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SIG Pertambangan(Theory of Spatial Analysis : Introduction .....)
Oleh :
Irvani
Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
SKS, Penilaian & Kehadiran :
Banyaknya SKS = 2 SKS (Teori)
Penilaian :
- Absensi 10%
- Tugas 20%
- Teori (UTS & UAS) 70%
Kehadiran minimal 75% dari 14x perkualiahan
Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
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Referensi :
Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
Bonham-Carter, G.F. (1994) Geographic Information System for Geoscientists: Modellingwith GIS. Delta Print ing , Ontario, 398 p.
Harris, J.R. (ed) (2006) GIS For The Earth Sciences. GAC Special Paper 44, Geological
Associati on of Can ada, 616 p.
de By, R.A. (ed) (2000) Principles of Geographic Information Systems. ITC educationalTexbook Series, Netherlands.
Huisman, O. And de By, R.A. (2009) Principles of Geographic Information Systems. ITC
educational Texbook Series, Netherlands.
Mitchel, A. (1999) The ESRI guide to GIS Analysis. Volume 1: Geographic patterns &Relationships, ESRI Press, 186 pp.
Kennedy, H. (ed) (2001) Dictionary of GIS terminolog y. ESRI Press, Redlands, 116 p.
Longley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J. and Rhind, D.W. (2001) Geographic
Informati on Systems and Science. John Wiley & Sons, 454 pp.
Maguir e, D. J., Goodch ild, M. F., and Rhind, D. W. (eds) (1991) Geographical in formati onsystems: principles and applications, Longman.
Zeiler, M. (1999) Modeling Our Wor ld: the ESRI Guide to Geodatabase Design. ESRI Press,
Redlands, 198 p.
ESRI Homepage ( http://esri.com /index.html ) : understand ing GIS, industry applicati ons,
user conference, virtual campus, ESRI Press books
Materi/Pokok Bahasan
I Pendahuluan (P.1)
II Overview of GIS (P.2)
III Map Projection andCoordinate System (P.3-4)
IV GIS for Geoscience (P.5)
V GIS Database (P.6)
VI Theory of Spatial Analysis (P.7-9)
a. Metode AHP
b. Principle Steps
in GIS Spatial
c. GIS ProcessingVII Introduction to ArcGIS or
MapInfo (P.10) (Option)
VIII Case Studies/Latihan (P.11-14)
Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
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State-of-the-Art GIS:
Introduction to ArcGIS
Chapter 2
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Mobile/Field
Capture
Mobile
Devices
Web
publisher
GIS ExtensionsDesktop
GIS
Data ExplorerGIS Desktops
Reader software
Clients
Java Viewer
HTML Viewer
Developer Tools
GIS Servers
RDBMS
Database
connector
Development
kits
State-of-the-Art GIS siceearly 2000s
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STATE-OF-THE-ART
GIS AS INFRASTRUCTURE
Virtual Globes
ArcGIS ExplorerGoogle EarthVirtual Earth
Desktop GIS
ArcInfoArcEditorArcViewArcReader
Server GISArcGIS ServerPortal Toolkit
Mobile GISPC, PDAPhone
Network
DBMSFilesXMLGeodatabases
SEVERAL GIS SOFTWARE
Commercial:
ESRI http://www.esri.com
Intergraph http://www.intergraph.com
Autodesk http://www.autodesk.com
Non-commercial/academic:
Clark Labs (Clark University)
http://www.clarklabs.org
USGS Grass - http://grass.fbk.eu/intro/general.php
Ilwis: www.ilwis.org
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INTRODUCTION TO GIS SOFTWARE
(ESP. ARCGIS)
Acknowledgement: Most of the slides in this presentation are either from
Dr Francisco Olivera (TAMU) or Dr David Maidment (UT, Austin)
INTRODUCTION TO GIS
SOFTWARE
How data are stored in ArcGIS
Components of ArcGIS ArcMap,
ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox GIS on the Web ArcGIS Server,
ArcIMS, Google Earth.
Extensions of ArcGIS spatial analyst,
geostatistical analyst and 3D analyst
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ESRI GIS DEVELOPMENT
Arc/Info (coverage model)
Versions 1-7 from 1980 1999
Arc Macro Language (AML)
ArcView (shapefile model)
Versions 1-3 from 1994 1999
Avenue scripting language
ArcGIS (geodatabase model)
Version 8.0, , 9.3 from 2000
Visual Basic for Applications
160,000 licenses
1,200,000 users as of 2004
GEOGRAPHIC DATA
MODELS
All geographic information systems are built using formal
models that describe how things are located in space. A
formal model is an abstract and well-defined system of
concepts. A geographic data model defines the vocabulary
for describing and reasoning about the things that are
located on the earth. Geographic data models serve as the
foundation on which all geographic information systems
are built.
Scott Morehouse, Preface to Modeling our World
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DATA MODELS
A geographic data
model is a structure
for organizing
geospatial data so that
it can be easily stored
and retrieved.
Geographic coordinates
Tabular attributes
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Different types of data model supported by ArcGIS :
1. File-based models :coverages, shapefiles, etc.
2. Geodatabase model:high-level geographic data modelusing standard RDBMS
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FILE-BASED DATA MODELS
Coverages Developed for
workstation Arc/Info
~ 1980 Complex structure,
proprietary format
Attributes in Infotables
Shapefiles
Developed for
ArcView ~ 1993
Simpler structure
in public domain
Attributes in
dBase (.dbf)
Geographic coordinates and attributes
are stored in separate but linked files
ArcInfo
Storing Data
Coverages Shapefiles
Texas
Counties
Evap
Info
Texas
Counties.shp
Counties.shx
Counties.dbf
Evap.shp
Evap.shx
Evap.dbf
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STORING DATA Coverages and Shapefiles Coverages are stored partially in their own
folder and partially in the common INFO folder.Shapefiles are stored in three to five files (withextensions .shp, .shx, .dbf, .sbx and .sbn).
Coverages store common boundaries betweenpolygons only once, to avoid redundancy.Shapefiles store all the geometry of eachpolygon regardless of redundancy.
Coverage features are single lines or singlepolygons. Shapefiles allow features to havemultiple, disconnected, intersecting andoverlapping components.
GEODATABASE AND FEATURE
DATASET
A geodatabase is a relational database that
stores geographic information.
A feature dataset is a collection of feature
classes that share the same spatial
reference frame.
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Geodatabase
Relational database
Stores geographic coordinates as one
attribute (shape) in a relational
database table
Personal Geodatabase: small size(
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OBJECT CLASS An object class is a collection
of objects in tabular format
that have the same behavior
and the same attributes.
An object class is a table that has a unique identifier (ObjectID)
for each record
FEATURE CLASS
A featureclass is acollection of
geographicobjects intabular formatthat have thesamebehavior andthe sameattributes.
Feature Class = Object class + spatial coordinates
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RELATIONSHIP
A relationship is an association orlink between two objects in adatabase.
A relationship can exist betweenspatial objects (features in feature
classes), non-spatial objects (objectsin object classes), or between spatialand non-spatial objects.
RELATIONSHIP
Relationship between non-spatial objects
Water
QualityData
Water
Quality
Parameters
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RELATIONSHIPRelationship between spatial and non-spatial objects
Water quality data
(non-spatial)
Measurement station
(spatial)
NETWORK
A network is a set ofedges (lines) andjunctions (points) thatare topologicallyconnected to each other.
Each edge knows whichjunctions are at itsendpoints
Eachjunction knowswhich edges it connectsto
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INTRODUCTION TO GIS
SOFTWARE
How data are stored in ArcGIS
Components of ArcGIS ArcMap,
ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox
GIS on the Web ArcGIS Server, ArcIMS,
Google Earth.
Extensions of ArcGIS spatial analyst,geostatistical analyst and 3D analyst
ARC MAP
Create maps
View
and
edit
data Analyze data
(Geoprocessing)
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ARC CATALOG
View data
(like Windows Explorer)
Graphical
previews
Metadata
Tables
ARC TOOLBOX
Map Projections
Tools for commonly used tasks
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GEO-PROCESSING
Toolbox tools linked together using the model builder to
automate data processing
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ARC GLOBE
An alternativedisplay to ArcMap
Design to rapidlydisplay image filesand to zoom inrapidly from a global
view to a local view Works on a spherical
earth (notspheroidal)
Our focus
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LEVELS OF ARCGIS
ArcView View data and do edits on
shape files and simple personal
geodatabases
ArcEditor do more complex edits onenterprise geodatabases
ArcInfo the full system, with access to
workstation ArcInfo (i.e. ArcInfo version 7)
as well
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INTRODUCTION TO GIS
SOFTWARE How data are stored in ArcGIS
Components of ArcGIS ArcMap,
ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox
GIS on the Web ArcGIS Server, ArcIMS,
Google Earth.
Extensions of ArcGIS spatial analyst,geostatistical analyst and 3D analyst
ARCGIS
ON THE WEB
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GOOGLE EARTH GEOGRAPHIC WEB BROWSER
http://earth.google.com/
GOOGLE EARTH 3D WITH TERRAIN
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Adding data to Google Earth
INTRODUCTION TO GIS
SOFTWARE
How data are stored in ArcGIS
Components of ArcGIS ArcMap,
ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox GIS on the Web ArcGIS Server,
ArcIMS, Google Earth.
Extensions of ArcGIS spatial analyst,
geostatistical analyst and 3D analyst
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ARCGIS EXTENSIONS
ESRI ONLINE REFERENCE
MATERIALS
http://www.esri.com/library/ Referencematerial and brochures about ESRIproducts
ArcGIS summary:http://www.esri.com/library/brochures/pdfs/arcgis.pdf
Spatial Analyst summary:http://www.esri.com/library/brochures/pdfs/spatialanalystbro.pdf
ESRI Virtual Campus providesonline training http://campus.esri.com/
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Several important GIS projects
1. USGS Global GIS Project ( http://http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/globalgiswebgis.wr.usgs.gov/globalgis// )
2. The National Geologic Map Database Project (NGMDB) : acollaborative project involving the USGS, the Association of AmericanState Geologists, and the Geological Society of Canada( http://http://ncgmp.usgs.gov/ngmdbproject/home.htmlncgmp.usgs.gov/ngmdbproject/home.html )
3. ESRI Data Models :( http://http://esri.com/software/arcgisdatamodels/index.htmlesri.com/software/arcgisdatamodels/index.html )
Geography NetworksGeography Networks(http://(http://www.geographynetwork.comwww.geographynetwork.com//
USGS GeologyUSGS Geology (http://(http://geology.usgs.gov/index.shtmlgeology.usgs.gov/index.shtml))
USGS GEOUSGS GEO--DATA Explorer (GEODE)DATA Explorer (GEODE)(http://(http://geode.usgs.govgeode.usgs.gov/)./).
The Geological Survey of CanadaThe Geological Survey of Canada((http://http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/gsc/index_e.htmlwww.nrcan.gc.ca/gsc/index_e.html))
The British Geological SurveyThe British Geological Survey(http://(http://www.bgs.ac.uk/home.htmlwww.bgs.ac.uk/home.html))
GeoscienceGeoscienceAust raliaAustral ia (http://(http://www.ga.gov.auwww.ga.gov.au))
The Netherlands Institute of AppliedThe Netherlands Institute of Applied GeoscienceGeoscience TNOTNO --National Geological SurveyNational Geological Survey(http://(http://www.nitg.tno.nl/eng/index.shtmlwww.nitg.tno.nl/eng/index.shtml))
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SEVERAL SOURCES FOR FREESPATIAL DATASETS
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Web Resource for Earth Science Datasets
The National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse, Federal GeographicThe National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse, Federal Geographic
Data Committee (Data Committee (http://clearinghouse1.fgdc.gov/)http://clearinghouse1.fgdc.gov/)
The USGS Mineral Resources Program(http://minerals.usgs.gov/)
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GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA
(HTTP://WWW.GA.GOV.AUHTTP://WWW.GA.GOV.AU)
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WEB RESOURCES FORGEOPHYSICAL DATA
USGS Geophysical data(http://http://crustal.usgs.gov/crustal/geophysicscrustal.usgs.gov/crustal/geophysics//)
NOAA National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Solid EarthGeophysics - Digital Gravity and Magnetics(http://http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/segd.shtmlwww.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/segd.shtml)
American Geophysical Union (http://www.agu.org/http://www.agu.org/)
Natural Resources Canada, Geophysical Data Centre(http://gdcinfo.agg.emr.ca/gdc/index_e.htmlhttp://gdcinfo.agg.emr.ca/gdc/index_e.html)
Western region geophysical investigations by the GeophysicalUnit of Menlo Park, California (GUMP)(http://http://geology.wr.usgs.gov/docs/gump/gump.htmlgeology.wr.usgs.gov/docs/gump/gump.html)
National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) GeospatialSciences Division (http://http://www.nima.mil/GandGwww.nima.mil/GandG//) 52
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MapInfo digunakan di Indonesia digunakan
pada tahun 1980-an.
MapInfo hadir dengan beberapa interface
yang diimplementasikan dalam berbagai
bentuk : menu, tools, dll.
Keunggulan MapInfo :
1. Dilengkapi interface
2. Menggeser dan merotasikan objek grafis
3. Menyimpan objek dalam table
4. Menentukan batas (table bounds)
5. Merubah skala dan perbesaran6. Memiliki beberapa pola baru (fill&hatch pattern) untukmeningkatkan kualitas tampilan peta dijital
7. Memiliki fasilitas scale pattern untuk menghasilkanprint-out peta dijital berwarna sedekat mungkin dengantampilan softcopy-nya
8. Dapat menentukan resolusi peta dijital sesuai denganresolusi monitor
9. Mampu membuat 3D
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MapInfo menyebut peta dijitalnya (shape,coverage, atau layer sebagai prangkat SIG atauCAD lainnya) sebagai TAB (*.TAB) atauterkadang table.
Workspace dalam MapInfo juga seperti desktopMs.Windows yang muncul pada tampilan layar
pengguna. Pengguna dapat merubahtampilannya dengan mudah dengan caramengeser-geser tampilan objek2 di dalamnya.
Map Window
MapInfo menggunakan terminologi Map
Window untuk merepresentasikan sebuah
objek yang menampung dan menampilkan
objek table yang terdapat di dalamnya.
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Data pasial utama yang digunakan MapInfo menggunakanmodel vektor diimplementasikan sebagai sebuah table.
Data spasial yang diimplemantasikan table ini terdiri dari :
1. *.DAT : file untuk menyimpan data atribut atau table miliksebuah table
2. *.TAB : File utama berisi informasi struktur table, namafield, dan tipe field di dalamnya
3. *.MAP : File berisi informasi geografis yangmendeskripsikan objek2 peta.
4. *.IND : File berisi indeks data yang terdapat dalam tableatribut terkait (*.DAT)
5. *.ID : File berisi indeks data yang terdapat dalam objekgeografis terkait (*.MAP)
Tool-Tool MapInfo
1. Standard Toolbar
Memuat tools dengan fungsi yang umumnya tercakup dalam menu File,
Edit dan Window.
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2. Main Toolbar
Memuat tools untuk melakukan seleksi terhadap objek grafis, mengubah
ukuran tampilan peta, melihat jarak antara objek, dll.
3. Drawing Toolbar
Memuat tools yang digunakan untuk mengedit/ membuat objek
grafis
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Map Windows
Objek grafis dari table ditampilkan dalam
Map Window. Beberapa table bisa
ditampilkan dalam satu Map Window yang
sama, dalam layer yang berbeda.
Browser Window
Gunakan Browser Window untuk melihat
atau mengedit data tabular. Setiap kolom
dari data tabular mengacu pada field yangberbeda. Setiap baris merupakan
informasi yang mengacu pada satu record
atau satu objek grafis (jika ada).
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Graph Window
Dengan Grap Window, data tabular
divisualisasikan dalam bentuk grafik. Ada
berbagai bentuk grafik seperti : bar
graphs, pie graphs, line graphs, dll.
WorkspaceWorkspace merupakan suatu area kerja yang menyimpan
informasi dari map window dengan satu atau beberapa
tabel yang dibuka, browser window dll. Workspace yang
disimpan menempati satu file tersendiri dengan file type.
WOR.
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Layout
Merupakan feature dari MapInfo untuk
membuat satu halaman layout yang
memuat map window, browser window
dan grafik window, text dll.
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3DMap
Peta 3D dapat kita buat dengan bantuan
software MapInfo sehingga menghasilkan
tampilan 3D suatu daerah. Analisis
morfografi atau bentukan lahan bisa
terlihat lebih nyata dan dapat dianalisis
dari berbagai sudut.
Peta 3D
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Edit Peta 3D
MENGOLAH DATA di MapInfo
Source data (Citra satelit, foto udara, peta,
gambar, dll)
Pemberian titik ikat, minimal 3 titik
Digitasi
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Source Data
Contoh :1. Citra satelit
2. Peta
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Pemberian titik ikat
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Terima Kasih
Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan