evaluasi instalasi pengolahan air limbah rumah...

EVALUASI INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH

RUMAH SAKIT MARINIR CILANDAK

SKRIPSI

Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana

Oleh:

Reny Rosiani

201410245027

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK LINGKUNGAN

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS BHAYANGKARA JAKARTA RAYA

2018

Evaluasi Instalasi..., Reny, Fakultas Teknik 2018

iv

ABSTRAK

Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah Rumah Sakit Marinir Cilandak beroperasi sejak 2011,

menggunakan sistem Biofilter Anaerob-Aerob dengan media sarang tawon. Debit air limbah yang

dihasilkan adalah 124 m3/hari.

Konsentrasi karakteristik inlet air limbah pada masing-masing parameter berada pada

rentang rendah yaitu pH 7,51, zat padat tersuspensi 48,9 mg/L, BOD5 37,83 mg/L, COD 136,36

mg/L, minyak dan lemak < 1,13 mg/L, senyawa aktif biru metilen 4,77 mg/L, organik (KMnO4)

88,45 mg/L dan total coliform 4973,4 mg/L. Pengolahan biologis dengan trickling filter efisiensi

penghilangan BOD yaitu 80-95%, dari hasil evaluasi didapat efisiensi yaitu BOD 90,11%, zat

padat tersuspensi 88,03%, COD 73,26%, dan Organik (KMnO4) 90,48%. Hasil uji effluen untuk

secara keseluruhan hampir memenuhi baku mutu, seperti pH, zat padat tersuspensi, BOD, COD,

minyak dan lemak, senyawa aktif biru metilen, dan organik. Hanya pada hasil uji III dan IV

parameter total coliform, melebihi baku mutu dengan nilai 9000 mg/L sedangkan baku mutu yang

ditetapkan adalah 5000 mg/L. Bak khlorin diperlukan untuk mengontrol konsentrasi total coliform

agar memenuhi baku mutu. Evaluasi IPAL secara keseluruhan berada dalam kategori baik.

Kata Kunci: Evaluasi, Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah, Rumah Sakit, Biofilter Anaerob-aerob.


v

ABSTRACT

Wastewater treatment plant at the Marinir Cilandak Hospital operated since

2011, using anaerobic-aerobic biofilter system with honeycomb media. Discharge of

waste water produced is 124 m3/day.

Concentration waste water inlet characteristics at each of the parameters that

are in the low range namely pH 7,51, suspended solids 48,9 mg/L, BOD5 37,83 mg/L,

COD 136,36 mg/L, grase oil < 1,13 mg/L, methylene blue 4,77 mg/L, organic

(KMnO4) 88,45 mg/L dan total coliform 4973,4 mg/L. Biological process with

trickling filter, BOD removal efficiency of 80-95%, the efficiency of the evaluation

results obtained is 90,11%, suspended solids 87,03%, COD 73,26%, and Organic

(KMnO4) 90,48%. Test results for the overall effluent nearly met the standard, such as

pH, suspended solids, BOD, COD, oil and grase, methylen blue, and organic (KMnO4).

Only the test results III and IV parameters of total coliform, exceeded the quality

standard with value up to 9000 mg/L, while the quality standards estabilished is 5000

mg/L. Chlorine chamber required for controlling the concentration of total coliform in

order to meet the quality standars. Overall evaluation of WWTP in ideal category.

Keyword: Evaluation, Wastewater Treatment Plant, Hospital, Anerobic-Aerobic

Biofilter


ix

DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ........................................................................... i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ........................................................................... ii

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN .......................................................................... iii

ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... iv

ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................v

LEMBAR PUBLIKASI ................................................................................ vi

KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................. vii

DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................. ix

DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................... xiii

DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................... xiv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................xv

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................1

1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................................1

1.2 Identifikasi Masalah ....................................................................................2

1.3 Rumusan Masalah .......................................................................................2

1.4 Tujuan Penelitian ........................................................................................3

1.5 Batasan Masalah..........................................................................................3

1.6 Manfaat Penelitian ......................................................................................3

1.7 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ......................................................................3

1.8 Metode Penelitian........................................................................................3

1.9 Sistematika Penulisan .................................................................................3


x

BAB II LANDASAN TEORI .........................................................................5

2.1 Jenis Air Limbah Rumah Sakit ...................................................................5

2.2 Sumber Air Limbah Rumah Sakit ...............................................................5

2.3 Karakteristik Air Limbah ............................................................................6

2.3.1 Karakteristik Fisik .............................................................................6

2.3.2 Karakteristik Kimia ...........................................................................7

2.3.3 Karakteristik Biologi .........................................................................8

2.4 Karakteristik Air Limbah Rumah Sakit ......................................................8

2.5 Sistem Pengolahan Air Limbah ..................................................................9

2.5.1 Pengolahan Primer (Primary Treatment) ........................................10

2.5.2 Pengolahan Sekunder (Secondary Treatment) Biologis .................10

2.5.3 Pembunuhan Kuman (Desinfeksi) ..................................................15

2.5.4 Pengolahan Lanjutan (Ultimate Disposal) ......................................15

2.6 Kriteria IPAL Biofilter Anaerob-Aerob ....................................................15

2.7 Parameter Kinerja Unit Pengolahan ..........................................................17

2.8 Standar Baku Mutu Air Limbah Rumah Sakit ..........................................18

BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ...................................................20

3.1 Desain Penelitian .......................................................................................20

3.2 Sumber Data ..............................................................................................20

3.3 Teknik Pengumpulan Data ........................................................................21

3.4 Teknik Pengolahan Data ...........................................................................21

3.5 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ....................................................................22

3.6 Deskripsi Rumah Sakit Marinir Cilandak .................................................22


xi

BAB IV ANALISIS DAN PEMBAHASAN ................................................24

4.1 Analisis Proses Pengolahan ......................................................................24

4.2 Analisis Inlet Air Limbah..........................................................................24

4.2.1 Analisis Debit Air Limbah ..............................................................24

4.2.2 Analisis Karakteristik Air Limbah ..................................................25

4.3 Analisis Kriteria Desain ............................................................................27

4.3.1 Analisis Pengolahan Primer ............................................................27

a. Bak Pemisah Lemak dan Minyak ...............................................27

b. Bak Ekualisasi ............................................................................27

4.3.2 Analisis Pengolahan Sekunder ........................................................28

a. Bak Pengendap Awal ..................................................................28

b. Bak Biofilter Anaerob ................................................................29

c. Bak Biofilter Aerob ....................................................................31

d. Bak Pengendap Akhir .................................................................35

e. Bak Biokontrol ............................................................................37

f. Badan Air ....................................................................................37

4.4 Analisis Outlet IPAL .................................................................................37

4.4.1 Analisis Effluen Berdasarkan Standar Baku Mutu .........................37

a. pH ...............................................................................................38

b. Zat Padat Tersuspensi .................................................................39

c. BOD5 ...........................................................................................40

d. COD ............................................................................................40

e. Minyak dan Lemak .....................................................................41


xii

f. Senyawa Aktif Biru Metilen .......................................................42

g. Organik (KMnO4) .......................................................................42

h. Total Coliform ............................................................................43

4.4.2 Analisis Efisisensi Total Pengolahan Air Limbah Rumah Sakit ....44

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ........................................................46

5.1 Kesimpulan ...............................................................................................46

5.2 Saran ..........................................................................................................47

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

LAMPIRAN


xiii

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1 Sumber Air Limbah ................................................................................. 5

Tabel 2.2 Karakteristik Air Limbah ......................................................................... 9

Tabel 2.3 Karakteristik Proses Pengolahan Air Limbah dengan Proses Biologis . 14

Tabel 2.4 Kriteria Pengolahan Primer (Primary Treatment) ................................. 15

Tabel 2.5 Kriteria Pengolahan Sekunder (Secondary Treatment) ........................ 16

Tabel 2.6 Standar Baku Mutu Air Limbah Rumah Sakit ..................................... 19

Tabel 3.1 Pendekatan dan Metode Penelitian ........................................................ 20

Tabel 3.2 Sumber Data .......................................................................................... 21

Tabel 4.1 Analisis Karakteristik Inlet Air Limbah ................................................ 25

Tabel 4.2 Hasil Analisis Kriteria Desain IPAL ...................................................... 36

Tabel 4.3 Data Kualitas Effluen IPAL RSMC ...................................................... 37

Tabel 4.4 Efisiensi Pengolahan Air Limbah RSMC .............................................. 44


xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Diagram Proses Pengelolaan Air Limbah Rumah Sakit ...................... 9

Gambar 2.2 Diagram Proses Pengolahan Air Limbah Biofilter Anerob-Aerob .... 11

Gambar 2.3 Proses Teknologi Pengolahan Air Limbah Secara Biologis .............. 13

Gambar 3.1 Lokasi Penelitian ................................................................................ 22

Gambar 3.2 Kondisi Eksisting IPAL RSMC ......................................................... 23

Gambar 4.1 Proses IPAL RSMC Biofilter Anerob-Aerob..................................... 24

Gambar 4.2 Grafik Nilai pH pada Effluen IPAL ................................................... 38

Gambar 4.3 Grafik Kandungan Zat Tersuspensi pada Effluen IPAL .................... 39

Gambar 4.4 Grafik Kandungan BOD5 pada Effluen IPAL .................................... 40

Gambar 4.5 Grafik COD pada Effluen IPAL......................................................... 41

Gambar 4.6 Grafik Minyak dan Lemak pada Effluen IPAL .................................. 41

Gambar 4.7 Grafik Senyawa Aktif Biru Metilen pada Effluen IPAL.................... 42

Gambar 4.8 Grafik Organik (KMnO4) pada Effluen IPAL.................................... 43

Gambar 4.9 Grafik Total Coliform ........................................................................ 43

Gambar 6.1 IPAL RSMC ................................................................... LAMPIRAN 1

Gambar 6.2 Bak Penampung Air Limbah .......................................... LAMPIRAN 1

Gambar 6.3 Bak Pemisah Lemak dan Minyak................................... LAMPIRAN 1

Gambar 6.4 Bak Biofilter Aerob ........................................................ LAMPIRAN 1

Gambar 6.5 Bak Biokontrol (Fish Pool) ............................................ LAMPIRAN 1

Gambar 6.6 Badan Air Penerima (Sungai Krukut) ............................ LAMPIRAN 1

Gambar 6.7 Rumah Pompa (Blower Udara) ...................................... LAMPIRAN 1


xv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

LAMPIRAN 1 : DOKUMENTASI IPAL RSMC

LAMPIRAN 2 : LAPORAN HASIL UJI LAB

LAMPIRAN 3 : HASIL WAWANCARA


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