ethnic & internal conflicts;

minorities & nationalists;

image & identity

approaches to ethnic conflict

• primordialist• instrumentalist• constructivist• institutionalist

michael e. brown

• apa itu konflik etnis? apa itu kelompok etnis?

• apa itu konflik internal?• apa itu perang sipil? kapan konflik

internal dapat dikatakan sebagai perang sipil?

• apa itu konflik regional? cara pandang yang ada terhadap konflik regional simplistik dan mekanistik – apa maksudnya? apa akibat sebuah konflik internal terhadap tetangganya? apa saja respon yang dapat diberikan negara tetangga?

michael e. brown• faktor struktural:

– weak states– intrastate security concerns– ethnic geography

• faktor politik:– discriminatory political institutions– exclusionary national ideologies– intergroup politics– elite politics

• faktor ekonomi/sosial:– economic problems– discriminatory economic systems– economic development and modernisation

• faktor kultural/persepsi:– patterns of cultural discrimination– problematic group histories

michael e. brown

• “we know a lot of things that are true about civil violence, but we do not know when they are going to be true”

• catalytic / triggering /proximate causes:– internally driven – elite level– internally driven – mass level– externally driven – elite level– externally driven – mass level

michael e. brown

• “no fault history”

• domestic elites driven by:– ideological struggles– criminal assaults on state sovereignty– power struggles

• why do followers follow?– existence of antagonistic group

histories– economic problems

ted robert gurr

• ethnopolitical groups– national peoples– minority peoples

• konflik etnopolitik adalah konsekuensi dari modernisasi:– berkembangnya negara modern– berkembangnya sistem ekonomi

global– revolusi komunikasi

ted robert gurrwhy minorities rebel?• salience of ethnocultural identity

– how much difference it makes in people’s lives– dissimilarities among groups– group psychology of comparative

advantage/disadvantage– open conflict

• incentives for action– collective disadvantages– loss of political autonomy– repression– frames for ethnopolitical action

• dynamics of protracted conflict• capacity for action

– territorial concentration– preexisting organisation– formation of coalition– authenticity of leadership

janice gross stein• enemy image

– need for identity– dynamics of group behavior

• identity and conflict– identitas personal dan sosial sering

bertentangan– orang cenderung multi identitas– ada yang lebih kompetitif/kooperatif

• mengapa?– identitas bukan given, melainkan:

• dipilih oleh ybs• dipaksakan oleh pemegang otoritas• hasil konstruksi sosial

– konflik ada ketika aneka identitas dalam diri saling bertentangan

selective perception & psychologic

• stereotyping: simplifying cognitive categories referring to groups of people

• tunnel vision: tendency to concentrate upon a few specific aspects of the conflict environment

• separation: defending the ‘enemy image’ against contamination (not crediting other’s good actions, avoiding the communicator)

• bolstering: seeking out evidence to support a position already taken to justify it to self & others

• polarisation: widening the gap, highlighting the differences among parties

-> lessening the ability to emphatise, universalise one’s own frame of reference

selective recall

• repression: unconscious process by which nonconforming information which usually redounds to one’s own or one’s party’s discredit, or contradicts the simple, black & white cognitive structure is not remembered

• suppression: similar to repression, but occurs at the conscious level, and with the knowledge and intention of the individual concerned

group identification• dehumanisation: regarding others as less than

human• identification: leads to related processes which

allow a ‘good’ member to enhance his own group’s value

• rationalisation: retain one’s image of his group … unconscious process of explaining the behavior that is unacceptable by either assigning logical reasons or excusing it

• projection: projecting to others the characteristics & traits in oneself of which one feels most ashamed and wishes to deny -> self-fulfilling prophecy

• displacement: redirecting feelings of hostility on to some available 3rd parties

self images

• images of an extended self: individuals identify not merely with a set of other similar individuals but with symbolic objects which come to represent the set, as much as the individuals in it

• virile & moral self images: tendencies to respond forcefully & aggressively to perceived threats … actions against adversaries are always interpreted as being principled & lacking in evil intent or ultimate effects

• intruder self images: alien intruder, alien agitator, traitors in our midst

adversary images

• black-top images: bad leaders, good citizens

• unified enemy image: bad leaders, bad citizens

interdependence of self/other images

• selective perception & interpretation: parties attach differing interpretations to actions or statements by themselves, their adversaries, or relevant 3rd parties

• mirror images: mutually uncomplimentary images of one another, in which the details of one tend to be the reverse of the details in the image held by the enemy

• maintaining interdependent images