Kristal-MineralTGS7113 - 2 SKS teori
by:
Dr. hil. gendoet hartono
Semester 1, 2018-2019
+ Ilmu mineral dimulai dengan Renaissance (Agricola, De Re
Metallica 1556 Pertambangan dan Metode Metalurgi
+ Nicolas Steno (Denmark: Niels Stensen) sudut wajah kristal
Konstan 1669)
+ 1700 s pengukuran geometri kristal dan konsep simetri
René Just Haüy berupa satuan sel
+ Pengukuran yang tepat dari 1800-an simetri kristal bidang
kristalografi, kimia analitik menyebabkan klasifikasi kimia
mineral
+ 1800-an - penciptaan mikroskop polarisasi membuka
bidang petrografi dan studi sifat optik mineral
History of Mineralogy
+ 1900-an - sinar-X pengukuran difraksi memungkinkan
untuk pengukuran tepat dari simetri internal dan struktur
mineral
+ 1960 - pengembangan microprobe elektron memungkinkan
untuk akurat dalam analisis kimia mineral in situ
+ 1970 - pengembangan mikroskop transmisi elektron
memungkinkan untuk visualisasi struktur atom dan simetri
+ 1980 - microprobe ion memungkinkan untuk mempelajari
komposisi isotop mineral
+ Awal tahun 2000 untuk menyajikan - penelitian tentang
peran cairan asam dan dasar dalam metamorfisme
menggunakan P & T tinggi
Humans cannot survive without
minerals• 16 minerals needed
for humans to survive
• .03% of what we eat
but we would not
survive without the
minerals
• Sodium, potassium,
calcium, magnesium,
copper, phosphorous
• KRISTALOGRAFI: Disiplin ilmu geologi,
yang mempelajari bentuk luar kristal,
sifat-sifat dan penggambarannya.
• MINERALOGI: Cabang ilmu geologi yang
mempelajari asal-usul (genesa) mineral,
sifat fisik dan kimia, serta klasifikasi
dan pemanfaatannya.
• KRISTAL: benda padat homogen,
berbentuk polihedral (banyak bidang)
teratur, dibatasi bidang permukaan yang
licin sebagai expresi struktur di
dalamnya.
• MINERAL: benda padat homogen yang
dihasilkan secara alamiah, berupa
senyawa anorganik, mempunyai sifat
fisik dan kimia tertentu, umumnya
berbentuk kristalin.
The earth is made of rocks, which are in turn made of minerals. In this part of the course we'll learn how to identify common minerals and rocks.
In order for something to be classified as a mineral, it must meet five (5) criterion:
Minerals are:
· 1. Naturally occurring,
· 2. Inorganic,
· 3. Have known chemical compositions
· 4. Have definite physical properties.
5. Are solid
·
They are usually (although not always) crystalline.
Characteristics of ALL minerals:
(INSCC)• Inorganic
– never alive– not from
something alive
– rocks can have organic matter
• Naturally occurring
– not synthetic or artificial
• Solid– at room
temperature
• Crystal system
– repeating pattern with flat sides (called faces)
– most are only visible with a microscope
• Chemical composition
– some single element in pure form (native elements) like copper, diamond, sulfur
– most are compounds like quartz (SiO2) and cinnabar (HgS)
– rocks are mixtures
Mineral adalah benda padat yang terjadi
secara alami dengan susunan atom yang
sangat teratur dan komposisi (tapi tidak
tetap) kimia tertentu. Hal ini biasanya
dibentuk oleh proses-proses anorganik
Definition
“Suatu benda padat homogen yg terdapat
di alam, terbentuk scr anorganik, dgn
komposisi kimia pd batas-batas tertentu &
mempunyai atom- atom yg tersusun secara
teratur” (Berry & Mason).
"A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that
has been formed as a result of geological processes" (Nickel, E. H., 1995).
"Minerals are naturally-occurring inorganic substances with a definite and
predictable chemical composition and physical properties." (O' Donoghue, 1990).
"A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, with a
definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement" (Mason, et al,
1968).
"These... minerals ...can be distinguished from one another by individual
characteristics that arise directly from the kinds of atoms they contain and the
arrangements these atoms make inside them" (Sinkankas, 1966).
"A mineral is a body produced by the processes of inorganic nature, having usually
a definite chemical composition and, if formed under favorable conditions, a certain
characteristic atomic structure which is expressed in its crystalline form and other
physical properties" (Dana & Ford, 1932).
"Every distinct chemical compound occurring in inorganic nature, having a definite
molecular structure or system of crystallization and well-defined physical properties,
constitutes a mineral species" (Brush & Penfield, 1898)
Mafic silicate
Felsic silicate
How Minerals Form
• Cooling Magma/Lava
• Superheated Water (Hydrothermal Veins)
• Hot Springs
• Evaporites (Salts: Halite, Gypsum)
• Organic Deposits (Deep Sea Microorganisms)
• Sedimentary Deposits
• Volcanic Vents (Sulfur)
See u next week….