Download - PROKARIOTIK
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PROKARIOTIK
Disusun : JOHNY, S. Si.Kelas X
Semester GanjilAlokasi Waktu 8x 45’
SMA K.ST. PetrusPontianak2009-2010
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PENDAHULUAN MATERI LATIHAN
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KD 2.2 ProkariotikIP 1. Ciri2 ArchaebacteriIP 2. Pengelompokan ArchaebacteriIP 3. Ciri2, Struktur & Pengelompokan
Bacteri-CyanobacteriIP 4. Reproduksi Bacteri-CyanobacteriIP 5. Peranan Bacteri
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Ukuran Prokariotik
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Taksonomi
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Prokariotik (Monera)
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Cyanobacteria
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Archaebakteria
Hidup di daerah ekstrim…?Pengelompokan:
MethanogenikHalofilikPereduksi SulfurTermoasidofilik
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Methanogenik
→ Gas metana (anaerob & kemosintesis).Habitat: rawa, sawah, rumen herbivor, laut dlm, sumber air panas 110oC.
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Halofilik
Sifat aerob, fotosintesis (klorofil berwarna merah-ungu → bakteriorhodopsin).Habitat: lingkungan berkadar garam tinggi.
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Pereduksi Sulfur~ Hidrogen & sulfur anorganik, dgn reaksi:
H2 + S → H2S...........6 H2S + 3 O2 → 6 S + 6 H2OHabitat: 85oC
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Termoasidofilik
Mengoksidasi sulfur.Habitat: kawah vulkanik & mata air bersulfur.
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EubakteriaCiri2 :1. Kapsul2. Dinding Sel3. Membran Sel4. Sitoplasma5. Materi Genetik : RNA & DNA sirkuler6. Endospora7. Flagela
Jumlah & letak flagela:a. B.Monotrikb. B.Amfitrikc. B.Lopotrikd. B.Peritrike. B.Atrik
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Archaebacteria VS Eubacteria
Perbedaan Archaebakteria
Eubakteria
Peptidoglikan ≠ Ada Ada
Lipid membran sel B’cabang
≠ B’cabang
RNA polimerase > 1 jenis = 1 jenis
Intron Ada ≠ AdaRespon
antibiotika ≠ T’hambat T’hambat
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Eubakteri
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Ukuran Sel:panjang = 0,5-3 µm, diameter = 0,1-0,2 µm
Bentuk Sel:1. Basil
Basil tunggal, Diplobasil, Streptobasil.2. Kokus
Monokokus, Diplokokus, Streptokokus, Tetrakokus, Sarkina, Stafilokokus.3. Spiral
Koma / Vibrio, Spirillum, Spiroseta
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Dasar Pengelompokan:a. Kebutuhan O2 : Aerob & Anaerob.b. Bentuk sel : Kokus, Basil & Spiral.c. Dinding sel : Gram (+) & Gram (-).d. Cara hidup :
Bakteri HeterotrofB. ParasitB. SaprofitB. PatogenB. Apatogen
Bakteri AutotrofB. Fotoautotrof (Bakteri Hijau ~ bakterioviridin /
bakterioklorofil, Bakteri Ungu ~ bakteriopurpurin).B. Kemoautotrof
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Reproduksi Eubakteria
Aseksual (Pembelahan Biner)Paraseksual:
1. Transformasi ~ proses fisiologis.2. Konjugasi ~ pili seks.3. Transduksi ~ virus.
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Peranan Eubakteri
Eubakteri:(-) parasit & patogen
Mycobacterium tuberculosis → TBC.Mycobacterium leprae → kustaYersinia pestis → penyakit pes.Clostridium tetani → tetanus.Clostridium botulinum → keracunan.
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(+) industri:Lactobacillus casei → keju.Acetobacter xylinum→ nata de coco.Streptococcus lactis & S. cremoris → keju & mentega.Lactobacillus citrovorum → aroma keju & mentega.Bacillus subtilis → antibiotik basitrasin.Bacillus polymyxa → polimixin.Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrobacter → kesuburan.Bakteri saprofit → biogas.
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• Sebagai Mahluk Pengurai/Saprovor.Bersama-sama dengan jamur, bakteri berperan sebagai pengurai mahluk-mahluk yang sudah mati
• 2. Penghasil Antibiotik.Dari bakteri golongan Actinomycetes (bentuk peralihan antara bakteri dan jamur) dihasilkan bermacam-macam antibiotik. Misalnya: Streptomisin >> dari Streptomyces griseus, Kloramfemikol >> dariStreptomyces venezuelae.
• Antibiotik merupakan zat yang dihasilkan oleh mikroorganisme dan mempunyai daya hambat terhadap kegiatan mikroorganisme lain. Beberapa bakteri yang menghasilkan antibiotik adalah:
• Bacillus brevis, menghasilkan terotrisin• Bacillus subtilis, menghasilkan basitrasin• Bacillus polymyxa, menghasilkan polimixin • 3. Penghasil Bahan Pangan.
- Asam cuka >> dari Acetobacter acetil- Yoghurt >> dari Lactobacillurs bulgaricus- Sari kelapa/Nata de Coco >> dari Acetobacter xylinum
• 4. Pengikat N2 bebas di udara:Bersimbiosis dengan tanaman Leguminosae (tanaman buah polong)- Rhizobium leguminosarum dan R. radicicola.Hidup bebas :- Azotobacter, Rhodospirillum rubrum, Clostridium pasteurianum.
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Peranan (+) Eubakteri :
Bakteri → antibiotik :• Bacillus brevis → terotrisin • Bacillus subtilis → basitrasin • Bacillus polymyxa → polimixin
Bakteri usus: Escherichia coli membusukkan sisa pencernaan juga menghasilkan vitamin B12, dan vitamin K.
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Bakteri pengurai• Bakteri pembersih sampah-sampah organik.
Bakteri nitrifikasi• Nitrosomonas & Nitrosococcus
Bakteri nitrogen• Hidup bebas : Azotobacter chroococcum, Clostridium
pasteurianum, & Rhodospirillum rubrum.• Hidup bersimbiosis - polong-polongan : Rhizobium
leguminosarum.
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Bakteri ~ fermentasi
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Peranan (-) Eubakteri :Bakteri perusak makanan• Clostridium botulinum → botulinin.• Pseudomonas cocovenenans → asam bongkrek.• Leuconostoc mesenteroides, penyebab pelendiran
makanan
Bakteri denitrifikasi• Micrococcus denitrificans & Pseudomonas denitrificans.
Bakteri patogen :
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Pembelahan Biner
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Transformasi
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Konjugasi
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Konjugasi
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Transduksi
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CyanobakteriaCiri2:1. Selubung lendir / Kapsul.2. Dinding Sel3. Membran Sel / Plasmalema.4. Pigmen Fikosianin :Fikobilinprotein 5. ≠ flagel, gerak ?6. Nukleus ≠ b’membran7. Uniseluler (Chrococcus, Anacystis) & Koloni (Polycistis,
Nostoc, Microcystis).8. B’koloni : filamen (Oscilatoria, Anabaena) ~ heterosista
& spora istirahat.
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Reproduksi Cyanobakteria
1. Pembelahan Sel / Amitosis.2. Fragmentasi3. Spora
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Peranan Cyanobakteri
(+) Spirulina sp. → protein, asam amino,
vitamin & mineral.Anabaena & Azollae → + subur tanah (N2).Cyanobakteri + fungi → Lichenes / lumut
kerak(-)Microcystis sp. → Meracuni perairan.
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Oscillatoria
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Anabaena
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Chroococcus
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Chamaesiphonales
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Merismopedia
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Microcystis
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Gleocapsa