@H5)1H$;56$':57@*=&-$&$ <2&6&)5@P+L5$I51)*(I5+(H$R$1$':57@*=*I$B$ M+#34%&'9)0%# ># .78/d#.#�#a/7).;#%)#='R)%'9)0%#>#.78/*#.#y#a/7)."Q"$9:($N)*I$1&I($N)($1<J51),()5@P+L5$1)*H)$,$,(+()5@P+*I$'&75p5$M!/GB+d#)7-%4;#.#h8+#E6A+Q"

(-%(.- m@&=*@L$*;*6+&n&q)$75O1),(H$(@($1*1)*H+(H"$/$=@&=*@P+LK$1(1)5I&K$:<112*=*$($(1'&+-

12*=*$H6L2*,$I+*=*$1K*7+LK$n5:)-$+*$(I5q)1H$($:&6@(n(H"$�&':(I5:-$(I5q)1H$@(n+L5-$(@($1':H=&5IL5-$l*:IL$Ma68/d;#a68/*;#,+B+#a68/84#^#OLV;#OLe;#OLLQoQ$($+5@(n+L5-$(@($+51':H-=&5IL5-$l*:IL$Ma68/84#̂ #OLLQQ"$/$:<112*I$($(1'&+12*I$H6L2&K$(I55)1H$2&)5=*:(H$=@&=*@P-+*=*$,:5I5+(-$K*)H$2*@(n51),*$,:5I5++L lK$l*:I$,$(1'&+12*I$H6L25$+&I+*=*$;*@P�5-$n5I$,$:<112*I"$

m@&,+*5$*)@(n(5$1(1)5IL$:<112*=*$=@&=*@&$1*1)*()$,$)*I-$n)*$,$+5O$(I55)1H$2&)5=*:(H$+51*,5:�5++*=*$($1*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&"$/(7$R$1'5k(l(n512&H$2&)5=*:(H$:<112*=*$H6L2&"$/$(1'&+12*I$H6L25$5�$+5)$R$(1'&+12&H$=@&=*@P+&H$1(1)5I&$'5:57&�)$6+&n5+(H$:<112(K$,(-7*,$,:5I5++L lI($l*:I&I("

/+,'(-%(.-%�*l@P�&H$n&1)P$:<112(K$=@&=*@*,$75@()1H$+&$7,5$=:<''L$R$=@&=*@L$+51*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&$

($=@&=*@L$1*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&"$8<J51),<5)$)51+&H$1,H6P$I5p7<$N)(I($=:<''&I($=@&=*@*,S$=@&=*@L$+51*,5:�5++*=*$($1*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&$*;°57(+Hq)1H$'&:&I($Ma68/84#^#3@)a6-8/84;#367/84#^#%/367/84;#3)!+3/84#^##!+3684$($7:"Q"$$

m@&=*@L$+51*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&$+&6L,&q)$75O1),(5$M'6!8)@#?6%)0&<#8-*-.6E)@"Q-$<2&-6L,&q)$+&$':*k511$1*,5:�5+(H$75O1),(H$M18+B-%8F#-G9>#<-#@+77!6H#>EF!#?)B"Q$(@($+&$'*,)*:HqJ551H$75O1),(5$M:./%#a/78)#%7#G4!=#&)"Q"$m@&=*@L$1*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&$<2&6L-,&q)$+&$:56<@P)&)(,+*1)P-$6&2*+n5++*1)P$75O1),(H$M:./%#,#7-?#<#B./#3674A/"Q$(@($+&$5=*$*7+*2:&)+*1)P$M'a-@/#'6!8)@#%7%G4#<"Q"

m@&=*@L$+51*,5:�5++*=*$($1*,5:�5++*=*$,(7*,$:&6@(n&q)1H$1<ll(21&I($M6E+a#84#^6E+a-84;#)8BFD#84#^#)8B)D%984Q-$+&@(n(5I$(@($*)1<)1),(5I$':(1)&,2($M367/84#^#,#-367/84;#B-*/84#̂ #?B-*/84Q-$*1+*,&I($M?).)@684#̂ #7!/E/84Q"$o;:&)()5$,+(I&+(5$+&$1'*-1*;L$*;:&6*,&+(H$,(7*,LK$'&:$=@&=*@*,"

�51*,5:�5++LO$,(7 8*,5:�5++LO$,(7 8'*1*;$*;:&6*,&+(H$

6+&)Pconocer

<6+& l)P$

9:(1)&,2($Y~, =@~, E~, c<~, =^@~, A<~, Bg~, =^>~

($7:<=(5

,(l75)Pver

<,( l75)P

7<lI&)Phensar

'*7<lI&)P

tz

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

Los pronombres demostrativos h8)8;# h8/;# h8);# h86$ �$ dc$ Xf¡dZ[ea$ [`fd�`[fa$ !/GBFH responden a las preguntas 2/!)Hu#2/!/>u#2/!)-u#2/!6-u#wxfou#w�fjOu#w�fjOL\u y concuerdan Ua`$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$d`$i¥`dWa$�$`�YdWa$Mh8)8#B)A;#h8/#+*6]/;#h8)#EB/%6-;#h86#B)A/;#M+*6-]F;#EB/%6>Q�$!/GBFH#78+B-%8;#!/GB/>#78+B-%8!/Q"$

�a`$ ca]$ ]\]ZX`Z[ea]$ �\d$ fdàZX`$ Z[dYâ-$ dc$ ^WaàYbWd$ !/GBFH se usa sin preposición y con los pronombres demostrativos, con la preposición B$ M+#34%&'9)0% >#.78/d#.#�#a/7).;#%) ='R)%'9)0% >#.78/*#.#y#a/7)."Q"$�`$d]ZX]$UaYb[`XU[a`d]-$ ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$]d$â`d`$d`$XU\]XZ[ea$M!/GB+d#)7-%4;#.#h8+#E6A+Q"

VERBO ªa]$edWba]$d}^Wd]X`$$XUU[a`d]$a$d]ZXfa]"$�`ZWd$ca]$][]ZdYX]$edWbXcd]$fd$cX]$cdì\X]$W\]X$

�$ d]^X acX$ $ d}[]Zd`$ Y\U_a]$ WX]ia]$ ]dYd¡X`Zd]-$ ^dWa$ ZXYb[¥`$ [YâWZX`Zd]$ f[�dWdÙ[X]"$ haW$d¡dY^ca-$d`$XYba]$[f[aYX]$d}[]Zd`$�aWYX]$^dW]a`Xcd]$Ma68/d;#a68/*;#,+B+#a68/84#^#OLV;#OLe;#OLLQoQ$d$[Y^dW]a`Xcd]$Ma68/84#^#OLLQQ"$�`$XYba]$[f[aYX]$d}[]Zd$ZXYb[¥`$cX$UXZdiaW£X$fdc$Z[dYâ$edWbXc-$][$b[d`$cX$UX`Z[fXf$fd$�aWYX]$ZdYâWXcd]$d`$d]^X ac$d]$Y\U_a$YX�aW$�\d$d`$W\]a"$

�c$ WX]ia$ f[]Z[`Z[ea$ ^W[Ù[^Xc$ fdc$ ][]ZdYX$ edWbXc$ W\]a$ d]$ �\d$ Z[d`d$ cX$ UXZdiaW£X$ fdc$ X]^dUZa$[Y^dW�dUZ[ea$�$^dW�dUZ[ea"$�c$X]^dUZa$d]$\`X$UXZdiaW£X$d]^dU£�UX$fdc$[f[aYX$W\]a"$�`$d]^X ac-$ca]$][i`[�UXfa]$X]^dUZ\Xcd]$]a`$d}^Wd]Xfa]$âW$cX]$�aWYX]$ZdYâWXcd]"$

ASPECTO DEL VERBO ªX$YX�aW$^XWZd$fd$ca]$edWba]$W\]a]$]d$f[e[fd`$d`$fa]$iW\â]S$edWba]$[Y^dW�dUZ[ea]$�$edWba]$

^dW�dUZ[ea]"$�}[]Zd$$\`X$d]ZWdU_X$WdcXU[�`$d`ZWd$d]Za]$iW\â]$fd$edWba]S$$ca]$edWba]$[Y^dW�dUZ[ea]$�$^dW�dUZ[ea]$]d$\`d`$âW$^XWd]$a$^XWd¡X]$Ma68/84#^#3@)a68/84;#367/84#^#%/367/84;#3)-!+3/84#^#!+3684-$dZU"Q"$$

ªa]$edWba]$[Y^dW�dUZ[ea]$àYbWX`$cX$XUU[�`$M'6!8)@#?6%)0&<#8-*-.6E)@"Q-$d}^Wd]X`$\`X$XUU[�`$Ua`Z£`\X$M18+B-%8F#-G9>#<-#@+77!6H#>EF!#?)B"Q$a$Wd[ZdWXfX$M:./%#a/78)#%7#G4!=#-&)"Q"$ªa]$edWba]$^dW�dUZ[ea]$fdàZX`$\`X$XUU[�`$XUXbXfX-$WdXc[�XfX$_X]ZX$]\$�`Xc$M:./%#%/36-7/*#B./#3674A/"Q$a$\`X$XUU[�`$YaYd`Z�`dX$M'a-@/#'6!8)@#%7%G4#<"Q"

ªa]$edWba]$[Y^dW�dUZ[ea]$�$^dW�dUZ[ea]$]d$f[�dWdÙ[X`$âW$ca]$]\�¡a]$M6E+a#84#^#6E+a-84;#)8BFD#84#^# )8B)D,984Q-$ âW$ cX$ ^Wd]dÙ[X$ a$ X\]dÙ[X$ fd$ ^Wd�¡a$ M367/84#^# ,#367/84;#B-*/84#^# ?B-*/84Q$ a$ âW$ cX]$ WXf[UXcd]$ M?).)@684#^# 7!/E/84Q"$ ®b]dWed`$ ca]$ Ydf[a]$ fd$formación de los pares aspectuales.

�51*,5:�5++LO$,(7Aspecto imperfectivo

8*,5:�5++LO$,(7Aspecto perfectivo

8'*1*;$*;:&6*,&+(H$Medio de formación

6+&)Pconocer

<6+& l)P$

ªa]$^Wd�¡a]$Y~, =@~, E~, c<~, =^@~, A<~, Bg~, =^>~y otros

,( l75)Pver

<,( l75)P

7<lI&)Ppensar

'*7<lI&)P

tD

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

�51*,5:�5++LO$,(7 8*,5:�5++LO$,(7 8'*1*;$*;:&6*,&+(H

1I*):5 l)Pmirar

'*1I*):5l)P

9:(1)&,2($Y~, =@~, E~, c<~, =^@~, A<~, Bg~, =^>~

($7:<=(5

6& l,):&2&)Pdesayunar

'*6& l,):&2&)P

*;5l7&)PXcYaW�XW

'**;5 l7&)P

<lp(+&)Pcenar

'*< lp(+&)P

75 l@&)Phacer

175 l@&)P

I*nPpoder

1I*nP

51)Pcomer

1°51)P

'()Pbeber

,Ll'()P

K*)5 l)P�\dWdW

6&K*)5 l)P

n()&l)Pleer

':*n()& l)P

U@<l�&)Pescuchar

':*1@< l�&)P

'(1&l)Pescribir

+&'(1& l)P

:(1*,&l)Pf[b\¡XW

+&:(1*,& l)P

<n(l)Paprender

,Ll<n()P

=*)* l,()Ppreparar

':(=*)*l,()P

(6<n&l)Paprender

(6<n(l)P

8<ll(21L$~<~�~>~C~X~�~>~C'~gB<~�~<~~>B<~�~>~C'~<~�~AY~

:5�& l)Presolver

:5�( l)P

'*,)*:H l)Prepetir

'*,)*:( l)P

*),5n& l)Presponder

*),5 l)()P

ty

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-




1I*):5 l)Pmirar

'*1I*):5l)P

ªa]$^Wd�¡a]$Y~, =@~, E~, c<~, =^@~, A<~, Bg~, =^>~y otros

6& l,):&2&)Pdesayunar

'*6&l,):&2&)P

*;5l7&)PXcYaW�XW

'**;5 l7&)P

<lp(+&)Pcenar

'*<lp(+&)P

75 l@&)Phacer

175 l@&)P

I*nPpoder

1I*nP

51)Pcomer

1°51)P

'()Pbeber

,Ll'()P

K*)5l)P�\dWdW

6&K*)5 l)P

n()&l)Pleer

':*n()&l)P

U@<l�&)Pescuchar

':*1@<l�&)P

'(1&l)Pescribir

+&'(1&l)P

:(1*,& l)Pf[b\¡XW

+&:(1*,& l)P

<n(l)Paprender

,Ll<n()P

=*)*l,()Ppreparar

':(=*)*l,()P

(6<n&l)Paprender

(6<n(l)P

ªa]$]\�¡a]$~<~�~>~C~X~�~>~C'~gB<~�~<~~>B<~�~>~C'~<~�~AY~

:5�& l)Presolver

:5�(l)P

'*,)*:H l)Prepetir

'*,)*:( l)P

*),5n& l)Presponder

*),5 l)()P

{T

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

�51*,5:�5++LO$,(7 8*,5:�5++LO$,(7 8'*1*;$*;:&6*,&+(H

:&112& l6L,&)Prelatar

:&112&6& l)P

8<ll(21L$~<~�~>~C~X~�~>~C'~gB<~�~<~~>B<~�~>~C'~<~�~AY~

'*2&l6L,&)Pmostrar

'*2&6&l)P

1':& l�(,&)Ppreguntar

1':*1(l)P

*)7LK& l)Pdescansar

*)7*K+< l)P

'*2<'&l)Pcomprar

2<'(l)P 9:(1)&,2&'=@~,1<ll(21L$~<~�~>~

=*,*:( l)Pdecir, hablar

12&6&l)P

G&6+L5$*1+*,L

;:&)Ptomar

,6H)P

':(K*7(l)Pvenir

':(O)(l

'*+(I&l)Pentender

'*+Hl)P

m@&=*@L$+51*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&$(I5q)$):($,:5I5+(S$+&1)*HJ55$ M>#a68/d#^# OLV, L\ZV�#OL�LJNVQ-$':*�57�55$M>#a68/*#^#M�VQ#OLeS;#M�VQ#L\ZSXS#OL�LJNVQ-$;<7<J55$M>#,+B+#a68/84#^KV�#S# OLLQ;# L\ZSQo# OL�LJNVQ"$ m@&=*@L$1*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&$(I5q)$7,&$,:5I5+(S$ ':*�57�55$M>#3@)a68/*#^#OLe;#_L#OLeNVQ$($;<7<J55$M>#3@)a68/d#^#OLLQo;#_SXQo#OLeNVQ"$9:571)&,(I$N)($l*:IL$,$)&;@(k5"

m@&=*@$+51*,5:�5++*=*$,(7& m@&=*@$1*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&

#+l(+()(, n()&l)P ':*n()& l)P

9:*�57�55$,:5IH H-$)L-$*+$n()&l@H-$)L-$*+&$n()&l@&IL-$,L-$*+($n()&l@(

H-$)L-$*+$':*n()&l@H-$)L-$*+&$':*n()&l@&IL-$,L-$*+($':*n()&l@(

�&1)*HJ55$,:5IH H$n()&lq)L$n()&l5�P*+-$*+&$n()&l5)IL$n()&l5I,L$n()&l5)5*+($n()&lq)

«

�<7<J55$,:5IH H$;<l7<$n()&l)P)L$;<l75�P$n()&l)P*+-$*+&$;< l75)$n()&l)PIL$;<l75I$n()&l)P,L$;< l75)5$n()&l)P*+( l$;<l7<)$n()&l)P

H$':*n()&lq)L$':*n()&l5�P*+-$*+&$':*n()& l5)IL$':*n()&l5I,L$':*n()&l5)5*+($':*n()&lq)

{E

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-




:&112& l6L,&)Prelatar

:&112&6& l)P

ªa]$]\�¡a]$~<~�~>~C~X~�~>~C'~gB<~�~<~~>B<~�~>~C'~<~�~AY~

'*2&l6L,&)Pmostrar

'*2&6& l)P

1':& l�(,&)Ppreguntar

1':*1(l)P

*)7LK& l)Pdescansar

*)7*K+< l)P

'*2<'&l)Pcomprar

2<'(l)P �c$^Wd�¡a$=@~,ca]$]\�¡a]$~<~~~>~

=*,*:( l)Pdecir, hablar

12&6&l)P

Las radicales distintas

;:&)Ptomar

,6H)P

':(K*7(l)Pvenir

':(O)(l

'*+(I&l)Pentender

'*+Hl)P

ªa]$ edWba]$ [Y^dW�dUZ[ea]$ Z[d`d`$ ZWd]$ Z[dY^a]S$ ^Wd]d`Zd$ M># a68/d#^# OLV;# L\ZV�# OL�LJNVQ-$^X]Xfa$M>#a68/*#^#~�V�#OLeS;#~�V�#L\ZSXS#OL�LJNVQ$�$�\Z\Wa$M>#,+B+#a68/84#^#KV�#S#OLLQ;#L\ZSQo#OL�LJNVQ"$ªa]$edWba]$^dW�dUZ[ea]$ Z[d`d`$fa]$ Z[dY^a]S$^X]Xfa$ M>#3@)a68/*#^# OLe;#_L# OLeNVQ$ �$�\Z\Wa$M>#3@)a68/d#^#OLLQo;#_SXQo#OLeNVQ"$�dXYa]$d]ZX]$�aWYX]$d`$cX$][i\[d`Zd$ZXbcX"

Verbo imperfectivo Verbo perfectivo

v`�`[Z[ea n()&l)P ':*n()& l)P

Pasado H-$)L-$*+$n()&l@H-$)L-$*+&$n()&l@&IL-$,L-$*+($n()&l@(

H-$)L-$*+$':*n()&l@H-$)L-$*+&$':*n()&l@&IL-$,L-$*+($':*n()&l@(

Presente H$n()&lq)L$n()&l5�P*+-$*+&$n()&l5)IL$n()&l5I,L$n()&l5)5*+($n()& lq)

«

Futuro H$;<l7<$n()&l)P)L$;<l75�P$n()&l)P*+-$*+&$;< l75)$n()&l)PIL$;<l75I$n()&l)P,L$;< l75)5$n()&l)P*+($;< l7<)$n()&l)P

H$':*n()&lq)L$':*n()&l5�P*+-$*+&$':*n()& l5)IL$':*n()&l5I,L$':*n()&l5)5*+($':*n()&lq)

{3

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

+2�+2+*+/#+l(+()(,$,$:<112*I$H6L25-$2&2$($,$(1'&+12*I-$)*@P2*$+&6L,&5)$75O1),(5-$+*$+5$<2&-

6L,&5)$+($@(k&-$+($,:5I5+("$o1+*,+*O$'*2&6&)5@P$(+l(+()(,&$R$1<ll(21$~?]$Ma68/84, 367/84, B-*/84Q-$+*$+52*)*:L5$=@&=*@L$(I5q)$1<ll(21L$~?>$M6B86Q$($~`]$MA)a4Q"$

�<p+*$<I5)P$,Ln@5+H)P$*1+*,<$(+l(+()(,&-$)&2$2&2$*)$+5�$*;:&6<q)1H$I+*=(5$=@&=*@P-+L5$l*:IL-$+&':(I5:$l*:IL$':*�57�5=*$,:5I5+("$C@H$,Ln@5+5+(H$*1+*,L$*)$l*:IL$(+l(+()(,&$*)75@H5)1H$1<ll(21S$a68/�84;#?).)@6�84.

#+l(+()(,$(1'*@P6<5)1H$,$1*n5)&+(HK$1$=@&=*@&I($M�#D%>9'9>-)5?$"$R$xfULQV#L\ZfNUSQ"Q-$2:&)2(I($':(@&=&)5@P+LI($M�#0#4#./7#=-4&)5"#^#I\ZV�#TVJZLJZV#NL#KLQOL"Q-$':57(2&)(,+L-I($+&:5n(HI($M<%-#,#4%'7%")-#.#,6,*6)8-!+"$R$�L#_STL#RSOZS#UQ#S#OS#XUXOUVZLTS"Q-$1<J51),(-)5@P+LI($M|G-#=0&6$'%;&4#)5"$R$§S#L\#ZUL[PV#NL#SO[VQMSQ"Q"$?&'*I+()5$1@*,&-$2*)*:L5$I*=<)$<'*):5;@H)P1H$,$1*n5)&+(HK$1$(+l(+()(,*I"

m@&=*@L %:&)2(5$':(@&=&)5@P+L5

9:57(2&)(,+L5$+&:5n(H

8<J51),()5@P+L5

7<I&)P =*)*, p&@P-$p&@2* ,:5IH

@q;()P 7*@p5+ (+)5:51+* 6&7&+(5

I*nP :&7 @5=2* '*:&

+:&,()P1H I*p+*

:5�()P +&7*

<I5)P +5@P6H

<n()P1H ):<7+*

K*)5)P

#+l(+()(,$)&2p5$<'*):5;@H5)1H$,$2*+1):<2k(HK$1$=@&=*@&I($7,(p5+(H$D)B684#MUQ#S#PUL#LJ#KSQUS\#NUQLTTUVJL\#V#UQ#�#KLJUQ#S#PULQ#¨#6B86#MUQ#S#PUL#LJ#fJS#NUQLTTUpJQ;#-EB684#MUQ#LJ#ZQSJ\PVQZL#LJ# KSQUS\# NUQLTTUVJL\# V# UQ# �# KLJUQ# LJ# ZQSJ\PVQZLQ# ¨# -D/84# MUQ# LJ# ZQSJ\PVQZL# LJ# fJS# NUQLTTUpJQ;#3@6D)B684# MKLJUQ# S#PUL# M[Y^dW�dUZ[eaQQ# ¨# 3@6H86# MKLJUQ# S#PUL# M^dW�dUZ[eaQQ;# 3@6-EG/84# MKLJUQ#LJ# ZQSJ\PVQZL# M[Y^dW�dUZ[eaQQ# ¨#3@6-D/84# MKLJUQ#LJ# ZQSJ\PVQZL# M^dW�dUZ[eaQQ$($*;*6+&n&5)$k5@P$7,(p5+(H$M�'-49'%;&4#)5"$R$�V�#S#TV[LQ"�$<F#70-&D#<-#7dB/#9>-)5?$"$R$�L[V\#KLJUNV#S�fe# S#L\ZfNUSQ"�$5-8)A#AF#),Fa%)#&G4-6'%)4!D#)5# %/#A)@-"$ R$IJ# KLQSJV# \VOL[V\# UQ#S#NL\TSJ\SQ#S#OS#TV\ZS"Q"$

/$(1'&+12*I$H6L25$(+l(+()(,$,L'*@+H5)$;*@P�5$=:&II&)(n512(K$l<+2k(O-$n5I$,$:<1-12*I$H6L25"$!&2-$*+$I*p5)$*;:&6*,L,&)P$(+l(+()(,+LO$*;*:*)$MzL#Ke#`fYSQ#SO#RqZXVO"Q-$2*)*-:LO$+5$(I55)$&+&@*=*,$,$:<112*I$H6L25"

{�

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

INFINITIVO �c$ [`�`[Z[ea$d`$ W\]a$UaYa$d`$d]^X ac$]aca$àYbWX$ cX$XUU[�`$^dWa$à$ [`f[UX$ cX$^dW]a`X-$`[$

dc$Z[dYâ"$�c$[`f[UXfaW$^W[Ù[^Xc$fdc$[`�`[Z[ea$d]$dc$]\�¡a$~?]$Ma68/84;#367/84;#B-*/84Q-$^dWa$Xci\à]$edWba]$Z[d`d`$ca]$]\�¡a]$~?>$M6B86Q$�$~`]$MA)a4Q"$

µXUd$�XcZX$]XbdW$f[]Z[ì\[W$ cX$WXf[UXc$fdc$ [`�`[Z[ea$âW�\d$fd$dccX$]d$�aWYX`$Y\U_X]$�aWYX]$edWbXcd]-$âW$d¡dY^ca-$cX]$fdc$Z[dYâ$^X]Xfa"$hXWX$abZd`dW$cX$WXf[UXc$_XUd$�XcZX$]d^XWXW$dc$]\�¡a$fd$cX$�aWYX$fdc$[`�`[Z[eaS$a68/�84;#?).)@6�84.

�c$[`�`[Z[ea$]d$\]X$d`$cX]$UaYb[`XU[a`d]$Ua`$ca]$edWba]$M�#D%>9'9>-)5?$"$R$xfULQV#L\ZfNUSQ"Q-$Xf¡dZ[ea]$bWded]$M�#0#4#./7#=-4&)5"$R$I\ZV�#TVJZLJZV#NL#KLQOL"Q-$XfedWb[a]$^Wdf[UXZ[ea]$M<%-#,#4%'7%")-#.#,6,*6)8-!+"$R$�L#_STL#RSOZS#UQ#S#OS#XUXOUVZLTS"Q-$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$M|G-#=0&6$'%;&-4#)5"$R$§S#L\#ZUL[PV#NL#SO[VQMSQ"Q"$²dZdìX`$d`$cX$YdYaW[X$cX]$^XcXbWX]$�\d$^\dfd`$\]XW]d$d`$cX]$UaYb[`XU[a`d]$Ua`$dc$[`�`[Z[ea"

m@&=*@LVerbos

%:&)2(5':(@&=&)5@P+L5�f¡dZ[ea]$bWded]

9:57(2&)(,+L5$+&:5n(H

Adverbios predicativos

8<J51),()5@P+L5Sustantivos

7<I&)P =*)*, p&@P-$p&@2* ,:5IH

@q;()P 7*@p5+ (+)5:51+* 6&7&+(5

I*nP :&7 @5=2* '*:&

+:&,()P1H I*p+*

:5�()P +&7*

<I5)P +5@P6H

<n()P1H ):<7+*

K*)5)P

�c$[`�`[Z[ea$]d$\]X$ZXYb[¥`$d`$cX]$Ua`]ZW\UU[a`d]$Ua`$ca]$edWba]$fd$Yae[Y[d`Za$MUQ#S#PUL#LJ#KSQUS\#NUQLTTUVJL\#V#UQ#�#KLJUQ#S#PULQ#¨#6B86#MUQ#S#PUL#LJ#fJS#NUQLTTUpJQ;#-EB684#MUQ#LJ#ZQSJ\PVQZL#LJ# KSQUS\# NUQLTTUVJL\# V# UQ# �# KLJUQ# LJ# ZQSJ\PVQZLQ# ¨# -D/84# MUQ# LJ# ZQSJ\PVQZL# LJ# fJS# NUQLTTUpJQ;#3@6D)B684# MKLJUQ# S#PUL# M[Y^dW�dUZ[eaQQ# ¨# 3@6H86# MKLJUQ# S#PUL# M^dW�dUZ[eaQQ;# 3@6-EG/84# MKLJUQ#LJ#ZQSJ\PVQZL#M[Y^dW�dUZ[eaQQ#¨#3@6-D/84#MKLJUQ#LJ#ZQSJ\PVQZL#M^dW�dUZ[eaQQ$�$fd][i`X$dc$ab¡dZ[ea$fdc$Yae[Y[d`Za$M�#-49'%;&4#)5"$R$�V�#S#TV[LQ"�$<F#70-&D#<-#7dB/#9>-)5?$"$R$�L[V\#KLJUNV#S�fe#S#L\ZfNUSQ"�$5-8)A#AF#),Fa%)#&G4-6'%)4!D#)5#%/#A)@-"$R$IJ#KLQSJV#\VOL[V\#UQ#S#NL\TSJ\SQ#S#OS#TV\ZS"Q"$

�`$d]^X ac-$dc$[`�`[Z[ea$U\Y^cd$Y\U_X]$Y�]$�\Ù[a`d]$iWXYXZ[UXcd]$�\d$d`$W\]a"$haW$d¡dY^ca-$^\dfd$�aWYXW$i[Wa]$fd$[`�`[Z[ea$MzL#KU#`fYSQ#SO#RqZXVO"Q-$�\d$UXWdUd$fd$X`�caia]$d`$dc$[f[aYX$W\]a"

{t

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

3!.�6,�66'/!6)&|*:I&$':*�57�5=*$,:5I5+($*;:&6<5)1H$*)$*1+*,L$(+l(+()(,&$1$'*I*JPq$1<ll(21&$

~\' Ma68/84#^#a68/*;# ?).)@684#^#?).)@6*Q"$ �52*)*:L5$ =@&=*@L$ (I5q)$ *1*;L5$ l*:IL$':*�57�5=*$,:5I5+($M6B86#^#gk*;#g*/;#g*);#g*6�#A)a4#^#A)?;#A)?*/;#A)?*);#A)?*6Q"$

o;:&)()5$,+(I&+(5$+&$1'5k(l(n512<q$*1*;5++*1)P$:<112*=*$H6L2&S$=@&=*@L$,$l*:I5$':*�57�5=*$,:5I5+($(6I5+Hq)1H$+5$'*$@(k&I-$&$'*$:*7&I$($n(1@&I"$/$(1'&+12*I$H6L25$=@&=*@L$,$l*:I5$':*�57�5=*$,:5I5+($(6I5+Hq)1H$'*$@(k&I$($n(1@&I$($+5$(6I5+Hq)1H$'*$:*7&I"$

o;:&)()5$,+(I&+(5$+&$l*:IL$':*�57�5=*$,:5I5+($=@&=*@&$a68/84.

0<p12*O$:*7 ¦5+12(O$:*7 0+*p51),5++*5$n(1@*

H-$)L-$*+$n()&@ H-$)L-$*+&$n()&@& IL-$,L-$*+($n()&@(

8<J51),<5)$,*6I*p+*1)P$*;:&6*,&+(H$($l*:I$1:57+5=*$:*7&$M¡674A)#<&3#<%#%/#78)-*-"#�/B/%6-#;!<%#8@+B%)-"Q"

2%#*.&066'/!6)&|*:IL$+&1)*HJ5=*$,:5I5+($=@&=*@*,$,$(6I5+Hq)1H$'*$@(k&I$($n(1@&I"$8<J51),<q)$v$($

vv$1':Hp5+(H$=@&=*@*,"

v$1':Hp5+(5 o2*+n&+(H vv$1':Hp5+(5 o2*+n&+(H

:&;*l)&)P$«$ZWXbX¡XW =*,*:( l)P$«$fdU[W

H$:&;* l)&q 4q H$=*,*:ql 4q

)L$:&;*l)&5�P 45�P )L$=*,*:( l�P 4(�P

*+$M*+&-$*+*Q$:&;* l)&5) 45) *+$M*+&-$*+*Q$=*,*:( l) 4()

IL$:&;*l)&5I 45I IL$=*,*:(lI 4(I

,L$:&;*l)&5)5 45)5 ,L$=*,*:( l)5 4()5

*+($:&;* l)&q) 4q) *+($=*,*:H l) 4H)

m@&=*@L$v$1':Hp5+(H$(I5q)$*2*+n&+(H$~b'M~YQC'~[�]'M~��]QC'~[?'M~��]QC'~[W'M~�WQC'~[?['M~�?[QC'~b?'M~Y?Q-$=@&=*@L$vv$1':Hp5+(H$R$*2*+n&+(H$~b'M~YQC'~>�]C'~>?C'~>WC'~>?[C'~X?'M~<?Q"$

/$l*:I&K$*7+(K$=@&=*@*,$<7&:5+(5$'&7&5)$+&$*1+*,<$M>#@/,p8/d;#8F#@/,p8/-g4³Q-$,$l*:I&K$7:<=(K$R$+&$*2*+n&+(5$M>#6Br;#8F#6Bkg4³Q"$8<J51),<q)$)&2p5$=@&=*@L-$<$2*)*-:LK$,$E4I$@(k5$57(+1),5++*=*$n(1@&$<7&:5+(5$'&7&5)$+&$*2*+n&+(5$M>#+arQ-$&$,*$,15K$7:<=(K$l*:I&K$R$+&$*1+*,<$M8F#ra6g4;#)%#ra68;#AF#ra6A;#.F#ra68-;#)%6#ra/8Q"$

{{

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

PASADO�c$̂ X]Xfa$]d$�aWYX$X$̂ XWZ[W$fd$cX$WXf[UXc$fdc$[`�`[Z[ea$Ua`$X�\fX$fdc$]\�¡a$$L<$Ma68/84#̂ #a68/*;##

?).)@684#^#?).)@6*Q"$ $�ci\à]$edWba]$Z[d`d`$�aWYX]$d]^dU£�UX]$fd$^X]Xfa$M6B86#^#gk*;#g*/;#g*);#g*6�#A)a4#^#A)?;#A)?*/;#A)?*);#A)?*6Q"

hWd]Zd`$XZdÙ[�`$X$\`X$^XWZ[U\cXW[fXf$d]^dU£�UX$fd$cX$cdì\X$W\]XS$ca]$edWba]$d`$dc$^X]Xfa$no cambian en persona sino en género y número. En español, los verbos en pasado cambian en persona y número, pero no en género.

Presten atención a las formas de pasado del verbo a68/84.



0+*p51),5++*5$n(1@*Plural

H-$)L-$*+$n()&@ H-$)L-$*+&$n()&@& IL-$,L-$*+($n()&@(

�XYb[¥`$d}[]Zd$ cX$â][b[c[fXf$fd$cX]$�aWYX]$fd$i¥`dWa$`d\ZWa$M¡674A)#<&3#<%#%/#78)*-"#�/B/%6-#;!<%#8@+B%)-"Q"$

PRESENTE ªX]$�aWYX]$fdc$^Wd]d`Zd$UXYb[X`$d`$^dW]a`X$�$`�YdWa"$gd$f[]Z[ì\d`$cX$v$�$vv$Ua`¡\iXU[a`d]$

de los verbos.

v$Ua`¡\iXU[�` Desinencias vv$Ua`¡\iXU[�` Desinencias

:&;* l)&)P$«$ZWXbX¡XW =*,*:( l)P$«$fdU[W

H$:&;* l)&q 4q H$=*,*:ql 4q

)L$:&;*l)&5�P 45�P )L$=*,*:( l�P 4(�P

*+$M*+&-$*+*Q$:&;* l)&5) 45) *+$M*+&-$*+*Q$=*,*:( l) 4()

IL$:&;*l)&5I 45I IL$=*,*:(lI 4(I

,L$:&;* l)&5)5 45)5 ,L$=*,*:( l)5 4()5

*+($:&;* l)&q) 4q) *+($=*,*:Hl) 4H)

ªa]$edWba]$fd$cX$v$Ua`¡\iXU[�`$Z[d`d`$cX]$fd][`dÙ[X]$~b'M~YQC'~[�]'M~��]QC'~[?'M~��]QC'~[W'M~�WQC'~[?['M~�?[QC'~b?'M~Y?Q-$�$ca]$edWba]$fd$cX$vv$Ua`¡\iXU[�`-$cX]$fd][`dÙ[X]$~b'M~YQC'~>�]C'~>?C'~>WC'~>?[C'~X?'M~<?Q"$

�`$cX]$�aWYX]$fd$Xci\à]$edWba]-$dc$XUd`Za$WdUXd$]abWd$cX$WXf[UXc$M>#@/,p8/d;#8F#@/,p8/--g4³Q-$ Y[d`ZWX]$ �\d$ d`$ cX]$ fd$ aZWa]$ R$ ]abWd$ cX$ fd][`dÙ[X$ M># 6Br;#8F#6Bkg4³Q"$ �}[]Zd`$ZXYb[¥`$edWba]$�\d$ Z[d`d`$fd][`dÙ[X$ Z�`[UX$d`$E¯$^dW]a`X$fdc$ ][ì\cXW$ M>#+arQ$ �$fd][`dÙ[X$�Za`X$d`$cX]$aZWX]$�aWYX]$M8F#ra6g4;#)%#ra68;#AF#ra6A;#.F#ra68-;#)%6#ra/8Q"

{F

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

B$+52*)*:LK$=@&=*@*,$v$1':Hp5+(H$*1+*,&$(+l(+()(,&$($*1+*,&$+&1)*HJ5=*$,:5I5+($+5$1*,'&7&q)"

:(1*,& l)Pf[b\¡XW

'(1&l)Pescribir

p7&)Pesperar

p()Pvivir

'()Pbeber

7&,& l)Pdar

*+$:(1*,& l@*+&$:(1*,& l@&*+($:(1*,& l@(

*+$'(1&l@*+&$'(1&l@&*+($'(1&l@(

*+$p7&@*+&$p7&@& l*+($p7&l@(

*+$p(@*+&$p(@& l*+($p(l@(

*+$'(@*+&$'(@& l*+($'(l@(

*+$7&,& l@*+&$7&,& l@&*+($7&,& l@(

H$:(1<lq)L$:(1<l5�P*+-$*+&$:(1< l5)IL$:(1<l5IIL$:(1<l5)5*+($:(1< lq)

H$'(�<l)L$'(l�5�P*+-$*+&$'(l�5)IL$'(l�5I,L$'(l�5)5*+($'(l�<)

H$p7<)L$p7��P*+-$*+&$p7�)IL$p7�I,L$p7�)5*+($p7<)

H$p(,<l)L$p(,��P*+-$*+&$p(,�)IL$p(,�I,L$p(,�)5*+($p(,< l)

H$'Pq)L$'P��P*+-$*+&$'P�)IL$'P�I,L$'P�)5*+($'Pq)

H$7&ql)L$7&��P*+-$*+&$7&�)IL$7&�I,L$7&�)5*+($7&q l)

B$+52*)*:LK$=@&=*@*,$vv$1':Hp5+(H$M+&':(I5:-$7A)8@-84;#.6B-84Q$*1+*,L$(+l(+()(,&$($+&1)*HJ5=*$,:5I5+($)&2p5$+5$1*,'&7&q)"$%:*I5$)*=*-$<$I+*=(K$=@&=*@*,$M+&':(I5:-$*d-,684;#.6B-84Q$,$E4I$@(k5$57(+1),5++*=*$n(1@&$':*(1K*7()$n5:57*,&+(5$1*=@&1+LK"

@q;(l)Pamar

1I*):5l)Pmirar

,(l75)Pver

*+$@q;(l@*+&$@q;(l@&*+($@q;(l@(

*+$1I*):5l@*+&$1I*):5l@&*+($1I*):5l@(

*+$,( l75@*+&$,( l75@&*+($,( l75@(

H$@q;@ql)L$@ql;(�P*+-$*+&$@q l;()IL$@ql;(I,L$@ql;()5*+$@q l;H)

H$1I*):ql)L$1I*l):(�P*+-$*+&$1I*l):()IL$1I*l):(I,L$1I*l):()5*+($1I*l):H)

H$,(lp<)L$,(l7(�P*+$,( l7()IL$,(l7(I,L$,(l7()5*+($,( l7H)

B$=@&=*@&$,F84$M\LQ;#L\ZSQQ$&2)(,+*$(1'*@P6<q)1H$l*:IL$':*�57�5=*$,:5I5+(S$)%#,F*;#)%/#,F*/;#)%)#,F*)#^#RfL;#L\ZfKV�#)%6#,F*6#^#RfLQVJ;#L\ZfKULQVJ"$|*:I&$+&1)*HJ5=*$,:5-I5+($-784$M\V�;#LQL\;#L\;#\V[V\;#\VU\;#\VJ#6*6#L\ZV�;#L\Zj\;#L\Zj;#L\ZS[V\;#L\ZjU\;#L\ZjJQ$,$:&6-=*,*:+*O$:5n($+5$<'*):5;@H5)1H"$��$I*p+*$,1):5)()P$)*@P2*$,$75l(+(k(HK$,$<n5;+(2&K$'*$:&6+LI$':57I5)&I$M+&':(I5:S$©6E6!/#&?)5#%/+!/;#6E+a/dC/>#A-D/%6a-7!6-;#8-3*).F-;#h*-!8@6a-7!6-;#A/?%68%F-#6#)386a-7!6-#>.*-%6>;#78@)-%6-#.-C-78.#6#6D#6EA-%-%6>Q"$/$:&6=*,*:+*O$p5$:5n($,$+52*)*:LK$':57@*p5+(HK$(1'*@P6<5)1H$l*:I&$-784 ,$6+&n5+(($>(I55)1HA$M_S�QS$|#A-%>#&?)5#h86#!%6?6"#'#?)@)B-#&?)5#8-/8@.

{z

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

ªX]$WXf[UXcd]$fd$[`�`[Z[ea$�$fd$^Wd]d`Zd$fd$Xci\à]$edWba]$fd$cX$v¯$Ua`¡\iXU[�`$à$Ua[Ù[fd`"

:(1*,& l)Pf[b\¡XW

'(1&l)Pescribir

p7&)Pesperar

p()Pvivir

'()Pbeber

7&,& l)Pdar

*+$:(1*,& l@*+&$:(1*,& l@&*+($:(1*,& l@(

*+$'(1&l@*+&$'(1& l@&*+($'(1&l@(

*+$p7&@*+&$p7&@& l*+($p7&l@(

*+$p(@*+&$p(@& l*+($p(l@(

*+$'(@*+&$'(@& l*+($'(l@(

*+$7&,& l@*+&$7&,& l@&*+($7&,& l@(

H$:(1<lq)L$:(1<l5�P*+-$*+&$:(1<l5)IL$:(1<l5IIL$:(1<l5)5*+($:(1< lq)

H$'(�<)L$'(�5�P*+-$*+&$'(�5)IL$'(�5I,L$'(�5)5*+($'(�<)

H$p7<)L$p7��P*+-$*+&$p7�)IL$p7�I,L$p7�)5*+($p7<)

H$p(,<)L$p(,��P*+-$*+&$p(,�)IL$p(,�I,L$p(,�)5*+($p(,<)

H$'Pq)L$'P��P*+-$*+&$'P�)IL$'P�I,L$'P�)5*+($'Pq)

H$7&q)L$7&��P*+-$*+&$7&�)IL$7&�I,L$7&�)5*+($7&q l)

ªX]$WXf[UXcd]$fd$[`�`[Z[ea$�$fd$^Wd]d`Zd$fd$Xci\à]$edWba]$fd$cX$vv$Ua`¡\iXU[�`$$MâW$d¡dY^ca-$7A)8@-84;#.6B-84Q$ ZXYâUa$Ua[Ù[fd`"$�fdY�]-$`\YdWa]a]$edWba]$ MâW$d¡dY^ca-$*d,684;#.6B-84Q$]\�Wd`$cX$XcZdW`XÙ[X$Ua`]a`�`Z[UX$d`$cX$E¯$^dW]a`X$fdc$][ì\cXW"

@q;(l)Pamar

1I*):5l)Pmirar

,(l75)Pver

*+$@q;(l@*+&$@q;(l@&*+($@q;(l@(

*+$1I*):5l@*+&$1I*):5 l@&*+($1I*):5 l@(

*+$,( l75@*+&$,( l75@&*+($,( l75@(

H$@q;@ql)L$@ql;(�P*+-$*+&$@q l;()IL$@ql;(I,L$@ql;()5*+$@q l;H)

H$1I*):ql)L$1I*l):(�P*+-$*+&$1I*l):()IL$1I*l):(I,L$1I*l):()5*+($1I*l):H)

H$,(lp<)L$,(l7(�P*+$,( l7()IL$,(l7(I,L$,(l7()5*+($,( l7H)

El verbo ,F84$ M\LQ;#L\ZSQQ$ Z[d`d$ �aWYX]$fd$^X]Xfa$ M)%#,F*;#)%/#,F*/;#)%)#,F*)#^#RfL;#L\ZfKV�# )%6#,F*6#^# RfLQVJ;# L\ZfKULQVJQ$ �\d$ ]d$ \]X`$ XUZ[eXYd`Zd$ d`$ dc$ _XbcX"$ ªX$ �aWYX$ fdc$presente -784$M\V�;#LQL\;#L\;#\V[V\;#\VU\;#\VJ o L\ZV�;#L\Zj\;#L\Zj;#L\ZS[V\;#L\ZjU\;#L\ZjJQ$d`$dc$_XbcX$à$]d$\]X"$gd$^\dfd$_XccXWcX$]aca$d`$fd�`[U[a`d]$U[d`Z£�UX]$d`$ca]$YX`\Xcd]$fd$Xci\`X]$X][i`XZ\WX]$MâW$d¡dY^caS$©6E6!/ &?)5#%/+!/;#6E+a/dC/>#A-D/%6a-7!6-;#8-3*).F-;#h*-!-8@6a-7!6-;#A/?%68%F-#6#)386a-7!6-#>.*-%6>;#78@)-%6-#.-C-78.#6#6D#6EA-%-%6>Q"$�`$el habla en algunas oraciones se usa la forma -784$d`$]d`Z[fa$fdS$|#A-%>#&?)5'h86#!%6?6. M}LJYV#L\ZV\#OUXQV\"#zUZLQSO[LJZLª#�#[U#NU\PV\UTUpJ#_S�#L\ZV\#OUXQV\"Q-$'#?)@)B-#&?)5'8-/8@. MIJ#OS#TUfNSN#_S�#ZLSZQV"Q"

{D

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

o;@&7&q)$ *1*;5++*1)HI($ 1':Hp5+(H$ =@&=*@L$ A)a4$ MPVNLQQ-$ -784$ MTV[LQQ$ ($ D)8-84#M�fLQLQQ"$B$l*:I$ =@&=*@&$A)a4$ n5:57*,&+(5$1*=@&1+LK$':*(1K*7()$+5$ )*@P2*$,$E4I$@(k5$57(+1),5++*=*$n(1@&$M>#A)?+Q-$+*$($,$�4I$@(k5$I+*p51),5++*=*$n(1@&$M)%6#A)?+8Q"$B$=@&=*-@&$-784$R$*1*;L5$l*:IL$57(+1),5++*=*$n(1@&$M>#-A;#8F#-g4;#)%#-78Q"$�)*$p5$2&1&5)1H$=@&=*@&$D)8-84-$)*$N)*$=@&=*@$1I5�&++*=*$1':Hp5+(H-$)&2$2&2$*7+($5=*$l*:IL$(6I5+Hq)1H$'*$':&,(@&I$v$1':Hp5+(H$M8F#D)a-g4;#)%#D)a-8Q-$&$7:<=(5$R$'*$':&,(@&I$vv$1':Hp5+(H$MAF#D)86A;#.F#D)868-;#)%6#D)8>8Q"

I*nP$«$^afdW 51)P$«$UaYdW K*)5 l)P$«$�\dWdW

*+$I*=*+&$I*=@& l*+($I*=@(l

*+$5@*+&$5l@&*+($5 l@(

*+$K*)5 l@*+&$K*)5 l@&*+($K*)5 l@(

H$I*=<l)L$I*lp5�P

*+-$*+&$I* lp5)$IL$I*lp5I,L$I*lp5)5*+($I*l=<)

H$5I)L$5�P*+$51)P

IL$57(lI,L$57( l)5*+($57H l)

H$K*n<l)L$K*ln5�P

*+-$*+&$K* ln5)$IL$K*)(lI,L$K*)( l)5*+($K*)Hl)

�","066'/!6)&/$:<112*I$H6L25$7,5$l*:IL$;<7<J5=*$,:5I5+($R$;<7<J55$1@*p+*5$($;<7<J55$':*1)*5"$�<7<J55$1@*p+*5$,:5IH$M�#;949'7-?#)5#3674A)"#^#�V�#S#L\TQUXUQ#fJS#TSQZS"Q$*;:&6<5)1H$

*)$=@&=*@*,$+51*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&$($*6+&n&5)-$n)*$75O1),(5$*1<J51),()1H-$+*$;56$<2&6&+(H-$7*$2*+k&$(@($+5)"$�<7<J55$':*1)*5$,:5IH$M�#,#7-K9#3674A)"#^#I\TQUXUQo#fJS#TSQZS"Q$*;:&-6<5)1H$*)$=@&=*@*,$1*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&$($*6+&n&5)-$n)*$75O1),(5$;<75)$,L'*@+5+*$7*$2*+k&"$

�<7<J55$1@*p+*5$,:5IH$*;:&6<5)1H$':(1*57(+5+(5I$l*:I$,+B+;#,+B-g4;#,+B-8;#,+B-A;#,+B-8-;#,+B+8$2$(+l(+()(,<$=@&=*@&$+51*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&$M�#;949'>-)#)5.#9F#;94&K5'>-)#)5"#0%#;94&)'>-)#)5"#'F#;94&)&'>-)#)5"#0%6#;949)'>-)#)5"Q"$

|*:IL$':*1)*=*$;<7<J5=*$,:5I5+($*;:&6<q)1H$*)$=@&=*@*,$1*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&$1$'*I*-JPq$)5K$p5$*2*+n&+(O-$n)*$($l*:IL$+&1)*HJ5=*$,:5I5+($=@&=*@*,$+51*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&$M�#70%>-)#8"#9F#70%>-)#&K5"#0%#70%>-)#&)"#<F#70%>-)#&6"#'F#70%>-)#&)&"#0%6#70%>-)#8)"Q"

�1@($=@&=*@$1*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&$*;:&6*,&+$*)$=@&=*@&$+51*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&$':($'*I*J($':(1)&,2(-$)*$l*:IL$':*1)*=*$;<7<J5=*$,:5I5+($*;:&6<q)1H$)&2$p5-$2&2$($l*:IL$+&1)*H-J5=*$,:5I5+($M�#a68/d"#9F#a68/-g4"# #^#�#3@)a68/d"#9F#3@)a68/-g4"#³�#�#36g+"#9F#36g-g4"# #^#�#%/36g+"#9F#%/36g-g4"# Q"$�1@($<$=@&=*@*,$+51*,5:�5++*=*$($1*,5:�5+-+*=*$,(7&$:&6+L5$1<ll(21L-$)*$*+($I*=<)$':(+&7@5p&)P$2$:&6+LI$1':Hp5+(HI$M�#6E+a/d"#9F#6E+a/-g4 "#^#�#6E+a+"#9F#6E+a6g4"#³�#�#3)!+3/d"#9F#3)!+3/-g4"# #^#�#!+3*d"#9F#!+36g4"# Q"

/L<n()5$ 1@57<qJ(5$ l*:IL$ ;<7<J5=*$ ':*1)*=*$ ,:5I5+(S$ �# 3@)a68/d"# 9F# 3@)a68/--g4"# #^#zLLQo"#zLLQj\"#³�#�#3@)7*+g/d"#9F#3@)7*+g/-g4"# #̂ #I\TfT_SQo"#I\TfT_SQj\"# �#�#@/77!/G+"#9F#@/77!/G-g4"# #^#�LOSZSQo"#�LOSZSQj\"#³�#�#%/36g+"#9F#%/36g-g4"# #^#I\TQUXUQo"#I\TQUXUQj\"#³�#�#%/@67+d"#9F#%/@67+-g4"# #̂ #�UXf`SQo"#�UXf`SQj\"#³�#�#7!/G+"#9F#7!/-G-g4"# #̂ #�UQo"#�UQj\"#³�#�#@-g+"#9F#@-g6g4"# #̂ #�LTUNUQo"#�LTUNUQj\"#³�#�#3)B)GB+"#9F#3)B)�#GBkg4"# #̂ #I\PLQSQo"#I\PLQSQj\"#³�#�#3)7A)8@d"#9F#3)7A)8@6g4"# #̂ #�UQSQo"#�UQSQj\"#³�$�#.F+a+"#9F#.F+a6g4"# #^#I\ZfNUSQo"#I\ZfNUSQj\"# �#�#7A)?+"#9F#7A)G-g4"# #^#«VNQo"#

{y

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

Los verbos A)a4$ MâfdWQ-$ -784$ MTV[LQQ$ �$ D)8-84$ M�fLQLQQ$ U\d`ZX`$ Ua`$ fdZdWY[X`fX]$^XWZ[U\cXW[fXfd]$d`$]\$Ua`¡\iXU[�`"$�c$edWba$A)a4$]\�Wd$XcZdW`XÙ[X$Ua`]a`�`Z[UX$à$]aca$d`$cX$E¯$^dW]a`X$fdc$][ì\cXW$M>#A)?+Q-$][à$ZXYb[¥`$d`$cX$�¯$fdc$^c\WXc$M)%6#A)?+8Q"$�c$edWba$-784 MTV[LQQ$ Z[d`d$ �aWYX]$d]^dU£�UX]$d`$dc$ $ ][ì\cXW$ M>#-A;#8F#-g4;#)%#-78Q"$�c$ edWba$D)8-84 d]$\`$edWba$Ua`$\`X$Ua`¡\iXU[�`$Y[}ZX-$âW�\d$Xci\`X]$fd$]\]$�aWYX]$][i\d`$cX]$WdicX]$fd$cX$ v$Ua`¡\iXU[�`$M8F#D)a-g4;#)%#D)a-8Q-$�$aZWX]$cX]$fd$cX$vv$Ua`¡\iXU[�`$MAF#D)86A;#.F#D)868-;#)%6#D)8>8Q"$

I*nP$«$âfdW 51)P$«$UaYdW K*)5 l)P$«$�\dWdW

*+$I*=*+&$I*=@& l*+($I*=@(l

*+$5@*+&$5l@&*+($5l@(

*+$K*)5 l@*+&$K*)5 l@&*+($K*)5 l@(

H$I*=<l)L$I*lp5�P

*+-$*+&$I* lp5)$IL$I*lp5I,L$I*lp5)5*+($I*l=<)

H$5I)L$5�P*+$51)P

IL$57(lI,L$57( l)5*+($57Hl)

H$K*n<l)L$K*ln5�P

*+-$*+&$K* ln5)$IL$K*)(lI,L$K*)( l)5*+($K*)Hl)

FUTURO�`$$W\]a$_X�$fa]$�aWYX]$fd$�\Z\WaS$$dc$�\Z\Wa$UaY^\d]Za$�$dc$�\Z\Wa$][Y^cd"$�c$�\Z\Wa$UaY^\d]Za$M�#;949'7-?#)5#3674A)"#^#�V�#S#L\TQUXUQ#fJS#TSQZS"Q$]d$�aWYX$X$^XWZ[W$

fd$ ca]$edWba]$ [Y^dW�dUZ[ea]$d$ [`f[UX$�\d$ cX$XUU[�`$ Zd`fW�$ c\iXW-$^dWa$][`$ [`f[UXW$][$ ccdiX$X$]\$�`$a$à"$�c$ �\Z\Wa$][Y^cd$M�#,#7-K9#3674A)"#^#I\TQUXUQo#fJS#TSQZS"Q$]d$�aWYX$fd$ca]$edWba]$^dW�dUZ[ea]$d$[`f[UX$�\d$cX$XUU[�`$]dW�$d¡dU\ZXfX$_X]ZX$]\$�`"$

El futuro compuesto se forma añadiendo las formas del futuro del verbo ,F84#M,+B+;#,+-B-g4;#,+B-8;#,+B-A;#,+B-8-;#,+B+8Q$Xc$[`�`[Z[ea$fdc$edWba$[Y^dW�dUZ[ea$M�#;949'>-)#)5S#9F#;94&K5'>-)#)5"#0%#;94&)'>-)#)5"#'F#;94&)&'>-)#)5"#0%6#;949)'>-)#)5"Q"$

El futuro simple se forma a partir de los verbos perfectivos con ayuda de las mismas fd][`dÙ[X]$�\d$Z[d`d`$cX]$�aWYX]$fd$^Wd]d`Zd$fd$ca]$edWba]$[Y^dW�dUZ[ea]$M�#70%>-)#8"#9F#70%>-)#&K5"#0%#70%>-)#&)"#<F#70%>-)#&6"#'F#70%>-)#&)&"#0%6#70%>-)#8)"Q"

g[$dc$edWba$̂ dW�dUZ[ea$d]Z�$�aWYXfa$X$̂ XWZ[W$fdc$edWba$[Y^dW�dUZ[ea$Ua`$X�\fX$fd$̂ Wd�¡a-$dc$�\Z\Wa$][Y^cd$]d$�aWYX`$Ua`$cX]$Y[]YX]$fd][`dÙ[X]$�\d$dc$^Wd]d`Zd$M�#a68/d"#9F#a68/-g4"# #^#�#3@)a68/d"#9F#3@)a68/-g4"#³�#�#36g+"#9F#36g-g4"# #^#�#%/36g+"#9F#%/36g-g4"#³Q"$g[$ca]$edWba]$[Y^dW�dUZ[ea$�$^dW�dUZ[ea$Z[d`d`$]\�¡a]$f[�dWd`Zd]-$$^\dfd`$^dWZd`dUdW$X$f[�dWd`Zd]$Ua`¡\iXU[a`d]$M�#6E+a/d"#9F#6E+a/-g4"# #^#�#6E+a+"#9F#6E+a6g4"#³�#�#3)!+3/d"#9F#3)!+-3/-g4"# #^#�#!+3*d"#9F#!+36g4"$³Q"

�^Wd`fX`$ cX]$ ][i\[d`Zd]$ �aWYX]$ fdc$ �\Z\Wa$ ][Y^cdS# �# 3@)a68/d"# 9F# 3@)a68/-g4"# #^#zLLQo"#zLLQj\"#³�#�#3@)7*+g/d"#9F#3@)7*+g/-g4"# #^#I\TfT_SQo"#I\TfT_SQj\"#³�#�#@/7-7!/G+"#9F#@/77!/G-g4"# #̂ #�LOSZSQo"#�LOSZSQj\"#³�#�#%/36g+"#9F#%/36g-g4"# #̂ #I\TQUXUQo"#I\TQUXUQj\"# �# �#%/@67+d"# 9F# %/@67+-g4"# #^# �UXf`SQo"# �UXf`SQj\"# ³�# �# 7!/G+"# 9F# 7!/-G-g4"# #^#�UQo"#�UQj\"#³�$�#@-g+"#9F#@-g6g4"# #^#�LTUNUQo"#�LTUNUQj\"#³�#�#3)B)GB+"#9F#3)B)GBkg4"# #^#I\PLQSQo"#I\PLQSQj\"#³�#�#3)7A)8@d"#9F#3)7A)8@6g4"# #^#�UQSQo"#�UQSQj\"#³�#�#.F+a+"#9F#.F+a6g4"#^# #I\ZfNUSQo"#I\ZfNUSQj\"#³�#�#7A)?+"#9F#7A)G-g4"# #^#«VNQo"#«VNQj\"#³�#�#3)HB+"#9F#3)HBkg4"# #̂ #�Qo"#�Qj\"#³�#�#3@6B+"#9F#3@6Bkg4"# #̂ #�LJNQo"#�LJNQj\"#³�# �# 7B-*/d"# 9F# 7B-*/-g4"# #^#�SQo"# �SQj\"#³�# �# !+3*d"# 9F# !+36g4"# #^#�V[PQSQo"#�V[PQSQj\"# #"

60

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

«VNQj\"# �$�#3)HB+"# 9F# 3)HBkg4"# #«# �Qo"# �Qj\"#³�# �# 3@6B+"# 9F# 3@6Bkg4"# #«# �LJNQo"#�LJNQj\"#³�#�#7B-*/d"#9F#7B-*/-g4"# #^#�SQo"#�SQj\. … .

/L<n()5$l*:IL$=@&=*@&$1*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&$B/84 MNSQQ-$2*)*:LO$*)+*1()1H$2$=@&=*@&I$1I5�&++*=*$1':Hp5+(H"

7&)P «$NSQ

9:*�57�55$,:5IH �<7<J55$,:5IH

*+$7&@$«$M¥cQ$f[**+&$7&@�$«$MdccXQ$f[**+($7& l@($«$Mdcca]-$dccX]Q$f[dWa`

H$7&I$«$fXW¥)L$7&�P$«$fXW�]*+$7&1)$«$fXW�

IL$7&7( lI$«$fXWdYa],L$7&7( l)5$«$fXW¥[]*+($7&7< l)$«$fXW�`

+)36!%*+/ #I'5:&)(,$ M'*,5@()5@P+*5$ +&2@*+5+(5Q$ ,L:&p&5)$ '*;<7()5@P+*5$ 75O1),(5$

M¡6g6¬#«$I\TQUXL¬�#1*+g/H8-¬#«#I\TfT_LJ¬Q"|*:IL$ (I'5:&)(,&$ ,$ 57(+1),5++*I$ n(1@5$ *2&+n(,&q)1H$ +&$ ~>$ M:B6¬$ R$ ��5�Q-$ ~i$ Mv6-

8/H¬#^#zLL¬Q$(@($+&$IH=2(O$1*=@&1+LO$M¡@6?)8).4¬#^#«QLPSQS¬Q"$0+*p51),5++*5$n(1@*$*;:&6<5)1H$'<)�I$':(1*57(+5+(H$2$l*:I5$57(+1),5++*=*$n(1@&$*2*+n&+(H$~?[$M:B68-¬#^#�N¬�#v68/H8-¬#^#zLLN¬�$¡@6?)8).48-¬#^#«QLPSQSN¬Q"$|*:I&$I+*p51),5++*=*$n(1@&$(1-'*@P6<5)1H$ +5$ )*@P2*$ 7@H$ *;:&J5+(H$ 2$ =:<''5$ @(k-$ +*$ ($ 7@H$ ,5p@(,*=*$ (@($ *l(k(&@P-+*=*$*;:&J5+(H$2$*7+*I<$@(k<$ M2#")&;#3)G/*+H78/;#./g#3/73)@8¬#R$ �o;#PVQ# RSKVQ;#\f#PS\SPVQZL¬Q"$

|*:I&$(I'5:&)(,&$*;:&6<5)1H$*)$*1+*,L$+&1)*HJ5=*$,:5I5+($=@&=*@*,$+51*,5:�5++*-=*$,(7&$($*)$*1+*,L$;<7<J5=*$,:5I5+($=@&=*@*,$1*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&"$

|*:I&$ (I'5:&)(,&$ 57(+1),5++*=*$ n(1@&$ *2&+n(,&5)1H$ +&$ ~i-$ ,$ '5:,*I$ @(k5$ 57(+-1),5++*=*$ n(1@&$ +&1)*HJ5=*$ (@($ ;<7<J5=*$ ,:5I5+($ '*1@5$ =@&1+*O$ (7�)$ *2*+n&+(5$ ~b M�#6E+a/d"#̂ #:E+a/H¬#:E+a/H8-¬�#�#3@)a68/d"#̂ #¡@)a68/H¬#¡@)a68/H8-¬�#�#3).8)@>d"#^#¡).8)@>H¬#¡).8)@>H8-¬Q"$

|*:I&$(I'5:&)(,&$57(+1),5++*=*$n(1@&$*2&+n(,&5)1H$+&$ ~>-$51@($*1+*,&$+&1)*HJ5=*$,:5I5+($(@($':*1)*=*$;<7<J5=*$,:5I5+($ =@&=*@&$*2&+n(,&5)1H$+&$1*=@&1+LO$6,<2$($':($N)*I$<7&:5+(5$'&7&5)$+&$*2*+n&+(5$M�#6B+l"#^#:B6l¬#:B6l8-¬�#�#7A)8@dl"#^#1A)8@6l¬#1A)-8@6l8-¬�#�#+a+l"#^#|a6l¬#|a6l8-¬�#�#7!/G+l"#^#1!/G6l¬#1!/G6l8-¬Q"

|*:I&$(I'5:&)(,&$57(+1),5++*=*$n(1@&$*2&+n(,&5)1H$+&$ ~]-$51@($*1+*,&$+&1)*HJ5=*$,:5I5+($(@($':*1)*=*$;<7<J5=*$,:5I5+($=@&=*@&$*2&+n(,&5)1H$+&$1*=@&1+LO$6,<2-$+*$':($N)*I$<7&:5+(5$'&7&5)$+&$*1+*,<$M�#?)8)l.*d"#^#()8).4¬#()8).48-¬Q"

/L<n()5$1@57<qJ(5$l*:IL$(I'5:&)(,&S$1*+lg/H¬#^#I\TfT_S¬;#¡).8)@6l¬#^#�LPUZL¬;#¡@)a68/lH¬# ^# zLL¬;# c/36g6l¬# ^# I\TQUXL¬;# c/@67+lH¬# ^# �UXf`S¬;# 08.-l84¬# ^# �VJZL\ZS¬;#13@)76l¬#^# «QLYfJZS¬;# 1!/G6l¬# ^# �e¬;# ¡)!/G6l¬# ^# �fL\ZQS¬;# =/77!/G6l¬# ^# �LOSZS¬;# 'Fl�#+a6¬#^#�PQLJNL¬;#¡@6D)B6l¬#(#¡@6-EG/lH¬#^#�LJ¬;#¡)7A)8@6l¬#^#�UQS¬;#¡)B/@6l¬#^#�LYSOS¬;#1B-l*/H¬#^#�SM¬;#¡)B+lA/H¬#̂ #«ULJ\S¬;#¡)E.)%6l¬#̂ #zOS[S#~PVQ#ZLOoRVJV�¬;#�/!@)lH¬#̂ #�ULQQS¬;#08!@)lH¬#^# �XQL¬;# ¡)E).6¬#^# zOS[S¬;# ¡)E%/!)lA47>¬#^# �VJVTL¬;# :E.6%6l¬#^# �U\TfOPS¬;#2+36l¬#^#�V[PQS¬;#:B6l¬#^�L¬;#¡@6?)8)l.4¬#^#«QLPSQS¬

61

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

Aprendan las formas del verbo perfectivo B/84$ MNSQQ-$ �\d$ ^dWZd`dUd$ X$ ca]$ edWba]$ fd$ cX$Ua`¡\iXU[�`$Y[}ZX"

IMPERATIVO�c$[Y^dWXZ[ea$d}^Wd]X$\`X$XUU[�`$�\d$[Ù[ZX$X$WdXc[�XWcX$M¡6g6¬#^#I\TQUXL¬�#1*+g/H8-¬#^#

I\TfT_LJ¬Q"Las formas del imperativo en singular pueden tener la desinencia ~>$M:B6¬$R$�L¬Q-$^\dfd`$

terminar con ~i$Mv68/H¬#^#zLL¬Q$a$d`$Ua`]a`X`Zd$bcX`fX$M¡@6?)8).4¬#^#«QLPSQS¬Q"$�c$^c\WXc$se forma añadiéndole a la forma del singular la desinencia L)&$M:B68-¬#^#�N¬�#v68/H8-¬#^#zLLN¬�#¡@6?)8).48-¬#^#«QLPSQSN¬Q"$ªX$�aWYX$fdc$^c\WXc$]d$\]X$à$]aca$d`$dc$ ZWXZXY[d`Za$X$grupos de personas, sino tambie l`$d`$dc$ZWXZXY[d`Za$UaWZ¥]$\$a�U[Xc$X$\`X$^dW]a`X$M2#")&;#3)-G/*+H78/;#./g#3/73)@8¬#^#�o;#PVQ#RSKVQ;#\f#PS\SPVQZL¬Q"$

El imperativo se forma con la radical del presente de los verbos imperfectivos y la radical del futuro de los perfectivos.

El imperativo en singular termina con ~i, si la primera persona de singular del presente o del futuro simple lleva la terminación ~b$fd]^\¥]$fd$ cX$eaUXc$ M�#6E+a/d"#^#:E+a/H¬#:E+a/H8-¬�#�#3@)a68/d"#^#¡@)a68/H¬#¡@)a68/H8-¬�#�#3).8)@>d"#^#¡).8)@>H¬#¡).8)@>H8-¬Q"$

El imperativo en singular termina con ~>, si la radical del presente o del futuro simple termina en consonante y el acento de la 1a$^dW]a`X$fdc$][ì\cXW$WdUXd$]abWd$ cX$fd][`dÙ[X$M�#6Br"#^#:Bq¬#:Bq8-¬�#�#7A)8@d"#^#1A)8@q¬#1A)8@q8-¬�#�#+ar"#^#|aq¬#|aq8-¬�#�#7!/Gr"#^#1!/Gq¬#1!/Gq8-¬Q"$

El imperativo en singular termina con ~], si la radical del presente o del futuro simple termina d`$Ua`]a`X`Zd$�$dc$XUd`Za$d`$cX$E¯$^dW]a`X$fdc$][ì\cXW$WdUXd$]abWd$cX$WXf[UXc$M�#?)8p.*d"#^#()8p.4¬#()8p.48-¬Q"

�^Wd`fX`$cX]$][i\[d`Zd]$�aWYX]$fdc$[Y^dWXZ[eaS$1*+lg/H¬#^#I\TfT_S¬;#¡).8)@6l¬#^#�LPUZL¬;#¡@)a68/lH¬# ^# zLL¬;# c/36g6l¬# ^# I\TQUXL¬;# c/@67+lH¬# ^# �UXf`S¬;# 08.-l84¬# ^# �VJZL\ZS¬;#13@)76l¬#^# «QLYfJZS¬;# 1!/G6l¬# ^# �U¬;# ¡)!/G6l¬# ^# �fL\ZQS¬;# =/77!/G6l¬# ^# �LOSZS¬;# 'F�l#+a6¬# �PQLJNL¬;#¡@6D)B6l¬#y#¡@6-EG/lH¬#^# �LJ¬;#¡)7A)8@6l¬#^# �UQS¬;#¡)B/@6l¬#^# �LYSOS¬;#1B-l*/H¬#^#�SM¬;#¡)B+lA/H¬#̂ #«ULJ\S¬;#¡)E.)%6l¬#̂ #zOS[S#~PVQ#ZLOoRVJV�¬;#�/!@)lH¬#̂ #�ULQQS¬;#08!@)lH¬#^# �XQL¬;# ¡)E).6l¬#^# zOS[S¬;# ¡)E%/!)lA47>¬#^# �VJVTL¬;# :E.6%6l¬#^# �U\TfOPS¬;#2+36l¬#^#�V[PQS¬;#:B6l¬#^�L¬;#¡@6?)8)l.4¬#^#«QLPSQS¬

7&)P «$NSQ

Pasado Futuro

*+$7&@*$«$M¥cQ$f[**+&$7&@& l$«$MdccXQ$f[*

*+($7&l@($«$Mdcca]-$dccX]Q$f[dWa`

H$7&I$«$fXW¥)L$7&�P$«$fXW�]*+$7&1)$«$fXW�

IL$7&7( lI$«$fXWdYa],L$7&7( l)5$«$fXW¥[]*+($7&7< l)$«$fXW�`

62

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

(-%(.-5',/+V62+&/$:<112*I$H6L25$,L75@Hq)1H$7,5$=:<''L$=@&=*@*,$7,(p5+(H$;56$':(1)&,*2S

m@&=*@L$ v$ =:<''L$ *;*6+&n&q)$ 7,(p5+(5$ ,$ *7+*I$ *':575@�++*I$ +&':&,@5+(($ M|8@)A#78+B-%8F#-49)#.#+%6.-@768-8"#^#«VQ# OS#[SiSJS;# OV\#L\ZfNUSJZL\#KSJ#S# OS#£JUKLQ\UNSN"Q"$�)*$=@&=*@L$*7+*+&':&,@5++*=*$7,(p5+(H"$

m@&=*@L$ vv$ =:<''L$*;*6+&n&q)$7,(p5+(5$,$:&6+LK$+&':&,@5+(HK$(@($,$7,<K$R$)<7&$($*;:&)+*$M18+B-%8F#!/GBFH#B-%4#D%4$)#.#+%6.-@768-8"#^#�SNS#NeS#OV\#L\ZfNUSJZL\#KSJ#S#OS#£JUKLQ\UNSN"Q"$�)*$=@&=*@L$:&6+*+&':&,@5++*=*$7,(p5+(H"

o;:&)()5$,+(I&+(5$+&$*1*;5++*1)($1':Hp5+(H$<2&6&++LK$n5)L:�K$=@&=*@*,"

v$=:<''& vv$=:<''& 95:5,*7

(7)( K*7()P [W$MX$^[dQ

5K&)P 567()P [W$Md`$\`$ed_£U\caQ

(7)(l K*7(l)P ¥K&)P ¥67()P

*+$��@*+&$�@&*+($�@(

*+$K*7( l@*+&$K*7( l@&*+($K*7( l@(

*+$¥K&@*+&$¥K&@&*+($¥K&@(

*+$¥67(@*+&$¥67(@&*+($¥67(@(

H$(7±)L$(7��P*+$(7�)IL$(7�I,L$(7�)5*+($(7±)

H$K*p±)L$K�7(�P*+$K�7()IL$K�7(I,L$K�7()5*+($K�7H)

H$¥7<)L$¥75�P*+$¥75)IL$¥75I,L$¥75)5*+($¥7<)

H$¥6p<)L$¥67(�P*+$¥67()IL$¥67(I,L$¥67()5*+($¥67H)

/15$n5)L:5$ =@&=*@&$H,@Hq)1H$ =@&=*@&I($+51*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&"$%&p7LO$(6$+(K$I*p5)$,K*7()P$,$,(7*,<q$'&:<$M6B86#¨#3)H86;#D)B684#¨#7D)B684;#-D/84#¨#3)-D/84;#-EB684#¨#7�-E-B684Q"$#6$+(K$,$:&6=*,*:+*O$:5n($n&J5$<'*):5;@Hq)1H$=@&=*@L$6B86#^#D)B684#^#3)H86#(# -D/84#^#-EB684#^#3)-D/84$ 7@H$ *;*6+&n5+(H$ 7,(p5+(H$ ,$ +&1)*HJ5I-$ ':*�57�5I$ ($;<7<J5I$,:5I5+($M'6!8)@#-4T)#.#A/?/E6%"#̂ #�eTZVQ#KS#S#OS#ZULJNS"�#'a-@/#)%#D%4-<#.#A/?/-E6%"#^#��LQ#RfL#S#OS#ZULJNS"�#�/.8@/#)%#7%"4T)#.#A/?/E6%"#^#�SiSJS#UQj#S#OS#ZULJNS"Q"$?751P$D)B6*$R$':*�57�55$,:5IH-$6B+$R$+&1)*HJ55-$3)HB+$R$;<7<J55"$

m@&=*@L$1*,5:�5++*=*$,(7&$3)H86$($3)-D/84$MUQQ$(I5q)$)&2p5$6+&n5+(5$+&n&@&$7,(p5-+(H$MU%"4T6#.#,6,*6)8-!+¬#̂ #�j[V\#S#OS#XUXOUVZLTS¬Q"$8$+(I($1,H6&+L$=@&=*@L$1*,5:�5++*-=*$,(7&$3@6H86$($3@6-D/84$MKLJUQ;#OOLYSQQ-$2*)*:L5$*;*6+&n&q)$2*+5k$7,(p5+(H$M+&':(I5:-$'/%#70-&D#<#6E#268/>"#̂ #®SJY#_S#OOLYSNV#NL#�_UJS"�$'6!8)@#70-KT<#7#!)%]-@8/"$R$�eTZVQ#KUJV#NLO#TVJTULQZV"Q"

F�

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

VERBOS DE MOVIMIENTO �`$dc$W\]a$]d$f[]Z[ì\d`$fa]$iW\â]$fd$edWba]$fd$Yae[Y[d`Za$][`$^Wd�¡aS

I grupo II grupo Traducción

#7)( K*7()P [W$MX$^[dQ

�K&)P 567()P [W$Md`$\`$ed_£U\caQ

ªa]$edWba]$fdc$v$iW\â$fdàZX`$\`$Yae[Y[d`Za$WdXc[�Xfa$d`$\`X$f[WdUU[�`$fdZdWY[`XfX$M|8@)A#78+B-%8F#-49)#.#+%6.-@768-8"#^#«VQ# OS#[SmSJS;# OV\#L\ZfNUSJZL\#KSJ#S# OS#£JUKLQ\UNSN"Q"$Estos verbos se denominan verbos de movimiento determinado.

ªa]$ edWba]$fdc$ vv$ iW\â$d}^Wd]X`$\`$Yae[Y[d`Za$ WdXc[�Xfa$d`$f[WdUU[a`d]$ f[�dWd`Zd]$a$d`$fa]$R$^XWX$$X�\£$�$^XWX$Xcc£$M18+B-%8F#!/GBFH#B-%4#D%4$)#.#+%6.-@768-8"#^#�SNS#NeS#OV\#L\ZfNUSJZL\#KSJ#S#OS#£JUKLQ\UNSN"Q"$ga`$ca]$edWba]$fd$Yae[Y[d`Za$[`fdZdWY[`Xfa"

®b]dWed`$cX]$^XWZ[U\cXW[fXfd]$fd$cX$Ua`¡\iXU[�`$fd$ca]$f[U_a]$edWba]$fd$Yae[Y[d`Za"

(7)(l K*7(l)P ¥K&)P ¥67()P

*+$��@*+&$�@&*+($�@(

*+$K*7( l@*+&$K*7(l@&*+($K*7( l@(

*+$¥K&@*+&$¥K&@&*+($¥K&@(

*+$¥67(@*+&$¥67(@&*+($¥67(@(

H$(7±)L$(7��P*+$(7�)IL$(7�I,L$(7�)5*+($(7±)

H$K*p±)L$K�7(�P*+$K�7()IL$K�7(I,L$K�7()5*+($K�7H)

H$¥7<)L$¥75�P*+$¥75)IL$¥75I,L$¥75)5*+($¥7<)

H$¥6p<)L$¥67(�P*+$¥67()IL$¥67(I,L$¥67()5*+($¥67H)

ªa]$U\XZWa$edWba]$]a`$[Y^dW�dUZ[ea]"$�XfX$\à$fd$dcca]$�aWYX$]\$^XW$X]^dUZ\Xc$M6B86#¨#3)H-86;#D)B684# ¨#7D)B684;#-D/84# ¨#3)-D/84;#-EB684# ¨#7�-EB684Q"$�`$dc$_XbcX$]d$\]X`$Y�]$X$menudo los verbos 6B86#^#D)B684#^#3)H86 y -D/84#^#-EB684#^#3)-D/84 para designar dc$Yae[Y[d`Za$d`$^Wd]d`Zd-$^X]Xfa$�$�\Z\Wa$M'6!8)@#-4T)#.#A/?/E6%"#^#�eTZVQ#KS#S#OS#ZULJNS"�$'a-@/#)%#D%4-<#.#A/?/E6%"#^#��LQ#RfL#S#OS#ZULJNS"�$�/.8@/#)%#7%"4T)#.#A/?/E6%"#^#�SmSJS#UQj#S#OS#ZULJNS"Q"$��\£$cX$�aWYX$D)B6* es pasado, la forma 6B+$R$d]$^Wd]d`Zd$�$cX$�aWYX$3)HB+$R$es futuro.

Los verbos perfectivos 3)H86 y 3)-D/84$ MUQQ$ Z[d`d`$ ZXYb[¥`$ dc$ ][i`[�UXfa$ fd$ [`[U[a$ fdc$Yae[Y[d`Za$MU%"4T6#.#,6,*6)8-!+¬$R$�S[V\#S#OS#XUXOUVZLTS¬Q"$�]Z�`$WdcXU[a`Xfa]$Ua`$dcca]$los verbos perfectivos 3@6H86$($3@6-D/84$ MKLJUQ;# OOLYSQQ-$�\d$fd][i`X`$dc$�`$fdc$Yae[Y[d`Za$M'/%#70-&D#<# 6E#268/>"#^#®SJY#_S# OOLYSNV#NL#�_UJS"�$'6!8)@#70-KT<# 7# !)%]-@8/"#^#�eTZVQ#KUJV#NLO#TVJTULQZV"Q"

Ft

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

2%!6d+6�&:5n(5I$+&6L,&5)1H$+5(6I5+H5I&H$n&1)P$:5n(-$2*)*:&H$,$':57@*p5+(($I*p5)$*)+*-

1()P1H$2$ =@&=*@<$ M=,-6#)&<5,%# 7*+g/84#^#L\TfT_SQ#SZLJZS[LJZL;#.0%61%# ?).)@684#^#_SXOSQ#LJ#KVM#SOZS;#a68/84#7%L09??1-#^#OLLQ#LJ#Qf\VQ-$':(@&=&)5@P+*I<$M%>&,5#6%8-@-7-%FH#^#[f�# UJZLQL\SJZL;#7%>)-#%).FH#^#TS\U#JfLKVQ-$+&:5n(q$M%>&,5#6%8-@-7%)#^#[f�#UJZLQL\SJZLQ-$1<J51),()5@P+*I<$Ma8-%6-#=?<9D#^#OLTZfQS#LJ#KVM#SOZSQ"

8<J51),<5)$+512*@P2*$=:<''$+&:5n(O"$�&:5n(H$ I51)&$ *),5n&q)$ +&$ ,*':*1LS$ (B-u#^# w�pJNLu;# 2+B/u#^# w�# NpJNLu;# 08!+-

B/u#^#w�L#NpJNLu$M<)6#!%6?6#*-G/8#G4&?5;#/#8-8@/B6#)#6"#^#�U\#OUXQV\#L\ZjJ#S�fe#�#OV\#TfSNLQJV\#L\ZjJ#S_e"�#:B6#?84#¬#^#�LJ#STj¬Q"$

�&:5n(H$,:5I5+($*),5n&q)$+&$,*':*1LS$2)?B/u#^#w�fjJNVu$M{)A/g%--#E/B/%6-#B-*/-d8#=&>&0%6"$R$zS#ZSQLS#NL#TS\S#\L#_STL#PVQ#OS#ZSQNL"Q-$2/!#a/78)u#^#w�VJ#�fo#RQLTfLJTUSu#MA,%.4##AF#D)B6A#%/#78/B6)%"#^#�#KLTL\#KS[V\#SO#L\ZSNUV"Q"$8@*,&$.7-?B/;#6%)?B/;#a/78);#@-B!);#),Fa%);$2*)*:L5$*),5n&q)$+&$,*':*1$2/!#a/78)u$R$w�VJ#�fo#RQLTfLJTUSu-$):5;<q)$(1'*@P6*,&+(H$ =@&=*@*,$ +51*,5:�5++*=*$ ,(7&-$ *;*6+&n&qJ(K$ '*,)*:HqJ551H$ 75O1),(5$M(;!>,%#AF#?+*>-A#.#3/@!-"#^#�SXUZfSO[LJZL#PS\LS[V\#PVQ#LO#PSQ�fL"Q"$

�&:5n(H$I5:L$($1)5'5+($*),5n&q)$+&$,*':*1$1!)*4!)u#^#w�fjJZVu$M0%#6,%.%#@/,)8/--8"Q"$

�&:5n(H$*;:&6&$75O1),(H$*),5n&q)$+&$,*':*1LS$2/!u#^#w�p[Vu;#2/!6A#),@/E)Au$R$w�L#�fo#[SJLQSu$M'6!8)@#?).)@68#.0%61%"$R$�eTZVQ#_SXOS#LJ#KVM#SOZS"�#18+B-%8F#=,-6#-)&<5,%#7*+g/*6#3@-3)B/./8-*>"$R$zV\#L\ZfNUSJZL\#L\TfT_SXSJ#SO#PQVRL\VQ#TVJ#SZLJTUpJ"Q"

8@57<5)$ *)@(n&)P$ +&:5n(H$ *;:&6&$ 75O1),(H$ +&$ ~@$ MD)@)g);# 3@/.6*4%);# ?@)A!);# .%6-A/8-*4%)Q$ *)$ 1**),5)1),<qJ(K$ ':(@&=&)5@P+LK$ MD)@)g6H;# 3@/.6*4%FH;# ?@)A!6H;# .%6-A/8-*4%FHQ"$9:(@&=&)5@P+L5$,15=7&$*)+*1H)1H$2$1<J51),()5@P+LI-$1*=@&1<q)1H$1$+(I($,$:*75-$ n(1@5$ ($ '&75p5$ ($ *),5n&q)$ +&$ ,*':*1L$2/!)Hu;# 2/!/>u;# 2/!)-u;# wxfou# w�fjOu;#2/!6-u# w�fjOL\u$ M'6!8)@# 7A)8@-*#-,)&0&?,!"# $6*4A"#^# �eTZVQ# _S# KU\ZV# fJS# PLOeTfOS#UJZLQL\SJZL"Q"$�&:5n(H$*;:&6&$75O1),(H$*)+*1H)1H$2$=@&=*@<$($*),5n&q)$+&$,*':*1L$2/!u#^#w�p[Vu;#2/!6A#),@/E)Au#̂ #w�L#�fo#[SJLQSu$M'6!8)@#-,)&0&?,%#@/77!/EF./-8"$R$�eTZVQ#QLOSZS##TV\S\#UJZLQL\SJZL\"Q"

�&:5n(H$*;:&6&$75O1),(H$*;:&6<q)1H$*)$':(@&=&)5@P+LK$1$'*I*JPq$1<ll(21*,$~@$(@($~>$M3*)D)H#^#3*)D);#D)@)g6H#^#D)@)g);#@+77!6H#^#3)�@+77!6Q"$

8@57<5)$:&6@(n&)P$1*n5)&+(H$=@&=*@*,$1$+&:5n(HI($M?).)@684#3)�@+77!6#^#_SXOSQ#Qf\V;#a68/84#3)�@+77!6#̂ #OLLQ#LJ#Qf\V;#367/84#3)�@+77!6#̂ #L\TQUXUQ#LJ#Qf\V;#3)%6A/84#3)�@+77!6#^#LJZLJNLQ# LO# Qf\VQ$ ($ =@&=*@P+*4(I5++L5$ 1@*,*1*n5)&+(H$ ME%/84# @+77!6H# >EF!#^# TVJVTLQ# LO#Qf\V;#6E+a/84#@+77!6H#>EF!#^#L\ZfNUSQ#LO#Qf\V;#3)%6A/84#@+77!6H#>EF!#^#TV[PQLJNLQ#LO#Qf\VQ"$

8<J51),<5)$*1*;&H$=:<''&$+&:5n(O-$2*)*:L5$<'*):5;@Hq)1H$,$2&n51),5$=@&,+*=*$n@5+&$,$;56@(n+LK$':57@*p5+(HK$M1-?)B%>#D%<%4,%"#^#�V�#_STL#RQeV"�#<%-#,#4%#%/367/84#3674-A)"#^#�L#_STL#RSOZS#L\TQUXUQ#OS#TSQZS"�#�B-74#,&<5G$#!+@684"#̂ #��fe#JV#\L#PLQ[UZL#Rf[SQ"Q"$o+($+&6L,&q)1H$':57(2&)(,+LI($+&:5n(HI($($*;*6+&n&q)S$

§$1*1)*H+(5$($*J<J5+(5$@(k&S$$A%-#8-3*)#^#JV#ZLJYV#RQeV;#A%-#D)*)B%)#^#ZLJYV#RQeV;#6%8-@-7%)#^#L\#UJZLQL\SJZL;#*-?!)#^#L\#RjTUO;#8@+B%)#^#L\#NUReTUO;#G/*4#~G/*!)�#^#L\#Oj\ZU[S;#NS#Oj\ZU[S�

§$1*1)*H+(5$':(:*7LS$D)*)B%)#^#_STL# RQeV;#8-3*)#^#_STL#TSOVQ;#86D)#^#_S�#\UOLJTUV;#D)@)g)#^#L\Zj#XULJ;#3*)D)#^#L\Zj#[SO�$

§$+5*;K*7(I*1)P-$,*6I*p+*1)P$(@($+5,*6I*p+*1)P$75O1),(HS$%/B)#^#_STL# RSOZS;#A)G-%)#^#L\#PV\UXOL;#\L#PfLNL;#%-*4E>#^#JV#\L#PfLNL�$

§$,:5IH$75O1),(HS$3)EB%)#^#L\#ZSQNL.

F{

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

ADVERBIO�c$XfedWb[a$d]$\`X$^XWZd$[èXW[Xbcd$fd$cX$aWXU[�`$�\d$^\dfd$Wd�dW[W]d$Xc$edWba$M=,-6#)&<5-

,%' 7*+g/84#^# L\TfT_SQ# SZLJZS[LJZL;# .0%61%# ?).)@684#^# _SXOSQ# LJ# KVM# SOZS;# a68/84#7%L09??1-#^# OLLQ#LJ# Qf\VQ-$Xc$Xf¡dZ[ea$ M%>&,5#6%8-@-7%FH#^#[f�# UJZLQL\SJZL;#7%>)-#%)-.FH#^#TS\U#JfLKVQ-$Xc$XfedWb[a$M%>&,5#6%8-@-7%)#^#[f�#UJZLQL\SJZLQ-$Xc$]\]ZX`Z[ea$Ma8-%6-#=?<9D#^#OLTZfQS#LJ#KVM#SOZSQ"

Se distinguen varios grupos de adverbios.Los adverbios de lugar contestan a las preguntas (B-u#^#w�pJNLu;#2+B/u#^#w�#NpJNLu;#

08!+B/u#^#w�L#NpJNLu$R$M<)6#!%6?6#*-G/8#G4&?5;#/#8-8@/B6#)#6"#^#�U\#OUXQV\#L\ZjJ#S�fe#�#OV\#TfSNLQJV\#L\ZjJ#S_e"�$:B6#?84#V#^#�LJ#S�fe¬Q"$

Los adverbios de tiempo contestan a las preguntas 2)?B/u$R$w�fjJNVu$ M{)A/g%--#E/-B/%6-#B-*/d8#=&>&0%6"$R$zS# ZSQLS#NL# TS\S# \L#_STL#PVQ# OS# ZSQNL"Q-$2/!# a/78)u$ R$w�VJ#�fo#RQLTfLJTUSu$MA,%.4##AF#D)B6A#%/#78/B6)%"#^#�#KLTL\#KS[V\#SO#L\ZSNUV"Q"$zS\#PSOSXQS\#.7-?B/;#6%)?B/;#a/78);#@-B!);#),Fa%);#�fL#TVJZL\ZSJ#S#OS#PQLYfJZS#2/!#a/78)u$R$w�VJ#�fo#RQLTfLJTUSu$�}[id`$dc$dY^cda$fd$ca]$edWba]$ [Y^dW�dUZ[ea]-$�\d$fd][i`X`$\`X$XUU[�`$Wd[ZdWXfX$M(;!>,% AF#?+*>-A#.#3/@!-"$R$�SXUZfSO[LJZL#PS\LS[V\#PVQ#LO#PSQ�fL"Q"$

Los adverbios de cantidad y grado contestan a la pregunta 1!)*4!)u$R$w�fjJZVu$M0%#6,%-.%'@/,)8/-8"Q"$

Los adverbios de modo contestan a las preguntas 2/!u#^#w�p[Vu;#2/!6A#),@/E)Au$R$w�L#�fo#[SJLQSu$M'6!8)@#?).)@68#.0%61%"#̂ #�eTZVQ#_SXOS#LJ#KVM#SOZS"�#18+B-%8F#=,-6#)&<5-,%#7*+g/*6#3@-3)B/./8-*>"$R$zV\#L\ZfNUSJZL\#L\TfT_SXSJ#SO#PQVRL\VQ#TVJ#SZLJTUpJ"Q"$

Es necesario distinguir los adverbios de modo en ~@$MD)@)g);#3@/.6*4%);#?@)A!);#.%6A/-8-*4%)Q$�$ca]$Xf¡dZ[ea]$UaWWd]â`f[d`Zd]$MD)@)g6H;#3@/.6*4%FH;#?@)A!6H;#.%6A/8-*4%FHQ"$ªa]$Xf¡dZ[ea]$][dY^Wd$]d$Wd�dWd`$X$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]-$$UaÙ\dWfX`$Ua`$dcca]$d`$i¥`dWa-$`�YdWa$y caso y contestan a las preguntas 2/!)Hu;#2/!/>u;#2/!)-u;#wxfou;#w�fjOu#2/!6-u#w�fjOL\u M'6!8)@# 7A)8@-*# -,)&0&?,!"# $6*4A"#^# �eTZVQ# _S# KU\ZV# fJS# PLOeTfOS# UJZLQL\SJZL"Q"$ ªa]$XfedWb[a]$fd$Yafa$]d$Wd�dWd`$Xc$edWba$�$Wd]â`fd`$X$cX]$^Wdi\`ZX]$2/!u#^#w�p[Vu;#2/!6A#),@/E)Au#^#w�L#�fo#[SJLQSu$ M'6!8)@#-,)&0&?,%#@/77!/EF./-8"#^#�eTZVQ# QLOSZS#TV\S\#UJZLQL\SJZL\"Q"

ªa]$XfedWb[a]$fd$Yafa$]d$�aWYX`$X$^XWZ[W$fd$Xf¡dZ[ea]$Ua`$X�\fX$fd$ ca]$]\�¡a]$~@$(@($~>'M3*)D)H#^#3*)D);#D)@)g6H#^#D)@)g);#@+77!6H#^#3)�@+77!6Q"$

�]$^WdU[Ua$f[]Z[ì\[W$ cX]$UaYb[`XU[a`d]$fd$ca]$edWba]$Ua`$ca]$XfedWb[a]$M?).)@684#3)�@+7-7!6#^#_SXOSQ#Qf\V;#a68/84#3)�@+77!6#^#OLLQ#LJ#Qf\V;#367/84#3)�@+77!6#^#L\TQUXUQ#LJ#Qf\V;#3)-%6A/84#3)�@+77!6#^#LJZLJNLQ#LO#Qf\VQ$�$Ua`$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$ME%/84#@+77!6H#>EF!#^#TVJVTLQ#LO#Qf\V;#6E+a/84#@+77!6H#>EF!#̂ #L\ZfNUSQ#LO#Qf\V;#3)%6A/84#@+77!6H#>EF!#̂ #TV[PQLJNLQ#LO#Qf\VQ"$

�}[]Zd$\`$iW\â$d]^dU[Xc$fd$XfedWb[a]$�\d$]d$\]X`$UaYa$$Y[dYbWa$^W[Ù[^Xc$d`$cX]$aWXU[a`d]$[Y^dW]a`Xcd]$ M1-?)B%># D%<%4,%"# ^# �V�# _STL# RQeV"�# <%-# ,#4%# %/367/84# 3674A)"# ^# �L#_STL#RSOZS#L\TQUXUQ#fJS#TSQZS"�$�B-74#,&<5G$#!+@684"#^#��fe#JV#\L#PLQ[UZL#Rf[SQ"Q"$gd$ccXYX`$XfedWb[a]$^Wdf[UXZ[ea]$�$fd][i`X`S$

§$d]ZXfa$�$]d`]XU[a`d]$fd$cX$^dW]a`XS$A%-#8-3*)#^#JV#ZLJYV#RQeV;#A%-#D)*)B%)#^#ZLJYV#RQeV;#6%8-@-7%)#^#L\#UJZLQL\SJZL;#*-?!)#^#L\#RjTUO;#8@+B%)#^#L\#NUReTUO;#G/*4#~G/*!)�#^#L\#Oj\ZU[S;#NS#Oj\ZU[S�$

§$d]ZXfa$fd$cX$`XZ\WXcd�XS$D)*)B%)#^#_STL#RQeV;#8-3*)#^#_STL#TSOVQ;#86D)#^#_S�#\UOLJTUV;#D)@)g)#^#L\Zj#XULJ;#3*)D)#^#L\Zj#[SO�$

§$`dUd][fXf-$â][b[c[fXf$d$[Yâ][b[c[fXf$fd$cX$XUU[�`S$%/B)#�#_STL#RSOZS;#A)G%)#�#L\#PV\UXOL;#\L#PfLNL;#%-*4E>#^#JV#\L#PfLNL�$

§$Z[dYâ$fd$cX$XUU[�`S$3)EB%)#^#L\#ZSQNL.

66

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

#I5+&$1<J51),()5@P+L5$($I51)*(I5+(H-$*;*6+&n&qJ(5$@(k*$,$2*+1):<2k(HK$1$':57(-2&)(,+LI($+&:5n(HI(-$1)&,H)1H$,$l*:I<$7&)5@P+*=*$'&75p&$MJ,&#D)*)B%)"#^#}LJYV#RQeV"�#W9#,9#%/B)#!+3684#7*)./@4"#^#�#tfSJ#OL#_STL#RSOZS#TV[PQSQ#fJ#NUTTUVJSQUV"Q"$

9:57(2&)(,+L5$ +&:5n(H$ ,$ +&1)*HJ5I$ ,:5I5+($ <'*):5;@Hq)1H$ ;56$ =@&=*@&41,H62(-$ +*$,$':*�57�5I$ (@($ ;<7<J5I$ ,:5I5+($ '*H,@H5)1H$ =@&=*@$ ,F84$ M1-?)B%># D)*)B%);# .a-@/#;!<%'D)*)B%)#6# E/.8@/#8)G-#;94&)# D)*)B%)"#^#�V�#_STL# RQeV;#S�LQ#_UMV# RQeV# �#[SmSJS#ZS[XUoJ#_SQj#RQeV"Q"$

m@&=*@$,$2*+1):<2k(HK$1$':57(2&)(,+LI($+&:5n(HI($1)&,()1H$,$l*:I<$(+l(+()(,&$M<%-#,#4%'9G,#)5#%)A-@#8-*-$)%/#'6!8)@/"#^#�L#_STL#RSOZS#\SXLQ#LO#Jq[LQV#NL#ZLOoRVJV#NL#�eTZVQ"�$|G-#7%G4,%'-4)-#?+*>84"#^#§S#L\#ZSQNL#PSQS#UQ#S#PS\LSQ"�$<%-#,&-,)&0&?,%#h8)#?<9K#)5"#^#�#[e#JV#[L#UJZLQL\S#L\TfT_SQ#L\ZV"Q

3!6,-.(9:57@*=$R$N)*$1@<p5;+&H$n&1)P$:5n(-$2*)*:&H$,L:&p&5)$6&,(1(I*1)P$1<J51),()5@P+LK$

(@($@(n+LK$I51)*(I5+(O$*)$7:<=(K$1@*,$,$1@*,*1*n5)&+(($($':57@*p5+(("$9:57@*=($<'*-):5;@Hq)1H$1$*':575@�++LI($'&75p+LI($l*:I&I(S

§$':57@*=$@$<'*):5;@H5)1H$1$':57@*p+LI$'&75p*I$7@H$<2&6&+(H$+&$':57I5)$:5n($(@($IL1@($ M0%#a68/*#%#=)7766"#^# ~IO�# OLeS#\VXQL#�f\US"Q�$ '5:57$1@*,&I(-$+&n(+&qJ(I(1H$1$=@&1+*=*-$ <'*):5;@H5)1H$ l*:I&$ ':57@*=&$ @�$ M�)*$ 2+(=&$ *;$ r+=@(("$ R$I\# fJ# OUXQV# \VXQL#�JYOSZLQQS"Q"$

§$':57@*=$B$<'*):5;@H5)1H$1$,(+()5@P+LI$'&75p*I$7@H$<2&6&+(H$7+H$+575@($M5-!]6>#,+B-8#.#7@-B+"$R$zS#TVJRLQLJTUS#\LQj#LO#[UoQTVOL\"Q$($1$':57@*p+LI$'&75p*I$7@H$<2&6&+(H$I51Hk&$M�#3@6-B+#=#/3@-*-"$R$zOLYfo#LJ#SXQUO"Q�$

§$':57@*=$Y$<'*):5;@H5)1H$1$:*7()5@P+LI$'&75p*I$7@H$*;*6+&n5+(H$@(k&-$*;@&7&qJ5-=*$n5I4@(;*$M/#A-%>#-784#7*)./@4"#^#}LJYV#fJ#NUTTUVJSQUa"Q�

§$':57@*=$F$<'*):5;@H5)1H$1$7&)5@P+LI$'&75p*I$7@H$*;*6+&n5+(H$@(k&-$'*$+&':&,@5-+(q$2$2*)*:*I<$*1<J51),@H5)1H$7,(p5+(5$M�#6B+#1#.@/a+"#^#�V�#SO#[oNUTV"Q�$

§$':57@*=$E$<'*):5;@H5)1H$1$),*:()5@P+LI$'&75p*I$7@H$<2&6&+(H$+&$@(k*-$2*)*:*5$<n&-1),<5)$,$*1<J51),@5+(($75O1),(H$M�#,F*#.#!6%)#?#7-78@)H"#^#¯fe#SO#TUJL#TVJ#[U#_LQ[SJS"Q"$

9:57@*=($B$($A<$ Md`Q$1$':57@*p+LI$'&75p*I$*;*6+&n&q)$I51)*$75O1),(H$(@($I51)*-+&K*p75+(5$@(k&$(@($':57I5)&"$�1@($':57I5)$+&K*7()1H$+&$'*,5:K+*1)($n5=*4@(;*-$<'*-):5;@Hq)$':57@*=$A<$M2%6?/#*-G68#,##78)*-"$R$IO#OUXQV#L\Zj#\VXQL#OS#[L\S"Q-$&$51@($,+<):($n5=*4@(;*-$)*$':57@*=$B$M2%6?/#*-G68#=#78)*-"#^#IO#OUXQV#L\Zj#LJ#OS#[L\S"Q"

9:57@*=$B$<'*):5;@H5)1H$':($<2&6&+(($I51)&$75O1),(H$(@($I51)*+&K*p75+(HS§$,$2&2*O$@(;*41):&+5S$.#=)7766;#.#°-*)@+7766;#.#:73/%66;#.#<-!76!-;#.#&@?-%86%-�$(1-

2@qn5+(HS$%/#|!@/6%-;#%/#2+,-�$§$,$2&2*I4@(;*$+&15@�++*I$'<+2)5S$.#<)7!.-;#.#1/%!8�¡-8-@,+@?-;#.#</B@6B-;#.#(/./-

%-;#.#°+h%)7�&H@-7-�§$,$=*:+LK$I&11(,&KS$.#2)@B6*4-@/D;#.#¡6@-%->D;#.#(6A/*/>D;#.#2/@3/8/D$M51@($1@*,*$

1)*()$,*$I+*p51),5++*I$n(1@5Q�§$,$ <n:5p75+(HK$($*:=&+(6&k(HKS$.#/h@)3)@8+;# .# ,/%!-;# .# ,6,*6)8-!-;# .# ?)786%6]-;#

.#6%7868+8-;#.#!/$-;#.#!6%)8-/8@-;#.#!*+,-;#.#A/?/E6%-;#.#A-8@);#.#A+E--;#.#),C-G6-866;#.#3/@!-;#.#3)*6!*6%6!-;#.#8-/8@-;#.#+%6.-@768-8-;#.#g!)*-;#.#]6@!-�#(12@qn5+(HS#%/#E/.)B-;#%/#3)a8-;#%/#$/!+*48-8-.

9:57@*=$A<$<'*):5;@H5)1H$':($<2&6&+(($I51)&$75O1),(H$(@($I51)*+&K*p75+(HS§$+&$*1):*,5$(@($'*@<*1):*,5S$%/#</H)@!-;#%/#16]6*66;#%/#2/Aa/8!-;#%/#v+!)8!-;#%/#

'/76*4-.7!)A#)78@).-�

67

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

ªa]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$�$^WaàYbWd]$�\d$fd][i`X`$X$ cX$^dW]a`X$d`$ cX]$Ua`]ZW\UU[a`d]$Ua`$d]Za]$XfedWb[a]$^Wdf[UXZ[ea]-$]d$â`d`$d`$fXZ[ea$MJ,&#D)*)B%)"#^#}LJYV#RQeV"�#W9#,9#%/B)#!+3684#7*)./@4"#^#�#tfSJ#OL#_STL#RSOZS#TV[PQSQ#fJ#NUTTUVJSQUV"Q"$

Los adverbios predicativos en presente se usan sin cópula, pero en el pasado o en el futuro aparece el verbo ,F84$M1-?)B%>#D)*)B%);#.a-@/#;!<%#D)*)B%)#6#E/.8@/#8)G-#;94&)#D)-*)B%)"#^#�V�#_STL#RQeV;#S�LQ#_UMV#RQeV#�#[SmSJS#ZS[XUoJ#_SQj#RQeV"Q"$

�`$ cX]$Ua`]ZW\UU[a`d]$Ua`$ ca]$XfedWb[a]$^Wdf[UXZ[ea]-$dc$edWba$]d$â`d$d`$ $ [`�`[Z[ea$ M<%-#,#4%'9G,#)5#%)A-@#8-*-$)%/#'6!8)@/"#^#�L#_STL#RSOZS#\SXLQ#LO#Jq[LQV#NL#ZLOoRVJV#NL#�eTZVQ"�$|G-#7%G4,%'-4)-#?+*>84"$R$§S#L\#ZSQNL#PSQS#UQ#S#PS\LSQ"�$<%-#,&-,)&0&?,%#h8)#?<9K#)5"$R$�#[e#JV#[L#UJZLQL\S#L\TfT_SQ#L\ZV"Q

PREPOSICIÓNªX$^Wdâ][U[�`$d]$ cX$^XcXbWX$fd$WdcXU[�`$�\d$d}^Wd]X$ cX$fd^d`fdÙ[X$fd$ ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$a$

pronombres personales con otras palabras en las locuciones y en las oraciones. Las preposiciones ]d$\]X`$Ua`$cX]$�aWYX]$UX]\Xcd]$fdZdWY[`XfX]S$$

– la preposición @$ ]d$\]X$Ua`$dc$ UX]a$^Wdâ][U[a`Xc$ ^XWX$ [`f[UXW$dc$ ab¡dZa$fdc$ _XbcX$ �$fdc$^d`]XY[d`Za$M0%#a68/*#%#=)7766"$R$MIOQ#OLeS#\VXQL#�f\US"Q�$Ua`$$^XcXbWX]$�\d$dY^[d�X`$âW$vocal se usa la forma @�$M�8)#!%6?/ %; &%?*66"$R$I\#fJ#OUXQV#\VXQL#�JYOSZLQQS"Q"$

– la preposición B$ ]d$\]X$Ua`$XU\]XZ[ea$^XWX$ [`f[UXW$dc$f£X$fd$ cX$]dYX`X$ M5-!]6>#,+B-8#='7@-B+"$R$zS#TVJRLQLJTUS#\LQj#LO#[UoQTVOL\"Q$�$Ua`$dc$^Wdâ][U[a`Xc$^XWX$[`f[UXW$dc$Yd]$M�#3@6--B+#=#/3@-*-"#^#zOLYSQo#LJ#SXQUO"Q�$

– la preposición Y$]d$\]X$Ua`$id`[Z[ea$^XWX$fd][i`XW$X$cX$^dW]a`X$�\d$â]dd$Xcia$M/#A-%>#-784#7*)./@4"#^#}LJYV#fJ#NUTTUVJSQUV"Q�

– la preposición F$]d$\]X$Ua`$fXZ[ea$^XWX$fd][i`XW$X$ cX$^dW]a`X$_XU[X$ cX$U\Xc$]d$WdXc[�X$dc$Yae[Y[d`Za$M�#6B+#1#.@/a+"#^#�V�#SO#[oNUTV"Q�$

– la preposición E$ ]d$ \]X$ Ua`$ [`]ZW\Yd`ZXc$ ^XWX$ [`f[UXW$ X$ cX$ ^dW]a`X$ �\d$ ^XWZ[U[^X$ d`$ cX$WdXc[�XU[�`$fd$\`X$XUU[�`$M�#,F*#.#!6%)#?#7-78@)H"#^#¯fU#SO#TUJL#TVJ#[U#_LQ[SJS"Q"

Las preposiciones B y A<$MXYbX]$d`$]d`Z[fa$fd$enQ$Ua`$^Wdâ][U[a`Xc$fd][i`X`$dc$c\iXW$fd$cX$XUU[�`$a$fd$ cX$d]ZXÙ[X$fd$\`X$^dW]a`X$a$fd$\`$ab¡dZa"$g[$dc$ab¡dZa$]d$dÙ\d`ZWX$]abWd$ cX$]\^dW�U[d$fd$Xcia-$]d$\]X$cX$^Wdâ][U[�`$A<$M2%6?/#*-G68#,##78)*-"#^#IO#OUXQV#L\Zj#\VXQL#OS#[L\S"Q-$][$dc$ab¡dZa$]d$dÙ\d`ZWX$fd`ZWa$fd$Xcia-$]d$\]X$cX$^Wdâ][U[�`$B$M2%6?/#*-G68#=#78)-*-"#^#IO#OUXQV#L\Zj#LJ#OS#[L\S"Q"

La preposición B$]d$\]X-$U\X`fa$]d$[`f[UX$dc$c\iXW$fd$cX$XUU[�`$a$fd$cX$d]ZXÙ[XS$§$d`$\`$^X£]S$.#=)7766;#.#°-*)@+7766;#.#:73/%66;#.#<-!76!-;#.#&@?-%86%-�#L�TLPTUVJL\ª#

%/#|!@/6%-;#%/#2+,-�$§$d`$\`X$âbcXU[�`S$.#<)7!.-;#.#1/%!8�¡-8-@,+@?-;#.#</B@6B-;#.#(/./%-;#.#°+h%)7�&H-

@-7-�§$d`$cX]$Ya`ZX X]S#.#2)@B6*4-@/D;#.#¡6@-%->D;#.#(6A/*/>D;#.#2/@3/8/D$M][$cX$^XcXbWX$eX$

d`$^c\WXcQ�§$d`$[`]Z[Z\U[a`d]$�$aWiX`[�XU[a`d]S$.#/h@)3)@8+;#.#,/%!-;#.#,6,*6)8-!-;#.#?)786%6]-;#.#

6%7868+8-;#.#!/$-;#.#!6%)8-/8@-;#.#!*+,-;#.#A/?/E6%-;#.#A-8@);#.#A+E--;#.#),C-G6866;#.#3/@!-;#.#3)*6!*6%6!-;#.#8-/8@-;#.#+%6.-@768-8-;#.#g!)*-;#.#]6@!-�$d}UdÛ[a`d]S$%/#E/-.)B-;#%/#3)a8-;#%/#$/!+*48-8-.

La preposición A<$]d$\]X$U\X`fa$]d$[`f[UX$dc$c\iXW$fd$cX$XUU[�`$a$fd$cX$d]ZXÙ[XS$§$d`$\`X$ []cX$a$\`X$^d`£`]\cXS$%/#</H)@!-;#%/#16]6*66;#%/#2/Aa/8!-;#%/#v+!)8!-;#%/#

'/76*4-.7!)A#)78@).-�

FD

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

§$+&$:52&K-$*6�:&K-$I*:HK$($*25&+&KS#%/#')*?-;#%/#<)7!.-�@-!-;#%/#c-.-;#%/#5/B)G7!)A#)E-@-;#%/#vk@%)A#A)@-;#%/#96D)A#)!-/%-�

§$,$=*:+LK$I&11(,&KS$%/#|@/*-;#%/#&*8/-;#%/#2/.!/E-$M51@($1@*,*$1)*()$,$57(+1),5++*I$n(1@5Q�$

§$':($<2&6&+(($n&1)5O$1,5)&S$%/#7-.-@-;#%/#d?-;#%/#.)78)!-;#%/#E/3/B-�§$+&$*)2:L)LK$':*1):&+1),&KS$%/#+*6]-#¡+g!6%/;#%/#c-.7!)A#3@)73-!8-;#%/#2@/7%)H#

3*)C/B6;# %/# 78/B6)%-#±5)!)A)86.²;# %/#°/*86H7!)A#.)!E/*-;# %/# )78/%).!-#/.8),+7/#³#��;#%/#78/%]66#±&h@)3)@8²�$

§$+&$I5:*':(H)(HKS$%/#*-!]66;#%/#+@)!-;#%/#h!E/A-%-;#%/#$+8,)*-;#%/#D)!!--;#%/#.-a-@-;#%/#B67!)8-!-;#%/#!)%]-@8-.

9:57@*=($B$($A<$MSQ$1$,(+()5@P+LI$'&75p*I$*;*6+&n&q)$I51)*-$2*)*:*5$H,@H5)1H$2*+5n-+LI$'<+2)*I$(@($k5@Pq$7,(p5+(H"$�)($':57@*=($<'*):5;@Hq)1H$1$)5I($p5$1&ILI($1<J5-1),()5@P+LI(-$I5+H5)1H$)*@P2*$'&75p+&H$l*:I&$M�#,F*#,#'7%>)&"#^#I\ZfKL#LJ#TVQQLV\"�#�#D)B6*#,#'7%>)9"#^#¯fe#S#TVQQLV\"�#�#,F*#='6#.#G-,&"#^#I\ZfKL#LJ# OS# ZULJNS"�#�#D)B6*#='6#.#G-,"#^#¯fe#S#OS#ZULJNS"Q"$

9:57@*=($>c$($E$ MNLQ$ 1$:*7()5@P+LI$'&75p*I$*;*6+&n&q)$(1K*7+LO$'<+2)$7,(p5+(H"$9:57@*=$>c$<'*):5;@H5)1H$1$1<J51),()5@P+LI(-$):5;<qJ(I($,$':57@*p+*I$($,(+()5@P-+*I$'&75p&K$':57@*=&$B-$&$':57@*=$E$R$1$1<J51),()5@P+LI(-$):5;<qJ(I($,$':57@*p+*I$($,(+()5@P+*I$'&75p&K$':57@*=&$A<$ M�#,F*#,#'7%>)&"$R$I\ZfKL#LJ#TVQQLV\"�$�#3@6gk*#?'7%>)!. �UJL#NL#TVQQLV\"�$�#,F*#='6#.#G-,&"$R$I\ZfKL#LJ#OS#ZULJNS"�$�#3@6gk*#-G'6#.#G--,#"$R$�UJL#NL#OS#ZULJNS"Q"$9*2&p5I$,15$N)($*)+*�5+(H$,$)&;@(k5"

(B-u#n#w�pJNLuB, A<$�$':57@*p+LO$'&75p

2+B/u#n#w�#NpJNLuB, A<$�$,(+()5@P+LO$'&75p

08!+B/u#n#w�L#NpJNLu>c, E$�$:*7()5@P+LO$'&75p

,$I&=&6(+5 ,$I&=&6(+ (6$I&=&6(+&

+&$N26&I5+5 +&$N26&I5+ 1$N26&I5+&

#.�48*q6$R$1@<p5;+&H$n&1)P$:5n(-$2*)*:&H$1,H6L,&5)$I5p7<$1*;*O$n@5+L$':57@*p5+(H$($

*)75@P+L5$':*1)L5$':57@*p5+(H$,$1*1)&,5$1@*p+*=*"$$/&p+*$6+&)P$1*n(+()5@P+L5$1*q6L$>$M�Q-$<$M�;#PLQVQ-$A@$MPLQVQ-$2*)*:L5$1,H6L,&q)$I5p7<$

1*;*O$n&1)($1@*p+*1*n(+�++*=*$':57@*p5+(H"$8*q6$>$1*57(+H5)$7,&$':*1)LK$':57@*p5+(H-$1,H6&++L5$'*$1IL1@<$M|#A-%>#,F*#,6*-8;#

-#>#3)gk*#.#!6%)"#^#}LJeS#fJS#LJZQSNS#�#[L#Rfe#SO#TUJL"�. 8*q6$<$1*57(+H5)$7,&$':*1)LK$':57@*p5+(H-$1*75:p&+(5$2*)*:LK$':*)(,*'*1)&,@H5)1H$

M:./%#^#G+@%/*678;###'6!8)@#^#.@/a"$R$�KjJ#L\#UJYLJULQV;#�#�eTZVQ#L\#[oNUTV"�#<F#3)g*6#.#A+E-H;###)%6#3)g*6#.#!6%)"$R$�V\VZQV\#RfU[V\#SO#[f\LV;#�#LOOV\#RfLQVJ#SO#TUJL"�#<%-#B./B]/84#*-8;###-H#B./B]/84#3>84"#^#}LJYV#KLUJZL#SmV\;#�#LO#KLUJUTUJTV"Q"$/$(1'&+12*I$H6L25$*)1<)-1),<5)$&+&@*=$:<112*=*$1*q6&$<"$9:($':*)(,*'*1)&,@5+(($1*75:p&+(H$7,<K$':57@*p5+(O$(1'*@P6<5)1H$(@($1*q6$y$M6Q-$(@($1*q6$pero$M%)Q"

8*q6$A@$1*57(+H5)$7,&$':*1)LK$':57@*p5+(H-$,)*:*5$(6$2*)*:LK$1**;J&5)$(+l*:I&-k(q-$*;:&)+<q$)*O-$2*)*:&H$*p(7&5)1H$M|#A-%>#,F*#,6*-8;#,%#>#%-#3)gk*#.#!6%)"#^#}LJeS#LJZQSNS;#PLQV#JV#Rfe#SO#TUJL"Q"$$

/$:<112*I$H6L25-$2&2$($,$(1'&+12*I-$)&2p5$(I5q)1H$1*n(+()5@P+L5$1*q6L$6*6#MVQ-$8)G-#MZS[XUoJ,#ZS[PVTVQ;#%-#8)*4!)# ;#%)#6# #MJV#\VOV# ;#\UJV Q.

69

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

§$d`$cX]$aW[ccX]$fd$ca]$W£a]-$cXia]-$YXWd]$�$aU¥Xà]S$%/#')*?-;#%/#<)7!.-�@-!-;#%/#c-.-;#%/#5/B)G7!)A#)E-@-;#%/#vk@%)A#A)@-;#%/#96D)A#)!-/%-�

§$d`$cX]$Ya`ZX X]S$%/#|@/*-;#%/#&*8/-;#%/#2/.!/E-$M][$cX$^XcXbWX$eX$d`$][ì\cXWQ�$§$d`$ca]$^\`Za]$UXWf[`Xcd]S$%/#7-.-@-;#%/#d?-;#%/#.)78)!-;#%/#E/3/B-�§$d`$d]^XU[a]$Xb[dWZa]S$%/#+*6]-#¡+g!6%/;#%/#c-.7!)A#3@)73-!8-;#%/#2@/7%)H#3*)C/B6;#

%/# 78/B6)%-# ±5)!)A)86.²;# %/#°/*86H7!)A# .)!E/*-;# %/# )78/%).!-# /.8),+7/#³#��;# %/#78/%]66#±&h@)3)@8²�$

§$d`$Xci\`X]$XUZ[e[fXfd]S$%/#*-!]66;#%/#+@)!-;#%/#h!E/A-%-;#%/#$+8,)*-;#%/#D)!!--;#%/#.-a-@-;#%/#B67!)8-!-;#%/#!)%]-@8-.

Las preposiciones B y A<$MXYbX]$d`$]d`Z[fa$fd$aQ$Ua`$$XU\]XZ[ea$fd][i`X`$dc$c\iXW$�\d$d]$^\`Za$�`Xc$\$$ab¡dZ[ea$fdc$Yae[Y[d`Za"$�]ZX]$^Wdâ][U[a`d]$]d$\]X`$Ua`$ca]$Y[]Ya]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$YdÙ[a`Xfa]$XWW[bX-$UXYb[X`$]aca$]\$UX]a$M�#,F*#,#'7%>)&"#^#I\ZfKL#LJ##TVQQLV\"�$�#D)B6*#,#'7%>)9"#̂ #̄ fU#S#TVQQLV\"�$�#,F*#='6#.#G-,&"$R$I\ZfKL#LJ#OS#ZULJNS"�$�#D)B6*#='6#.#G-,"$R$¯fU#S#OS#ZULJNS"Q"$

Las preposiciones >c y E$ MXYbX]$d`$]d`Z[fa$fd$deQ$Ua`$id`[Z[ea$fd][i`X`$dc$^\`Za$ [`[U[Xc$del movimiento. La preposición >c$]d$\]X$Ua`$ ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$�\d$d}[id`$d`$dc$^Wdâ][U[a`Xc$y el acusativo la preposición B, y la preposición E-$]d$\]X$Ua`$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$�\d$d}[id`$d`$dc$preposicional y el acusativo la preposición A<$M�#,F*#,#'7%>)&"#^#I\ZfKL#LJ#TVQQLV\"�$�#3@6-gk*#?'7%>)!"#�UJL#NL#TVQQLV\"�$�#,F*#='6#.#G-,&"$R$I\ZfKL#LJ# OS# ZULJNS"�$�#3@6gk*#-G'6#.#G-,#"$R$�UJL#NL#OS#ZULJNS"Q"$hWd]Zd`$XZdÙ[�`$X$cX$][i\[d`Zd$ZXbcX"

(B-u#n#w�pJNLuB, A<$�$dc$UX]a$^Wdâ][U[a`Xc

2+B/u#n#w�#NpJNLu B,'A<$�$dc$UX]a$XU\]XZ[ea

08!+B/u#n#w�L#NpJNLu >c, E$�$dc$UX]a$id`[Z[ea

,$I&=&6(+5 ,$I&=&6(+ (6$I&=&6(+&

+&$N26&I5+5 +&$N26&I5+ 1$N26&I5+&

CONJUNCIÓN

ªX$ Ua`¡\Ù[�`$ d]$ cX$ ^XcXbWX$ fd$ WdcXU[�`$ �\d$ \`d$ ca]$ Y[dYbWa]$ fd$ cX$ aWXU[�`$ �$ aWXU[a`d]$simples en una oración compuesta.

ªX]$Ua`¡\Ù[a`d]$UaaWf[`X`Zd]$-$M�Q-$#$M�-$^dWaQ-$,%$M^dWaQ-$\`d`$cX]$^XWZd]$fd$\`X$aWXU[�`$compuesta.

ªX$Ua`¡\Ù[�`$>$\`d$fa]$aWXU[a`d]$][Y^cd]-$fd$cX]$�\d$cX$]di\`fX$UaY\`[UX$\`X$[`�aWYXU[�`$�\d$UaY^cdZX$$cX$[`�aWYXU[�`$fd$cX$^W[YdWX$�$�\d$à$]d$UaY^XWX$a$]d$aâ`d$X$dccX$M|#A-%>#,F*#,6*-8;#-#>#3)gk*#.#!6%)"#^#}LJeS#LJZQSNS#�#[L#RfU#SO#TUJL"Q"$

ªX$ Ua`¡\Ù[�`$< une dos oraciones simples, en las cuales el contenido de la segunda se Ua`ZWXâ`d$ Xc$ Ua`Zd`[fa$ fd$ cX$ ^W[YdWX$ M:./%#^#G+@%/*678;### '6!8)@#^#.@/a"#^# �KjJ# L\#UJYLJULQV;#�#�eTZVQ#L\#[oNUTV"�$<F#3)g*6#.#A+E-H;###)%6#3)g*6#.#!6%)"#^#�V\VZQV\#RfU[V\#SO#[f\LV;#�#LOOV\#RfLQVJ#SO#TUJL"�$<%-#B./B]/84#*-8;###-H#B./B]/84#3>84"#^#}LJYV#KLUJZL#SmV\;#�#LO#KLUJZUTUJTV"Q"$�`$d]^X ac$à$d}[]Zd$X`�caia$X$cX$Ua`¡\Ù[�`$W\]X$<. Cuando se compara el Ua`Zd`[fa$fd$fa]$aWXU[a`d]$]d$\]X`$cX]$Ua`¡\Ù[a`d]$y o pero.

ªX$ Ua`¡\Ù[�`$ +*$ \`d$ fa]$ aWXU[a`d]$ ][Y^cd]-$ cX$ ]di\`fX$ fd$ cX]$ U\Xcd]$ UaY\`[UX$ \`X$[`�aWYXU[�`$Ua`ZWXW[X$X$cX$�\d$]d$d]^dWX$M|#A-%>#,F*#,6*-8;#,%#>#%-#3)gk*#.#!6%)"#^#}LJeS#fJS#LJZQLNS;#PLQV#JV#[L#RfU#SO#TUJL"Q"$$

�`$W\]a$UaYa$d`$d]^X ac$ZXYb[¥`$d}[]Zd`$Ua`¡\Ù[a`d]$UaaWf[`XfX]$6*6#MVQ-$8)G-#MZS[XUoJ;#ZS[PVTVQ-#%-#8)*4!)# ;#%)#6# #MJV#\VOV# ;#\UJV# Q"

70

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

8<J51),<q)$($'*7n(+()5@P+L5$1*q6L-$2*)*:L5$1,H6L,&q)$I5p7<$1*;*O$n&1)($1@*p+*-'*7n(+�++*=*$':57@*p5+(H"$%$+(I$*)+*1H)1HS

§$1*q6$ a8)$ M�fLQ-$ 2*)*:LO$ ':(1*57(+H5)$ ':(7&)*n+*5$ (6°H1+()5@P+*5$ ':57@*p5+(5$ M�#E%/d;#>)%#v/%#6E#268/>"#^#�o#�fL#�_SJY#L\#NL#�_UJS"Q�

§$1*q6$3)8)A+#a8)$MPVQ�fLQ-$2*)*:LO$':(1*57(+H5)$2$=@&,+*I<$':57@*p5+(q$':(7&)*n-+*5$':57@*p5+(5$':(n(+L$M:./%#,F*#%/#78/B6)%-;#7%)%69'>)%#)%#*d,68#$+8,)*"#^#�KjJ#L\ZfKV#LJ#LO#L\ZSNUV;#PVQ�fL#OL#Yf\ZS#LO#RqZXVO"Q�$

§$1*q6$3)h8)A+$MPVQ#L\VQ-$2*)*:LO$':(1*57(+H5)$':(7&)*n+*5$':57@*p5+(5$1@571),(H$M:./%#)3)EB/*;#7%R)%69#%-#,F*#%/#+@)!-"#^#�KjJ#OOLYp#ZSQNL;#PVQ#L\V#JV#L\ZfKV#LJ#OS#TOS\L"Q"$

%:*I5$1*q6*,$1<J51),<q)$1*q6+L5$1@*,&-$2*)*:L5$+5$)*@P2*$1,H6L,&q)$7,&$':57@*p5-+(H-$+*$($,L'*@+Hq)$,$':(7&)*n+*I$':57@*p5+(($:*@P$1&I*1)*H)5@P+*=*$n@5+&$':57@*p5-+(H"$�)*$1*q6L$!)8)@FH, a-H, ?B-, !)?B/, !/!$($7:<=(5$M�8)#78+B-%8;#1%)%0!"'3@6-D/*#6E#<-!76!6"$R$I\#LO#L\ZfNUSJZL#�fL#OOLYp#NL#�o�UTV"�$�#E%/d;#>&"#h8)#!)A34d8-@"$R$�o#NL#�fULJ#L\#L\ZL#VQNLJSNVQ"�$�#%-#E%/d;'1#1#-?)#E).+8"$R$�V#\o#TV[V#\L#OOS[S"�$�#%-#E%/d;#.4&'7-Ha/7#%/g6#78+B-%8F"$R$�V#\o#NpJNL#L\ZjJ#S_VQS#JfL\ZQV\#L\ZfNUSJZL\"Q"

d%#*+�%�&1)(kL$R$N)*$1@<p5;+L5$n&1)($:5n(-$2*)*:L5$1**;J&q)$7*'*@+()5@P+L5$1IL1@*,L5$

*))5+2($1@*,&I$($k5@LI$':57@*p5+(HI"$9:($7*1)(p5+(($N@5I5+)&:+*=*$<:*,+H$,@&75+(H$:<112(I$H6L2*I$+5*;K*7(I*$(6<n()P$*):(k&)5@P+<q$n&1)(k<$A[$ MJVQ"$�)&$n&1)(k&$,15=7&$1)&,()1H$'5:57$1@*,*I-$2$2*)*:*I<$*)+*1()1H$*):(k&+(5$M0%#,&'70-4T)#7-?)B%>"#^#M¢OQ#JV#KLJNQj#_V�"�#0%#3@6Bk8#,&'?&.%4,$"#^#M¢OQ#KLJNQj;#PLQV#JV#_V�"�#F&'%,#3@6Bk8#7-?)B%>"#^#�V#L\#oO#�fULJ#KLJNQj#_V�"Q"$

�&1)(k&$A[$'(�5)1H$*)75@P+*$*)$=@&=*@*,$M:./%#,&#3)HBk8#.#8-/8@"Q-$*7+&2*$'(�5)1H$1@()+*$1$1<J51),()5@P+LI(-$':(@&=&)5@P+LI($($+&:5n(HI(-$51@($1$5�$'*I*JPq$*;:&6<-5)1H$+*,*5$1@*,*$M6%8-@-7%)#^#,&6%8-@-7%);#8@+B%FH#^#,&8@+B%FH;#B/.%)#^#,&B/.%);#A%)?)#^#,&A%)?)Q"$$

!&2p5$ +<p+*$ 6+&)P$ n&1)(kL-$ ,L:&p&qJ(5$ 1*=@&1(5$ M{/"#^#�e"Q-$ +51*=@&1(5$ Mc-8"#^#�V"Q-$<2&6&+(5$($,L75@5+(5$2&2*=*4@(;*$':57I5)&$M')8 #^#��fe#L\Zj Q"

3!.#*.6'3!6,-.V62+6C@H$)*=*$n)*;L$'(1&)P$)521)L-$+<p+*$+&<n()P1H$1):*()P$':*1)*5$':57@*p5+(5$R$=:&I-

I&)(n512($ *:=&+(6*,&++*5$ 1*57(+5+(5$ 1@*,-$ *;@&7&qJ55$ 1IL1@*,*O$ ($ (+)*+&k(*++*O$6&2*+n5++*1)Pq"$%&2$($,$(1'&+12*I$H6L25-$,$:<112*I$H6L25$(I5q)1H$'*,51),*,&)5@P+L5-$,*':*1()5@P+L5$($'*;<7()5@P+L5$':57@*p5+(H"$/$ )521)5$N)($':57@*p5+(H$,15=7&$+&n(-+&q)1H$1$':*'(1+*O$;<2,L-$&$,$2*+k5$':57@*p5+(H$1)&,H)1H$1'5k(&@P+L5$6+&2($R$)*n2&-$,*':*1()5@P+LO$6+&2$($,*12@(k&)5@P+LO$6+&2"$/$(1'&+12*I$H6L25$':($*l*:I@5+(($,*':*-1()5@P+LK$($'*;<7()5@P+LK$':57@*p5+(O$'5:5,�:+<)L5$,*':*1()5@P+LO$($,*12@(k&)5@P-+LO$6+&2($1)&,H)1H$)&2p5$($,$+&n&@5$':57@*p5+(H"$/$:<112*I$H6L25$)&2(5$6+&2($,$+&n&@5$':57@*p5+(H$+5$1)&,H)1H"$

G<112(5$'*,51),*,&)5@P+L5$':57@*p5+(H$1):*H)1H$'*$*':575@�++LI$':&,(@&I"$�* l@P-�&H$(K$n&1)P$1*75:p()$7,&$=@&,+LK$n@5+&$R$'*7@5p&J55$($12&6<5I*5"$/$:*@($'*7@5p&J5-=*$n&J5$,15=*$,L1)<'&5)$(IH$1<J51),()5@P+*5$(@($@(n+*5$I51)*(I5+(5$,$(I5+()5@P+*I$'&75p5$MA.%05#G6.k8#.#<)7!.-"#^#´YVQ#KUKL#LJ#�V\Tq"�#(,#@/,)8/-8#%/#E/.)B-"#^# M¢OQ$ZQSXS`S#LJ#OS#RjXQUTS"Q"$o;:&)()5$,+(I&+(5$+&$)*-$n)*$,$:<112*I$H6L25$@(n+*5$I51)*(I5+(5$,15=7&$1)*()$'5:57$12&6<5ILI$(-$,$*)@(n(5$*)$(1'&+12*=*-$+(2*=7&$+5$*'<12&5)1H"$

71

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

�}[]Zd`$ZXYb[¥`$cX]$Ua`¡\Ù[a`d]$]\baWf[`XfX]-$�\d$\`d`$cX]$̂ XWZd]$fd$cX$aWXU[�`$UaY^\d]ZX$]\baWf[`XfX"$�$dccX]$^dWZd`dUd`S

§$cX$Ua`¡\Ù[�`$a8)$ M�fLQ-$�\d$ [`ZWaf\Ud$ $\`X$aWXU[�`$]\baWf[`XfX$UaY^cdZ[eX$ M�#E%/d;#>)%'v/%#6E#268/>"#^#�o#�fL#�_SJY#L\#NL#�_UJS"Q�

§$cX$ Ua`¡\Ù[�`$ 3)8)A+# a8)$ MPVQ�fLQ-$ �\d$ [`ZWaf\Ud$ \`X$ aWXU[�`$ ]\baWf[`XfX$ $ UX\]Xc$M:./%#,F*#%/#78/B6)%-;#7%)%69'>)%#)%#*d,68#$+8,)*"#^# �KjJ#L\ZfKV#LJ#LO#L\ZSNUV;#PVQ�fL#OL#Yf\ZS#LO#RqZXVO"Q�$

§$cX$ Ua`¡\Ù[�`$ '*N)*I<$ MPVQ# L\VQ-$ �\d$ [`ZWaf\Ud$ \`X$ aWXU[�`$ ]\baWf[`XfX$ Ua`]dU\Z[eX$M:./%#)3)EB/*;#7%R)%69#%-#,F*#%/#+@)!-"#^#�KjJ#OOLYp#ZSQNL;#PVQ#L\V#JV#L\ZfKV#LJ##TOS\L"Q"$

�fdY�]$fd$cX]$Ua`¡\Ù[a`d]$d}[]Zd`$cX]$^XcXbWX]$Ua`¡\`Z[eX]-$�\d$à$]aca$\`d`$fa]$^XWZd]$fd$cX$aWXU[�`$UaY^\d]ZX$][à$�\d$ZXYb[¥`$U\Y^cd`$d`$cX$aWXU[�`$]\baWf[`XfX$dc$^X^dc$fd$]\$Y[dYbWa"$�`ZWd$aZWX]-$]a`$^XcXbWX]$Ua`¡\`Z[eX]$!)8)@FH;#a-H;#?B-;#!)?B/#y#!/!$M�8)#78+-B-%8;#1%)%0!"'3@6-D/*# 6E#<-!76!6"#^#I\# LO# L\ZfNUSJZL# �fL# OOLYp# NL#�o�UTV"�# �# E%/d;#>&"#h8)#!)A34d8-@"#^#�o#NL#�fUoJ#L\#L\ZL#VQNLJSNVQ"�#�#%-#E%/d;#1#1#-?)#E).+8"#^#�V#\o#Tp[V#\L# OOS[S"�#�#%-#E%/d;#.4&#7-Ha/7#%/g6#78+B-%8F"#^#�V#\o#NpJNL#L\ZjJ#S_VQS#JfL\ZQV\#L\ZfNUSJZL\"Q"

PARTÍCULA

ªX]$^XWZ£U\cX]$]a`$^XcXbWX]$WdcXU[a`X`Zd]$�\d$UaY\`[UX`$f[�dWd`Zd]$YXZ[Ud]$Xc$][i`[�UXfa$$fd$aZWX]$^XcXbWX]$a$fd$aWXU[a`d]$d`ZdWX]"$�`$dc$`[edc$dcdYd`ZXc$fd$X^Wd`f[�X¡d$fd$cX$cdì\X$rusa es preciso estudiar la partícula negativa ,&$MJVQ"$

�]ZX$^XWZ£U\cX$ eX$fdcX`Zd$fd$ cX$^XcXbWX$X$ cX$�\d$]d$ Wd�dWd$ cX$`diXU[�`$ M0%#,&'70-4T)#7-?)B%>"#^#M¢OQ#JV#KLJNQj#_V�"�$0%#3@6Bk8#,&'?&.%4,$"$R$MIOQ#KLJNQj;#PLQV#JV#_V�"�$F&'%,#3@6Bk8#7-?)B%>"#^#�V#L\#oO#�fULJ#KLJNQj#_V�"Q"$

La partícula A[$]d$d]UW[bd$]d^XWXfX$fd$ca]$edWba]$M:./%#,&#3)HBk8#.#8-/8@"Q-$^dWa$\`[fX$$X$$]\]ZX`Z[ea]-$Xf¡dZ[ea]$�$XfedWb[a]-$][$Ua`$X�\fX$fd$dccX$]d$�aWYX$cX$^XcXbWX$`\deX$M6%8--@-7%)#^#,&6%8-@-7%);#8@+B%FH#^#,&8@+B%FH;#B/.%)#^#,&B/.%);#A%)?)#^#,&A%)?)Q"$$

�]$ `dUd]XW[a$ ZXYb[¥`$ UaàUdW$ aZWX]$ ^XWZ£U\cX]$ �\d$ d}^Wd]X`$ XU\dWfa$ M{/"# ^# �e"Q-$fd]XU\dWfa$Mc-8"#^#�V"Q-$�$d`�XZ[�XU[�`$fd$Xci�`$ab¡dZa$M')8 #^#��fe#L\Zj Q"$

ORACIÓN SIMPLEhXWX$d]UW[b[W$\`$Zd}Za$_XUd$�XcZX$X^Wd`fdW$X$Ua`]ZW\[W$cX$aWXU[�`$][Y^cd$MUa`¡\`Za$fd$^XcXbWX]$

iWXYXZ[UXcYd`Zd$aWiX`[�Xfa$�\d$â]dd$\`$][i`[�UXfa$$�$\`X$d`Za`XU[�`Q"$�`$d]^X ac$UaYa$d`$W\]a$}[]Zd`$aWXU[a`d]$d`\Ù[XZ[eX]-$ [`ZdWWaiXZ[eX]$�$d}_aWZXZ[eX]"$�`$dc$ Zd}Za-$d]ZX]$aWXU[a`d]$][dY^Wd$UaY[d`�X`$âW$YX��]U\cX$�-$Xc$�`Xc$fd$dccX]$]d$â`d`$ca]$][ià]$d]^dU[Xcd]S$\`$$^\`Za-$\`$][ià$fd$[`ZdWWaiXU[�`$�$\`$][ià$fd$d}UcXYXU[�`"$�`$d]^X ac-$U\X`fa$]d$d]UW[bd`$$aWXU[a`d]$[`ZdWWaiXZ[eX]$�$d}_aWZXZ[eX]-$ca]$][ià]$fd$[`ZdWWaiXU[�`$�$fd$d}UcXYXU[�`$ZXYb[¥`$]d$â`d`$Xc$principio de la oración. En ruso, estos signos no se ponen al principio de la oración.

Las oraciones enunciativas rusas se construyen según unas determinadas reglas. La mayor ^XWZd$fd$dccX]$Ua`Z[d`d$fa]$Y[dYbWa]$^W[Ù[^Xcd]S$dc$]\¡dZa$�$^Wdf[UXfa"$ªX$ �\Ù[�`$fd$]\¡dZa$àWYXcYd`Zd$d]$WdXc[�XfX$̂ aW$\`$]\]ZX`Z[ea$a$\`$̂ WaàYbWd$d`$̀ aY[`XZ[ea$MA.%05#G6.k8#.#<)-7!.-"#^#ÝVQ#KUKL#LJ#�V\Tq"�#(,'@/,)8/-8#%/#E/.)B-"#^#M¢OQ#ZQSXS`S#LJ#OS#RjXQUTS"Q"$®b]dWed`$�\d$d`$ W\]a$dc$^WaàYbWd$^dW]a`Xc$][dY^Wd$eX$fdcX`Zd$fdc$edWba$�-$X$f[�dWdÙ[X$fdc$d]^X ac-$nunca se omite.

72

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

/$:*@($12&6<5I*=*$n&J5$,15=*$,L1)<'&q)$=@&=*@$M'6!8)@#9>-)?$#.#+%6.-@768-8-"#^#�eTZVQ# L\ZfNUS# LJ# OS#£JUKLQ\UNSN"Q-$ (IH$ 1<J51),()5@P+*5$ M0%#?)94&,)"#^#I\# L\ZfNUSJZL"Q$ ($(IH$':(@&=&)5@P+*5$M�8/#!%6?/#-,)&0&?,#$"#^#I\ZL#OUXQV#L\#UJZLQL\SJZL"Q"$/$':*�57�5I$($;<7<J5I$,:5I5+($1<J51),()5@P+L5$($':(@&=&)5@P+L5$,$:*@($12&6<5I*=*$ 1)*H)$,$ ),*-:()5@P+*I$'&75p5$($<'*):5;@Hq)1H$1$=@&=*@*I41,H62*O$,F84$,$1**),5)1),<qJ5O$l*:I5$ M0%#,F*#78+B-%8)A"#0%#,+B-8#78+B-%8)A"#2%6?/#,F*/#6%8-@-7%)H"#�!7!+@76>#,+B-8#6%8-@-7%)H"Q

/$:<112*I$H6L25-$2&2$($,$(1'&+12*I-$+&$'5:,*I$I51)5$*;Ln+*$1)*()$'*7@5p&J55-$&$6&$+(I$12&6<5I*5$M�/.8@/#c6%/#,+B-8#7B/./84#h!E/A-%"#^#�SiSJS#�UJS#KS#S#_STLQ#fJ#L�S[LJ"Q"$8<J51),<5)$,*6I*p+*1)P$'*1)&+*,2($'*7@5p&J5=*$'*1@5$12&6<5I*=*$1$k5@Pq$5=*$1'5k(-&@P+*=*$,L75@5+(H$ M�/.8@/#h!E/A-%#,+B-8#7B/./84#c6%/"#^#I\#�UJS# OS#�fL#KS#S#_STLQ#fJ#L�S[LJ#[SmSJS"Q"$8<J51),<5)$($5J�$*7+&$,*6I*p+*1)P$'*1):*5+(H$N)*=*$':57@*p5+(H$Mc6%/#,+B-8#7B/./84#h!E/A-%#E/.8@/"#^#I\#[SmSJS#TfSJNV#�UJS#KS#S#_STLQ#fJ#L�S[LJ"Q"$95:,*5$':57@*p5+(5$*),5n&5)$+&$,*':*1$MC)%#,+B-8#B-*/84#E/.8@/#c6%/uQ-$,)*:*5$R$+&$,*':*1$M+)%#,+B-8#7B/./84#h!E/A-%#E/.8@/uQ-$):5)P5$R$+&$,*':*1$M+%.4##c6%/#,+B-8#7B/./84#h!E/A-%uQ"$%&2$,L$I*p5)5$<,(75)P-$1@*,*-$2*)*:*5$+51�)$+*,<q$(+l*:I&k(q-$1)&-,()1H$,$':57@*p5+(($+&$'*1@57+55$I51)*"$

8*$12&6<5ILI$1,H6&+L$7*'*@+5+(H-$2*)*:L5$,L:&p&q)1H$':($'*I*J($':57@*p+*4'&-75p+LK$2*+1):<2k(O$(I�+$1<J51),()5@P+LK$($@(n+LK$I51)*(I5+(O$M<)H#,@/8#a68/*#1,--.9"#�#,F*#.#!6%)#?'409.%6"#=)B68-*6#B+A/d8#%;%'6,&"Q"$%&2$':&,(@*-$,$':57@*p5+(($7*'*@+5+(5$1)&,()1H$'*1@5$12&6<5I*=*"$

�1@($'*1@5$12&6<5I*=*$(7<)$7,&$7*'*@+5+(H-$)*$+&$'*1@57+55$I51)*$,$':57@*p5+(($1)&-,()1H$)*$7*'*@+5+(5-$2*)*:*5$1*75:p()$+*,<q$(+l*:I&k(q"$G&11I*):(I$7,&$':57@*p5+(H$M&%%/#3)B/@6*/#'6!8)@+#!/@86%+"#&%%/#3)B/@6*/#!/@86%+#'6!8)@+"Q"$/$'5:,*I$':57@*p5-+(($,L75@H5)1H$7*'*@+5+(5$!/@86%+-$,*$,)*:*I$R$7*'*@+5+(5$'6!8)@+"$o+($1)&,H)1H$+&$'*1@57+55$I51)*-$)&2$2&2$+51<)$+*,<q$(+l*:I&k(q$Mv8)#3)B/@6*/#&%%/#'6!8)@+u#^#&%%/#3)B/@6*/#'6!8)@+#1#0)-,9"�#2)A+#&%%/#3)B/@6*/#!/@86%+u$R$&%%/#3)B/@6*/#!/@86%+#@-1)%09"Q"

z�

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

ªX$ �\Ù[�`$ fd$ ^Wdf[UXfa$ d]$ WdXc[�XfX$ _Xb[Z\XcYd`Zd$ âW$ \`$ edWba$ M'6!8)@# 9>-)?$# .#+%6.-@768-8-"#^# �eTZVQ# L\ZfNUS# LJ# OS# £JUKLQ\UNSN"Q-$ \`$ ]\]ZX`Z[ea$ M0%# ?)94&,)"#^# ¢O#L\#L\ZfNUSJZL"Q$a$\`$Xf¡dZ[ea$M�8/#!%6?/#-,)&0&?,#$"#^#I\ZL# OUXQV#L\# UJZLQL\SJZL"Q"$�`$dc$^X]Xfa$a$d`$dc$�\Z\Wa-$ca]$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$�$Xf¡dZ[ea]$d`$^X^dc$fdc$^Wdf[UXfa$d]Z�`$d`$[`]ZW\Yd`ZXc$y se usan con el verbo-cópula ,F84$d`$cX$�aWYX$UaWWd]â`f[d`Zd$M0%#,F*#78+B-%8)A"#0%#,+B-8#78+B-%8)A"#2%6?/#,F*/#6%8-@-7%)H"#�!7!+@76>#,+B-8#6%8-@-7%)H"Q

�`$W\]a$UaYa$d`$d]^X ac$_Xb[Z\XcYd`Zd$dc$]\¡dZa$aU\^X$dc$^W[YdW$c\iXW$�$dc$^Wdf[UXfa-$dc$]di\`fa$M�/.8@/#c6%/#,+B-8#7B/./84#h!E/A-%"#^#�SmSJS#�UJS#KS#S#_STLQ#fJ#L�S[LJ"Q"$�c$]\¡dZa$^\dfd$[W$fdZW�]$fdc$^Wdf[UXfa$^XWX$d`�XZ[�XWca$d]^dU[XcYd`Zd$M�/.8@/#h!E/A-%#,+B-8#7B/./84#c6%/"#^#I\#�UJS#OS#�fL#KS#S#_STLQ#fJ#L�S[LJ#[SmSJS"Q"$�}[]Zd$aZWX$â][b[c[fXf$fd$construir esta oración destacando la palabra E/.8@/$ Mc6%/# ,+B-8# 7B/./84# h!E/A-%# E/.-8@/"#^#I\#[SmSJS#TfSJNV#�UJS#KS#S#_STLQ#fJ#L�S[LJ"Q"$ªX$^W[YdWX$aWXU[�`$Ua`Zd]ZX$X$ cX$^Wdi\`ZX$MC)%',+B-8#B-*/84#E/.8@/#c6%/uQ-$cX$]di\`fX-$X$cX$^Wdi\`ZX$M+)%#,+B-8#7B/-./84#h!E/A-%#E/.8@/uQ-$cX$ZdWUdWX-$X$cX$^Wdi\`ZX$M+%.4##c6%/#,+B-8#7B/./84#h!E/A-%uQ"$�aYa$^\dfd$edW]d-$cX$^XcXbWX$�\d$Ua`Z[d`d$\`X$[`�aWYXU[�`$`\deX-$eX$d`$dc$�cZ[Ya$c\iXW$d`$cX$oración.

�c$^Wdf[UXfa$eX$\`[fa$X$ca]$UaY^cdYd`Za]$d}^Wd]Xfa]$âW$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$�$^WaàYbWd]$Ua`$�$][`$^Wdâ][U[a`d]$M<)H#,@/8#a68/*#1,-.9"#�#,F*#.#!6%)#7#409.%6"#=)B68-*6#B+A/d8#%;%'6,&"Q"$�`$cX$aWXU[�`-$dc$UaY^cdYd`Za$]d$â`d$_Xb[Z\XcYd`Zd$ZWX]$dc$^Wdf[UXfa"$

Si al predicado le siguen dos complementos, el último lugar en la oración lo ocupa el UaY^cdYd`Za$�\d$Ua`Z[d`d$cX$[`�aWYXU[�`$`\deX"$�`Xc[UdYa]$fa]$aWXU[a`d]$M&%%/#3)B/@6*/#'6!8)@+#!/@86%+"#&%%/#3)B/@6*/#!/@86%+#'6!8)@+"Q"$�`$cX$^W[YdWX$aWXU[�`$]d$fd]ZXUX$dc$complemento !/@86%+, en la segunda, el complemento '6!8)@+. Estos complementos se â`d`$d`$dc$�cZ[Ya$c\iXW-$âW�\d$Ua`Z[d`d`$[`�aWYXU[�`$`\deX$MC)%#3)B/@6*/#&%%/#'6!8)-@+u$R$&%%/#3)B/@6*/#'6!8)@+#1#0)-,9"�$+%69#&%%/#3)B/@6*/#!/@86%+u$R$&%%/#3)B/-@6*/#!/@86%+#@-1)%09"Q"

zt

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

�1@($*7+*$(6$7,<K$7*'*@+5+(O$,L:&p5+*$@(n+LI$I51)*(I5+(5I-$&$7:<=*5$R$(I5+5I$1<J51),()5@P+LI-$)*$1+&n&@&$1)&,()1H$I51)*(I5+(5-$&$6&)5I$1<J51),()5@P+*5$M*$2&:)(+5S$&%%/#3)B/@6*/#&T'@-1)%09"�$*$/(2)*:5S$&%%/#3)B/@6*/#&69'1#0)-,9"Q"$?751P$)&2p5$+&$'*1@57+5I$I51)5$1)*H)$1@*,&-$+51<J(5$+*,<q$(+l*:I&k(q"$$

�1@($(I55)1H$)*@P2*$*7+*$7*'*@+5+(5$($*+*$,L:&p5+*$@(n+LI$I51)*(I5+(5I-$)*$*+*$*;Ln+*$1)&,()1H$'5:57$12&6<5ILI$M�#=#?#7*+g/d"#�#&.%#%-#E%/d"Q"

9*7@5p&J(5$ ($ 7*'*@+5+(H$ ,$ ':57@*p5+(($ n&1)*$ 1*':*,*p7&q)1H$ *':575@5+(HI($ R$1@*,&I(-$*),5n&qJ(I($+&$,*':*1L$2/!)Hu$($v-Hu"$8<J51),<q)$7,&$)('&$*':575@5+(O$R$1*=@&1*,&++L5$ ($ +51*=@&1*,&++L5"$ 8*=@&1*,&++L5$ *':575@5+(H$ 1*=@&1<q)1H$ 1$ '*7@5-p&J(I($($7*'*@+5+(HI($,$:*75-$ n(1@5$($'&75p5$($ 1)*H)$'5:57$+(I("$o+($,L:&p&q)1H$':(@&=&)5@P+LI(-$':()Hp&)5@P+LI($($<2&6&)5@P+LI($I51)*(I5+(HI(-$'*:H72*,LI($n(1-@()5@P+LI($M1-?)B%>#.#?@+33+#3@6gk*#,%=!"#78+B-%8"#J%"#B@+?#^#G+@%/*678"#X)%)#a-*).-!#^#.@/a"#<F#6E+a6*6#7$)!"#+@)!"Q"$

/$2&n51),5$+51*=@&1*,&++LK$*':575@5+(O$,L1)<'&q)$(I5+&$1<J51),()5@P+L5$,$2*1,5+-+LK$'&75p&K$;56$':57@*=*,$(@($1$':57@*=&I($M�8)#A/g6%/#;0#)#"#�#*d,*d#a/H#?'?#D#-0%6"#')8#!%6?/#%'J%?1=&"Q"$�51*=@&1*,&++L5$*':575@5+(H$1)*H)$'*1@5$)5K$1@*,-$2$2*)*-:LI$*+($*)+*1H)1H"$

/$':57@*p5+(($(I5q)1H$5J�$($*;1)*H)5@P1),&$R$1@*,&-$*),5n&qJ(5$+&$,*':*1L$(B-u;#2+B/u;#08!+B/u;#2)?B/u;#1!)*4!)#.@-A-%6u;#2/!#a/78)u$($7:<=(5"$o;1)*H)5@P1),&$,L:&-p&q)1H$':($'*I*J($+&:5n(O$($':57@*p+*4'&75p+LK$2*+1):<2k(O$(I�+$1<J51),()5@P+LK$M&%%/#G6.k8#='J%?1=&"#<F#D)B6*6#=')&#)0"#:./%#7-?)B%>#,F*#G4&?5"#'6!8)@#,F*#='1-,%'='?0&49"#0%#@/,)8/-8#=&>&0%6"#s+/%#G6.k8#.#<)7!.-#.%4"Q"$

o;1)*H)5@P1),&$I51)&$($,:5I5+($I*=<)$ 1)*H)P$,$+&n&@5-$ ,$ 15:57(+5$($,$ 2*+k5$':57-@*p5+(H-$+*$51@($*+($+51<)$+*,<q$(+l*:I&k(q-$ )*$1)&,H)1H$+&$'*1@57+55$I51)*"$�1@($*;1)*H)5@P1),*$*),5n&5)$+&$,*':*1$2/!u$($,L:&p5+*$+&:5n(5I$*;:&6&$75O1),(H-$)*$*+*$K&-:&2)5:(6<5)$75O1),(5-$,L:&p5++*5$=@&=*@*I-$($I*p5)$1)*H)P$'5:57$=@&=*@*I$($'*1@5$+5=*$M&%8)%#+a6*7>#D%0%K%"#&%8)%#D%0%K%#+a6*7>"Q"$

%:*I5$)*=*-$+&7*$'*I+()P-$n)*$1<J51),<q)$':57@*p5+(H-$*;@&7&qJ(5$*1*;*O$1):<2)<:*OS– �?)#M,"'"Q#E).+8#'6!8)@#M(I"'"Q"– |#'6!8)@/#M:"'"Q#-784#,@/8#M(I"'"Q;#%)#%-8#7-78@F#M:"'"Q"– '6!8)@+#M7"'"Q#B./B]/84#*-8"– '6!8)@+#M7"'"Q#%+G%)#A%)?)#E/%6A/847>"– '6!8)@+#M7"'"Q#%@/.687>#73)@8"– '#?)@)B-#M':"'"Q#-784#78/B6)%#M(I"'"Q;#%)#%-8#8-/8@/#M:"'"Q"�<p+*$,L<n()P$+&(6<1)P$N)($':57@*p5+(H$($):5+(:*,&)P1H$,$'*1):*5+(($7:<=(K$':57@*-

p5+(O$'*$&+&@*=(($1$+(I("$9*,51),*,&)5@P+L5$ ':57@*p5+(H$ I*=<)$ ;L)P$ +5$ )*@P2*$ <),5:7()5@P+LI(-$ +*$ ($ *):(-

k&)5@P+LI("$�)*;L$':5*;:&6*,&)P$<),5:7()5@P+*5$':57@*p5+(5$,$*):(k&)5@P+*5-$'5:57$12&6<5ILI$1)&,H)$n&1)(k<$A[.

B),5:7()5@P+L5$':57@*p5+(H o):(k&)5@P+L5$':57@*p5+(H.52k(H$<p5$A<`<\<E].ªX$UcX]d$�X$_X$dY^d�Xfa"

.52k(H$5J�$A['A<`<\<E].ªX$UcX]d$`a$_X$dY^d�Xfa$X�`"

8)<75+)$@?B[?>\$+&$,*':*1"El estudiante contestó a la pregunta.

8)<75+)$A['@?B[?>\$+&$$,*':*1"El estudiante no contestó a la pregunta.

0*O$;:&)$«$E?Ya[A?.Mi hermano es estudiante.

0*O$;:&)$«$A['E?Ya[A?. Mi hermano no es estudiante.

z{

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

g[$\à$fd$ca]$UaY^cdYd`Za]$d]$d}^Wd]Xfa$̂ aW$\`$̂ WaàYbWd$̂ dW]a`Xc$�$aZWa$̂ aW$\`$]\]ZX`Z[ea-$d`$^W[YdW$c\iXW$]d$â`d$dc$^WaàYbWd$�$d`$]di\`fa-$dc$]\]ZX`Z[ea$MgabWd$dc$U\XfWaS$&%%/#3)-B/@6*/#&T'@-1)%09�#]abWd$�£UZaWS#&%%/#3)B/@6*/#&69'1#0)-,9"Q"$�`$d]ZX]$aWXU[a`d]-$ cX]$^XcXbWX]$�\d$Ua`Z[d`d`$cX$[`�aWYXU[�`$`\deX$ZXYb[¥`$]d$â`d`$d`$dc$�cZ[Ya$c\iXW"$

g[$_X�$]aca$\`$UaY^cdYd`Za$d}^Wd]Xfa$âW$\`$^WaàYbWd$^dW]a`Xc-$¥]Zd$_Xb[Z\XcYd`Zd$]d$â`d$fdcX`Zd$fdc$^Wdf[UXfa$M�#=#?#7*+g/d"#�#&.%#%-#E%/d"Q"$

�`$cX$aWXU[�`-$dc$]\¡dZa$�$ca]$UaY^cdYd`Za]$X$Yd`\fa$eX`$XUaY^X Xfa]$âW$XZW[b\Za]-$�\d$]a`$^XcXbWX]$�\d$Ua`Zd]ZX`$X$cX]$^Wdi\`ZX]$2/!)Hu y v-Hu"$�}[]Zd`$fa]$Z[â]$fd$XZW[b\Za]S$ca]$UaÙaWfXfa]$�$ ca]$à$UaÙaWfXfa]"$ªa]$XZW[b\Za]$UaÙaWfXfa]$ $UaÙ\dWfX`$Ua`$ ca]$]\¡dZa]$�$UaY^cdYd`Za]$d`$i¥`dWa-$`�YdWa$�$UX]a-$�$eX`$fdcX`Zd$fd$dcca]"$ga`$d}^Wd]Xfa]$âW$Xf¡dZ[ea]-$^WaàYbWd]$â]d][ea]$�$fdYa]ZWXZ[ea]-$�$`\YdWXcd]$aWf[`Xcd]$M1-?)B%>#.#?@+33+#3@6gk*#,%-=!"#78+B-%8"#J%"#B@+?#^#G+@%/*678"#X)%)#a-*).-!#^#.@/a"#<F#6E+a6*6#7$)!"#+@)!"Q"$

ªa]$ XZW[b\Za]$ à$ UaÙaWfXfa]$ ]a`$ d}^Wd]Xfa]$ âW$ ]\]ZX`Z[ea]$ d`$ UX]a]$ [`f[WdUZa]$ Ua`$^Wdâ][U[a`d]$a$][`$dccX]$M�8)#A/g6%/#;0#)#"#�#*d,*d#a/H#?'?#D#0%6"#')8#!%6?/#%'J%-?1=&"Q"$ªa]$XZW[b\Za]$à$UaÙaWfXfa]$eX`$fd]^\¥]$fd$cX]$^XcXbWX]$X$cX]$�\d$]d$Wd�dWd`"$

�`$cX$aWXU[�`$ZXYb[¥`$^\dfd`$d]ZXW$^Wd]d`Zd]$ca]$UaY^cdYd`Za]$U[WU\`]ZXÙ[Xcd]S$$^XcXbWX]$�\d$Ua`Zd]ZX`$X$cX]$̂ Wdi\`ZX]$(B-u;#2+B/u;#08!+B/u;#2)?B/u;#1!)*4!)#.@-A-%6u;#2/!#a/78)u, d`ZWd$aZWX]"$ªa]$UaY^cdYd`Za]$U[WU\`]ZXÙ[Xcd]$]a`$d}^Wd]XfX]$âW$ca]$XfedWb[a]$�$]\]ZX`Z[ea]$Ua`$a$][`$^Wdâ][U[a`d]$ M&%%/#G6.k8#='J%?1=&"#<F#D)B6*6#=')&#)0"#:./%#7-?)B%>#,F*#G4&?5"#'6!8)@#,F*#='1-,%'='?0&49"#0%#@/,)8/-8#=&>&0%6"#s+/%#G6.k8#.#<)7!.-#.%4"Q"

Los complementos circunstanciales de lugar y de tiempo pueden estar situados al inicio de cX$aWXU[�`-$d`$dc$Ydf[a$a$Xc$�`Xc-$^dWa$][$Ua`Z[d`d`$[`�aWYXU[�`$`\deX-$aU\^X`$dc$�cZ[Ya$c\iXW"$g[$el complemento circunstancial contesta a la pregunta 2/!u$�$d]$d}^Wd]Xfa$âW$\`$XfedWb[a$fd$Yafa-$dc$UaY^cdYd`Za$U[WU\`]ZXÙ[Xc$fd]UW[bd$cX$XUU[�`$d}^Wd]XfX$âW$dc$edWba$�$^\dfd$d]ZXW$fdcX`Zd$fdc$edWba$a$fd]^\¥]$fd$¥c$M&%8)%#+a6*7>#D%0%K%"#&%8)%#D%0%K%#+a6*7>"Q"$

�fdY�]$fd$d]Za-$_XUd$�XcZX$Zd`dW$d`$U\d`ZX$�\d$_X�$aWXU[a`d]$�\d$â]dd`$\`X$d]ZW\UZ\WX$d]^dU£�UXS$

– �?)#MXU\]XZ[eaQ#E).+8#'6!8)@#MàY[`XZ[eaQ"– |#'6!8)@/#Mid`[Z[eaQ#-784#,@/8#MàY[`XZ[eaQ;#%)#%-8#7-78@F#Mid`[Z[eaQ"– '6!8)@+#MfXZ[eaQ#B./B]/84#*-8"– '6!8)@+#MfXZ[eaQ#%+G%)#A%)?)#E/%6A/847>"– '6!8)@+#MfXZ[eaQ#%@/.687>#73)@8#MàY[`XZ[eaQ"��#'#?)@)B-#M^Wdâ][U[a`XcQ#-784#78/B6)%#MàY[`XZ[eaQ;#%)#%-8#8-/8@/#Mid`[Z[eaQ"Hace falta aprender estas oraciones de memoria y practicar la construcción de otras oraciones

analógas. ªX]$ aWXU[a`d]$ d`\Ù[XZ[eX]$ ^\dfd`$ ]dW$ à$ ]aca$ X�WYXZ[eX]$ ][à$ ZXYb[¥`$ `diXZ[eX]"$ hXWX$

ZWX`]�aWYXW$\`X$aWXU[�`$X�WYXZ[eX$d`$`diXZ[eX-$fdcX`Zd$fdc$^Wdf[UXfa$]d$â`d$cX$^XWZ£U\cX$A[.

®WXU[a`d]$X�WYXZ[eX] Oraciones negativas.52k(H$<p5$A<`<\<E].ªX$UcX]d$�X$_X$dY^d�Xfa"

.52k(H$5J�$A['A<`<\<E].ªX$UcX]d$à$_X$dY^d�Xfa$X�`"

8)<75+)$@?B[?>\'+&$,*':*1"El estudiante contestó a la pregunta.

8)<75+)$A['@?B[?>\'+&$$,*':*1"El estudiante no contestó a la pregunta.

0*O$;:&)$«$E?Ya[A?.Mi hermano es estudiante.

0*O$;:&)$«$A['E?Ya[A?. Mi hermano no es estudiante.

76

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

#/&4:'3!.#*51'3!6,-.V62+9'/'*6$#*6 �5@*,52-$ 1*67&qJ(O$ )521)-$ ,15=7&$ 7<I&5)$ *$ )*I-$ n)*$ *+$ K*n5)$ 12&6&)P$ ,$ N)*I$ )521)5-$

2&2<q$+*,<q$(+l*:I&k(q$*+$7*@p5+$7*+51)($7*$n()&)5@H"$9:($N)*I$,&p+*-$n)*;L$(+l*:-I&k(H$(6@&=&@&1P$'*1@57*,&)5@P+*-$@*=(n+*"$C@H$N)*=*$+5*;K*7(I*-$n)*;L$2&p7*5$':57@*-p5+(5$,$)521)5$;L@*$1,H6&+*$1$':57L7<J(I$($'*1@57<qJ(I"$!&2(I$1:571),*I$1,H6($n&1)*$,L1)<'&q)$I51)*(I5+(H$M'6!8)@#^#78+B-%8"#(,#+a687>#.#+%6.-@768-8-"Q"

%&p7*5$':57@*p5+(5$,$)521)5$1*75:p()$2&2<q4)*$(6,51)+<q$(+l*:I&k(q$M*+&$:&1'*@&-=&5)1H$,$+&n&@5$':57@*p5+(HQ$($2&2<q4)*$+*,<q$(+l*:I&k(q$M*+&$:&1'*@&=&5)1H$,$2*+k5$':57@*p5+(HQ"$/$1@57<qJ5I$6&$+(I$':57@*p5+(($N)&$+*,&H$(+l*:I&k(H$<p5$1)&+*,()1H$(6,51)+*O-$($'*H,@H5)1H$+*,&H$(+l*:I&k(H$M/'@-1)%0##-784#7-78@/"#(,##+a687>#.#26--.-"#+-&=#^#!@/76.FH#?)@)B;#78)*6]/#|!@/6%F"Q"$/$N)*I$I&@5+P2*I$)521)5$(+l*:I&k(H$:&6,�:)L,&5)1H$'*1@57*,&)5@P+*"$

8<J51),<5)$ 7:<=*O$ 1'*1*;$ '*1):*5+(H$ )521)&-$ 2*=7&$ *'(1L,&5)1H$ @(k*$ (@($ ':57I5)$M@-1)%0#^# 78+B-%8"#(,# +a687># .# +%6.-@768-8-"#Y69# ��# *-8"#/',&.%# -784# 7-78@/;#%)#%-8#,@/8/"#@-1)%0#*d,68#73)@8"#Y69#%@/.687>#6?@/84#.#$+8,)*"Q"$/$N)*I$)521)5$(6,51)+&H$(+l*:I&k(H$,*$,15K$':57@*p5+(HK$*7+&$R$'6!8)@-$&$+*,&H$(+l*:I&k(H$,$2&-p7*I$':57@*p5+(($:&6+&H"

#-.V2.6'3!6,-.V62+6�J�$*7(+$1'*1*;$1,H6($':57@*p5+(O$,$)521)5$R$1*1)&,@5+(5$1@*p+LK$':57@*p5+(O$(6$

':*1)LK$':($'*I*J($1*n(+()5@P+LK$($'*7n(+()5@P+LK$1*q6*,"$8*q6L$'*2&6L,&q)$K&:&2-)5:$*)+*�5+(O$I5p7<$':*1)LI($':57@*p5+(HI($,$1*1)&,5$1@*p+*=*$($75@&q)$+&�$)521)$@*=(n+LI$($1,H6+LI"$

8*n(+()5@P+L5$ 1*q6L$ '5:57&q)$ +56&,(1(IL5$ (@($ :&,+*':&,+L5$ *)+*�5+(H$ I5p7<$':57@*p5+(HI("$�)*$6&I5)+55$,15=*$,$':57@*p5+(HK$1$1*q6*I$>$M</@8/#a68/-8;#-#'6!-8)@#a68/-8"Q"$/$':57@*p5+(HK$1$1*q6*I$<':&,+*':&,+L5$75O1),(H$1*'*1)&,@Hq)1H$M</@-8/#a68/-8;###'6!8)@#7A)8@68#8-*-.6E)@"Q"$/$':57@*p5+(HK$1$1*q6*I$A@$*+($':*)(,*'*-1)&,@Hq)1H$M1-?)B%>#D)*)B%);#,%#B-86#3)HB+8#?+*>84"Q"$

9*7n(+()5@P+L5$1*q6L$+<p+L$7@H$'5:57&n($+5:&,+*':&,+LK-$6&,(1(ILK$*)+*�5+(O$I5p7<$n&1)HI($1@*p+*=*$':57@*p5+(H$MY?<-#.F#%-#3)%>*6#7*).);#73@)768-#3@-3)B/./8--*>#M3@6#!/!)A#+7*).66uQQ"$

?&,(1(IL5$':57@*p5+(H$,$1*1)&,5$1@*p+*=*$+&6L,&q)1H$':(7&)*n+LI("$�&$N)&'5$7*-1)(p5+(H$N@5I5+)&:+*=*$<:*,+H$,@&75+(H$:<112(I$H6L2*I$+5*;K*7(I*$6+&)P$1@57<qJ(5$)('L$':(7&)*n+LK$':57@*p5+(OS

§$(6°H1+()5@P+L5$':57@*p5+(H$1$1*q6*I$a8)$M�fLQ$M�#E%/d;#>)%#&%8)%#,)*-%"#^#�o#�fL#�JZpJ#L\Zj#LJRLQ[V"Q�

§$(6°H1+()5@P+L5$':57@*p5+(H$1$1*q6+LI($1@*,&I($!8) M�fULlJQ- a8) M�fLQ- !/! MTV[VQ-$!/!)H MTfSlOQ- a-H MTf�VQ- ?B- MNVlJNLQ- !+B/ MS#NVlJNLQ- )8!+B/ MNL#NVlJNLQ$M'6!8)@#E%/-8;#1)%'h8)"#^#�eTZVQ#\SXL#�fUoJ#L\"�$&%%/#E%/-8;#?B- G6.k8#c6%/"#^#�JJS#\SXL#NVlJNL#KUKL#�UJS"�#�#E%/d;#%)194##3@6-D/*#:./%"#^#�o#NL#NVlJNL#OOLYp#�KjJ"Q�

§$*':575@()5@P+L5$':57@*p5+(H$1$1*q6+LI$1@*,*I$!)8)@FH$M�fLQ$M�8)#78+B-%8!/;#1%)%0#$#3@6-D/*/#6E#<-!76!6"#^#I\#OS#L\ZfNUSJZL#�fL#OOLYp#NL#�o�UTV"Q�

§$<1@*,+L5$':57@*p5+(H$1$1*q6*I$-7*6$M\UQ$MY?<-#3)HBk8#B)GB4;#AF#%-#3)-B-A#%/#h!7-!+@76d"#^#�U#OOfLKL;#JV#UQL[V\#S#OS#L�TfQ\UVJ"Q�

§$,:5I5++L l5$':57@*p5+(H$1$1*q6*I$!)?B/$MTfSJNVQ$M+%.4##&%8)%#@/77!/EF./*;#AF#.7-#.%6A/8-*4%)#7*+g/*6"#^#�fSJNV#�JZpJ#L\ZSXS#QLOSZSJNV;#L\TfT_jXS[V\#TVJ#SZLJTUpJ"Q�

77

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

CONEXIÓN DE LAS ORACIONES SIMPLES EN EL TEXTO �\X`fa$\`$_XbcX`Zd$eX$X$UWdXW$\`$Zd}Za-$][dY^Wd$^[d`]X$d`$ ca$�\d$�\[dWd$fdU[W$d`$¥c-$�\¥$

[`�aWYXU[�`$`\deX$Z[d`d$�\d$ZWX`]Y[Z[W$Xc$cdUZaW"$�]$[YâWZX`Zd$�\d$d]ZX$[`�aWYXU[�`$]d$d}âìX$$fd$�aWYX$Ua`]dU\d`Zd$�$c�i[UX"$hXWX$Ua`]di\[Wca-$d]$`dUd]XW[a$�\d$UXfX$aWXU[�`$d`$dc$Zd}Za$d]Z¥$$\`[fX$Ua`$cX$X`ZdW[aW$�$cX$][i\[d`Zd"$�$Yd`\fa-$ca]$^WaàYbWd]$][Wed`$fd$Ydf[a$fd$d`cXUd$M'6!-8)@#^#78+B-%8"#(,'+a687>#.#+%6.-@768-8-"Q"

�`$dc$ Zd}Za-$ UXfX$aWXU[�`$Ua`Z[d`d$\`X$ [`�aWYXU[�`$UaàU[fX$ MeX$Xc$ [`[U[a$fd$ cX$aWXU[�`Q$ �$\`X$[`�aWYXU[�`$`\deX$MXc$�`Xc$fd$cX$aWXU[�`Q"$�`$cX$aWXU[�`$][i\[d`Zd-$d]ZX$[`�aWYXU[�`$`\deX$�X$X^XWdUdW�$UaYa$UaàU[fX$�$]\Wid$\`X$[`�aWYXU[�`$`\deX$M/'@-1)%0##-784#7-78@/"#(,#'+a687># .# 26-.-"#+-&=#^# !@/76.FH# ?)@)B;# 78)*6]/# |!@/6%F"Q"$ �`$ d]Zd$ ^d�\d a$ Zd}Za$ cX$[`�aWYXU[�`$]d$d}â`d$fd$�aWYX$Ua`]dU\d`Zd"$

�}[]Zd$aZWa$Y¥Zafa$fd$Ua`]ZW\UU[�`$fdc$Zd}Za-$U\X`fa$]d$fd]UW[bd$\`X$^dW]a`X$a$\`X$Ua]X$M@-1)%0#^#78+B-%8. (, +a687>#.#+%6.-@768-8-. Y69 ��#*-8. /',&.%#-784#7-78@/;#%)#%-8#,@/8/"#@-1)%0#*d,68#73)@8"#Y69#%@/.687>#6?@/84#.#$+8,)*"Q"$�`$d]Zd$ Zd}Za-$ cX$[`�aWYXU[�`$UaàU[fX$d]$UaY�`$d`$ZafX]$cX]$aWXU[a`d]$R$'6!8)@, pero la información nueva en cada oración es distinta.

ORACIÓN COMPUESTA�}[]Zd$Y�]$fd$\`X$�aWYX$fd$Ua`d}[�`$fd$cX]$aWXU[a`d]$d`$dc$Zd}Za"$�]$cX$�aWYXU[�`$fd$cX]$

aWXU[a`d]$UaY^\d]ZX]$$X$$^XWZ[W$fd$cX]$][Y^cd]$Ua`$X�\fX$fd$cX]$Ua`¡\Ù[a`d]$UaaWf[`XfX]$�$]\baWf[`XfX]"$ªX]$Ua`¡\Ù[a`d]$fdY\d]ZWX`$dc$UXW�UZdW$fd$cX]$WdcXU[a`d]$d}[]Zd`Zd]$d`ZWd$cX]$aWXU[a`d]$][Y^cd]$�\d$�aWYX`$cX$aWXU[�`$UaY^\d]ZX$�$�\d$_XUd`$dc$$Zd}Za$c�i[Ua$�$Ua_dWd`Zd"$

ªX]$Ua`¡\Ù[a`d]$UaaWf[`XfX]$ [`f[UX`$ WdcXU[a`d]$ [`fd^d`f[d`Zd]$a$d�\[ZXZ[eX]$d`ZWd$ cX]$aWXU[a`d]"$�]Za$]d$ed$Y�]$UcXWa$d`$cX]$aWXU[a`d]$Ua`$cX$Ua`¡\Ù[�`$>$M</@8/#a68/-8;#-#'6!-8)@#a68/-8"Q"$�`$cX]$aWXU[a`d]$Ua`$cX$Ua`¡\Ù[�`$<-$]d$UaY^XWX`$cX]$XUU[a`d]$d�\[ZXZ[eX]$M</@8/#a68/-8;###'6!8)@#7A)8@68#8-*-.6E)@"Q"$�`$cX]$aWXU[a`d]$Ua`$cX$Ua`¡\Ù[�`$A@, ]d$Ua`ZWXâ`d`$M1-?)B%>#D)*)B%);#,%#B-86#3)HB+8#?+*>84"Q"$

ªX]$Ua`¡\Ù[a`d]$]\baWf[`XfX]$ [`f[UX`$WdcXU[a`d]$f[]UW[Y[`XZaW[X]$a$fd^d`f[d`Zd]$d`ZWd$cX]$^XWZd]$fd$cX$aWXU[�`$UaY^\d]ZX$MY?<-#.F#%-#3)%>*6#7*).);#73@)768-#3@-3)B/./8-*>#~3@6#!/!)A#+7*).66uQQ"$

ªX]$aWXU[a`d]$fd^d`f[d`Zd]-$�\d$�aWYX`$cX$aWXU[�`$UaY^\d]ZX-$]d$ccXYX`$]\baWf[`XfX]"$hXWX$XcUX`�XW$dc$`[edc$dcdYd`ZXc$fd$cdì\X$W\]X-$d]$`dUd]XW[a$UaàUdW$ca]$][i\[d`Zd]$Z[â]$fd$aWXU[�`$]\baWf[`XfXS

§$aWXU[a`d]$UaY^cdZ[eX]$Ua`$cX$Ua`¡\Ù[�`$n)*$M�fLQ$M�#E%/d;#>)%#&%8)%#,)*-%"#^#�o#�fL#�JZpJ#L\Zj#LJRLQ[V"Q�

§$aWXU[a`d]$UaY^cdZ[eX]$Ua`$cX]$^XcXbWX]$Ua`¡\`Z[eX]$!8)$M�fULlJQ-$a8)$M�fLQ-$!/!$MTV[VQ-$!/!)H MTfSlOQ-$a-H$MTf�VQ-$?B- MNVlJNLQ-$!+B/$MS#NVlJNLQ-$)8!+B/$MNL#NVlJNLQ$M'6!8)@#E%/-8;#1)%#h8)"#^#�eTZVQ#\SXL#�fUoJ#L\"�#&%%/#E%/-8;#.4&#G6.k8#c6%/"#^#�JJS#\SXL#NplJNL#KUKL#�UJS"�#�#E%/d;#%)194#'3@6-D/*#:./%"#^#�o#NL#NpJNL#OOLYp#�KjJ"Q�

§$aWXU[a`d]$fdZdWY[`XZ[eX]$Ua`$ cX$^XcXbWX$Ua`¡\`Z[eX$!)8)@FH$ M�fLQ$ M�8)#78+B-%8!/;#1%)%0#$#3@6-D/*/#6E#<-!76!6"#^#I\#OS#L\ZfNUSJZL#�fL#OOLYp#NL#�o�UTV"Q�

§$aWXU[a`d]$Ua`f[U[a`Xcd]$Ua`$cX$Ua`¡\Ù[�`$-7*6 M\UQ$MY?<-#3)HBk8#B)GB4;#AF#%-#3)--B-A#%/#h!7!+@76d"#^#�U#OOfLKL;#JV#UQL[V\#S#OS#L�TfQ\UpJ"Q�

§$aWXU[a`d]$ ZdYâWXcd]$Ua`$ cX$Ua`¡\Ù[�`$!)?B/$ MTfSJNVQ$ M+%.4##&%8)%#@/77!/EF./*;#AF# .7-# .%6A/8-*4%)# 7*+g/*6"# ^# �fSJNV# �JZpJ# L\ZSXS# QLOSZSJNV;# L\TfT_jXS[V\# TVJ#SZLJTUpJ"Q�

zD

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

§$':(n(++*41@571),5++L5$':57@*p5+(H$1$1*q6&I($3)8)A+#a8), 3)h8)A+$M&%%/#3*)D)#?).)@68#3)�@+77!6;#7%)%69'>)%#%-B/.%)#G6.k8#.#<)7!.-"#^#�JJS#_SXOS#[SO#Qf\V#PVQ�fL#KUKL#LJ#�V\Tq#NL\NL#_STL#PVTV"�$&%8)%#A%)?)#a68/-8;#7%R)%69#)%#A%)?)#E%/-8"#^#�JZpJ#OLL#[fT_V;#PVQ#L\V#\SXL#[fT_V"Q"$

o;:&)()5$,+(I&+(5$+&$)*-$n)*$I5p7<$':*1)LI($':57@*p5+(HI($,$1*1)&,5$1@*p+*=*$1)&-,H)1H$6&'H)L5"$

3!6,-.V62+&'/'!%4(./.!2.9'!6d+/$ :&6=*,*:+*O$ :5n($ +(2*=7&$ +5$ (1'*@P6<q)1H$ ':57@*p5+(H$ ,$ )*I$ ,(75-$ ,$ 2&2*I$ *+($

,1):5n&q)1H$,$'(1PI5++LK$)521)&K"$�&':(I5:-$,$:5n($1)<75+)*,$IL$+(2*=7&$+5$<1@L�(I$)&2*O$7(&@*=S

^#¡@6.-8;#'6!8)@¬^#¡@6.-8;#&%8)%¬^#2+B/#8F#6Bkg4u^#�#6B+#.#78)*).+du#&#!+B/#8F#6Bkg4u^#&#>#6B+#.#,6,*6)8-!+"#�/.8@/#!)%8@)*4%/>#@/,)8/"#<%-#%/B)#?)8).6847>. /$:&6=*,*:+*O$:5n($N)*)$7(&@*=$I*p5)$6,<n&)P$)&2S^#¡@6.-8¬^#¡@6.-8¬^#9F#!+B/u^#'#78)*).+du#&#8Fu^#&#>#.#,6,*6)8-!+"#�/.8@/#!)%8@)*4%/>"#c/B)#?)8).6847>" %&2$,L$I*p5)5$<;57()P1H-$2&p7*5$':57@*p5+(5$1)&@*$I5+P�5$'*$*;°�I<-$1)&@*$+5'*@-

+LI-$+*$':($N)*I$1)<75+)L$r+)*+$($/(2)*:$K*:*�*$'*+H@($7:<=$7:<=&"$9*n5I<$*+($'*+H@($7:<=$7:<=&¨$/*4'5:,LK-$(I$,$N)*I$'*I*=&5)$*;J&H$1()<&k(H$*;J5+(HS$*+($,(7H)$7:<=$7:<=&$($6+&q)-$2<7&$($6&n5I$I*=<)$(7)($1)<75+)L"$/*4,)*:LK-$*+($*1)&,(@($,$1,*5O$:5n($1&I*O$=@&,+*5$R$1@*,&-$2*)*:L5$+51<)$)*@P2*$+*,<q$($+<p+<q$(I$(+l*:I&k(q"$

/&I$+<p+*$;<75)$+&<n()P1H$'*+(I&)P$($ 1):*()P$+5'*@+L5$':57@*p5+(H-$+*$'*I+()5S$7@H$)*=*$n)*;L$(K$':&,(@P+*$'*1):*()P-$+<p+*$1+&n&@&$<I5)P$1):*()P$(K$'*@+L5$,&:(&+)L"

8@57<5)$)&2p5$6+&)P-$n)*$,$<1)+*O$:5n($+*,&H$($+<p+&H$(+l*:I&k(H$,L75@H5)1H$':($'*I*J($(+)*+&k(("$!&2-$+&':(I5:-$+<p+*$<I5)P$:&1'*6+&,&)P-$*$n�I$,&1$1':&�(,&q)-$($':&,(@P+*$*),5n&)P$+&$,*':*1LS

'F#7%&4&)&#%/#h!7!+@76du#^#{/;#3)-B-A"'F#3)-B-8-#,#'R1?190?-8u#^#{/;#%/#h!7!+@76d"@!#3)-B-8-#%/#h!7!+@76du#^#{/;#AF"C&q)1H$:&6+L5$*),5)L$+&$N)($,*':*1L-$'*)*I<$n)*-$K*)H$*+($($'*1):*5+L$*7(+&2*,*-$

n5@*,52-$2*)*:LO$(K$6&7&�)-$K*n5)$<6+&)P$:&6+<q$(+l*:I&k(q$($,L75@H5)$(+)*+&k(5O$:&6-+L5$n&1)($,*':*1&"

79

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

§$aWXU[a`d]$UX\]Xcd]$�$ $Ua`]dU\Z[eX]$Ua`$ cX]$Ua`¡\Ù[a`d]$3)8)A+#a8)C'3)h8)A+$ M&%%/#3*)D)# ?).)@68# 3)�@+77!6;# 7%)%69' >)%# %-B/.%)# G6.k8# .# <)7!.-"# ^# �JJS# _SXOS# [SO#Qf\V#PVQ�fL# KUKL# LJ#�V\Tq#NL\NL#_STL#PVTV"�$&%8)%#A%)?)# a68/-8;#7%R)%69# )%#A%)?)##E%/-8"#^#�JZpJ#OLL#[fT_V;#PVQ#L\V#\SXL#[fT_V"Q"$

hWd]Zd`$XZdÙ[�`$Xc$_dU_a$fd$�\d$ $ cX]$aWXU[a`d]$][Y^cd]$�\d$ �aWYX`$^XWZd$fd$ $ cX$aWXU[�`$compuesta van separadas por comas.

ORACIONES EN LA LENGUA HABLADA�`$ cX$ cdì\X$_XbcXfX-$ cX]$aWXU[a`d]$`\ÙX$]d$\]X`$fd$ cX$Y[]YX$YX`dWX$�\d$d`$ cX$ �aWYX$

d]UW[ZX"$haW$d¡dY^ca-$`\ÙX$a£Ya]$\`$f[�caia$X]£$d`$dc$_XbcX$fd$ca]$d]Z\f[X`Zd]S^#¡@6.-8;#'6!8)@¬^#¡@6.-8;#&%8)%¬^#2+B/#8F#6Bkg4u^#�#6B+#.#78)*).+du#&#!+B/#8F#6Bkg4u^#&#>#6B+#.#,6,*6)8-!+"#�/.8@/#!)%8@)*4%/>#@/,)8/"#<%-#%/B)#?)8).6847>. �`$cX$cdì\X$_XbcXfX-$d]Zd$f[�caia$âfW£X$Zd`dW$c\iXW$fd$cX$][i\[d`Zd$YX`dWXS$^#¡@6.-8¬^#¡@6.-8¬^#9F#!+B/u^#'#78)*).+du#&#8Fu^#&#>#.#,6,*6)8-!+"#�/.8@/#!)%8@)*4%/>"#c/B)#?)8).6847>. �aYa$^\dfd$ab]dWeXW]d-$$ZafX]$cX]$aWXU[a`d]$]d$Wdf\¡dWa`-$]d$�\dfXWa`$$[ÙaÙc\]X]-$^dWa$

ca]$d]Z\f[X`Zd]$�`Z�`$�$�£UZaW$ ]d$UaY^Wd`f[dWa`$b[d`"$©haW$�\¥¨$�`$^W[YdW$ c\iXW-$ cd]$X�\fX$cX$ ][Z\XU[�`$ UaY\`[UXZ[eX$ UaY�`S$ dcca]$ ]d$ ed`$ �$ ]Xbd`$ X$ f�`fd$ �$ Ua`$ �\¥$ �`$ ^\dfd`$ [W$ ca]$d]Z\f[X`Zd]"$�`$]di\`fa$c\iXW-$dcca]$Ua`]dWeXWa`$d`$]\$_XbcX$ca$̂ W[Ù[^XcS$cX]$̂ XcXbWX]$�\d$ccdeX`$solo información nueva y necesaria.

�]Zdfd]$ Zd`fW�`$ �\d$ X^Wd`fdW$ X$ d`Zd`fdW$ �$ Ua`]ZW\[W$ cX]$ aWXU[a`d]$ [ÙaY^cdZX]-$ ^dWa$WdU\dWfd`$ �\d$ ^XWX$ Ua`]ZW\[WcX]$ UaWWdUZXYd`Zd-$ ^W[YdWa$ d]$ `dUd]XW[a$ ]XbdW$ Ua`]ZW\[W$ ]\]$variantes completas.

�XYb[¥`$ _XUd$ �XcZX$ ]XbdW$ �\d$ d`$ cX$ cdì\X$ _XbcXfX$ cX$ [`�aWYXU[�`$ `\deX$ �$ `dUd]XW[X$ ]d$fd]ZXUX$Ua`$X�\fX$fd$cX$d`Za`XU[�`"$ªX$d`Za`XU[�`$X�\fX$X$f[]Z[ì\[W$�\¥$d]$ca$�\d$]d$^Wdi\`ZX$�$X$Wd]â`fdW$X$cX]$^Wdi\`ZX]$UaWWdUZXYd`ZdS

'F#7%&4&)&#%/#h!7!+@76du#^#{/;#3)-B-A"'F#3)-B-8-#,#'R1?190?-8u#^#{/;#%/#h!7!+@76d"@!#3)-B-8-#%/#h!7!+@76du#^#{/;#AF"gd$fX`$Wd]^\d]ZX]$f[]Z[`ZX]$X$d]ZX]$^Wdi\`ZX]$âW�\d$X$^d]XW$fd$�\d$d]Z�`$Ua`]ZW\[fX]$fd$cX$

Y[]YX$YX`dWX-$cX$^dW]a`X$�\d$d]Z�$^Wdi\`ZX`fa$�\[dWd$UaàUdW$$[`�aWYXU[�`$f[]Z[`ZX$�$fd]ZXUX$las distintas partes de la pregunta con ayuda de la entonación.

DT

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

.#2./256'(!%))%*+d6#$+6'*6!)+25 PRINCIPALES TÉRMINOS GRAMATICALES

n&1)($:5n($ $ ^XWZd]$fd$cX$aWXU[�`(IH$1<J51),()5@P+*5$ $ ]\]ZX`Z[ea

:*7S$ $ i¥`dWaSI<p12*O$ $ YX]U\c[àp5+12(O$ $ �dYd`[à1:57+(O$ $ `d\ZWa

n(1@*S$ $ `�YdWaS57(+1),5++*5$ $ ][ì\cXWI+*p51),5++*5$ $ ^c\WXc

U2@*+5+(5$ $ fdUc[`XU[�`

'&75pS$ $ UX]aS(I5+()5@P+LO$ $ àY[`XZ[ea:*7()5@P+LO$ $ id`[Z[ea7&)5@P+LO$ $ fXZ[ea,(+()5@P+LO$ $ XU\]XZ[ea),*:()5@P+LO$ $ [`]ZW\Yd`ZXc':57@*p+LO$ $ ^Wdâ][Z[ea2*1,5++LO$'&75p$ $ UX]a$abc[U\a

(IH$':(@&=&)5@P+*5S$ $ Xf¡dZ[eaS'*@+*5$ $ UaY^cdZa2:&)2*5$ $ UaWZa$

n(1@()5@P+*5S$ $ `\YdWXcS2*@(n51),5++*5$ $ UXWf[`Xc'*:H72*,*5$$ $ aWf[`Xc

I51)*(I5+(5S$ $ ^WaàYbWdS@(n+*5$ $ ^dW]a`Xc,*':*1()5@P+*5$$ $ [`ZdWWaiXZ[ea':()Hp&)5@P+*5$ $ â]d][ea<2&6&)5@P+*5$ $ fdYa]ZWXZ[ea*':575@()5@P+*5$ $ fdZdWY[`XZ[ea

=@&=*@$ $ edWba,(7S$ $ X]^dUZaS1*,5:�5++LO$ $ ^dW�dUZ[ea+51*,5:�5++LO$ $ [Y^dW�dUZ[ea

(+l(+()(,$ $ [`�`[Z[ea,:5IHS$ $ Z[dYâS':*�57�55$ $ ^X]Xfa

DE

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

+&1)*HJ55$ $ ^Wd]d`Zd;<7<J55$ $ �\Z\Wa(I'5:&)(,$ $ [Y^dWXZ[ea=@&=*@L$7,(p5+(H$ $ edWba]$fd$Yae[Yd`Za

+&:5n(5$ $ XfedWb[a+&:5n(H$I51)&$ $ XfedWb[a$fd$c\iXW+&:5n(H$,:5I5+($ $ XfedWb[a$fd$Z[dYâ+&:5n(H$I5:L$($1)5'5+($ $ XfedWb[a$fd$UX`Z[fXf$�$iWXfa+&:5n(H$*;:&6&$75O1),(H$ $ XfedWb[a$fd$Yafa':57(2&)(,+L5$+&:5n(H$ $ XfedWb[a$^Wdf[UXZ[ea

':57@*=$$ $ ^Wdâ][U[�`1*q6$ $ Ua`¡\Ù[�`n&1)(k&$ $ ^XWZ£U\cX

n@5+L$':57@*p5+(H$ $ Y[dYbWa]$fd$cX$aWXU[�`'*7@5p&J55$ $ ]\¡dZa12&6<5I*5$ $ ^Wdf[UXfa7*'*@+5+(5$ $ UaY^cdYd`Za*':575@5+(5$ $ XZW[b\Za*;1)*H)5@P1),*$ $ UaY^cdYd`Za$U[WU\`]ZXÙ[Xc

1@*,*$ $ ^XcXbWX2*:5+P$ $ WX£�':(1)&,2&$ $ ^Wd�¡a1<ll(21$ $ ]\�¡a*2*+n&+(5$ $ fd][`dÙ[X*1+*,&$ $ WXf[UXc

':57@*p5+(5S$ $ aWXU[�`S':*1)*5$ $ ][Y^cd'*,51),*,&)5@P+*5$ $ d`\Ù[XZ[eX<),5:7()5@P+*5$ $ X�WYXZ[eX*):(k&)5@P+*5$ $ `diXZ[eX,*':*1()5@P+*5$ $ [`ZdWWaiXZ[eX1@*p+*5$ $ UaY^\d]ZX$=@&,+*5$ $ ^W[Ù[^Xc':(7&)*n+*5$ $ ]\baWf[`XfX(6°H1+()5@P+*5$ $ UaY^cdZ[eX*':575@()5@P+*5$ $ fd$WdcXZ[ea<1@*,+*5$ $ Ua`f[U[a`Xc,:5I5++* l5$ $ ZdYâWXc':(n(+L$($1@571),(H$ $ fd$UX\]X$�$Ua`]dU\dÙ[X

':HI&H$:5nP$ $ d]Z[ca$f[WdUZa2*1,5++&H$:5nP$ $ d]Z[ca$[`f[WdUZa

D3

9":"#2

/368

)%).

/;#5

"'"#<

)7!)

.!6%

"#=+7

7!/>

#?@/

AA/8

6!/#B*

>#?)

.)@>

C6D

#%/#67

3/%7

!)A#

>EF!-

+#3.-:4./%22%&'-+*6!%*"!%

BIBLIOGRAFÍA

'/76*4-./�µ.-B-# 0"2";# 18-3/%).# ("'"$ !5*:5)(n512&H$ =:&II&)(2&$ (1'&+12*=*$ H6L2&S$0*:l*@*=(H$($1(+)&21(1$n&1)5O$:5n("$R$345$(67"$R$0"$S$/L1�&H$�2*@&-$EyDT"$

'/76*4-./�µ.-B-# 0"2";# 18-3/%).# ("'"$ !5*:5)(n512&H$ =:&II&)(2&$ (1'&+12*=*$ H6L2&S$8(+)&21(1$':57@*p5+(H"$R$0"$S$/L1�&H$�2*@&-$EyDE"$

'6%)?@/B).#'"1";#<6*)7*/.7!6H#:"("$8*'*1)&,()5@P+&H$I*:l*@*=(H$:<112*=*$($(1'&+-12*=*$H6L2*,"$R$0"$S$G<112(O$H6L2-$EyDF"

56%?.)B6B/!86a-7!/>$':*=:&II&$'*$:<112*I<$H6L2<$2&2$(+*1):&++*I<S$�@5I5+)&:+LO$<:*,5+P"$�&6*,LO$<:*,5+P"$95:,LO$15:)(l(2&k(*++LO$<:*,5+P"$R$0"$S$GBC�-$3TET"$

<-8)B6a-7!6-$:&6:&;*)2($'*$=:&II&)(25$7@H$(1'&+*=*,*:HJ(K$1)<75+)*,$~$!"#"$%&'()*-+*,&-$!"9"$0&):<K*,(n-$�"�"$9(+25,(n$($7:"$R$89;"$S$89;m!B-$Eyyt"$

0!)%4#�"¡"$on5:2($'*$I5)*7(25$':5'*7&,&+(H$:<112*=*$H6L2&$@(k&I-$=*,*:HJ(I$+&$(1-'&+12*I$H6L25S$E$=*7$*;<n5+(H"$R$0"$S$0mB-$EyFt"

«qO¶UJS# �";#·S`SKS��L¶Qj\VKS#I"$�c$ W\]a"$VWXY�Z[UX$^W�UZ[UX"$R$3$df"$R$¤"$ S$ vf[aYX$W\]a-$EyD{"

gramatica rusa para hispanohablantes (nivel … · 2019. 2. 15. · gramatica rusa para...

Documents