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J Jl^.O ~*%&*f*4j6 t£=** V \\\o a-MUr«>tu

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  • JJl^.O

    ~*%&*f*4j6t=**V

    \\\o

    a-MUr>tu

  • JJl^.O

    ~*%&*f*4j6t=**V

    \\\o

    a-MUr>tu

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    O-pIj,jx_l Cambridge ^L>- ^ t ^Vi rU ^L&l ^ jSj

    ^Vl >J^JI ^ ^US^] U^- Lyons ^j^ ^j,^ ^o-JJi j-AiJL, J^Li . . ;jju!I ^ ^U5 4, ;

  • -y jji- UjX *-,t ^ ^JU 1^ J$,*,:,.l ^}\ ili/i/i J^- ^.j

    X->L*jVl t (Algonquian) L-SL^

  • 4 (C. E. Bazcll) Jjl_, t (J. L. Austin) jl-j! : f< -.,i t t -M ,t (M. Brfal) J^, t (L. Bloomfield) jULi-ji 4 (M. Bierwich) J^j-^^-J 4 (LewisCarroll) JjjL-S" t (Rudolph Carnap) *_jLJ,L5i(HX.Cbnldm)J&j? 4 (NoamChomsky)^$L~*^i; t (J. Mc. Cawley)4 (J. Firbas) ^-Uj-i i (C. J. Fillmore) j^Jui t (Cratylus) ^Aj\jJfLj-* 4 (C - c Fries) J-s'j-J * (J- A. Fodor) jjjjj t (Firth) 4i^_jfcr4JU 4 (Halliday) ^IjlJU 4 (W. S. Gilbert)o> 4 (Grimm)4 (Hjelmslev) 4 ai JLr t (Homer) ^j^^^j* t (Zelling Harris)jl^S" 4 (J. J. Katz) jjL5 4 (M. Joos) }j>- , (A. Mc Intosh) J^JI^^-ij-JL, 4 (J. Lyons) j-J^J t (G. Lakoff) ^JjSi t (E. Keenan)JJU*-jt t (E. A. Nisa) I.U t (Charles Morris)

    ^j-uy 4(B. Malinowski)JL-ij 4 (Plato) jj_JOLJl 4(C. E. Osgood) ij-^rjjf t (C. K. Qgden)4(Bertrand RusseU) J^tj 4 (I. A. Richards)>jUij 4 (A. W.'Read)

    j^* 4 (Ferdinand de Saussure) j-*j-~. & 4 (Edward Sapir) ^L-c-j 4 (G. J. Suci) ^^ t (Strawson) j-j>u- 4 (B. F. Skinner)4 (J. Trier) j-jI^-J 4 (P. H. Tannenbawm) f>wLJ 4 (Henry Sweet)t (B. L. Whorf) Jj^ t (H. G. Wells) jUj c(UUmann) oL_*_J,f

    .(L. Wittgenstein) j_- '.>;j

    4/ uA=^ Ji>% t ifj-&\ jSJ cij-^Jl JL-JI Jb ' Jr^ 1

  • #r?"

    J/i\ ^Ui

    : 4JUI Jj**Jd\ j >,hr*j

    y*5

    aiji ^1 SjL.iVl ^ji ^Jj*^ jj ~\ W. si Semantics iJ^jJl jJLp

    L_rJ t 5J-p 4_jj_ij v^'j-^" ^ j*54i cr^ 1 ^ f*JJ meamn& cT*^ 1

  • JjVl J**UI

    UNUl^p 1 II

    Semantics

    Read J*J) . U.jl> **jJ*ft* ^ ii ^Urn* j^o^jj Semantick iJtf jt pi-jj . (J-acHj o*ejl J* *J^S * ^iA

    ^^j t Semantick Philosophy : SjL-p ^ t j-^* -jtJt Oj-*Jl ^J.P cJy UJj ^i c-u^-l j>- Semantics ejUJl j-JdL, - JjVlrUJI ^ _V^& (J : UUj , ^*Ji

    . (JjVl ^*Ui ^ cgt J*i*Jl>t) ,>*JJ

  • o*j ^>Ji ^*J .u^i v^. r1 liWjJ1 r^ 1 c11"* J ' >t^JJl The meaning of meaning

    : V15 iJVaJl pi* ^ ,_-V j-^Jj -jf - ^jJl *>>^ J^ V . Jl ^y.f ol>ik-x. c-*-iic_-l JOJj

    The shape of things to come ; v-wg ^yjw ^y mobiie manoeuvre"

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    U

  • J* ^s^ J^\ - i-iJb- oai ^La siUJtf

    Ul^_ Of JLw jjL >_^f ^>J Ji o^^ t ^^1 J* l^*,cJUj

    .

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    ^lui^l

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    j* U.j l^ ^LJl iLp j-* *;LJ; j> L* t iU53l oJj* oUyCt_roJ

    *^ meaning j mean J,-J*- j- 0L_S" lil L_** jE_

    jf N, t ^^Op

    jJl oUOJa-^Ji ^ ^^ o^^J&l ^ : JU Of ^-J L;V t *^l

    I mean lap IJLa j^J jl -Ua*f UU : SjLp J Jj*J ^ijl intend JUai' J

    * J ^

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    .

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    .

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    t ^ ^ uy U*j jJi oijUl jt oLKM j'i j,> jp oLlycJlJii V iiS^L. Ksame -ness JJLJlp v*U ot *i-j t ^g"'1 jl ,*?*a;< oL*i5" J[ _j;:.^i ^epL-r* of **j LjjV ^

    (

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    -J 4_j1b ; iU^>Jl aJUo Li- J meaning

  • J**fj Alice's Adventures in Wonderland : *-^v ^y ,J**ttj J^ 1: "#1* The March Hare

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    .

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  • JW J*uJl

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    .

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    The Spoken Language

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    jf t i-*il_, oU_^UJ ^^ y j^ UL-f ^ ^j^CJt oJJi oV t 5UJ! iJjJl U^- V.4_JdJ v-L-Vl(> (V'j-" J-^ 1 ) -*- ^ cJj-^ ^ 1-U; i-jiki^. o?>-l ^'Ltj ^>"

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  • e lj)l J^ill

    c

    Historical Semantics

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    : ^Jb ^Jdl

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    : i*j_ull ^U^Jl W?^

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    ^J*^\ J=

    ^

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    . c-iV bitter^* biting : (Metaphor) (r> SjU^-Nl

    Yi

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    .

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    .

    (j^-jijl).

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    (^/Ji^ijLJi -^u-Ji -j'JcOJi _ay'L^i) : ^.lU^J' ^_j Hi

    To

  • i-S* I4J^ i^U JU* c-.;.--< ' " oUik^Jl (Jkj . SjLJl

    Jl* J energy iJUaJlj mass ii^JLi t dj y^. 4U ^JS" . jjUI ^y^Jl 4yu U UaL*, ^-J ^.jsillJjlJ >Jy^ fjiuJ ^1 i-J^lli * po^Jl jf >JI j-*j G-r-il

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    ' *b juw Of Jj^i tJ-iJ* t philologyuu Sj-m.1 jt j-Ji* j^w j, ^ij

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    4 *>L^i_>JlVii ^/i^l i-Jdji ^ diachronic J~jti\ UiUl Jlp j^

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    : ^ J *i>j , fj***^. jij-JLp JI ^kJL,^ ^-Ui JUJ! 11>/ 'J^ j-*f i l? ^L; j\ ^JU, ybf t (? ^j_>. j[ ju^ ^jj : qU izLij^i la.* jf ^Ijl ^^ t Lu gjbJI c-i JJ.L, . ? e-^JUii^li ^^l ^p Uji J^i jlJ ^j .

    ru a^j-j ^^Jl ^ J-UJU

    vW' J* (^'j-" (JP-a-oJl Ja_jf) Kconnotattonal ^'..o.-VrJU jf emotive*-lj^\ J^rjU J^f j^r^u ^-j ((politician ^-UJli jf LJJU (JUJI'^ J* j-* 1 -i-*^ t ^^Jlj ^>-^Jl jlj-* J JUf dstateman

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    - JLuJl J^ J* t oLJJl _ ip^ iyjj il^J JL 4^Lofc! ^ jj5( ^ J* ^j^ j j^JU ^o>J*i ij oLp^UJ o^^^

  • ^ WtfU Lit flkJl > ^i j^ t ,oLvUJIl ^ JUa;V1

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    Wall (JLp JU-

    The scope of Semantics

    y ^j^ v-'Lk- ^-^ JiA;i -^

  • J/i\ Juji

    Naming

    JUL, JL^IfU^ U,L^U oJJl J JX Ul j,L- J^i ^ u/i

    stands Jl >-H 5UJI ^^^ JjIjlJ|j t ^ ^^^ j (aJ)oJ-jt

    fx^J ^^ denotes JU Jju jf t refers to Jl ^_ jf t for

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    -UL_UUU

  • J^J* > OjJI ob>Jl Jl >_j JU JUL;; t jl^ VI J_,lo_>.^

    Vr-i i*-W ,> VjJU* ^-J t-L* jfl . *L~f UjL-^L (oLUJl)

    ? *J1^ (fill ^1 Xb (iu fOiCw jf^ oJU ^ ^ . J^U^J^J jf.UL*_ J-^i-Jl j*i t JbuVl -^f gASSjJ^JI Jl4->w^ jf UjU-j Ui UJUf jj j*. , J** i^LJ,

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    j^i LJ i-^U-Vl oluJl Ja^L ia>j jf io>. ^^w^Jl j^j t k-lUa-d U,t*J' J* 4 JliJl UU- ^j . ^i Ol >.y. U ijUJL t J*iJl giJi- J- V Uiif JL.^ j^ljJJI of jf j^aiJl i_S^ Ju* p-i-iu^of g*\j ? ^-^^JLj U^ ol i i^j-Jl J* ? ^1 ^ l^jj Sjj^JLC'jj ti^- of ^U jl^, jlj jf U^-w ^SUj *^ i)U* ^IjLXif jfj t a^y_ _ ^^ _ ^j^, : j^Vl ^w iLSLlJI jf ^JSJS^Jj-^J ' (under - up LfU) prepositions j^Jl otJjP^ Jjj iJJL^'jf jV- ^ 1 (because jV _ when LjJ) conjunctions ^^Jlj ^ ^ "

    Jl ^j-* W^^ < *j-^~ o^L5J^ Uif vL" (ja - Uf) pronouns ^UaJI

    r^

  • j , e- oLJjU_%j ^Jj>, ifairy ^-i t igoblin c-j^-Jpi t lunicorn

    jl^JI J,>Jij . 5UJI J .Lit Ji^ N ^ 4Ji > *bj i bjv**i!^Jl sL>JI t SL>Jl ^ C^y J***1 ^ ->* V_t*-^' -** a* ^rj^i tJ^

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    J ii^ry *LJlV UJ tUa_*4 ^ JiU jf _ ^-L-aJI j* > Ji> Cr* -t jSU* IJLa JJU \j~Jb jl . S-ij-^y j-P *LiV *L*f lipl Jl 5L>J(

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    .

    (*jU-JI w-L!l j^ JliJl J .r-t tf U ^1) nouns *U^.Vlj Lf*i ^ (_^

    J^tVl J^ ^ J uull jji 4 iluU_. ijU *Uif j^-y ti>- j^p-jili.Vl y>3 . (

  • .Venus ^yj v*j-^' J* < jj-** l/^ c^! ^U*^ ^-^ Gilbert ^j-Jl>- ^J^ -l t J_uJL.j

    ; OjaJI c-*ij i^*p- t dMikado

    L^f jJL-i , ;U>JI ^y Ljy l^jX *Uil JaJy ^jt oUKJl Jlp UUilJLuJI J-~- Jlo . *^l ^^u i_ibi^ *LJif .j_*>^ J[ yjJ UUJ^-lj J-S Jvy u otil^t j^ \*y iiLa. of-

  • * L.LJ iObl. *L-it Jlp iW-Ul J tJJi UK jf i^/i '
  • w&*%! pAX* ij^X-Vli Of J! JkS\ - *B. L. Whorf ^^m y> _ ^1Jp LiL, J IkiL- OLS Ya[ L. Jp j^c t jlJL^JI Jp Jju" oLOS

  • t*" J*" J* ~m>** CJ l^L'Uaij fc o^c-

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    J^ J-t* - lOJ^" ^ ^cr-^^ : ^^ ^/ Jl -^ '4* ^ ^!j\ t ^f ^ J^j Jj^ t - *>Uj ULJ lx>U jj5^_ o IJUj .

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    .Ll^ ^^ Ujlp iwl^i Jji ji j_jj ^>- i . . . _jj*> IjUb : AjC *j**a

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    jl.oUKSl ^ j* - jVl ^_ J-^ill lJu J lul -UJ . l^

    L> ^~li jf ^y&j . (^ Si v-^Ui) ^JJiS" J**JI ^*a JS\^ ji L_U

    frLj-ilj J-**- ^ -^v_J"

    l^' t^H**' *-ijj-^ ^1 j-'W9 j^" J* L-^J'jl ^^j-t/J' ((There is a horse on the lawn ; iL**- JJ^> a-Lo ^'-b-tj

    Jl Jka^> ^Jl ^ ^-Oa^V* Mj_/i L-l ( jUa^ ^-j-Jl J^ Jj& V -U)JlP (C^*- JLJ JLJLj ^-UjkJI L$j t^aJ ^Jl tj^tJl jI^PLj ^*-*Jl

    s

    U-y iJuLi truth conditions j>w2ji J*jj-iii Jl y*--^ J_r*i oUap- rj-^

    .

    ' y /i -*- o_b_ ^_-Jlp * aU- a Ip jAj>vi ^-*j - r-j^Jl J^-B i).*>- C^b U '^-wJj J>U-L>J'^ 4Jj^

    ;

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    ol_jj ja ^-yn Jl ^aJl; i ii^l^ J*^rv ^W)^ ^' panphra^ing kt-[

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    j*t) Jaii 4_kJJi J>b -LJV-lJl olJi*>UJ ^i*.; J-*^-j

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    Olj^oill

    Concepts

    ij jl\ ^Jb- ^ t Sfj-i jtf lj . Lil yjl Uj JjV jJLJ ijj iiU*jUj_^L* J-^ Lf*ij-*j ^ijj-Jl -i* . J-S*Jl [*-r*^* J*-*^ JtA>- ^j* l^.o

    ^p jc^ sugn i_-^LJlj) "jj ^'^ oUljjJl

    - jjj^~!jj j-i>-jf -Up asemiotic triangle ou^jUji

    L*jb * JjJj_*_j Jb ja dj^sS o-u* AijJJJl iOL*)ti j---j tp ^

    U^i* JSj t concept jj-^Jj sound image

  • 0- S^U iU iJU* c-J ijijl ^ U laij . j^lJI ^* l5jLiyJi> 0_^&i iUJI U

    .(St^Jlj 4J*UI J* J) . v-^ ^^ ^ L^ t U5 jf U. j^; jf Jl o-U^lu^ jUJIi ^^*JU jj^Ojl ^p t L^ wU oJUJb.- USLl, Lif

    ^*JI Jl J , ^l ^^UJlj t ,^1 J >i ^Vi J >U; Uxp

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    JL^ J L-^s- JJ-A-f jf ^\ uti . ^^, j _ j^tJL _

    U>^^ ^ *Jb t^j-^J) ^~Jl ^ OjS* JwJ t vi-xJl ^ Ljjj_*i

    ? utj| ^^N JU-

    ^1 ^^ . ^ JL ^^ i v-L- J5 J ^j^, U, ^ Of ^>o

    iv

  • _J! JJjJl jkJL, fat Sit v-^. cAJj-* ^U ^jLjpUj . t^jSt^Ij-^V! jJUJ iL-,L*Jl ol^^cJl j* j-& foU L|*t ,> ST! ^-j-*^jUpLi t JiJLjj . 0) phonology o^Vl ciJLtj ^j phoneticstLif JLi L. ^j i i^j-^i ^^^ f1*31 c/^ 1^ jl^ OTa r31*j^ UJ LiU Ui LSj . 4-JKJI JU jWf cij J-S w^j *Sj^ !&+ C~-J ? ^Ij^alll

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    ^_i jii . j-i^' ^j^" J ^>Jl l-i* j* SjJ5 ^ j ^ l ^j* -**b

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    .*pjL j-to* jl* J Uj_p-j

    jf U5 - jjjui _ ^Jl _ JtykU\ JA 'SjjS jf uJ-^JI &L/jJi jt ^Pmentalism r

    J Ij^S" Ijjj LL jf ju ^ introspection jlk.T.-Nlj intuition ^--bJl jfol_Jl Ul*Jl oUL&l jL-^L ^L^Ji J! JkjJ^ UU . oJJ Ul~Jj.>

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    tj* cib reason t^^JU Jp ^L*ipVI

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    Sense and reference

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    ^ jjuJI flkJU ^^-i i^nJU Ui . ^yJJl > J-Wl (J^-j ' c!l

    .intra linguistic

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    oKJi sense relationships i-^Jl oU*tJj% *J!-^ -** ^"^sLij ram -ij^-s : j-J^N J*^ ^-^j ^ 3 a*^ U^jlJ^J, c 01>J* t J! - ^U cr- - ^U^" *-*l ewe

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    or

  • Jt o\Sj t sex fj^l . ^\3^ Jlp _ j^> (Vs^l J - U ^ Jl . jlkJ^ ^j^JIj yj| jV) gender Lr^

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    ^^ ^j^i o& oLKjf UK, UU, ^ij^Jl^ _JL l^i ^Ju, ^,Vlj

    ^U( ^ JUJ1 J^}\ >l) Ui> o^Vl J^ b^j^ , oJ rj^

    ^JiJl ^JUu ^_U! flOlj^Vl ^'LU, ^b ^j fc ij^^Ji ,u*Vl jkJ^ U^ jjij . ol_^Vl j^ iJ^UJl oU%Jl Jl >JL oUil o>^tdUj ^j . semo!ogy L^J^Jl ^^ gUJ^jJi ^U, ^ jju, ^

    or

  • sense (J^\tj a reference i_,L-i\l jV * oUJLk-^*Jl JUfc f

    .

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    . intra - linguistic -Ji ^ c^o-*^ 1 u-**^ ^W*" -^- j^ -The struc-n : L^l^ 4 J. A. Fodor jjZjJj J. J- Katz jJlS l^ i^fi^y t J^>J' jp OLlJbfcj jjjj-ij jtf-S' j[) 4 iture of a semantic theoryjjw ^^Lp i-* U$^^kJ ot j^ t oLUJl l^**j L-L-l-^jgi** Ljl ^->-

    ^^U-Vl ^-a^Jl ^ iU^Jl jl UJI oJtf iil Up Jlj-JI L.L *JJ1

    rj^ ^f ^p * j.t.fli Jj^k ^p t iLj^Ji oUly i-AP -^-^^ p**^' jr-**t J*jjJl ^j ij-L^aJl oU[ oIj'jU-

    -

    *-j \ ^NjJI anomaly ^LiJl jp^Jj

    .

    3j_l_aJI o-U ^ Ijjj ^aIJ t^j-^t *JY> *J^U- jf v^L>- JS"}\ j*~j j) m

    3*ti&! j^i t i^L.^ UL-.....;il jJl 5>U1 j^ v^-Vi iU>Jlj

    jS\ xxm ji^vi ^ ^ tjA unj o*ap jt wu js- of _ j>\pK\4-Jli JU>i Ut ^^ . IJjb ^U

  • 1 - His typewriter has bad intentions o2 - My unnamed sister is married to a bachelor ' - -

    3 - John was looking for the glasses -0J\& _ y

    4 - a - The needle is too short -a ^

    b- The needle is not long enough

    .

    5 - a - Many of the students were unable to answer your question.

    b- Only a few students grasped your question l>-*-fr

    6 - a - How long did Archibald remain in Monte Carlo ? jjib - Archibald remained in Monte Carlo some time

    . J JlJU _ o

    . v 1^ 1 -i*^Ji l-U*^^ jl j*-/*:T ^jVl iU>Ji _ "I

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    jji truth - relations owJl oU^ Jl ^i_JL

  • . iPragmatic >^' UJb^ ^Ui . ^Vl ol^(^ 4t>,JilLj L*J jju of^ V. .UUjJI, v. ^jj,^

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  • W-i Jj>it t* jj^ \^s oujji cJ jL \SUJl J^ J _ j_ o^ J| _ jindeterminacy 0^1 iiL> jf, _ T

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    :jiU^Jtf * (indexical i-i^i ^j-~~"i iL-^UJI 4^_ L. J)

    IJ^; jVl : jt^l j^ t a*, fj^ SjUy, ^^ t (^Jl . . cJl

    us^^Jl jf^Wi j-jJI jt viiyi SL>JI Jl l^-U^ V e;>r^

    i^JJJl oli^UJl ^f * ^^ ltrSj|, j,^^^ ,i_* JjU; of . L_J|^ ^^ . j^ v ^* _ 1^ sL>JL ijji y^ jj; ^j ( ^^j,^ ob^ji

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    = t^Ji gjL

    i

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    Jj^JLi i-^*(_^i * i_^.Uv ii^kj ^IjVl JjLi Of fjf .; *Jl t^\j

    L#.((Speech acts La^S Ulj^-fi *jJl *,. J U-

    _^ iiL* : UU

    j1t*' l^* -/ l/ **^' *J*c~i Lit ^^-; t ~JJj t (ji^ij 4 *

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    ^a^LJI Jj-iJU Ij-iS- J^jJ! *LJlp ^iuy tw^^U jJj.evaluation

  • jf (j^p-i ^y^Jl j^ j_?- Lfi ;^J5 t^j-^f oU5 iJL> j& . IjajIij*- t i hero Jia.it Jl jlj-JiJ V 1 * ^ .i; t *-^i.iUL*Wl oli^LJl ^ j-**~ UU oJJI jju : Llj

    jt JjVl 5_jj_-a11 ^i j^i jf Jjjj t j^A^ jf Li^U-t jj_ jt A^k-J.

    _*!& ^Ul ^a^jjl a^i i^L^-Nl oIT^jJI J* JUio -Li iJUJlwould you please be quiet? : J^-i* Oj_-Jl iJ~*&i oJ jp-J ^J^^-iJbe quiet, shut up.Would you keep your voice down a little* please?

    ^y ^* iJjJl j^ frlj>-f (JJiv j\ . ^_JLkJl ^yw^JLlI aJL>j JaJ^j IJUfcj

    Good morning : JJJi *ii*f j^j . (ol^UJl J^-b t^-H . -j^^ *Uap[. {J

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    : (j~*l\) W.S.Gilbert

  • U.ijjj; U ^ jti cU>j V^ t VU U^f Ui* : L.U

    j^JL, ^k-Jj.

    SyhU oJ oAaj; jjj jS |jb- SytU

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    l^ i_JL iyi^p- ijL*

    n

  • j~*Wl J^diJl

    iSJA S-A^j Juifll =A semantic unit

    l-u J* *Lj_j t oUi^JL i-jw oUj>^JI jf ^y jf ^.....UH j*a-j

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    ; oLjja!I ^>-ij j+^

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    ^j ^i . oLU^I ^^ ^j^^^ V oLKllV

  • jf * -Liv^pj uThe rhododendron passed aways : Jjii

    J JaJL. LjJ . *_X die ^yjw L*J jJl-> (pass awayi

  • dJUIl J*mJ1

    = Ol^~xJl

    Idioms

    cJlspill the c fly off the handle t kick the bucket cjj ^ cAjthe iUSj kick US ^ |LaJ U bo) ^Us . (( red herring t beans^U gjUl vj^UJVl j** jf ^b~ Li*! L^.jJ

    J-j Jl oUiJl ^^ JaJ^ N/^i t ( ^fell ^Ul ja ^UJl J^aiJl )j^c]\i) o>Jl iUJ! ^ J\ ^/\ (L'b^ oi ^j) UL4 o_^_ J,

    .(die iJ5 ^jL-j kick the bucket

    V o.U. yM-dl ^>-U! ^ _ 5^>Jl U531 Ji. _^JI CHS" ISi ^j

    kick: Jji ^ ^u ^j baJ ^J ^*j . o^iJi iJ^Ji ^y^^

    oUKJ L^J? Lub; ojUpL_ U ip-j* J\ _ J^o aJI Jj . the bucketed

    ^Lla j& . Kicked the bucket : ^ ^LJl j^Jl ^LJwis tij^xi

    t spill the bean ^Jj t spilled the beans l_^jJi.

    fl.^1 (p_L_p H

    Vj t kick the buckets* Yj - 0j-& JJ red herring : ,:v

    --Jl

    redder x^, y, red herrings* ~l^ JLjJL,j .(-er 4-w) ^JLai;

    \o

  • l-* I4J oljydl ^-i^-i s Jl j^dJi ^ _s^ Uajf iitj . herring*

    The law was laid ^tf The beans have been spilled j down

    (J-rJ The bucket was kicked : Jji jJ *ij verb

    J*iJI ^ ^ ^jJI t^5UJ_ V oli^LS^I a-U ^^J . put down _*i 1 in

    jt cJi jf -^-jj J _Ja_JL_,j .queil t yield t invent* : J_1* l-U>- ^j* t^"^-!

    o^-fc jJ 5^ jj-\ v^ 1^* ^UJ '^4 s>y" cr" ^ "Put downThe conjuror P-^ :_ a look after., ^v : Ji- t preposition

    J&i jt t (tolerate) n Put up with J%>^ 1 : Jt. ^1 ^i^j o^JiJl .

    (kill) do away with

    ^>- ii partial idioms v'>^ ^'^rr^* Vr^' -^ ^ ^' ^^*J

  • ^Lw ^UJI ^l 6s+**Sj *UJl UU~ ^^KJl ^j^f 0;S,j^>H\ yuD! ^J *_z> t ^jJ| J|^ .red hain ^Jl ^ui

    . ^

    make a ^^ jU^ jj^j, U^ &J ; ^_jl (Ju ^ io> Qjb**US j^j oU i*^* i]U_,

    .SjUJl ol^l ^ *p^. ojjjl* bad

    white wine ^ j t j^Ul Ll ^ white coffee jV c white jkJtJ^isJ Uuj JJA^ , jfAJCjJ ^ji white people* j i*lyL* 5^Lp ^oVU- /rf, Jl Lflyb ^^ tU i*p Jl iui o^; awhite iUSUjUpL, f0^i_j H black ^,l D iUS" ji l^jj] J^ ^j . tUJ j^JLJiur^ ^ r^j) ^Ul e>j S^SJI J* L^i^l jj* l^J ((antonym Ijl^)rj^i_, V II*^ .(j^Ul ^ a_J|^ ^I!l jj^JL ^J U41- J^ljj>& jl^ SJj>J! ^dlj j^ aJI ^ jl jZU, lii^j .^kJl Jrain- L^j, (yj >^ SjU Ji- ^> ol^J Vy> /ftl ^>^Jl JjIt rains old women and,, : j^Jj-Jb jLy LjJ

    ^) ing cats and dogs4 JAJi *j . hfj* *SLm UU y> dj& V Uj 1^ jj Ui &J . (((sticksUujj

    .U^ oLUSJl ^LJ j! iJ&Il oJLS" 131 U j^J6 jl ^waJl ^

    ap i&jd oUJ^

    jii^ji^ ji ji&j oi^cJi *j* ji(Jga

    jl j5Uj V l$JV ol^j ^ . J| . . ,,red herring* j kick the bucket.

    UJfc- iliLuJi j^o V li* Jti . LJUVl jl Jl Ji 3^L-^orJ cdgarde-malade,, ^ ,,nurse ^^^Jl,, J^ ^IjJl UJ>JI iU53liL4JI UL^- ^Ij ^^UiVl Jl i^iU L^^-y jSUiV !* d\ &-

    J

    lOOk-i^j jli t ^>f ^u ^ .Jb^ j^ ^I]| ^.^JJI ^;A? (^! ^J Ji vU If^ry JU, ^iLSi , t UUJ i,^ jjj aafter

    .

    .(edrycfa aroi)

    ^oY

  • e^ 1 j-ai

    Collocation and grammar

    *ti^Vl 6JJ*U\ J-UJI oLy_- ^ ft^^o, ji jJjSi.\ JjU-j .^UUob Ulj-iJli ^j^. J^-b . JLiJl J~- J^. JjLw' ji

  • JUif ** (Jy>U\j JpUJ15) nouns tUb iuUJl 4~*j*

    ** *i "tf

  • making fl^iVl* La j_>l~ Ul *\jj . iYou can't drink breads ;

  • u^^aiJl *TJ J* oUfll ^w 4JUjl 4afcSj 4 J^sJl

    1V

  • JjVi J^Di

    iL^Jlj jf jSUt jdl

    _/> Jad J-*-^'

    ^ .(^ylill s-iUl j^ _JUJl J-aiJl) i-tyfclkll oLLydi J}U ^ _^t!j_a

    ; p^J j^a J-*->- _$jL*- Jij-i* jr^ Uai i ."& ijyfcUaJl oUuycJl jl

    yt. J_*^JJ 4,.^a.:..ua.^- 4j[jjuj ^jL-iNl ,y*~-- 0^1 . ft this is a.... j_j_j

    ^yU- LJ_^>-_ ^y^j 4jf ^ix. sense ^-^Jlo ^1 ^iaJlj ^j-*-^- _CII jf jl&l j5Uj Vj

    .

    ((HorsesJ~>- :

    *_!_" ^^uoj J-*~: l^-^--*, V -^j-* jj~

  • > *~- UjUM, l^U,. ( , minor j^,, -^ UjUpL lJ| ^|

    oi *ui.*-u- La,^ at ^h iiW^f ^ i^r y^ .^- ^

    of c-it-j j^i oil ., j_^ ^ , :j;yaj ;us>

    i

    (jJ ^f^ yj

    J-* o* ^-^ l.x* JM-avv. v*^ u-ij .i,>oUf^.t

    ,>~ of .LOJl^ jji ojjj.^^j, ^ jj^^ ^ i__:^

    J~ jSLi o^ liJfl, j^Lj_^. ^ _^j Jf^ ^l^j,

    ^~ oUl ^ti ij. rJ . jui J^iJl j f^j| IJU J,^ a^j,

    1

  • ja\^\

    kJad1 -XpIjS:

    Projection rules

    L*5 (^l^jl ^Ul ^ gUl J-^ill) iJnUJl J^Jij ^LaJI ^ ^-W

    jj^Cj jJ! ii^iajl-jUiJf- rj $ Jj^L- J-^aiJ! lift ^Jj .(^--UJl

    . J^>J!^ Ji oLKJl^ ^ Ul*fc JiA*Jki\ of l***

    Projection JxJaJ^Ji -U^IjJj-j JU-l_j_dJl oJlac^Jj . o^-a* i^o^^c* il^*

    jjUJ! Lt , ((Amalgamation U-Lo[ "lA*^ -^j^ c*H J^-iJ taRules

    ^JJ ^>JI J-UJl y pi vi^J Ljk^Jlj . ((Paths IWjW-i L^~^

    LJj . distinguishes olj_v^Jlj markers obJL^wJl ia>j j_* g4^a?Li

    ,_jj>mJl ^sOjJl o^J_>o -a-U^

    . IJ&Aj t J**^ **Nl JIj

  • t 2

    i-Ji& ^4.,-^ocJl jlj_Ji jj->*-li *--ijJi ajl*j of S/jf LUg 01

    0^5JL> the -wijjjcJl sbf ** l*4Jij'i*-1 ' ball i*A5j jt LJLp JjJj Jjyb-JUx- j_^j colorful 4_U5 J?^> j Ja>- tJA3 .ballj colorful

    a - *

    j-L^Jl jj_S^ j& t ^Ui jjJ J| jJw (color j_)olii i*-wi ^1 j-:-h*-j colorfuI ^w *, J_*UoJ (evaluative L-^-JL")

    iO-^Jl *> Ja^ t J^J -Ujla^- I4J ball 4_J>.

    ^IUp- t^ ^V g j_jJ

    t^9 ^LJI o^J-i (i-^ ^a" ur^'J' J-*^^ Jj-r^ ^! - iiUjt 01 ,-i-.(\^J>ju iU^Jl %*> i-k*; colorful *JL&

    J.LJJI) .k~ y L_-L)_Ljjb ^JiUN -lj-JI ^ l-i-Aj-C^L-^'14_J53 j-k-^j ball i-i^JL ball

    J_^>Jl jl j-^ i. i*J5UJ Ly_rj>Jl Jji^JL JjJ iolJ j *5j ji tj5U- LflS"

    JjcJL; j^J ti jj-S^j jf jSUj j_^oj.jt/*

    1^' *-=* l5-^' bali ^^ailj-Ji

    iJjJL Liu* c ij).

    jSUj **3 ball j^ jt^Vl Jb*Vl L.L ^^.^iJlcolorful SjUp t^-LjJ jV'j . (iii*f UjLipU Jj t oljLjJl o-l$J vJI^Jl

    n^

  • Jl j-~^ L*.L>f i jllL>- LJ Hit i-Ji" 01 . hit 4_JlS" *_* ball

    aJV ((Olj* *jjf jlia>-) Ow- Js.Ja>- iJUi LoJ j> J U^J .(Jlj^lIJ-a fb U 4 (^L^>-I J*L!J) jJb*JL colorfuI balli *a *.^ ^x, JV-bj

    .hit JU* ^ ^*i j|[ J cbe hits jf j~ ^ ball ^ gyjl

    Jo>> *-LJ jl . k : .,..; I^fj

    . oUl^oJ *jj\ L-U djy i?Ja>- aJLJ j^iLw>JJ Jaa* oUly *^jl rcrj ^Vl ^-1 J_> t (iaii -b-l_j Ja^-) the mam

    l fi'j-^' V^' jr* -lJ' J /tfl.H J) iil i-iil_L- J bfj JUiJj

    The idea cut then : JJ> ^L^>- JUJLxdl *^>-j ^Jlp Jjbs ^i iaJa^dl. J^kVI Jp oUI^J cJi Lfisf^ (John drank the bread* jl atree

    JU> V L^lS" J*JaiJl jf vlLliS" jjJu uThe man hit the colorful balh*

    jl Up- .oUIjJ ^rJ V, c^L^I jp ap^UJI J^JJ 4_JL Lfci c^JU

    i-l aJjU^j J ij>-\ Cj\jj**0 .lib* ^J . iolijMl ^-iJl i>JU:iL^Jl Jl U&\ j> JUi^l

    l Aso Jlp oUj_5s t_a; .J2J LJi _! ; Ijl

    : ^d^J! jf 1_^- IJlj .p tt^, v_i9

    j t LJa^ill J_pI^J

    iMice chase catsa j cats chase mice jl^-iiJl ^jlkJ Jaia_iJlj>

    L-l-'.

  • ^AJI ja ^\ W J-^uiil J UULiU jJl relational opposites

    ^ Jj-*^JJ j-Jl / r>-JJ^ U^U Si La*- . ^IjJlcats chasei :Ju^- jV JpUjVI o(i o%UJl ^ SOp-Ij L-Ul

    .

    Mice are chased by cats* &*> f_>^'smice

    LUi*j . oJuj-L^J w>hj A* 4j"5Ull direction L*Jlj

    j^Jl ivJl j^ Uj*. r* ^y-T otfjt ^j ^u^ V-^ 1

    j^ a_j5 J-.L; .(^-i-Ji^ ur" y^ ^)jL Jj_iJ! ^ U^jJ ((colorful balli g# Lu-Jl ^i aPregnant

    L^3 .pregnant mariB :Jjij^ Vj t ((pregnant womamhorse jt ^j upregnant horses Jj-Si ot 1

    ^lJ ^.W '- >

    jJL, IJu ^l_*j (/J-8 -) -^J^ 1 ^ j-J (mare ^^1 o^Uu)

    t ^J> J^-8 ^i ^-^j> J~* Bpregnant horsen LJ>_IJL$ JLi* ^j . gave birth ojJj . . . ^ Ja-Jj-i ji J&*ij

    ^J t Uf- ii>* J^i: ji ^k^-J Vj) li+J o-pi^Ji JL^j V

    _* .La* ^-.- -'-" LajIic-Lj pregnant

    *(/!-) ^ ^1 SjUt jt (JL-JI j- vi->- * neighbour*_JaJL.j . dL!i5 L-J neighbourj chiid jr^-^ 1 u^

    Utf

    nr

  • Cr~LJU /l ^j . iidJ! oJU Ji, i*JUJ J> jUJ ^S^f 4 4_^L>- ^transference rulei J SJL^Ii -^ *lx^i jf

    J-Udl of^ ili-Vl .JU JU jfl .rUll o^Jl J>J,

    m

  • ^JWI JsOaJI

    Predicate calculus

    .(^IjJl ^.Ul ^ ^l II J-a^) i-Ljjl oli c/^Li. oJtf^ US U>-

    ^ ii^JUJ . Sfj-J ^t ^U roi iUj^l oli ij-^JU JJ^I jt jjuy

    ^ _ ii-riii J^UxJi I JUfc JUj . oU^Jl J\ >JU J-UJI ,> - iJu^Ji

    ^ ,-,-mj_a iUj>- (*-*-*

    ^i *^i*' Y> ^.ojj-j *fj*->^ (*J>*^ //

    ^y^l j\ iSj^^ J**& - Jai* J-*L_o LJI --i'j) ((proposition

    Jj_*j^Ji >-l>p>-i ^ (terms ^jl^-i ^ jjSo" jL^V'j -(J 1^

    JffUjVl oli jjJ-^JI ^a oN^^JLi . Argument ^i^Jlj predicateJaJjJ jdl ijA>Jl ^ oU^JI Uf . J^JI ^ JUiVl JJU; Silp ^jJohn loves Marys iL^ ^y fc JUJI J--. L^-o . 5->Lp I4UUJJ^%L^p ^j (jLpj^j-.) jlJb-j loves J_*JiL I^p^ (J_>^>~) i*^iJ&UJl) 4_ij-i~ ^'j-*' ^ Jj-*>mJI L^j-Jj ,Maryj John ^

    n

  • IJ^Jj -\ ^jf- J oi_A r*b>-f i_ij_- ^J^ cAj">La. L-ljif ,jji^- .John :J p5 jaj . Mary is married to John* : jL_>

    a__=-^L>- oj_a jJ J t o[ Married to ] jjJb-J ^ c f [ Married to ]

    O^j-^^Jl jj^i c Jj '(ti^- ' ^W^ 0^j.*^>j) iJUwJl Jj^>Jl IJi$J

    AJL^l tffyu^aJl oJUJUis otTXJii aJjLj jli^l sUjVI ll* Sj~* j[UjL^L oUXJl dJLa Ji* Jl ^k_J Xa . JLjjVl oli oUjJl JlBill is i : ljj> J_L Vli* -L^-U Lp^j . ^^>- Ijl>-Ij Uj^j j^^J ii}U(iparent of aJ*>U j* J_5 ^p^ jl JUy Ljb ^y^ij . Harry's fatherBill j Harry : Jj_ii j-*jJl pJ-J>*i~J> jf _..k:....Jj Cr^-i* + ) jj-*Jlj

    Bill is the parent ^t i(j Jl j-*^ 4 la a; 11) [ Male ] Bill .[ Parent ].((Bill is male n j of Harry

    ^\-*j>*jj . jlPj_u?j^i j\ ^yj>y> LjjJ jjj JS AjI j^i (JliLoJl IJL* jj. jJlCJl CjIS_j R-U-ljJl jljl Olj)) oNj^t^JI Jl jiaJlj o^U J^iil

    LJyj ^ oVj-^m S^l I iJ^U oli oNj_^>^ iJU* (jj_$J jj_,.John gave Bill a book JLlJI J give iJiS" ^ilJi Jlij . oIpj^j^

    jj_^J jJj .->- 4 ^ 4 I [ give ] : Lw> L>jJ give iJ53 4.. JU Sw^i

    n-\

  • UjL^I ^J\ y jt ^jJl j~ t U>- Jr^ 1 J *** Ji ^^1) ^JlSU Olj oN^K^J tJb-lj j&* Oij O^T***- jm *~&\j Ji

    i i.fc,^y, jL j^JJ rU-Jl J ^Subordination f^^t J-*^ 1

    [ think ] Jj^>~Jl jl J^U flFred thinks that John loves Maryi

    jt(-$jj_r-^Jl j^j .aJohn loves Mary* ^\j Fred :U* o\*jJ>y VJl. ^ modifiers i-j_p*Jl ol-LiJl J^" Jp jij-atf jj& jt Lif Jjy

    Jl 7-b>*: _ I-L* J*ii J^ - U& - (tbrave man* SjLp J brave Ui5

    J* Sj^-^j - ?*-J[ awhich is wti who arei uwho is ^ L- 5^j^ jl uibrave man j dThe brave mam ^ j~^ jt J-jy ^^ Jj_a

    sail LSn j* Oj-*j~*i ^LuJl jl A brave mam j tithe brave man

    . (iJJVl Jp -b-lj Jlj^ Ljjh) 3 j (all) V ^%JL Some ^~ j*^1 ijj^' ^ ;LaL:^ ^J^ Ji^ - Js-tJ-^ ^^ ~ ^^gthe dog ; LjJjJ J a j the ^ j^J jt Jl _L>J _ 0-5UiL, _

    I'm looking* :U*>- J *ly Uju >-U a dog* Jy ^ .a dog jj\ and when I fing it ; Jj-ii J_^lj- J ^> - ' ^^ ft for a do^

    ^-\v

  • > i -^* i~ 1-Uj c(t[^i5])

    :jj_5J i-ij- I-La a_,

    :.^ o[ . dthe brave man J-*& L^o ) *lj

    I j J^ j.* I ^\S3l JJU f ^lJh ^1 . (f [^L^-i] . I Oj]) (t )

    ^Aia-^^li jf).such that ^L&l Ji* 5*1^5"^^y ^ >-* I

    1\j-a Jl Uj_J ^-^J jf o^l ^.k.:.-.;j . ((f *-V-) JL->^ J^y ^1the brave man ran ^-is a!^>JI -Jw> tjLidl J-cr- ^^^o . Ij-a*5 ^J^l

    I jJlJl JJ^ i jSWli ^l t (t [J-^j]) (I ^i>) [> ] jj& ^j- awaythe young boy loves the beautiful* iU^- Uf . ny f-l>t-i y jf t J>-j y>

    (f -^ girlv^j ll* j .(^[iL^-] .

  • jjjc j\ i-j-u;^ iJ-^JJ ^-rW' ^Jcii y '**^ ^ & fc(^

    ljl^ jJI vHJu j* iy^ jtft ^U Jl Propositions jU-Vl JUJ^ oJU- J JJt Ji til JUIJs-Jpj .;i^U~UloUl

    ^L_-Vl ^i J>~J Jl A-J 1-; t Bill gave Harry a book

    ^tf^JU-^J-^JUa lJr t^ J [Give ] - [ give ] : i-ftLiii: JkJl _pJl Jn> U^Jl

    j_- t -^ , ; ti ^...^jj Bill caused Harry to have a book*

    ['cause] i_J5 oU^y o^^ (- ^ [ Have *' t cause 1JJuJLjj .(.Harry have a book*) ^- ^ [have] ,-iJtj

    (Billi) f ^

    cause to be nob jt acause to be dead, L^t J* Bill aJS^ JJUk- o%> JU-^-l j~*5 ^ j+ /UU^-1 ^ ^ i^Vlj . .alive

    flJohn cilled Mary* iU^Jl iJwy . -^ Jl j-^ ^ ^^^t

    . ( w [alive^- ]) ^[Become]) J [cause] ji[ OjS-i ^sj.

    John caused Mary become Mary not aliven

    .L4J oU j^r >* ^" [become] j [caused] ^ JS3 jt W^l

    ^i kJs}*\ umj i-Ji* -iui .iJu>Ji *u ^ fj*^-j jJi ^.^

    m

  • ^Jj+9*a fjj>y %j**y(cause) (John) I

    f 1 I

    y**A tjT+y fj-^r(become) (Mary)

    |

    J,

    (r-/ Alive)

    1

    (Mary)

    ^Jj J^jJl JJl^Jl li* Jt. & ixUj jf tla^Jl &* ^i -_,jAk; ^ .^j-^Jl o-j ^yU- John killed Maryn *L^J . JI

    Jji; ot /^Jl ^y. oV t John caused Mary to become deadn $\ y_-:>jW J -^- t3>J' i^J .((Mary on Saturday

    ^. i M (JJ . .^^L-Vlj i JlSUJI tffc Jl ^UVU) U^J cOVl

    j^. jtf

  • CJ'^I J^iJl

    and Synthetic

    !* j_*^j ((Necessary i^jjj J>i L**J -l ^ truth i_>waJl ^ ^pj

    i

    j* JSUp- Jlp Ju*i*j ((Contingent ^jU-d j-*-M\j i ^aW , J t oIs^LjJI

    . iAll bachelors ^I^Vi are unmarried

    .

    A1I bachelors are miserable *1*J

    t^LUuSl * -* /H ^ ojjkj . unmarried *_*I^> I^j^Lpj hachelor->

    ^y i^>w L^t ij) II t bachelors wI^Vl Jj-^ i^xJU *ilj ^ U5 _u^i ('

    ^f1

    ^1

    ^i UL^iU ^dl sense relations v~*Jl olklJjNl jt UUJ twMjj

    this is tSy*j-** : Jy OU - L^JLS" Jl_*^iNi oli*)U._j KwJj^s j ^-u j^

    \v\

  • J-i ^1 oLi}L>Jl jt jJl-jj . nthis is redi : J_^J Lib ' rpi oscarlet

    uJl giljJI Jy .U,f If-.. ,/rt 1*15 oUjJI Jl >Jb JJUJl IfJjtat,bachelor i*lJ Marker bJL** (Unmarried) bLu J jtf*j*J j*^ ^1i-di" ^-fljj-u

    ^y j>- ^ unmarried oV bJ_>* o_& of v--^. \-f&IJla Ji d*->-j jjJ of - aJ*4j _ ju.~k:.>Jj t(-L^*-ij

    (

    ^JI

    ^^ of -b ^ aJI) yjlkJl (^uJL bachelor JJ ^JL. of ^*j V IJlaj>J^Jl ^ of JUL, ^.U :...;j .^jl . . cB.Sc uljjJlCJl J^Uj J\

    . \^J>yJ^*J> ^>. bachelor i*lJ (Unmarried)

    J 4iUl Of AJ '* Lwa' LJJl>j o^>w? JI CJLS \s[ U Lwb

    : ^L*j>Jl "}LL (ULJ . jJi _pJ le- o^J>^a Jl tUlp ,_$JUl c platypus ^j^J^LJl ol_j~>- of /)*> ^ toijj~^Jl

    i>*~>w? CJ LajI oj^SJ-dl J-->*Jl OL* IJla *j-? *JI Oli 4_....5^1)1 jf A,JLrUml!l i__>waJl

    j^wij- a_jU_;_J Jj-uJ J_po jJUJl 61 .mammalj carnivore

    ^VY

  • oji t JUJ1 J^ Jej .u^ jf ^k^ t 4rtiyj JkL *t> ,carnivore |^J ^UVl ^aJ| If^, f^ .^1 J^f,oil

    .

    j^JJl JJL \ ^ t carnivore o^ ^U^ ^ JjL*j fc(ij^fJLoV xj^- j^_ jf (JUI ^k-u 1JU JU .Ljl^5^ 1 " jf ULU; 4^k->w. iL>Ji cJtf li[ L. I*, ij^^ s> u-J ^^ ^*> oV JJU ijJUi, of o,>.,, \ iU] jrtjUJi

    J*) ur- 1-^' 0^ ^J 1-^ ^f* "this stoal has abroken back jj-L* -i_y.,.^cJuriMUjf^^^^^of^u^^^^^.^^

  • gjj-* j-l>LZ 0\J dJJj J* lj%s-j cJ^U^l J* SJ-S> C_J iUrtfl

    oli^LjJl ^ c J 4,aU -. oil oli">L*JU t(jV 'oil ((Ajw^U-b \&j& i*Ji*

    J

    {J^*J \-4r>* ctJU- ^jjh L>5 AjJ^

    NVi

  • o'LSat ij_^Jt JUa-iU ji^ J^ JJUJ iJub Ji, w^ ^i JlO \,

    Sy.-M- jJLJ b^C UU; iiL> j ; > (!^K ^^cJl Jl^jl ^^ ijjii._JL; j.^1 ^j_; jLc; JjVl iia^Jl . ^JLiUJU. JjVl S**Jdl JfMl\ _ UL.VI ^^ ^ - 1 JL> JyOw Oj_-j . il^l

    Cil^JI ^j i(-iUJl uUl y ,\jj\ J^-iJI) JLJl JL-w spL^

    .(~Ul wAJ! j* LrA^i\ J^l) ;L*JU J^jjl ^^l JaJ^JI

    \v

  • JjVl J-aiJl

    j*J>fc**dlj J^lJl

    Grammar and Lexicon

    -^j #Ui i^l Jl - JliJl yUI ^ ^uji j^iJi j _ up!

    ytt l^l J^JU . oJJl_pj ^ ^iib; (oU^cJl

    cij-^ 1 Jg* -Ltf . l^_, ^^1 .Up jf^ .^^ ^J,oUi!l j.aj c Ja^ 2^J ^^_S3l ft|j>-f ^ cC.C. Fries j_.ly ^.^VlcJl^o f*>\ji ftij_>-[ U . l^y^j, s^JLp ^^^ Function words a^UpJIO^-A >-'> j' f*J cO^Jlj c^LaJIj iJ*iJ!j t^-Vl -abIjJI J_

    -fiili j^-s 'LLi?

    the, may, not, very, and, at, do, there, why, although, oh, yes!, listen,

    please, let's.

    fcur^b l^''

    J-^ J^ 1-^ -***** *-> Ji- " ^i J-j iVst>J!

    J_^u LJi ^jJ Jp) c-Ij- -L_>- J^- Morphemes ^x-Jl oli

  • ijj ^t ^ i_L*Jl i-i^Ji JJUiJl JUJb" J O^ j^ Jj .oL*KJl

    ^U ^JV-UJ JJU- ^j^ 4U* ^rJ 0& .(-ed ifc-SJI fl-L^L,begoingi ft-Sc-l jt willj shall ^UiJU Ol jU- ^-Ul t J-i^-Jl

    I fly to cairoB : *\ .j^f o^:j t essive Jlj. as J-**Jl j=i J^ 1 Ji A^ ^-^^i^ .i-^r^Ji ol^LJl ^ sx^yi^Jl J-^>Jlj ii-i>^ ^U-V

    the boysi : iUrJl ^iJLSi Jl^j . i^ L^ ^i^^Jl ^-^ ^ -J^ 1jt .i^ _ ^Jax-. luSy 4 JJ ^ is in the gardenBeen a when h : U^ J^J^NI J* sj-pU ^ J^^-" ^ ^-^ r^V

    \vv

  • ol_?-L-. 1p Jl y> r_r^> *-*>* J-^**?' jj 'S3 t 4_>Jjl (JjUOJ jl 4Xj>0 -Sva\ a_J lUjLjj . L*^*A^ 4j*JLa -jp

    t j_Ss~ C^Jj J^>J . jlj_~*^ j^>0*Jl jl ., gk J iJj J tL^iA*

    ^j-^^J *y 4loj>- jl5ol_ lgiJ 4_=

    ^idJl Carnape ^UjLS" jUl LiJlj

    ^kJL Ij_j_^-J i^^w? jj_j t$ji *_^ n3^UVl ^1p i.jJ^I iJ5 J

    y*i UJ[ t,j.">rjJl -jA c. >- l^JI lp 34*3jI oijli Jia JjLj jl5s| -j* w-J /^Jl

    ^ k^s-jJ ^ bit -LS"_^Jl j^i . IJLa J-Jti! ^j-o i^-j jL^! j* ^y^VUL^J j_^J jdi a5j^W\j 4jj^,j j^p ((John drank the meats 4!*^- JL J^ill

    >VA

  • U L>***tj jj^j Jj-aJli.

    i-^i ^^ the boys is in the garden* il*j>-

    ji-u ^ ij^i. J_*^u l^-jj U;f ^j t ijjj jLi ^^J^ UjUpI

    ^ 4 The boys are in the garden^ ; JjJlj Jl ~_jL^ jf ,k-.;^-**^' jr* ^J^ ^-*J-J ^>*J' Jlpl^iU 44 Ik* ^^SJ J jj iU>Jl jf ^>.

    Jij-k J* ^ ~ j^j^ ^t ^o'Lfcil/l)John*

    :iU>- t jUuJ! J~- ^Ui . *j ^_ii^-j Ji ^JJl JLJl j* J^>Jl

    ^* (j-*^J * ^-^-Jt fcL> ^ ^-* jf Jl (. **>>^ jXj _ii ((drinks fishThe ^JOJ J.li) iU>J (Li* ^ j!) Lyui f^-i- JuhJ jf J^l JLp*_*j-U- ftl^iiJl jl^iVli

    L !i_* jf J ^L-j, Uv .^JI^J^I Jl ^JU L^U piU^ L-x*

    *_y_^i jp jj_SJ J-*^- iiL^i . 7*lj J-91-* -^- ^y*-*^-^ 1 *-ilj^*Vljv.j-f- o^* ^-^-f *>Up- ji jj>. ^ t ^J^m: j\ ^>*J! Jl^* LjA rj^S

  • JU M bJlj ccJy^- _>r ^ ; jt

    ^ ^w Sji ^ aJ! jJj ijL-j The dog scattered)) iU^-- Jaj^J viJJJJj LSU-* >UaJl jl5 I ij L-p JljII j} J-iJj . u^iJ 4jjL>e oJu*. jli

    ,Juj jjJ_Jj jjo>JIj j_.'.]Lj JUjI J, ./gtfll ^JuCjj . t **JW i-J^wj ^_JLJo1

    .

    l.g-.-iJ ikiJi J_p- 0 vr>-Vl bJ^JI ^ lf> U.lfr.t.T.J ^Ji 51**Vi

    \A

  • ^ISUj^uM

    Formal grammar

    Uv Otf ^r^Jb t *LJif *U-t L^L ^j'yC ^\S nouns U-VU li-JVa

    jl J ^tj UU: ^ib^* flJbw-l lJU> .i.LJi

    ^^1 ii^p Ofj njfllpi Oj-& Ot ^^v U(^ - (OJU *->Ul j^^ . Jl ^ s*lj aL- cJtf

    .ijXUl iJ^LJl J jJI ilii 0_>& of 1 V - 1>**JI

    JSUiij tUU ULp j^, ^yxJI Of JjVi *jJi :^j^i j^J'

    \A\

  • J[ JkM., AAij^i *J^JI J jZUj ^wilj ;_JU> J^*-^ J^ri *- ^ op*L^j

    .(L-ao jl5 ^ij^A xj L. IJLa Jp Jli* fjjlj . U-jA*

  • The wheat is ins : -b : OjjcJJ 01 U>- . cJjJl JI SjLiVl

    fijlfb J-JU 01 Ji ^-j Lit J ^^UiJl JUij n*^- iJiLuJ 1 ii%Jl i_^rj

    >Af

  • ^JLp ^ JUJl tiSj t ">Luli Lk^-^ of ttk^Jl j*i &^^ &LjJ1 ii^UJl Ja^ t _j_>*iJJ ^L**S Jlp- ^ J>-JlJ U-Up, . aWjJIi uaii jV iU-^ ,J[ J~- (.^J-^LJ J^l *r^ *M-1 (*"^-* J***^'jl ijj-^ JSUaiJl oJlS I >[ L. J^ jl - J^Tm. >.11 j^ jj jJ o[ - L^iJUif i3L^j

    .(John slept coming every dayi : ii*^ J^U IJJj . 4_JYa

    John kept coming every* : UjJ Ji t ing iJws l$*w keep J_i-John hoped com- : Jj? }L lf*-iJ V hope JJ> e^-f JUilj t da


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