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ENERGY METABOLISM Dr.Katrin Roosita, MSi.

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Page 1: ENERGY METABOLISM - kroosita2's blog · 1 Liver glycogen Glucose LIVER Blood ADIPOSE TISSUE HEART SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE OTHER TISSUES Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Triglycerides

ENERGY METABOLISM

Dr.Katrin Roosita, MSi.

Page 2: ENERGY METABOLISM - kroosita2's blog · 1 Liver glycogen Glucose LIVER Blood ADIPOSE TISSUE HEART SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE OTHER TISSUES Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Triglycerides

METABOLISME ENERGI……

Page 3: ENERGY METABOLISM - kroosita2's blog · 1 Liver glycogen Glucose LIVER Blood ADIPOSE TISSUE HEART SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE OTHER TISSUES Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Triglycerides

Fig 1. METABOLISM

(Courtesy: Rimbawan, 2007)

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Organ utama

pengaturan

metabolisme: hati,

jaringan lemak

(adipose), otot , dan

otak.

Peran: penyimpanan,

penggunaan dan

penyediaan sumber

energi (substrat).

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SISTEM PENGATURAN

METABOLISME

Sistem Hormon

Sistem Saraf

Ketersediaan

Substrat

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Hubungan

substrat – hormon- sistem

saraf

Substrat (glukosa dan protein)

mempengaruhi sekresi hormon

Hormon dan sistem saraf mengatur

metabolisme dan transport substrat.

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HORMON UTAMA METABOLISME

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http://www.medbio.info/Horn/PDF%20files/

homeostasis_2a.pdf

1 mmol/L = 18 g/dL

http://www.medbio.info/Horn/PDF%20files/homeostasis_2a.pdf

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http://www.medbio.info/Horn/PDF%20files/homeostasis_2a.pdf

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http://www.medbio.info/Horn/PDF%20files/homeostasis_2a.pdf

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Penurunan Kadar glukosa darah & sekresi hormon

Page 12: ENERGY METABOLISM - kroosita2's blog · 1 Liver glycogen Glucose LIVER Blood ADIPOSE TISSUE HEART SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE OTHER TISSUES Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Triglycerides
Page 13: ENERGY METABOLISM - kroosita2's blog · 1 Liver glycogen Glucose LIVER Blood ADIPOSE TISSUE HEART SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE OTHER TISSUES Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Triglycerides

http://www.medbio.info/Horn/PDF%20files/homeostasis_2a.pdf

Page 14: ENERGY METABOLISM - kroosita2's blog · 1 Liver glycogen Glucose LIVER Blood ADIPOSE TISSUE HEART SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE OTHER TISSUES Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Triglycerides

Fungsi insulin di sel target

en.wikipedia.org

Page 15: ENERGY METABOLISM - kroosita2's blog · 1 Liver glycogen Glucose LIVER Blood ADIPOSE TISSUE HEART SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE OTHER TISSUES Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Triglycerides
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http://www.medbio.info/Horn/PDF%20files/homeostasis_2a.pdf

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CONTOH:

http://www.medbio.info/Horn/PDF%20files/homeostasis_2a.pdf

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Aktivitas insulin di Sel Target

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Ketersediaan Substrat

Berbeda antara kondisi:

- post absorpsi

- puasa/starvation

- olahraga berat

- terjadi gangguan metabolisme dan kondisi

sakit.

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ABSORPTIVE STATE

2 - 4 HOURS period after

ingestion of a normal meal :

ABSORPTIVE STATE

INCREASES in plasma glucose, amino acids, and

triacylglycerols

baby-growths.com

Page 21: ENERGY METABOLISM - kroosita2's blog · 1 Liver glycogen Glucose LIVER Blood ADIPOSE TISSUE HEART SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE OTHER TISSUES Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Triglycerides

lipogenesis

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MECHANISMS OF HEPATIC- AMINO ACID

METABOLISM (in the absorptive period)

The surplus amino acids ARE NOT STORED, but are either:

a. released into the blood for all tissues to use in

protein synthesis,

b. they are with the resulting carbon skeletons being

degraded by the liver pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA

cycle intermediates, these metabolites can be

oxidized for energy or used in fatty acid synthesis.

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METABOLISM OF

ADIPOSE TISSUE

in Absorptive State

A. Carbohydrate metabolism

1. Increased glucose transport

2. Increased glycolysis:.

3. Increased activity in the hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway.

Page 24: ENERGY METABOLISM - kroosita2's blog · 1 Liver glycogen Glucose LIVER Blood ADIPOSE TISSUE HEART SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE OTHER TISSUES Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Triglycerides

B. Fat Metabolism

1. Increased synthesis of fatty

acids.

2. Increased triacylglycerol

synthesis

3. Decreased triacylglycerol

degradation

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METABOLISM OF RESTING MUSCLE

in absorptive State

1. Increased glucose transport

2. Increased glycogen synthesis3. Increased protein synthesis4. Increased uptake of branched-chain amino acids.

Page 26: ENERGY METABOLISM - kroosita2's blog · 1 Liver glycogen Glucose LIVER Blood ADIPOSE TISSUE HEART SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE OTHER TISSUES Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Triglycerides

METABOLISM OF BRAIN IN

ABSORPTIVE STATE

Page 27: ENERGY METABOLISM - kroosita2's blog · 1 Liver glycogen Glucose LIVER Blood ADIPOSE TISSUE HEART SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE OTHER TISSUES Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Triglycerides
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http://www.medbio.info/Horn/PDF%20files/homeostasis_2a.pdf

Page 29: ENERGY METABOLISM - kroosita2's blog · 1 Liver glycogen Glucose LIVER Blood ADIPOSE TISSUE HEART SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE OTHER TISSUES Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Triglycerides

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Principal metabolic pathways during the

absorptive state

Page 30: ENERGY METABOLISM - kroosita2's blog · 1 Liver glycogen Glucose LIVER Blood ADIPOSE TISSUE HEART SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE OTHER TISSUES Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Triglycerides

AMINO ACIDS GLUCOSE TRIGLYCERIDES

(in chylomicrons)

Blood

GLUCOSE

GASTROINTESTINALTRACT

+ H2O +CO2

MOST TISSUES

Oxidation

ATP

1

AMINO ACIDS GLUCOSE TRIGLYCERIDES

(in chylomicrons)

Blood

GLUCOSE

GASTROINTESTINALTRACT

HEPATOCYTES IN LIVER

+ H2O +CO2

MOST TISSUES

Oxidation

ATP

Fatty acids

Triglycerides

Glyceraldehyde

3-phosphateGlycogen

Glucose

+ H2O +CO2 ATP

1

2

AMINO ACIDS GLUCOSE TRIGLYCERIDES

(in chylomicrons)

Blood

GLUCOSE

GASTROINTESTINALTRACT

HEPATOCYTES IN LIVER

+ H2O +CO2

MOST TISSUES

Oxidation

ATP

Triglycerides

ADIPOSE TISSUE

VLDLs

Triglycerides

Fatty acids

Triglycerides

Glyceraldehyde

3-phosphateGlycogen

Glucose

+ H2O +CO2 ATP

1

2

3

AMINO ACIDS GLUCOSE TRIGLYCERIDES

(in chylomicrons)

Blood

GLUCOSE

GASTROINTESTINALTRACT

GLUCOSE

HEPATOCYTES IN LIVER

SKELETAL

MUSCLE

Storage

+ H2O +CO2

MOST TISSUES

Oxidation

ATP

Triglycerides

ADIPOSE TISSUE

VLDLs

Fatty

acids

Triglycerides

Glyceraldehyde

3-phosphate

Glucose

Fatty acids

Triglycerides

Glyceraldehyde

3-phosphateGlycogen

Glucose

GlycogenGlycogen

+ H2O +CO2 ATP

1

2

3

4

4

AMINO ACIDS GLUCOSE TRIGLYCERIDES

(in chylomicrons)

Blood

GLUCOSE

GASTROINTESTINALTRACT

GLUCOSE

HEPATOCYTES IN LIVER

SKELETAL

MUSCLE

Storage

+ H2O +CO2

MOST TISSUES

Oxidation

ATP

Triglycerides

ADIPOSE TISSUE

VLDLs

Triglycerides

Fatty

acids

Triglycerides

Glyceraldehyde

3-phosphate

Glucose

Fatty acids

Triglycerides

Glyceraldehyde

3-phosphateGlycogen

Glucose

GlycogenGlycogen

+ H2O +CO2 ATP

1

2

3

4 5

4

AMINO ACIDS GLUCOSE TRIGLYCERIDES

(in chylomicrons)

Blood

GLUCOSE

GASTROINTESTINALTRACT

GLUCOSE

HEPATOCYTES IN LIVER

SKELETAL

MUSCLE

Storage

+ H2O +CO2

MOST TISSUES

Oxidation

ATP

Triglycerides

ADIPOSE TISSUE

VLDLs

Triglycerides

Fatty

acids

Triglycerides

Glyceraldehyde

3-phosphate

Glucose

Keto acids

Fatty acids

Triglycerides

Glyceraldehyde

3-phosphateGlycogen

Glucose

GlycogenGlycogen

+ H2O +CO2 ATP

1

2

3

4 5

6

4

AMINO ACIDS GLUCOSE TRIGLYCERIDES

(in chylomicrons)

Blood

GLUCOSE

GASTROINTESTINALTRACT

GLUCOSE

HEPATOCYTES IN LIVER

SKELETAL

MUSCLE

Storage

+ H2O +CO2

MOST TISSUES

Oxidation

ATP

Triglycerides

ADIPOSE TISSUE

VLDLs

Triglycerides

Fatty

acids

Triglycerides

Glyceraldehyde

3-phosphate

Glucose

Keto acids

Fatty acidsProteins

Triglycerides

Glyceraldehyde

3-phosphateGlycogen

Glucose

GlycogenGlycogen

+ H2O +CO2 ATP

1

2

3

4 5

6

7

4

AMINO ACIDS GLUCOSE TRIGLYCERIDES

(in chylomicrons)

Blood

GLUCOSE

GASTROINTESTINALTRACT

GLUCOSE

HEPATOCYTES IN LIVER

SKELETAL

MUSCLE

Storage

+ H2O +CO2

MOST TISSUES

Oxidation

ATP

Triglycerides

ADIPOSE TISSUE

VLDLs

Triglycerides

Fatty

acids

Triglycerides

Glyceraldehyde

3-phosphate

Glucose

Keto acids

Fatty acidsProteins

Triglycerides

Glyceraldehyde

3-phosphateGlycogen

Glucose

GlycogenGlycogen

ProteinsProteins

+ H2O +CO2 ATP

1

2

3

4 5

6

7

8

4

Page 31: ENERGY METABOLISM - kroosita2's blog · 1 Liver glycogen Glucose LIVER Blood ADIPOSE TISSUE HEART SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE OTHER TISSUES Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Triglycerides

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Metabolism during postabsorptive state About 4 hours after the last meal absorption in

small intestine nearly complete

Blood glucose levels start to fall

Main metabolic challenge to maintain normal blood glucose levels

Glucose production

Breakdown of liver glycogen, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis using lactic acid and/or amino acids

Glucose conservation

Oxidation of fatty acids, lactic acid, amino acids, ketone bodies and breakdown of muscle glycogen

Page 32: ENERGY METABOLISM - kroosita2's blog · 1 Liver glycogen Glucose LIVER Blood ADIPOSE TISSUE HEART SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE OTHER TISSUES Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Triglycerides

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Principal metabolic pathways during the

postabsorptive state

Page 33: ENERGY METABOLISM - kroosita2's blog · 1 Liver glycogen Glucose LIVER Blood ADIPOSE TISSUE HEART SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE OTHER TISSUES Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Triglycerides

1

Liver glycogen

Glucose

LIVER

Blood

HEARTADIPOSE TISSUESKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

OTHER TISSUES

1

Liver glycogen

Glucose

LIVER

Glycerol

Blood

HEART

Fatty acidsGlycerol

TriglyceridesADIPOSE TISSUE

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

OTHER TISSUES

2

Fatty acids

1

Liver glycogen

Glucose

LIVER

Lactic acid

Glycerol

Blood

HEART

Fatty acidsGlycerol

TriglyceridesADIPOSE TISSUE

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

OTHER TISSUES

3

2

Fatty acids

1

Liver glycogen

Keto acids

Glucose

Amino acids

LIVER

Lactic acid

Glycerol

Blood

HEART

Muscle proteins

Fatty acidsGlycerol

TriglyceridesADIPOSE TISSUE

Fasting or

starvation

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

OTHER TISSUES

ProteinsAmino acids

Amino acids

4

4

3

4

2

Fatty acids

1

Liver glycogen

Keto acids

Glucose

Amino acids

LIVER

Lactic acid

Glycerol

Blood

HEART

Fatty acids

Muscle proteins

Fatty acidsGlycerol

TriglyceridesADIPOSE TISSUE

Fasting or

starvation

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

OTHER TISSUES

Fatty acids

ProteinsAmino acids

Amino acidsFatty acids

ATP

ATP

ATP

4

5

5

4

3

5

4

2

Fatty acids

1

Liver glycogen

Keto acids

Glucose

Amino acids

LIVER

Lactic acid

Glycerol

Blood

HEART

Fatty acids

Muscle proteins

Fatty acidsGlycerol

TriglyceridesADIPOSE TISSUE

Fasting or

starvation

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

OTHER TISSUES

Fatty acids

ProteinsAmino acids

Amino acidsFatty acids

Lactic acid

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

4

5

5

6

4

3

5

4

2

Fatty acids

1

Liver glycogen

Keto acids

Glucose

Amino acids

LIVER

Lactic acid

Glycerol

Blood

HEART

Fatty acids

Muscle proteins

Fatty acidsGlycerol

TriglyceridesADIPOSE TISSUE

Fasting or

starvation

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

OTHER TISSUES

Fatty acids

ProteinsAmino acids

Amino acidsFatty acids

Lactic acid

ATP

ATPATP

ATP

ATP

4

5

5

67

4

3

5

4

2

Fatty acids

1

Liver glycogen

Keto acids

Glucose

Amino acids

LIVER

Fatty acids

Lactic acid

Ketone bodies

Glycerol

Blood

NERVOUS

TISSUE Ketone

bodies

Glucose

Starvation

HEART

Fatty acids

Muscle proteins

Fatty acidsGlycerol

TriglyceridesADIPOSE TISSUE

Fasting or

starvation

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

Ketone bodies

OTHER TISSUES

Fatty acids

ProteinsAmino acids

Amino acidsFatty acids

Ketone bodies

Lactic acid

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP ATP

4

5

8

5

6

88

7

4

3

5

4

2

8

1

Liver glycogen

Keto acids

Glucose

Amino acids

LIVER

Fatty acids

Lactic acid

Ketone bodies

Glycerol

Blood

NERVOUS

TISSUE Ketone

bodies

Glucose

Starvation

HEART

Fatty acids

Muscle proteins

Fatty acidsGlycerol

TriglyceridesADIPOSE TISSUE

Fasting or

starvation

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

Ketone bodies

OTHER TISSUES

Fatty acids

ProteinsAmino acids

Glucose

6-phosphate

Pyruvic acid

Lactic

acid

Muscle glycogen

(aerobic) (anaerobic)

Amino acidsFatty acids

Ketone bodies

Lactic acid

ATP

O2

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP ATP

+ O2–

4

5

8

5

6

88

7

4

3

9

5

4

2

8

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FASTING METABOLISM

Fasting

a. an inability to obtain food,

b. the desire to lose weight rapidly,

c. in clinical situations in which an individual cannot eat because of trauma, surgery, burns, and so forth.

Physiology of Fasting: the absence of food, plasma levels of glucose, amino acids, and triacylglycerols fall, triggering a decline in insulin secretion and an increase in glucagon release.

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This sets into motion an exchange of substrates between

liver, adipose tissue, muscle, and brain :

1. the need to maintain adequate plasma levels of glucose

to sustain energy metabolism of the brain and other

glucose-requiring tissues.

2. the need to mobilize fatty acids from adipose tissue, and

the synthesis and release of ketone bodies from the

liver, to supply energy to all other tissues.

INSULIN / GLUCAGON RATIO

availability of circulating substrates

CATABOLIC PERIOD: by degradation of triacylglycerol, glycogen, and protein.

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Diseases and Blood Sugar

Regulation Elevated glucose levels are present in diabetes mellitus,

Cushing's syndrome, liver disease, and hyperthyroidism.

Decreased glucose levels are present in Addison's disease, hyperinsulinism, and hypothyroidism.

The most prevalent of these diseases is diabetes mellitus (DM).

Type I DM (insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset) diabetes mellitus, when pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by an erroneous attack by the body's own immune system.

Type II DM, insulin secretion is not reduced; however, there is a reduced sensitivity of target cells to insulin, a phenomenon known as insulin resistance. (Paul I, 2007).

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Overview and Specificity:

Glucose utilization

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Stage 1 – postparandial

All tissues utilize glucose

Stage 2 – postabsorptive

KEY – Maintain blood glucose

Glycogenolysis

Glucogneogenesis

Lactate

Pyruvate

Glycerol

AA

Propionate

Spare glucose by metabolizing fat

Stage 3- Early starvation

Gluconeogenesis

Stave 4 – Intermediate starvation

gluconeogenesis

Ketone bodies

Stage 5 – Starvation

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Carbohydrate Metabolism/

Utilization- Tissue Specificity Muscle – cardiac and skeletal

Oxidize glucose/produce and store glycogen (fed)

Breakdown glycogen (fasted state)

Shift to other fuels in fasting state (fatty acids)

Adipose and liver

Glucose acetyl CoA

Glucose to glycerol for triglyceride synthesis

Liver releases glucose for other tissues

Nervous system

Always use glucose except during extreme fasts

Reproductive tract/mammary

Glucose required by fetus

Lactose major milk carbohydrate

Red blood cells

No mitochondria

Oxidize glucose to lactate

Lactate returned to liver for Gluconeogenesis

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Terima kasih atas

perhatiannya

alternativemagazineonline.co.uk

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REFERENCES

http://www.medbio.info/Horn/PDF%20files/homeostasis

_2a.pdf. Insulin_Glucagon Role in Metabolism.pdf

Tom Brody. Nutritional Biochemistry, 2nd edition,

Academic Press, 1999

Pamela C. Champe & Richard A. Harvey

Biochemistry, 2nd edition, J.B. Lippincott Company,

Philadelphia, 1994.

Illingworth. 2007. Biochemistry for Biologists

Fitness Training.

www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/.../bioc1110/index.htm .

Rimbawan, 2007. Metabolism Slides

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Molecular mechanisms of insulin signaling.

Rask-Madsen C , and Kahn C R Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32:2052-2059

Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.