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SEDIMENTASI DANFILTRASI

KELOMPOK 3:

DESTRIAN HERVINA (2314100079)

 YOHANES HADIANTO WIJAYA (2314100123)

RINALDI (2314100136)

MARIA CHRISTY (2314100151)

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SENDIMENTASI

Suatu proses yang bertujuan untuk memisahkan

 /mengendapkan zat-zat padat atau tersuspensi

non koloidal dalam air .

Sedimentasi merupakan salah satu contoh upaya

penjernihan air

Sedimentasi ini merupakan suatu proses

pengendapan material yang ditransport oleh

mata air, angin, es atau gletser di suatu

cekungan.

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Sedimentasi adalah pemisahan solid dari liquid

menggunakan pengendapan secara gravitasi untuk

menyisihkan suspended solid.

unit sedimentasi merupakan suatu unit operasi yangberfungsi untuk memisahkan solid dan liquid dari

suspensi untuk menghasilkan air yang lebih jernih dan

konsentrasi lumpur yang lebih kental melalui

pengendapan secara gravitasi.

PENGERTIAN UNIT SEDIMENTASI PADA

PROSES PENGOLAHAN AIR MINUM

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Pengendapan air permukaan untuk penyisihan

partikel diskret khususnya pada pengolahan dengan

filter pasir cepat.

Pengendapan flok hasil koagulasi-flokulasi, khususnya

sebelum disaring dengan filter pasir cepat.

Pengendapan lumpur hasil pembubuhan soda-kapur

pada proses penurunan kesadahan.

Pengendapan lumpur pada penyisihan besi dan

mangan dengan oksidasi.

TUJUAN DAN FUNGSI UNIT SEDIMENTASI

PADA PROSES PENGOLAHAN AIR MINUM

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Mengurangi beban kerja unit filtrasi dan

memperpanjang umur pemakaian unit penyaring

selanjutnya.

Mengurangi biaya operasi instalasi pengolahan.

FUNGSI UNIT SEDIMENTASI

DALAM INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN

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GAMBAR 1. PROSES SEDIMENTASI

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TIPE DAN BAGIAN BAK

SEDIMENTASI

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EMPAT

Pada bak ini, air mengalir horizontal dari inlet menuju outlet, sementara

partikel mrengendap ke bawah

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GAMBAR 3. BENTUK LINGKARAN ALIRAN

HORIZONTAL

GAMBAR 3. BENTUK LINGKARAN ALIRAN

 VERTIKAL

 Air masuk melalui sekelilinglingkaran dan secara horizontal

mengalir menuju ke outlet dibagian

tengah lingkaran, sementara partikel

mengendap di bawah

Pada bak ini, air masuk melalui pipamenuju inlet bak dibagian yengah bak,

kemudia air mengalir horizontal dari

inlet menuju outlet di sekeliling bak,

sementara partikel mengendap

dibawah

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BAGIAN-BAGIAN DARI BAK

SEDIMENTASI

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Zona inlet: tempat air masuk kedalam bak.

Zona pengendapan: tepat flok/partikel

mengalami proses pengendapanRuang lumpur: tempat lumpur mengumpul

sebelum diambil keluar bak. Kadang dilengkapi

dengan sludge collector/scrapper

Outlet: tempat dimana air akan meninggalkanbak, biasanya berbentuk pelimpahan(weir)

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GAMBAR 6. CONTOH-CONTOH

KONSTRUKSI INLET KOLAM

PENGENDAPAN

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TIPE SEDIMENTASI

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merupakan pengendapan partikel diskret

 Yaitu:

partikel yang dapat mengendap bebas secara

individual tanpa membutuhkan adanya interaksiantar partikel

Sedimentasi tipe I/ Plain

Settling / Discrete particle

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pengendapan partikel flokulen dalam suspensi,

di mana selama pengendapan terjadi saling

interaksi antar partikel

Sedimentasi tipe II ( Flocculant

Settling)

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pengendapan partikel dengan konsentrasi yang

lebih pekat, di mana antar partikel secara

bersama-sama saling menahan pengendapan

partikel lain disekitarnya.

Pada bagian atas zona terdapat interface yang

memisahkan antara massa partikel yang

mengendap dengan air jernih.

Sedimentasi tipe III dan IV/ Hindered Settling (Zone

Settling)

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kelanjutan dari sedimentasi tipe III, dimana

terjadi pemampatan (kompresi) massa partikel

hingga diperoleh konsentrasi lumpur yang tinggi

SEDIMENTASI TIPE IV

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GAMBAR 9. PENGENDAPAN PADA FINAL

CLARIFIER UNTUK PROSES LUMPUR AKTIF

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GAMBAR 10. EMPAT TIPE

SEDIMENTASI

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SEDIMENTASI PADA

PENGOLAHAN AIR MINUM

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Bak prasedimentasi merupakan bagian dari

bangunan pengolahan air minum yang berfungsi

untuk mengendapkan partikel diskret yang

relatif mudah mengendap (diperkirakan dalam

waktu 1 hingga 3 jam).

PRASEDIMENTASI

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Bak sedimentasi II merupakan bagian dari

bangunan pengolahan air minum yang berfungsi

untuk mengendapkan partikel hasil proses

koagulasi-flokulasi yang relatif mudah

mengendap (karena telah menggabung menjadipartikel berukuran besar)

SEDIMENTASI II

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Sedimentasi II ini menggunakan teori

sedimentasi tipe II karena teori ini

mengemukakan bahwa pengendapan partikel

berlangsung akibat adanya interaksi antar

partikel

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Waktu tinggal (detention time)

Laju luapan permukaan (overflow rate).

Kecepatan aliran

Laju luapan (weir overflow rate).

 

PARAMETER OPERASI PADA UNIT SEDIMENTASI

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HUKUM STOKE PADA

SEDIMENTASI

W

K

d  p

 l

HUKUM STOKES :

2 . r2 .( p - l) . g

 V = --------------------------

  9 . η

Ket. :

v = kecepatan pengendapan

r = Jari-jari Partikel

P= Densiti Partikel

L= Densiti Cairan

Pendispersi

g = Grafitasi

η = Viskositas dinamis

medium

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 HUKUM STOKES INI HANYA BERLAKU PADA KECEPATAN

PENGENDAPAN LAMINAR , YANG DIUKUR DENGAN

BILANGAN

 REYNOLD ( Re)

v . d . L

 Re= ----------------- ( KECIL ATAU SAMA 0,25 )

η

d = DIAMETER PARTIKEL

UNTUK ANALISA , RUMUS STOKES INI DAPAT DIROBAHMENJADI

2 . ( ½ . d )2(P- L) . g 

 V = h/t = -----------------------------------

9 . η

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  d . (P- L) . g 

h/t = ----------------------

18 . η

18 . η . h

d2 = ---------------------

(P- L) . g . t

  18 . η .

d = ------------------ . h/t ………………… ( 2 )

(P- L) . g

Berdasarkan Hukum Stokes: Bahwa sedimentasi berkaitan

dengan ukuran partikel dari zat terdispersi dan

bergantung pada viskositas fase pendispersi

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FILTRASI

Pengendapan tidakmenghilangkan semuagumpalan , perawatan lebihlanjut diperlukan

Filtrasi memberikankesempatan tambahan untukpemisahan gumpalan kecilatau partikel

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FILTRASI

Fungsi : untuk memisah solid tersuspensi dari air baku

1. Filter dengan medium berupa granular  (Granular-medium filtration)

Sebagai media penyaring digunakan bahan berbentuk

granular, seperti karbon aktip, karbon , pasir, kerikil, antracit

dll

Operasi : - Kontinyu  - Semi kontinyu

  - Batch

Proses : - penyaringan (filtration)

  - pencucian (cleaning) atau disebut uga

back!ashing

TIPEFILTERBEDASARKAN

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TIPE FILTER BEDASARKAN

KAPASITAS PRODUK AIR YANG

TEROLAH

 Filter pasir cepat ataurapid sand filteradalah filter yang mempunyai kecepatan

filtrasi cepat, berkisar 4 hingga 21 m/jam.

Jika kekeruhan pada influen filter pasir cepat berkisar 5 – 10 NTU ,

maka efisiensi penurunan kekeruhannya dapat mencapai 90 – 98%.

"# $ilter Pasir %epat

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KATEGORI FILTER PASIR

CEPAT

Bedasarkan

control

kecepatan

Berdasarkan

 Arah

aliran

Berdasarkan

System

pengaliran

•Constant

rate

•Declining

rate/

constant

head

•Filter aliran down flow

(ke bawah)

•Filter aliran upflow

(ke atas)

•Filter aliran horizontal

• Filter dengan

aliran secara

grafitasi

(gravity

filter)

• Filter dengan

aliran

bertekanan

(pressure

filter)

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TIPE FILTER BEDASARKAN KAPASITAS

PRODUK AIR YANG TEROLAH

Filter pasir lambat atau slow sand filteradalah filter yang mempunyai

kecepatan filtrasi lambat, yaitu sekitar 0,1 hingga 0,4 m/jam.

Kecepatan yang lebih lambat ini disebabkan ukuran Media pasir lebih kecil

( effective size= 0,15 – 0,35 mm).

$ilter Pasir lambat

32

B'*S*K*+ SS'.

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Penyaring gaya berat (gravity filters)

gravitasi adalah sistem pengaliran air dari sumberke tempatreservoirdengan cara memanfaatkan

energi potensial gravitasi yang dimiliki air akibat

perbedaan ketinggian lokasi sumber dengan

lokasireservoir

B'*S*K*+ SS'.

P'+/*01*+

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 Penyaring tekanan (Pressure filters)

Suatu mesin pres bersaringan berisi satu set plat yangdidesain untuk menyediakan serangkaian ruang atau

kompartemen yang didalamnya padatan dikumpulkan.

Lumpur dapat mencapai tiap-tiap kompartemen dengan

tekanan tertentu; cairan melalui kanvas dan keluar kepipa pembuangan, meninggalkan padatan kue basah

dibelakangnya.

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 Penyaring vakum (Vacuum filters)

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BERDASARKAN ARAH ALIRAN

Filter aliran upflow (ke atas)

sistem saringan dimana air baku didistribusikan

ke dalam alat penyaringan dengan arah aliran

air dari bawah ke atas.

Dengan sistem penyaringan dari arah bawah ke

atas (Up Flow), jika saringan telah jenuh atau

buntu , dapat dilakukan pencucian balik dengan

cara membuka kran penguras.FILTER ALIRAN DOWN FLOW

(KE BAWAH)

sistem saringan dimana air baku didistribusikan

kedalam alat penyaringan dengan arah aliran

air dari atas ke bawah.

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FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG

MEMPENGARUHI FILTRASI

Debit Filtrasi:Debit yang terlalu besar akan

menyebabkan tidak berfungsinya filter secara

efisien, hal ini menyebabkan berkurangnya

waktu kontak antara permukaan butiran media

penyaring dengan air yang akan disaring.Kecepatan aliran yang terlalu tinggi saat

melewati rongga butiran menyebabkan partikel

– pertikel yang terlalu halus yang tersaring

akan lolos.

Konsentrasi Kekeruhan:Konsentrasi kekeruhansangat mempengaruhi efisien dari filtrasi.

Konsentrasi kekeruhan air baku yang sangat

tinggi akan menyebabkan tersumbatnya lubang

pori dari media.

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Temperatur:Perubahan suhu atau temperatur

dari air yang akan difiltrasi, menyebabkan

massa jenis (density), viskositas absolut, dan

viskositas kinematis dari air akan mengalami

perunbahn. Selain itu juga dipengaruhi oleh

daya tarik menarik diantara partikel halus

penyebab kekeruhan, sehingga terjadi

perbedaan dalam ukuran besar partikel yangakan disaring

Kedalaman media, Ukuran, dan

Material:Pemilihan media dan ukuran

merupakan hal yang penting dalampenyaringan. Tebal dan tipisnya media akan

menentukan lamanya pengaliran dan daya

saring.

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0apisan media pasir (silikat)

- pasir kasar : ∅ 2 &,3 mm

  air yang disaring tidak terlalu kotor 

  pratreatment sudah baik  rate fluida cukup tinggi

- pasir halus : ∅ 2 3,4 mm

 rate fluida tidak terlalu tinggi

 pratreatment hanya singkat

 diharapkan uga mampu memisah bakteri dan

turbiditi semaksimal mungkin

 

0apisan kerikil 5 gra6el

bersifat uga sebagai support media di atasnya

7arus : tidak mengandung tanah

  sebaiknya bulat dan keras

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-  Kerikil halus ∅  2 8,3 mm

-  Kerikil kasar    ∅  2 "3,3 mm

-  /ra6el   ∅  2 &3,3 mm

93 cm, pasir 

"3 cm, ",8 ; mm

mm

"8 cm ;> 94 mm

98 cm, pasir 

"3 cm &8 83 mm

8 cm "; &8 mm

8 cm 9,8 "; mm

"3 cm ; - 9,8 mm

8 cm 9,8 "; mm8 cm "; &8 mm

"; cm &8 83 mm

0apisan gra6el asimetris 0apisan gra6el simetris

(direkomendasikan)

Dari : G.M. Fair, J.C.Geyer “Water Purification” 

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  & ; ft

Pasir atau

antracit

%on6entional mono-

medium do!nflo!

  "- & ft

  "-& ft

 antracit

 pasir 

%on6entional dual-

medium do!nflo!

  4-> ft

 *ntracit

%on6entional mono-medium

deep-bed do!nflo!

  Pasir 9-"3 ft

/rid utk menaga

pasir angan terikut aliran

eep-bed upflo!

"3 in

 

?ent ke

atmosfer 

Selama operasisistem drain

terbuka ke udaraPenampung

udara

Pulsed-bed filter 

ra6eling-bridgeback!ash

Washwaterthrough

@ash!ater

pump

1ndi6idual

sand cell

Back!ash

hood

  "" in

  pasir 

influent

  'fflluent

Pasir 

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*ir masuk

*ir tersaring keluar 

  *ir pecuci keluar 

 *ir pencuci masuk

  Pasir 

 /ra6el

Media yang digunakan dapat mono maupun multi-medium.

Umumnya digunakan untuk air dengan kekeruhan tidak tinggi

dengan laju aliran 2 – 4 gpm per ft2 luas permukaan filter.

Pencucian dilakukan secara priodek, iasanya setelah head loss ! –

"2 ft dengan laju air pencuci #ack$ashing% & 2' gpm per ft2

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ibanding open filter, untuk pressure filter area yang

dibutuhkan tidak begitu besar#

Pressure filter bekera dalam range 8 "3 gpm5ft&

.edia penyaring yang digunakan dapat ber6ariasi, darimedia halus hingga kasar searah dengan arah aliran#

Antuk tipe horiontal, kompartemen dapat dibagi dalam

beberapa cell# Satu cell dapat dilakukan pencucian

setiap !aktunya# engan menutup 6al6e feed ke bagian

cell yang akan melakukan pencucian, dan membuka

6al6e ke drain, maka air tersaring pada cell tersebut

akan berfungsi sebagai air pencuci #

  Antuk lau aliran lebih tinggi lagi digunakan Altra-

7igh-rate filter #

inggi media penyaring sekitar < ft

o!n flo! filter : filtration rate "8 &3 gpm5ft&

Apflo! filter : filtration rate 9 3 "3 gpm5ft&

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Adara untuk

back!ashing

  nole

distributor 

*ir

cucian

*ir pencuci

1nfluent

effluent

o!n flo! ultra-high-rate

filter 

Apflo! ultra-high-rate filter 

/rid agar

media tidakterikut air 

nole

 *ir pencuci

*ir cucian

1nfluent

'ffluent

FILTER

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 FILTER

No Nama Media Fungsi Media

1 Pasir SilikaMenyaring lumpur, tanah dan partikel lainnya dalam air, biasanyadifungsikan debagai pre-filter untuk diproses dengan filter berikutnya,

seperti carbon filter, mangasnis filter, softener dll.

2 Karbon AktifMenghilangkan klorin bebas dan senyawa organik yang menyebabkan

bau, rasa dan warna dalam air.

3 Pasir Mangan

Efektif mengurangi zat besi dan mangan dalam air, dalam air zat ini

ditandai dengan perobahan warna air menjadi kemerah-merahan bila

diendapkan, air berbau besi.

4 Pasir AktifDigunakan untuk menyaring partikel dalam air, biasa dipakai sebagai

pengganti pasir silika pada pre-filter

5 Pasir Zeolit Meningkatkan kadar oksigen dalam air

6 Kartridge Filter

Menyaring partikel dalam air sesuai mesh filter, 0.1 micron, 0.5 micron

dst. Kartridge filter dipasaran tersedia dengan berbagai ukuran mulai 5

inci, 10 inch dst.

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46

TATA LETAK DIAGRAM DARI FILTER PASIR

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47

TIPIKAL PENYARINGAN

MULTIMEDIA

               5                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

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5               /                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 /                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 6                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

               W                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     a                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            t                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        e                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             r                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             fi                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   l                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  t                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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               t                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         i                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   o                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

48

Rincian konstruksi sand filter

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50

OperasiPenyaringan

               5                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

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5               /                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 /                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 6                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

               W                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     a                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            t                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        e                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             r                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             fi                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   l                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  t                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         r                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              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               W                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     a                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            t                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        e                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             r                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             fi                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   l                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  t                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         r                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              a                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

               t                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         i                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   o                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

Beberapa contohtata letak dan

rincian

konstruksi

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Penyaringan

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