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The Study on Jargons and Words
Constructions Used by Waria malang
Joni SusantoLecturer of STIBA MALANG
Afit
Graduate of STIBA MALANG
Abstract: The researchers focus of study is Waria language
used by the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang). In
Warias language, the researchers found many jargons which
common people do not know or understand in term of
meaning. In this thesis, the researchers presents two
problems, namely a). What kinds of jargons used by Waria
in Malang especially the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria
Malang)? b). How the jargons are constructed by Waria in
Malang especially the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria
Malang)?In conducting this study, the researchers applies descriptive
qualitative research. In the data collecting, they applied
some steps, namely: (1) going to some areas where the
Waria do an activity as an observation of location, (2)
attending the Warias events to commemorate the
HIV/AIDS day in Terminal Arjosari Malang, (3) followingWarias activities in Stasiun Kota Baru Malang at night, (4)
attending a demonstration which involves some Warias tocommemorate Anti Madat day in Alun Alun Balaikota
Malang, (5) conducting informal interview with informantsin some days, (6) conducting in dept interview with
secretaries of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) to getsignificant information as the researchers need, (7) recorded
it and making notes during their observation and interview,(8) crosschecking the data from in depth interview with
recorded and notes.
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Based on the finding and interpretation, the researchers drawconclusion that the jargons used by Waria in Malang are
borrowed from Indonesian, Javanese and English but they
change the form by adding prefixes or/and suffixes. The
meanings of those borrowing words also change. There is no
specific rule or pattern in creating the words of jargon. The
researcher suggests to the future researchers conduct a
sociolinguistics study on slang, code switching, code mixing
and others.
Key words :jargons, word construction, IWAMA(Ikatan Waria Malang)
INTRODUCTION
Language is an important thing in daily life. As
human being who live in society, people need language to
communicate with each other. Language plays an
important role to create relation among countries in theworld. People can express their feeling, opinions, ideas,
and emotion by using language. According to Sapir (in
Lyons 1921:8) states that language is a purely human
and non instinctive method of communicating ideas,
emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produce
symbols. In order to know and understand a language,
we should master that language well. Comrie (Encarta
2006) says that language is the principal means used by
human beings to communicate with one another and
primarily spoken, although it can be transferred to other
media, such as writing.
People need a means to communicate with other
people in society. It is called language. Language and
society have close relationship, but every society has their
own language. A society may not know or understand
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other languages. The study of language in relation to
society is called sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is the
study of the effect of any and all aspects of society,
including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on
the way language is used, and the effects of language use
on society (Wikipedia).
Sociolinguistics is the study of patterns and
variations in language within a society or community. It
focuses on the way people use language to express socialclass, group status, gender, or ethnicity, and it looks at
how they make choices about the form of language they
use (Eastman and Longyear, Encarta 2006).
Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that
the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on
the language, while the latter's focus is on the language's
effect on the society.
There are several languages used in Malang, such
as Indonesian, Javanese, Madurese and others languages.
But there is some language that is unknown by common
people but still spoken by some association or community
in Malang. There are several communities or groups in
Malang which have their own languages. They are
Aremania (Arema Football Club), IGAMA (Ikatan Gay
Malang), IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) and others.
Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282), jargon is
words used to describe the special terms of a professionalor trade group. Jargons vocabulary sometimes unknown
by outsiders and used by certain groups. Different groups
have different jargon. For example, Waria in Malang have
their own diction to communicate each other. It is a
language that unpopular to talk in common society but
used only by Waria in Malang. The language used by
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IWAMA is almost same with the language used by
IGAMA.
The object to do this research is Waria which are
the member of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang)
surrounding at Stasiun Kota Baru Malang. The researcher
is interested to analyze the language used by Waria
because in general, Waria is a man who dressed and
behave like a woman, which has double personality,
sometimes man and sometimes a woman who speak inunique language and unknown by common people. We
also can say that Waria is a womans soul who is trapped
in the mans body. In this case, the researcher would like
to analyze words by focusing in sociolinguistics study
especially jargon and words constructions.
Waria creates the words from the combination of
Indonesian, Javanese, Madurese and also Malangese
language. Sometimes they create some words
spontaneously and it used by all Waria continuously.
They used Waria language in order to other people
doesnt know what they are talking about and they want
to have special identity in the society. Waria language is
non-formal language used by Waria in Malang like
language variety in different diction, phrase, abbreviation,
intonation, pronunciation, and grammar.
PROBLEMS OF THE STUDY
Based on the background of the study above about
the jargon words used by Waria in Malang especially the
members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang), the
researcher formulate the following problems of the study:
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1. What kinds of jargons used by Waria in
Malang especially the members of IWAMA
(Ikatan Waria Malang)?
2. How the jargons are constructed by Waria
in Malang especially the members of IWAMA
(Ikatan Waria Malang)?
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Based on the problem of the study above, this
study is intended to:
1. describe the jargon used by Waria
in Malang especially the members of IWAMA
(Ikatan Waria Malang).
2. describe an understanding on the
jargon constructions used by Waria in Malang
especially the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria
Malang).
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research is expected to be a beneficial
contribution for the researcher to increase her knowledge
and understanding about sociolinguistics study especially
jargon which is used by Waria in Malang. It also may
give advantages for student of STIBA Malang as areference to understanding about jargon used by IWAMA
(Ikatan Waria Malang). On the other hand, the researcher
expects that this research will give beneficial to develop
study about the same topic and hoping that it will give
some information to the readers who are interested in
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studying about jargon used by Waria in Malang
(IWAMA).
KEY TERMS
To avoid ambiguity and misunderstanding, the
researcher will describe some key terms existing in thisstudy.
1. Cant
Cant, sometimes defined as false or
insincere language, also (like argot) refers to the
jargon and slang used by thieves and beggars and
the underworld (Redmond,Encarta 2006).
2. Creoles
A pidgin comes to be adopted by a
community as its native tongue, and children learn
it as a first language, that language is called a
creole (Fromkin and Rodman, 1978: 270).
3. Colloquial
Colloquial is a linguistic phrase that is
characteristic of or only appropriate for casual,
ordinary, familiar, and/or informal written or
spoken conversation, rather than for formal
speech, standard writing, or paralinguistic(Wikipedia).
4. Jargon
Jargon (language) is vocabulary used by a
special group or occupational class, usually only
partially understood by outsiders. (Redmond,
Encarta 2006)
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5. Pidgin
Pidgin is a variety specially created for the
purpose of communicating with some other group,
and not used by any community for
communication among themselves (Hudson, 1981:
61).
6. Slang
Slang is one of those things (words) that
everybody can recognize and nobody can definewhat the word exactly is if one does not belong to
the community who uses the slang words (Robert,
1985: 51).
7. Sociolect
A sociolect or social dialect is a variety of
language (a dialect) associated with a social group
such as a socioeconomic class, an ethnic group, an
age group, etc (Wikipedia).
8. Speech Community
Speech community is all the people who
use a given language (or dialect) (Lyons, 1970:
326).
9. Waria/Transgender
Waria is a man who dresses and behaves
like a woman; he has double personality,
sometimes a man and sometimes a woman
(Wikipedia).
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Theoretical Review
1. Sociolinguistics
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Hudson (1987: 1), sociolinguistics as the study of
language in relation to society. It is similar to the meaning
of sociology of language that the study of society in
relation to the language. Sociolinguistics has become a
recognized part of most courses at university level on
linguistics or language, and is indeed one of the main
growth points in the study of language, from the point of
view of both teaching and research.
Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of anyand all aspects of society, including cultural norms,
expectations, and context, on the way language is used,
and the effects of language use on society. It also studies
how language varieties differ between groups separated
by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status,
gender, level of education, age, etc., and how creation and
adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals
in social or socioeconomic classes. As the usage of a
language varies from place to place (dialect), language
usage varies among social classes, and it is these
sociolects that sociolinguistics studies. (Wikipedia)
Downes (1984: 19) says that sociolinguistics is a
branch of linguistics which studies those properties of
language which require social explanation. The social
explanations are of two main types: first, they involve
large-scale social settings. Second, they involve small-
scale conversational settings.The conclusion of Wisniewski (in Finch 1998 and
Yule 1996), sociolinguistics is a quickly developing
branch of linguistics which investigates the individual and
social variation of language. Just as regional variation of
language can give a lot of information about the place the
speaker is from, social variation tells about the roles
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fulfilled by a given speaker within one community, or
country.
According to Wisniewski there are numerous
factors influencing the way people speak which are
investigated by sociolinguistics:
Social class: the position of the speaker in the
society, measured by the level of education,
parental background, profession and their
effect on syntax and lexis used by the speaker; Social context: the register of the language
used depending on changing situations, formal
language in formal meetings and informal
during meetings with friends for example;
Geographical origins: slight differences in
pronunciation between speakers that point at
the geographical region which the speakers
come from; Ethnicity: differences between the use of a
given language by its native speakers and
other ethnic groups;
Nationality: clearly visible in the case of the
English language: British English differs from
American English, or Canadian English;
Gender: differences in patterns of language use
between men and women, such as quantity ofspeech, intonation patterns;
Age: the influence of age of the speaker on the
use of vocabulary and grammar complexity.
The basic usage of language is as a means of
communication. An important factor influencing the way
of formulating sentences in communication is according
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to sociolinguists the social class of the speakers. Social
structure may influence or determine the linguistic
structure and behavior.
2. Language Varieties
Hudson (1981: 24) concludes that what makes
one variety of language different from another is the
linguistic items that it includes, so we may define avariety of language as a set of linguistic items with
similar social distribution. A variety may be much larger
than a lay language, including a number of different
languages.
Hudson also states (1981: 25) the defining
characteristic of each variety is the relevant relation to
society in other words, by whom, and when, the items
concerned are used.
Akmajian, et al (1981: 177) say no human
language can be said to be fixed, uniform, unvarying: all
language, as far as anyone knows, show internal variation
in that actual usage varies from speaker to speaker.
Languages constantly undergo changes, resulting
in the development of different varieties of the languages.
In sociolinguistics a variety, also called a lect, is a form of
a language used by speakers of that language (Wikipedia).
Language varieties different from standard language thatis taught in school, these are jargon, pidgin, creols, slang,
dialect and other. These varieties have their own
vocabulary, grammatical rules and the way to pronounce
words.
2.1. Bilingualism
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Bilingualism is mastery of two
languages. A person is bilingual if he or she
knows two languages; a document or
message is bilingual if it is presented in two
languages. Bilingual education is teaching
students in both their native language and the
primary language of the culture. (Encarta
2006)Base on Yule (1996: 185), in such
situation, bilingualism, at the individual
level, tends to be a feature of the minority
group. In this form of bilingualism, a
member of a minority group grows up in one
linguistic community, primarily speaking
one language such as Gaelic, but learns
another language, such as English, in order
to take part in the larger, dominant, linguistic
community.
People in many parts of the country
have mastered two or more languages. A
person may control one language better than
another, or a person might have mastered the
different languages better for different
purposes, using one language for speaking,
for example, and another for writing.
2.2. Speech Community
Hudson (1981: 25) states that the
term speech community is widely used by
sociolinguistics to refer to a community
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based on language, but linguistic community
is also used with the same meaning. If
speech communities can be delimited, then
they can be studied, and it may be
impossible to find interesting differences
between communities which correlate with
differences in their language.
Lyons as quoted by Hudson (1981:
25), speech community is all the peoplewho use a given language (or dialect).
According to Hockett as quoted by
Hudson (1981: 26), each language defines a
speech community: the whole set of people
who communicate with each other, either
directly or indirectly, via the common
language.
Gumperz as quoted by Hudson
(1981: 26), the speech community: any
human aggregate characterized by regular
and frequent interaction by means of a
shared body of verbal signs and set off from
similar aggregates by significant differences
in language use.
Hudson quoted from Bloomfield
(1981: 26) states that a speech community
is a group of people who interact by meansof speech.
Hudson quoted from Labov (1981:
27) says that the speech community is not
defined by any marked agreement in the use
of language elements, so much as by
participation in a set of shared norms, these
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norms may be observed in overt types of
evaluative behavior, and by the uniformity of
abstract patterns of variation which are
invariant in respect to particular levels of
usage.
Speech community is a concept in
sociolinguistics that describes a more or less
discrete group of people who use language in
a unique and mutually accepted way amongthemselves (Wikipedia).
Speech community is group with
shared language: a group that includes all the
speakers of a single language or dialect.
They may be widely dispersed
geographically (Encarta Dictionary Tools).
Speech communities can be members
of a profession with a specialized jargon,
distinct social groups like high school
students or hip hop fans, or even tight-knit
groups like families and friends. Members of
speech communities will often develop slang
or jargon to serve the group's special
purposes and priorities.
2.3. Diglossia
In linguistics, diglossia refers to the
use by a language community of two
languages or dialects: the first is the
community's present day vernacular; the
second may be an ancient version of the
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same language, or a distinct yet closely
related present day dialect (Wikipedia).
Downes quoted from Ferguson
(1984: 55) states that:
diglossia is a relatively stable language
situation in which, in addition to the primary
dialect of the language (which may include a
standard or regional standard), there is a very
divergent, highly codified (oftengrammatically more complex) superimposed
variety, the vehicle of a large and respected
body of literature (written) either of an
earlier period or in another speech
community, which is learned largely by
formal education and is used for most
written and formal spoken purposes but is
not used by any sector of the community for
ordinary conversation.
According to Fishman as quoted
from Hudson (1981: 55) also extends the
term diglossia to include any society in
which two or more varieties are used under
distinct circumstances.
Ferguson examines four defining
cases where diglossia obtains; there areSwitzerland, Haiti, Greece and Arab. In
German, speaking standard German is High
variety while Low variety is Swiss German.
In Haiti, the L is creoles and the H is French.
In Greek, classical Greek is L and Dhimotiki
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is H. in Arab, H is classical Arabic while the
L is colloquial Arabic (Hudson, 1981: 56).
Diglossia can be refers to a situation
where two different varieties of language co-
occurs throughout a speech community, each
with a distinct range of social function. In
diglossia there are High (H) or super
ordinate variety and Low (L) or colloquial
variety. High variety as used on formaloccasion and in education as his first
language, since Low variety at home as a
mother tongue.
2.4. Code Mixing and Code Switching
Code-mixing refers to the mixing of
two or more languages or language varieties
in speech (Wikipedia).
Code-switching is a linguistics term
denoting the concurrent use of more than one
language, or language variety, in
conversation. Multilingualism is people who
speak more than one language - sometimes
use elements of multiple languages in
conversing with each other. Thus, code-
switching is the syntactically andphonologically appropriate use of more than
one linguistic variety (Wikipedia).
Base on Hudson (1981: 62),
situational code switching is the situation
type will predict which variety a speaker will
employ. Whether a speaker situationally
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code switched or not further depends on the
orientation of value of the particular sub-
group of the community to which he
belongs.
While, metaphorical code switching
is the use of the variety alludes to the social
values it encodes, but is otherwise
inappropriate to the situation in which it is
uttered (Hudson 1981: 64).Code mixing may occur within
multilingual setting where speakers share
more than one language in a sentence.
Nearly all bilingual children produce
utterances that combine two or more
language in a speech. It happened because
children may have limited vocabulary, they
may know a word in one language but not in
another.
The term of code-switching
emphasizes a multilingual speaker's
movement from one grammatical system to
another. Speakers practice code-switching
when they are each fluent in both languages.
Code-switching is understood as the socially
and grammatically appropriate use of
multiple varieties.
2.5. Style
Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 271),
your language is spoken differently in
the different parts of the world; dialects are a
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common phenomenon. But you may not
aware that you speak two or more dialect
of your language. When you are out with
your friends, you talk one way; when you go
on a job interview, you talk differently.
These situations dialect are called style.
In Wikipedia, stylistics is the study of
varieties of language whose properties
position that language in context, and tries toestablish principles capable of accounting for
the particular choices made by individuals
and social groups in their use of language.
People change their language in
different situations. In formal
communication such as in a meeting, people
use standard language and informal
communication (talking with friends), people
use non standard language. Other features of
style include the use of dialogue, the
language of advertising, politics, religion,
individual authors, etc. In other words, they
all have place or are said to use a particular
'style'.
2.6. Slang
Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282)
suggest, slang may not be used in formal
papers or situations, but is widely used in
speech. They also state that one linguist has
defined slang as one of those things that
everybody can recognize and nobody can
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define. The use of slang, or colloquial
language, introduces many new words into
the language, by recombining old words into
new meaning.
Redmond (in Encarta 2006) states
that slang is informal, nonstandard words
and phrases, generally shorter lived than the
expressions of ordinary colloquial speech,
and typically formed by creative. The specialin-group speech of young people and of
members of distinct ethnic groups is
generally called slang, especially when it is
understood by outsiders.
Slang word is kind of language
occurring chiefly in casual and playful
speech, made up typically of short-lived
coinages terms for added raciness, humor,
irreverence or other effect. (American
Heritage Talking Dictionary, 1997).
Slang is a kind of language occurring
chiefly in casual and playful speech, made
up typically of short lived coinages and
figures of speech that are deliberately used in
place of standard terms for added raciness,
humor, irreverence or other effect
(www.thefreedictionary.com/slang).Slang is highly informal language
that is outside of conventional or standard
usage and consists of both coined words and
phrases and of new or extended meanings
attached to established terms, slang develops
from the attempt to find fresh and vigorous,
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Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 254
colorful, pungent or humorous expression,
and generally either passes into disuse or
comes to have or more formal status
(Websters New World Dictionary).
Slang can called as informal or
nonstandard language that is used to
communicate by certain community in
certain situation such as in informal and
friendly conversation. The language they useis influenced by their profession,
community, age, hobby, social position, etc.
Slang often suggests that the person utilizing
the words or phrases is familiar with the
hearer group or subgroup and it can be
considered a distinguishing factor in group
identity. In order for an expression to
become slang, it must be widely accepted
and adopted by member of the subculture of
group. Slang has no society boundaries or
limitations as it can exist in all cultures and
classes of society as well as in all languages.
2.7. Jargon
Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282),
jargon is words used to describe the specialterms of a professional or trade group.
Practically every conceivable science,
profession, trade, and occupation has its own
set of words, some of which are considered
to be slang and others technical,
depending on the status of the people using
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these in words. Such words are sometimes
called jargon or argot.
According to Fromkin and Rodman,
many jargon terms pass into the standard
language. Jargon spread from a narrow
group until it is used and understood by a
large segment of the population, similar to
slang. Eventually, it may lose its special
status as either jargon or slang and gainentrance into the respectable circle of formal
usage.
Jargon (language) is vocabulary used
by a special group or occupational class,
usually only partially understood by
outsiders. The special vocabularies of
medicine, law, banking, science and
technology, education, military affairs,
sports, and the entertainment world all fall
under the heading of jargon (Encarta2006).
Redmond (in Encarta 2006) also
explains that some writers reserve the term
jargon for technical language. In general,
however, slang is more casual and
acceptable to outsiders than jargon. Slang
and cant are more vivid than jargon, with a
greater turnover in vocabulary.Jargon is an indispensable means of
communication within its own sphere, but it
is criticized when used unnecessarily in
everyday contexts, or to impress, intimidate,
or confuse outsider (Encarta 2006).
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Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 256
Jargon is terminology which is
especially defined in relationship to a
specific activity, profession, or group
(Wikipedia, free encyclopedia).
In the Contemporary English
Indonesian Dictionary, jargon adalah kata
atau ungkapan yang digunakan khusus untuk
bidang tertentu (Jargon is words or phrases
used by certain field).Jargon is the specialized vocabulary
and idioms of those in the same work,
profession, etc, as of sports writers or social
workers; as somewhat derogatory term, often
implying unintelligibility (Websters New
World Dictionary).
Jargon is technical language used and
developed by people who participate in a
special field, a group, profession / culture,
especially when the words and phrases are
not understood / used by other people. Every
occupation or specialized field has its own
vocabulary.
The term of jargon is applied chiefly
to the words and phrases that are used and
understood by people within a specific
profession or field of study but not by othersas in medical jargon, business jargon or
computer jargon. Examples of computer
jargon include the words RAM, bit, byte,
CPU, and hexadecimal.
2.8. Register
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The term register is widely used in
sociolinguistics to refer as varieties
according to use, in contact with dialects,
defined as varieties according to user
(Hudson, 1981: 48).
In Wikipedia, registers are associated
with particular situations, purposes, or levels
of formality. A register (sometimes called astyle) is a variety of language used in
particular social setting. In linguistics, a
register is a variety of a language used for a
particular purpose or in a particular social
setting.
According to Comrie (in Encarta
2006) in additional to language varieties
defined in terms of social groups, there are
language varieties called registers that are
defined by social situation. In a formal
situation, for example, a person might say,
You are requested to leave, whereas in an
informal situation the same person might
say, Get out! Register differences can
affect pronunciation, grammar, and
vocabulary.
The term of register was first used bythe linguist Thomas Bertram Reid in 1956,
and brought into general currency in the
1960s by a group of linguists who wanted to
distinguish between variations in language
according to the user (defined by variables
such as social background, geography, sex
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and age), and variations according to use, "in
the sense that each speaker has a range of
varieties and choices between them at
different times". Register as language
variation defined by use not user.
Halliday as quoted by Hudson (1981:
49), register distinguish three general types
of dimension: field is concerned with the
purpose and subject matter of thecommunication; mode refers to means by
which communication takes place notably,
by speech or writing; and tenordepends on
the relations between participants. Field
refers to why and what a communication
takes place, mode refers to how and tenor
refers to whom .
2.9. Pidgins and Creoles
Hudson (1981: 61) says that a
pidgin is a variety specially created for the
purpose of communicating with some other
group, and not used by any community for
communication among themselves.
Hudson states that a pidgin which
has acquired native speakers is called acreole language, or creoles, and the process
whereby a pidgin turns into a creole is called
creolisation.
Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282)
say that the languages spoken by two or
more groups may be simplified lexically,
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phonology, and syntactically to become a
pidgin.
According to Fromkin and Rodman,
one distinguish characteristic of pidgin
languages is that no one learns them as
native speakers. When a pidgin comes to be
adopted by a community as its native tongue,
and children learn it as a first language, that
language is called a creole; the pidgin hasbecome creolized.
Comrie (in Encarta 2006) states that
a pidgin is an auxiliary language (a language
used for communication by groups that have
different native tongues) that develops when
people speaking different languages are
brought together and forced to develop a
common means of communication without
sufficient time to learn each other's native
languages properly.
A pidgin (pronounced / p dn/)language is a simplified language that
develops as a means of communication
between two or more groups that do not have
a language in common (Wikipedia).
A creole language, or simply a
creole, is a stable language that hasoriginated from a pidgin language that has
been nativized (that is, acquired by children)
(Wikipedia).
Creoles and pidgins develop as a
means of communication between members
of two mutually unintelligible language
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communities. Both creoles and pidgins have
simple grammatical structures and limited
vocabularies. Moreover, the rules of creole
grammar remain uniform from speaker to
speaker, whereas pidgin grammar varies
among speakers. Pidgin as a mean of
communications between different native
speakers. Creole is language that began as a
pidgin but has become the native language ofa community.
3. Process of Word Formation
Process of word formation is a process of word
formation in which a new word is coined by removing a
real or imagined affix from an existing word (Encarta
2006). Yule (1985: 51), you can very quickly
understand a new word in your language and cope with
the use of different forms of that new word. This ability
must derive in part from the fact that there is a lot of
regularity in the word formation processes in your
language. According to Yule, there are some words
formations:
3.1. Coinage
One of the least common processes
of word formation in English is coinage, that
is, the invention of totally new terms.
Familiar recent examples areKleenex, Nylon
and Xerox, which also began as invented
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trade names, and which have quickly
become everyday words in the language.
3.2. Borrowing
One of the most common sources of
new words in English is the process simply
labeled borrowing, that is, the taking over of
words from other language. Throughout itshistory, the English language has adopted a
vast number of loan words from other
languages, including alcohol (Arab), boss
(Dutch) etc. Others languages, of course,
borrow terms from English, as can be
observed in Japanese use of rajio (radio).
Yule also suggests that borrowing is the
taking over of words from other language.
Other statement from Fromkin and
Rodman states that borrowing as the
process by which one language or dialect
takes and incorporates some linguistics
element from another. Most language is
borrowed. Every language usually consists
of native words and nonnative words. And
finally it is called loan word, which is
borrowed from other language.A borrowing word or phrase is which
has been borrowed by one language from
another. A special type of borrowing is
described as loan translation. In this process,
there is a direct translation of the elements of
a word into the borrowing language.
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3.3. Compounding
In some of those examples we have
just considered, there is a joining of two or
more separate words to produce a single
form. This combining process, technically
known as compounding, is very common in
languages such as bookcase, fingerprint,waterfall, long-haired and wallpaper. As the
forgoing examples show, compounds may be
written as one word, as a hyphenated word,
or as two words.
3.4. Blending
This combining of two separate
forms to produce a single new term is also
present in the process called blending.
However, blending is typically accomplished
by taking only the beginning of one word
and joining it to the end of the other word.
Blending is the fusion of two words into one,
usually the first part of one word with the
past part of another, as in gasohol, from
gasoline and alcohol. Some other commonlyused examples of blending are brunch
(breakfast and lunch), motel (motor and
hotel) and smog (smoke and fog).
3.5. Clipping
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The element of reduction which is
noticeable in blending is even more apparent
in the process described as clipping. This
occurs when a word of more than one
syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often in
casual speech. Clipping means cutting off
the beginning or the end of a word, or both,
leaving a part to stand for the whole. For
examples: laboratory becomes lab,gymnastic becomes gym, examination
becomes exam, andinfluenza becomes flu.
3.6. Back Formation
A very specialized type of reduction
process is known as backformation.
Typically, a word of one type (usually a
noun) is reduced to form another word of a
different type (usually a verb). A good
example of backformation is the process
whereby the noun television first came into
use and then the verb televise was created
from it. Back formation is an active source
of new words today. Other examples are edit
(from editor), donate (from donation), opt
(from option).
3.7. Conversion
A change in the function of a word,
as for example, when a noun comes to be
used as a verb (without any reduction) is
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generally known as conversion. For example
is paper become papering, dirty become to
dirty, crazybecome a crazy.
3.8. Acronyms
Some new words are formed from
the initial letters of a set of other words.
Acronyms is the process whereby a word isformed from the initials or beginning
segments of a succession of words. These
acronyms often consist of capital letters, as
MP (military police or Member of
Parliament), UNESCO (United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization), radar (radio detecting and
ranging).
3.9. Derivation
Derivation is the forming of new
words by combining derivational affixes or
bound bases with existing words. Derivation
is achieved by adding affixes; there are
prefix, suffix, and infix. In the preceding
group of words, it should be obvious thatsome affixes have to be added to the
beginning of a word, this is called prefixes.
Prefix is a linguistic element that is not an
independent word, but is attached to the
beginning of a word to modify its meaning.
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For example, "un-" is a prefix meaning "not"
(Encarta Dictionary 2006).
The other affix forms are added to
the end of the word is called suffixes. Suffix
is a letter or group of letters added at the end
of a word or word part to form another word,
e.g. "-ly" in "quickly" or "-ing" in "talking"
(Encarta Dictionary 2006).
There is a third type of affix, notnormally to be found in English, but fairly
common in some other languages. This is
called an infix and as the term suggests, it is
an affix which is incorporated inside another
word. Infix is inserting a linking element
into a word. In the word "acidophilus," the
letter "o" is an infix (Encarta Dictionary
2006).
There is some adding of the process of
word formations based on Norman:
3.10. Echoism
Echoism is the formation of words
whose sound suggests their meaning, like
hiss and peewee. The meaning is usually asound, either natural like the roar of a
waterfall or artificial like the clang of a bell.
But the meaning may also be the creature
that produces the sound, like bobwhite.
Examples: moan, click, murmur, quack,
thunder, whisper, lisp, chickadee, bobolink.
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In literary study its called onomatopoeia.
Echoism is a process by which the sound of
a vowel changes to imitate the sound of a
preceding vowel (inEncarta 2006).
3.11. Antonomasia
Antonomasia means the formation of
a common noun, a verb, or an adjective fromthe name of a person or place.
Antonomasia is the use of a proper
name as a common noun to refer to
somebody or something with associated
characteristics, e.g. when a strong young
man is called "a Hercules" (Encarta
Dictionary 2006).
3.12. Reduplication
Reduplication is the process of
forming a new word by doubling a
morpheme, usually with a change of vowel
or initial consonant, as in tiptop, pooh-pooh,
hanky-panky.
Reduplication is repeating a vowel,
syllable, or word in order to create a newlinguistic element or word such as "wishy-
washy" or "goody-goody" (Encarta
Dictionary 2006).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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Type of Research
Material which will be analyzed is a language
used by Iwama (Ikatan Waria Malang) in various
activities. This study is intended to gain deep description
on jargon used by Waria in Malang. To analyze the data,
the researcher used descriptive qualitative research.
According to Ary, et al (2002:442), content or document
analysis is a research method applied to written or visual
materials for the purposes of identifying specifiedcharacteristics of the material. Content analysis focuses
on analyzing and interpreting recorded material within its
own context. Meanwhile, Ary, et al (2002: 422) say that
qualitative research is based on the argument that both the
natural and social sciences strive for testable and
confirmable theories that explain phenomena by showing
how they are derived from theoretical assumption.
Qualitative research is a method of inquiry
appropriate in many different academic disciplines,
traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market
research and further contexts (Wikipedia.com).
Data Source
The researcher took Waria especially the member
of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) as primary data source
since they speak unique language which common people
do not understand their utterance. Waria is a man whodresses, speaks, walks and behaves like a woman who has
double personality, sometimes man and sometimes a
woman who speak in unique language and unknown by
common people. We also can say that Waria is a womans
soul who is trapped in the mans body and they love man.
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The secretariat office is located in Jl. Selat Sunda
V/D6-14 Perumnas Sawojajar Malang. Period 2008
2010, the members of IWAMA is 60 persons. The
members of IWAMA are not only from Malang but also
from others area, such as Madura, Surabaya, Kediri, etc.
Waria language has different diction with common people
and unknown by others.
Data CollectingTo collect the data in this research, the researcher
do some observation. Ary et al (2002: 430) say that
observation is the most basic method for obtaining data
in qualitative research. The most common method of
recording the data collected during observation is filed
notes.
In order to get required data, the researcher
conducted the following steps. She observed the situation
whether it is possible or not to conduct a research. She
went to some areas where the Waria do an activity as an
observation of location. The researcher attended the
Warias event to commemorate the HIV/AIDS day in
Terminal Arjosari - Malang. They give out condom,
sticker and brochure to the driver and passengers in
Terminal Arjosari. And then she followed Warias
activities in Stasiun Kota Baru Malang at night. She did in
several times. Warias were searching men as customers tomaking love and collects the money from them. The
researcher was attending a demonstration which involves
some Warias to commemorate Anti Madat day in Alun
Alun Balaikota Malang. Warias help demonstrator to
distribute brochure to the people who pass by Alun-alun
Kota Malang. And the researcher met some Warias in
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informal situation such as in their boarding house and
food court, she also met in formal situation with them like
in a seminar with ODHA (Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS) in
Universitas Brawijaya. During her observation, she
recorded and making notes the jargon in the conversation
of Waria.
According to Ary et al (2002:434), interview is
used to gather data on subjects opinion, belief and
feelings about the situation in their own words. Interviewsprovide information that cannot be obtained through
observation. The researcher make informal interview
with informants in some days, the purpose is to know the
language they used in informal situation and to know the
meaning of the words contextually.
The researcher also makes in depth interview with
secretaries of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) to get
significant information as the researcher need. She asked
him to speak in Waria language and recorded it. She did
an in depth interview in order to crosscheck the data with
the recorded and notes from the observation and informal
interview.
Credibility and Dependability
Credibility of the data is related to validity, the
data should be answered of the problem statement.Validity in qualitative research concerns the accuracy or
truthfulness of the findings based on the research design,
participant and context (Ary, et al 2002:451). To check
the credibility of the data, the researcher checks it using
Triangulation technique. Triangulation is a technique to
check the accuracy and trustworthy of the data by
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crosscheck activity. So, for the quality of the data, the
researcher applies theoretical triangulation technique by
crosschecking the data based on theories of Hudson
(1981: 1), Fromkin and Rodman (1978:282), Ary, et al
(2002: 422), and Yule (1985: 51).
Dependability of the data is related to the
reliability of the data, it means that the data should be the
same as the data which are obtained from informants. To
make the data accurate and trustworthy, in this case theresearcher makes field note, extends the time in collecting
the data, cross checks, and compared the data with what
are written in studied material so that the data collecting is
trustworthy and yet it can be investigated further.
Data Analysis and Interpretation
After collecting the data, the researcher analyzed
and interpreted the data through several steps. First, she
listed the jargon words used by the members of IWAMA
(Ikatan Waria Malang). Second, she read the list of jargon
words. Next, she translated the jargons words into
standard Indonesian and English. And then, she analyzed
the jargon words, compare the data getting from
observation, informal interview, notes taking, and
recording. Next is classifying the words based on the
process of word formations. The last is draw conclusions.
FINDING AND INTERPRETATION
Data Description
In this chapter, the researcher would like to
discuss the problem by representing the result of data
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analysis. She discusses the kind of jargon and words
construction of Waria language.
We know that the Waria use different language
and special words to communication. Waria use different
language in order to common people does not know they
are talking about. Generally they change the language
according to the situation, condition and people the talk
to. The researcher has collected the raw data as below:
1. List of Warias Jargon.
Table 1.1 List of Warias Jargon.
No Waria Language Indonesian English
1 Akika Aku/Saya I
2 Apese Apa What
3 Aides AIDS AIDS
4 Adisi Ada To have
5 Baruna Baru NewNo Waria Language Indonesian English
6 Bengkulu Belum Yet
7 Brondong Remaja Laki-laki Boy
8 Bayangkara Bayar Pay
9 Bajangratu Baju Cloths
10 Belimbing Beli Buy
11 Bences Banci Homosexual
12 Blekes Belakang Back 13 Berenes Berani Brave
14 Belenjes Belanja Shopping
15 Baigon Baik Good
16 Bukes Buku Book
17 Bukrena Buka Open
18 Cucok Cocok/Bagus Beautiful
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19 Carma Cari Looking for
20 Candra Ganteng Handsome
21 Cap cus Cepat Fast/Quick
22 Cecong - cecong Cuci Wash
23 Centon Cinta Love
24 Centong Cantik Beautiful
25 Datrea Datang Come
26 Diclatu Dimaki maki To revile
27 Duta Duit/Uang Money28 Departemen Depan Front
29 Dompra Dompet Wallet
30 Dodong Donor Donor
31 Diamond Diam Silent
32 Ejes Saja Only
33 Eyes Ayu/Cantik Pretty
34 Ertong Artis Actress
35 Endul Enak Delicious36 Enjes Anjing Dog
37 Etong-etong Hati Hati Be Careful
38 Entrong Antar Accompany
39 Gelanggang Gelang Bangle
40 Gilingan Gila Crazy
41 Gedong Besar Big
42 Gebse Pukul Beat
43 Hepong Telepon genggam Hand phone44 Harem Buruk/Bangsat Bad gay
No Waria Language Indonesian English
45 Hidangan Hidung Nose
46 Hijrah Hujan Rain
49 Ites Itu That
50 Ines Ini This
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51 Jelita Jelek Ugly
52 Jahaka Jahat Wicked
53 Jenges Jangan Do Not
54 Jeget Joget Dancer
55 Jali-jali Jalan - jalan Stroll
56 Jreng Oke Ok
57 Kendes Kondom Condom
58 Klewong Keluar Out
59 Keseyong Kasihan Pitiful60 Kenti Alat kelamin laki2 Penis
61 Kalangkang Kalung Necklace
62 Kesindang Kesini Come Here
63 Keces Kaca Mirror
64 Kelinci Kecil Small
65 Krembong Krimbat Cream bath
66 Kencana Kencing Urinate
67 Kursase Kurus Thin68 Lapangan Lapar Hungry
69 Lambreta Lama Long
70 Lesbong Lesbi Homosexual
71 Leres Lari Run
72 Lenterong Tentara Soldier
73 Lambada Lambat Slow
74 Lekong Laki laki Man
75 Lemse Lemari Cupboard76 Lenggesan Langganan Costumer
77 Mawar Suka Like
78 Maskara Masak Cook
79 Mursida Murah Cheap
80 Maharani Mahal Expensive
81 Majalengka Majalah Magazine
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82 Mlem Malam Night
83 Mengges Minggu Sunday
84 Metong Mati Dead
85 Merong2 Marah marah Angry
No Waria Language Indonesian English
86 Meblong Mobil Car
87 Mbok Panggilan waria yg tua Old sister
88 Nduk Panggilan waria yg muda Young sister
89 Nepsong Nafsu Desire90 Nyenyes Nyanyi Singing
91 Nyebong Melacur Prostitute
92 Nolse Nulis Write
93 Nyepse Menyapu Sweep
94 Narita Narik Pull
95 Nyengnyong Mencuri Stole
96 Ngantang Ngantuk Sleepy
97 Ngejes Mengajak To invite98 Nenges Nangis Cry
99 Orbit Obat Medicine
10
0Odhes Odha People infected by HI
10
1Pecong Pacar Boyfriend or Girl
10
2Pendekar Pendek Short
10
3Pelecong Pelicin Lubricant
10
4Peges Pagi Morning
10
5Pakarena Pakai Use/Wear
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10
6Pyur Pergi Go
10
7Panadol Panas Hot
10
8Polonia Pulang Go home
10
9Polesong Polisi Police
110
Paramek Pantat rasa memek Bottom with vagina taste
11
1Ramayana Ramai Crowd
11
2Ramse Rampok Robber
11
3Rapse Rapat Meeting
114
Reyes Rayu Flattery
11
5Rexona Rokok Cigarette
11
6Rungkit Rumah House
11
7Sakina Sakit Sick/Ill
118 Sepidol Sepeda Motorcycle
11
9Serong Sering Often
12
0Sparta Sepatu Shoes
12
1Santikan Suntik Injection
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12
2Somse Sombong Arrogant
12
3Sense Sendok Spoon
12
4Semse Semir Shoe polish
No Waria Language Indonesian English
12
5 Sepor Sepi Quiet/Silent12
6Sander Sandal Sandal
12
7Sisat 100 ribu One hundred tho
12
8Salonpas/Seles Salon Beauty salon
12
9
Sipet Mani Sperm
13
0Sipa Laku Saleable
13
1Tasbe Tas Bag
13
2Takara Takut Afraid
13
3
Temong Tamu Guest
13
4Tinta Tidak No
13
5Titi DJ Hati hati di jalan Careful on your
13
6Titi kamal Hati hati kalau malam Please careful at
13 Tinurindang Tidur Sleep
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7
13
8Tingse Tinggi Tall
13
9Tenges Tangan Hand
14
0Tengse Kalender Calendar
14
1 Torsina Tutup Close14
2Tempong Sodomia Sodomy
14
3Tetengges Tetangga Neighbor
14
4Tempika Vagina Vagina
14
5
Teksong Taksi Taxi
14
6Tubang Tua Old
14
7Titi puspa Tidak puas Not satisfied
14
8Unta laut Hutang Debt
14
9
Weker Wig Wig
15
0Warior Waria Man
15
1Warse Warung Small shop
15
2Volse Volly Volley ball
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2. Word Formation in Warias Jargon
2.1. Coinage Words
1) Baigon
Meaning : Kind (Baik)
2) Reksona
Meaning : Cigarette (Rokok)
3) Panadol
Meaning : Hot (Panas)
These words are including coinage
word but already exist now. These are the
names of product. Waria use it to express
their feeling and change the meaning of
words, such as baigon. It is the mark of the
mosquito poison and Waria change the
meaning into baik.
2.2. Borrowing Words
2.2.1 Javanese Borrowing Words
1) Brondong
Meaning : Young man
(Remaja laki-laki)
2) Candra
Meaning : Handsome
(Ganteng)
3) DiclatuMeaning : To revile
(Dimaki-maki)
4) Gedong
Meaning : Big (Besar)
5) Mbok
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Meaning : old sister. They use
it to call the older
Waria in their
community. (Kakak)
6) Nduk
Meaning : young sister. They
use it to call theyounger Waria in
their community.
(Adik)
7) Sipet
Meaning : Sperm
(Sperma)
8) Sepor
Meaning : No people
or guest (Sepi)
9) Tempong
Meaning : Sodomy
(Sodomi)
From the list above, the
researcher concludes that some of
Waria language is borrowing from
Javanese. They use Javanese words butthey change the meaning of the words.
For example brondong, in Javanese it
means grains of corn fried, but Waria
change the meaning into young man.
2.2.2 Indonesian Borrowing Words
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1) Bayangkara
Meaning : Pay
(Bayar)
2) Bajangratu
Meaning : Cloths
(Baju)
3) Belimbing
Meaning : Buy (Beli)
4) Bengkulu
Meaning : Yet
(Belum)
5) Duta
Meaning : Money
(Duit/Uang)
6) Departemen
Meaning : Front
(Depan)
7) Gilingan
Meaning : Crazy
(Gila)
8) Hidangan
Meaning : Nose
(Hidung)
9) Hijrah
Meaning : Rain(Hujan)
10) Jelita
Meaning : Ugly
(Jelek)
11) Karaoke
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Meaning : Having sex
with the mouth (Oral)
12) Kelinci
Meaning : Small
(Kecil)
13) Kencana
Meaning : Date
(Kencan)
14) LapanganMeaning : Hungry
(Lapar)
15) Maskara
Meaning : Cook
(Masak)
16) Majalengka
Meaning : Magazine
(Majalah)
17) Mawar
Meaning : Suka (Like)
18) Maharani
Meaning : Expensive
(Mahal)
19) Pendekar
Meaning : Short
(Pendek)
20) PoloniaMeaning : Go home
(Pulang)
21) Ramayana
Meaning : Noisy
(Ramai)
22) Serong
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Meaning : Often
(Sering)
23)Spidol
Meaning : Motorcycle
(Sepeda motor)
24) Titi Puspa
Meaning : Not
satisfied (Tidak puas)
25)TintaMeaning : No (Tidak)
26)Weker
Meaning : Wig
(Rambut palsu)
Waria language also borrows
from Indonesian language, but they
change the meaning of the words. Like
the word belimbing, it means star
fruit but change the meaning into
buy.
2.2.3 English Borrowing Words
1) Diamond
Meaning : Keep Silent
(Diam)
2) EyesMeaning : Beautiful
(Ayu)
3) Warrior
Meaning :
Transgender (Waria)
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Waria language not only
borrowing from Indonesian and
Javanenes, but also borrows from
English. Waria use some English word
in their communication but they
change the meaning of words.
2.3. Blending Words
1) ParamekMeaning : bottom with vagina taste
(Pantat rasa memek)
Word form : Pa + ra + mekPantat
rasa memek
2) Somse
Meaning : Very arrogant or conceited(Sombong Sekali)
Word form : Som + SeSombong
Sekali
3) Titi DiJe
Meaning : Please careful on the way
(Hati hati di jalan)
Word form : Ti + ti + di + jeHati
hati dijalan
4) Titi Kamal
Meaning : Please careful at night
(Hati hati kalau malam)
Word form : Ti + ti + ka + malHati
hati kalau malam
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Waria blend some words from names
of people and products, such as titi kamal
and paramek. They also change the lexical
meaning of those words.
2.4. Derivation
2.4.1 Suffixes
1) Berenes
Meaning : Brave(Berani)
Word form : be + re +
nes
2) Belekes
Meaning : Back
(Belakang)
Word form : be + le +
kes
3) Belenjes
Meaning : Shopping
(Belanja)
Word form : be + len +
jes
4) Bences
Meaning :Homosexual (Banci)
Word form : ben + ces
5) Bukes
Meaning : Book
(Buku)
Word form : bu + kes
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6) Celenes
Meaning : Trouser
(Celana)
Word form : ce + le +
nes
7) Ites
Meaning : That (Itu)
Word form :I + tes
8) InesMeaning : This (Ini)
Word form :I + nes
9) Jenges
Meaning : Dont
(Jangan)
Word form :Jeng + es
10) Kendes
Meaning : Condom
(Kondom)
Word form : ken + des
11) Keces
Meaning : Mirror
(Kaca)
Word form : ke + ces
12) Leres
Meaning : Run (Lari)
Word form : le + res13) Mengges
Meaning : Sunday
(Minggu)
Word form : meng + ges
14) Metes
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Meaning : Eyes
(Mata)
Word form : me + tes
15)Meyes
Meaning : Making
love (Main)
Word form : me + yes
16) Nyenyes
Meaning : Singing(Nyanyi)
Word form : nye +nyes
17) Ngejes
Meaning : To invite
(ngajak)
Word form : nge + jes
18) Nenges
Meaning : Cry
(Nangis)
Word form : neng + es
19)Odhes
Meaning : People
infected by
HIV/AIDS
(ODHA)
Word form : odh + es
20)PegesMeaning : Morning
(Pagi)
Word form :pe + ges
21)Reyes
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Meaning : Flattery
(Rayu)
Word form : re + yes
22) Seles
Meaning : Beauty
salon (Salon)
Word form :se + les
23) Tenges
Meaning : Hand(Tangan)
Word form : teng + es
24) Tetengges
Meaning : Neighbor
(Tetangga)
Word form : te + teng +
es
From the list above, the
researcher concludes that some of
Indonesian words use by Waria in
Malang changes the vowel. The vowel
a, u, o, and ichange become e
and the end of word is replace with
es.
2.4.2 Suffix se
1) ApeseMeaning : What (Apa)
Word form : a + pe + se
2) Homse
Meaning :
Homosexual (Homo)
Word form : hom + se
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3) Lemse
Meaning : Cupboard
(Lemari)
Word form : lem + se
4) Nolse
Meaning : Write
(Nulis)
Word form : nol + se
5) NyepseMeaning : Sweep (
Nyapu)
Word form : nyep + se
6) Ramse
Meaning : Robber
(Rampok)
Word form : ram + se
7) Rapse
Meaning : Meeting
(Rapat)
Word form : rap + se
8) Sense
Meaning : Spoon
(Sendok)
Word form :sen + se
9) Semse
Meaning : Shoepolishes (Semir)
Word form :sem + se
10) Tinges
Meaning : Tall
(Tinggi)
Word form : ting + se
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11) Tengse
Meaning : Calendar
(Kalender/Tanggalan)
Word form : teng + se
12) Voles
Meaning : Volley ball
(Volly)
Word form : vol + se
13) WarseMeaning : Shop
(Warung)
Word form : war + se
These are the list of Indonesian
words using by Waria in Malang and
change in some part. The vowel a
becomes e and vowel u becomes
o, but this pattern only use in certain
words. In the end of word is change
into se. Mostly, words with vowel a
not change into e, such as warse
from word warungmeans shop.
2.4.3 Suffix ong
1) Centong
Meaning : Beautiful(Cantik)
Word form : cen + tong
2) Dodong
Meaning : Donor
(Donor)
Word form : do + dong
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3) Gretong
Meaning : Free
(Gratis)
Word form :gre + tong
4) Hepong
Meaning : Hand
phone (Telepon genggam)
Word form : he + pong
5) HemongMeaning : Male
homosexual/Gay (Homo)
Word form : he + mong
6) Kelewong
Meaning : Out
(Keluar)
Word form : ke + le +
wong
7) Keseyong
Meaning : Pitiful
(Kasihan)
Word form : ke + se +
yong
8) Krembong
Meaning : Cream bath
(Krimbat)
Word form : krem +bong
9) Lekong
Meaning : Man (Laki
laki)
Word form : le + kong
10) Lesbong
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Meaning : Female
homosexual (Lesbian)
Word form : les + bong
11) Meblong
Meaning : Car (Mobil)
Word form : me + blong
12) Mekong
Meaning : Eat
(Makan)Word form : me + kong
13) Metong
Meaning : Dead
(Mati)
Word form : me + tong
14) Nepsong
Meaning : Desire
(Nafsu)
Word form : nep + song
15) Panjengjong
Meaning : Long
(Panjang)
Word form :pan +jeng
+ jong
16) Pecong
Meaning :
Boyfriend/girlfriend (Pacar)Word form :pe + cong
17) Pelecong
Meaning : Lubricant
(Pelicin)
Word form :pe + le +
cong
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18) Polesong
Meaning : Police
(Polisi)
Word form :po + le +
song
19)Pewong
Meaning : Woman
(Perempuan)
Word form :pe + wong20)Temong
Meaning : Guest
(Tamu)
Word form : te + mong
21) Teksong
Meaning : Taxi
(Taksi)
Word form : tek + song
Waria change some of
Indonesian words into their language
with adding by ong in the end of
word. Mostly, the vowel (a, o and
i) changes into eand adding by
ongin the end of word.
2.4.4 Suffix ang1) Endang
Meaning : Delicious
(Enak)
Word form : en + dang
2) Inang
Meaning : This (Ini)
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Word form : i + nang
3) Kalangkang
Meaning : Necklace
(Kalung)
Word form : ka + lang
+ kang
4) Kesindang
Meaning : Come here
(Kesini)Word form : ke + sin +
dang
5) Ngantang
Meaning : Sleepy
(Ngantuk)
Word form : ngan +
tang
6) Gelanggang
Meaning : Bangle
(Gelang)
Word form :ge + lang
+ gang
7) Tubang
Meaning : Old (Tua)
Word form : tu + bang
Besides adding by ong, some
Waria words which is borrowing from
Indonesian also adding by ang. The
vowel uchange into a.
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2.4.5 Suffix -naand -rena
1) Baruna
Meaning : New (Baru)
Word form : ba + ru +
na
2) Bukrena
Meaning : Open
(Buka)
Word form : bu + kre +na
3) Pakarena
Meaning : Wear/Use
(Pakai)
Word form :pa + ka +
re + na
4) Sakina
Meaning : Sick (Sakit)
Word form :sa + ki +
na
Waria borrows from other
language and change it the construction
and meaning of the words. In the end
of these words are replace with -naor
-rena. The words adding by -na or
-rena
2.4.6 Prefix e- and suffixes / -ong
1) Ejes
Meaning : Only (Saja)
Word form : e + jes
2) Enjes
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Meaning : Dog
(Anjing)
Word form : en + jes
3) Ertong
Meaning : Actress
(Artis)
Word form :Er + tong
4) Entrong
Meaning : Accompany(Antar)
Word form :Er + tong
Vowel ain the beginning of
the word change into e, while -ing
in the end of the word change into -es
and -isand -archange into -ong.
2.4.7 Infix eor -a-
1) Aides
Meaning : AIDS
Word form : aid + e + s
2) Melem
Meaning : Night
(Malam)
Word form : me + lem
3) Jeget
Meaning : Dance(Joget)
Word form :je + get
4) Santikan
Meaning : Injection
(Suntikan)
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Word form :san + ti +
kan
From the list above, some
words used by Waria are infixing by
e. a and o in the middle of these
words are change into e, while u
becomes a.
2.5. Echoism
1) Meong
Meaning : Making love
(Main)
Word meong is sound of cat using
by Waria in their language means making
love.
2.6. Reduplication
1) Cap cus
Meaning : Fast/quick (Cepat)
2) Cecong cecong
Meaning : Wash (Cuci cuci)
3) Jali jali
Meaning : Stroll (Jalan
jalan)4) Merong merong
Meaning : Angry (Marah
marah)
5) Nyengnyong
Meaning : Steal
(Mencuri/Nyuri)
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6) Cumi cumi
Meaning : Kissing (Ciuman)
7) Cipta cipta
Meaning : Kissing (Cium
pipi)
From the list above the researcher
conclude that the reduplication word not
only repeated word but also repeated vowelor consonant of the word.
2.7. Irregular words
1) Akika
Meaning : I (Saya)
2) Adisi
Meaning : Exist (Ada)
3) Cucok
Meaning : Suitable (Cocok)
4) Carma
Meaning : Search (Cari)
5) Centon
Meaning : Love (Cinta)
6) Datrea
Meaning : Come (Datang)
7) Dompra
Meaning : Wallet (Dompet)8) Endul
Meaning : Delicious (Enak)
9) Gebse
Meaning : Beat (Pukul)
10)Harem
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Meaning : Rascal
(Buruk/bangsat)
11) Jahaka
Meaning : Wicked (Jahat)
12) Jreng
Meaning : Ok (Oke)
13)Kenti
Meaning : Penis (Alat
kelamin laki laki)14) Kursase
Meaning : Thin (Kurus)
15) Lambreta
Meaning : Long duration
(Lama)
16) Lenterong
Meaning : Soldier (Tentara)
17) Lambada
Meaning : Slow (Lambat)
18) Lenggesan
Meaning : Customer
(Pelanggan)
19) Mursida
Meaning : Cheap (Murah)
20) Ngesong
Meaning : Having sex with
mouth (Oral)21) Nyebong
Meaning : Prostitute
(Melacur)
22) Narita
Meaning : Pull (Tarik)
23)Orbit
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Meaning : Medicine (Obat)
24)Pyur
Meaning : Go (Pergi)
25) Rungkit
Meaning : House (Rumah)
26) Sparta
Meaning : Shoes (Sepatu)
27) Sander
Meaning : Sandal (Sandal)28)Sepong
Meaning : Having sex with
mouth (Oral)
29)Sicel
Meaning : Trouser (Celana)
30)Sisat
Meaning : One hundred
thousand (Seratus ribu)
31)Sipa
Meaning : Saleable (Laku)
32)Tasbe
Meaning : Bag (Tas)
33) Takara
Meaning : Afraid (Takut)
34) Tinurindang
Meaning : Sleep (Tidur)
35) TempikaMeaning : Vagina (Vagina)
36) Torsina
Meaning : Close (Tutup)
37) Unta laut
Meaning : Debt (Hutang)
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These words are irregular word used
by Waria in Malang. Actually they have no
pattern to create a word. They just create it
spontaneously, unique and unknown by
common people.
2.8. Synonym Words in Waria Language
1) Celenes synonym with Sicel means
Trouser (Celana)
2) Inang synonym with Ines means This(Ini)
3) Karaoke synonym with Ngesong and
Sepong means Having sex with mouth
(Oral)
4) Luna synonym with Luner means
Hooker (Pelacur)
5) Meyes synonym with Meong means
Making love (Main)
6) Pewong synonym with Pewi means
Woman (Perempuan)
7) Rambo synonym with Rambutan means
Hair (Rambut)
8) Tempra synonym with Tempong means
Sodomy (Sodomi)
9) Gretong synonym with Geretan means
Free (Gratis)
10)Makasar synonym with Mekong meansEat (Makan)
11)Menina synonym with Mabar means
Drink (Minum)
12)Metong synonym with Mataram means
Dead (Mati)
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13)Endang synonym with Endul means
Delicious (Enak)
14)Matador synonym with Metes means
Eyes (Mata)
15) Cumi-cumi synonym with cipta - cipta
means Kissing (Ciuman)
16)Peres synonym with Rumpi means Lie
(Bohong)
17)Hemong synonym with Homse meansHomosexual (Homo)
18)Panjengjong synonym with Pancasila
means Long (Panjang)
The list of these words has same
meaning in different word. Waria have no
pattern or rule to create a word.
2.9. The Use of Warias Jargon in Sentences
1. Lekong ines mawar mbek akika
Laki-laki ini suka sama saya
This gay likes me.
2. Adese ape ye datrea kesindang
Ada apa kamu datang kesini
Why you come here?
3. Pewong inang disangkakne luna
Perempuan ini disangka pelacurHe thinks this girl is a hooker
4. Akika takara polesong
Saya takut polisi
I am afraid of police
5. Jenges pyur ye
Jangan pergi kamu
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Dont go!
6. Pewi ines rambone pancasila
Wanita ini rambutnya panjang
This woman has long hair
7. Ye organda jahara sekeles
Kamu orangnya jahat sekali
You are very wicked
8. Akike centon semes ye
Saya cinta sama kamuI love you
9. Ye sutra tinta centon akike
Kamu sudah tidak cinta saya
You dont love me
10. Akike tinta mawar semes ye
Saya tidak suka sama kamu
I dont like you
11. Akike tinta titik puspa semes ines
Saya tidak puas sama dia
I am not satisfied with him
12. Kawanua pakarena weker
Kamu memakai wig
You are wearing a wig
13. Akike lapangan bo, ayo makasar
Saya lapar, mari makan.
Im hungry, lets eat
14. Akike belimbing hepong barunaSaya beli handphone baru
I bought new hand phone
15. Akike tinta penyes unta laut
Saya tidak punya hutang
I have no debt
16. Ye mawar polonia? Titi dije ya
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Kamu mau pulang? Hati-hati dijalan ya
Do you want to go home? Take care.
17. Ines ekes mawar polonia
Dia mau pulang sekarang
He will go home now
18. Pecongan candra sekeles, si ol
dimandeng?
Pacarmu cakep sekali, dapat dimana?
Your boyfriend is very handsome, whereyou got him?
A. Result of Analysis
From the data description above, the researcher
conclude that Waria jargon have no certain pattern in
create words. Some of Waria jargon in Malang is
borrowing from Indonesian, Javanese and also English
but they change the meaning of those words. In Waria
jargon also has coinage word which already exists, such
as the name of product. Blending words from the name of
people and mark of medicine in Indonesian also used by
Waria in daily communication. For example, titi kamal
means hati hati kalau malam (please take care on
night).
Warias jargon is formed by suffix: -es, -se, -
ong, -ang, -na or rena. These suffixes sometime
replace the end of the words. For example, bukescomefrom bukumeans book. The vowel a, u, o, and i
change become e, theexample, pagibecomes peges
means morning. The vowel u change into a, the
example is kalangkangfrom the word kalungmeaning
necklace. In infixes, aand oin the middle of words are
change into e, while ubecomes a, such as melem
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from malammeans night and santikan from the word
suntikanmeans injection.
There are also some echoism, reduplication and
synonym words. Many irregular words used by Waria in
Malang. But there is no antonomasia, compounding
words, clipping words, acronyms, conversion, and back
formation found in Warias jargon.
Unfortunately, the jargon of Waria in Malang
especially the community of IWAMA (Ikatan WariaMalang) cannot be stated that the jargon has a fix pattern.
It is happened because the process of creting the jargons
words are spontaneously and naturally without any
formulas.
B. Finding Interpretation
The finding of this discussion enriches the
comprehension toward Warias jargon used by the
member of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang). Based on the
data description and the result of study above the
researcher finally interprets that Warias jargon is
borrowed from Indonesian, Javanese, and English words.
The words that are taken from other language are change
to fit into the language of the borrower. The changes from
original form to the loaned form are through that is
popularly called borrowing word adoption process. The
borrowing words are commonly changes the originalmeaning.
The previous study enhances the knowledge
concerning with Gays slang in Gajayana Sport Hall
Malang about the contextual and social meaning, indeed,
this research enhances the knowledge about particular
terms used by Waria in Malang.
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305
In conclusion, the research support the theories
that are applied or used, because the study uses the
theories to interpret the data and this study also accept
what previous study found.
CONCLUSION
The researcher concludes that every language
variety has its own characteristic. Waria also has their
own language which is different, unique and unknown bycommon people. There are many kind of jargon used by
Waria in Malang and some the process of word formation.
The conclusions of this study are:
1. Warias jargons are borrowing from
Indonesian, Javanese and English word but they
change the meaning of the words.
a. Mbok
Meaning : old sister. They use it to call the
older Waria in their community.
(Kakak)
b. Nduk
Meaning : young sister. They use it to call
the younger Waria in their
community. (Adik)
c. Mawar
Meaning : Suka (Like)
d. TintaMeaning : No (Tidak)
e. Diamond
Meaning : Silent (Diam)
2. Some of Warias jargons constructed
with ended by suffix es, -se, ong, -ang, -na, and
rena. The suffixes are replacing the end of the
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words and change the original meaning of the
words. The example are belenjes, warse,
kelewong, kesindang, baruna and
pakarena.
3. The vowel a, u, o, and ichange
become e, the vowel uchange into a. Some
example of this changing are jenges, keces,
kendes, ites and kalangkang.
4. The most jargons used by Waria inMalang are irregular words. There is no rule or
pattern in creating the words.
5. Waria communicate use Warias jargon
with the same community of them. They use
Indonesian also Javanese when they communicate
with common people.
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