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MAKALAH BIOKIMIA
METABOLISME KARBOHIDRAT
OLEH
LALU NUGRAHA DWI SAPUTRA
MAULIA HARDIANTI
MAULINA NOVA YANTI
MUSTIKA DEWI
NI KADEK AYUSAWITRI
NI KADEK RATIH SATIWA P.
NURFEMI SETIAWATI
NURULAZMI PETRUS NURMAN F.
PRADINI RESTU W.
PUTU ANGGI WIDIA K.
PUTU DESY ANGGRAENI
R RIAN JAYA K.
RANI MARDYANTI H.
RIADUN NUPUS
RIZKIKA ARIANI S.
ROMI ADIPRANATA
SILVI MAHELGA SITI NURLIA RAMDHANI
TYAS JUMRATUL AIMAN
UMMU FATIHAH A.
WIWIN SAFITRI
YOSSI PAHLEVI D.
YUNITA ASTARINI
YUYUN SUKMA
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BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar belakang masalahSalah sa! "#$!!ha% !a&a &a"hl!" h'(!) a(alah &a"a%a%.
Ma"a%a% *!)a"a% $aha% !a&a +a%, "'a $!!h"a% !%!"
%,has'l"a% #%#*,' ,!%a la"sa%a"a% s#&!a a"'-'as h'(!).
P#*!$aha% &a"a%a% %a(' #%#*,'/ #%! #*a(' (ala& s#l
s#$a,a' s!a! sa!a% 0!%,s'1%al (a% s*!"!*al #*"#2'l +a%,
%+!s!% !$!h &a"hl!" h'(!).Dala& &a"hl!" h'(!)/ s#l *!)a"a% !%' )#%+!s!% #*"#2'l. D'
(ala& s#l #*s#$!lah #*a(' a"'-'as )#*!$aha% *#a"s'3*#a"s'
!%!" %,has'l"a% #%#*,+ +a%, ('$!!h"a% 1l#h &a%!s'a.
M#a$1l's a(alah s!a! )*1s#s )#*!$aha% *#a"s' "'&'a +a%,
#*a(' (' (ala& !$!h. M#a$1l's #*('*' (a*' )#&$#%!"a%
&a"a%a% 4a%a$1l's (a% !,a )#%,!*a'a% &a"a%a% %a('
s#%+a6a +a%, l#$'h s#(#*ha%a 4"aa$1l's. P#%'%,%+a )*1s#s
a$1l's (ala& !$!h $#*)#%,a*!h )#%'%, )a(a "#s#haa%.
Ka*#%a ('(ala&%+a %+a%,"! 1*,a%31*,a% +a%, ('a('"a%
#&)a s'% !%!" &$a%! %,!*a'"a% s#%+a6a3s#%+a6a
"1&)l#"s 4"a*$1h'(*a/ l#&a"/ (a% )*1#'%5 s#)#*' la&$!%,/ !s!s
hal!s/ ha'/ (a% )a%2*#as.B#*(asa*"a% !*a'a% (' aas/ hal '%'lah +a%, %(1*1%, )#%!l's
!%!" &$!a &a"alah +a%, $#*!(!l a$1l's "a*$1h'(*a/
l#&a"/ (a% )*1#'%.1.2 Rumusan masalah
R!&!sa% &asalah (ala& )#%!l'sa% &a"alah '%' a(alah s#$a,a'
$#*'"!78. A)a +a%, ('&a"s!( (#%,a% a$1l's:. Ba,a'&a%a )*1s#s aa$1l's "a*$1h'(*a9;. B#*a)a"ah !&lah "al1*' +a%, ('has'l"a% (a*' a$1l's
"a*$1h'(*a91.3 Tujuan enul!san
T!!aa% )#%!l'sa% &a"alah '%' a(alah s#$a,' $#*'"!78. U%!" %,#ah!' )#%,#*'a% a$1l's&.:. U%!" %,#ah!' )*1s#s a$1l's "a*$1h'(*a.
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;. U%!" %,#ah!' !&lah "al1*' +a%, ('has'l"a% (a*' )*1s#s
a$1l's.
BAB II
PE"BAHA#AN
2.1 De$n!s! %arb&h!'ratS#2a*a !&!& (#
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l#&a" &a!)!% )*1#'%. Ka*$1h'(*a $a%+a" ('#&!"a% )a(a
s#*#al'a 4$#*as/ ,a%(!&/ a,!%,/ "#%a%, (a% s#$a,a'%+a5/ s#*a
)a(a $''3$''a% +a%, #*s#$a* l!as (' ala& 4H!a,al!%,/ :==>5.
2.2 (alur "etab&l!sme %arb&h!'ratT#*(a)a $#$#*a)a al!* a$1l's "a*$1h'(*a +a'!
,l'"1l's's/ 1"s'(as' )'*!-a/ s'"l!s asa& s'*a/ ,l'"1,#%#s's/
,l'"1,#%1l's's s#*a ,l!"1%#1,#%#s's. S#2a*a *'%,"as/ al!*3al!*
a$1l's "a*$1h'(*a ('#las"a% s#$a,a' $#*'"!78. Gl!"1sa s#$a,a' $aha% $a"a* !a&a a$1l's a"a% %,ala&'
,l'"1l's's 4(')#2ah5 %a(' : )'*!-a '"a #*s#('a 1"s',#%. Dala&
aha) '%' ('has'l"a% #%#*,' $#*!)a ATP.:. S#la%!%+a &as'%,3&as'%, )'*!-a ('1"s'(as' %a(' as#'l K1A.
Dala& aha) '%' ('has'l"a% #%#*,' $#*!)a ATP.;. As#'l K1A a"a% &as!" "# al!* )#*s'&)a%,a% +a'! s'"l!s asa&
s'*a. Dala& aha) '%' ('has'l"a% #%#*,' $#*!)a ATP.>. J'"a s!&$#* ,l!"1sa $#*l#$'ha%/ l#$'h' "#$!!ha% #%#*,' "'a
&a"a ,l!"1sa '(a" (')#2ah/ la'%"a% a"a% ('*a%,"a' %a('
)1l'* ,l!"1sa 4('s#$! ,l'"1,#%5. Gl'"1,#% '%' ('s'&)a% (' ha'
(a% 11 s#$a,a' 2a(a%,a% #%#*,' a%,"a )#%(#". J'"a "a)as'as
)#%+'&)a%a% ,l'"1,#% s!(ah )#%!h/ &a"a "a*$1h'(*a ha*!s
('"1%-#*s' %a(' a*'%,a% l')'( s#$a,a' 2a(a%,a% #%#*,' a%,"a
)a%a%,.. J'"a #*a(' "#"!*a%,a% ,l!"1sa (a*' ('# s#$a,a' s!&$#* #%#*,'/
&a"a ,l'"1,#% (')#2ah %a(' ,l!"1sa. S#la%!%+a ,l!"1sa
%,ala&' ,l'"1l's's/ (''"!' (#%,a% 1"s'(as' )'*!-a sa&)a' (#%,a%s'"l!s asa& s'*a.
. J'"a ,l!"1sa (a*' ('# a" #*s#('a (a% 2a(a%,a% ,l'"1,#%)!% !,a
ha$'s/ &a"a s!&$#* #%#*,' %1% "a*$1h'(*a +a'! l')'( (a% )*1#'%
ha*!s (',!%a"a%. Jal!* '%' ('%a&a"a% ,l!"1%#1,#%#s's
4)#&$#%!"a% ,l!"1sa $a*!5 "a*#%a ('a%,,a) l')'( (a% )*1#'%
ha*!s ('!$ah %a(' ,l!"1sa $a*! +a%, s#la%!%+a %,ala&'
"aa$1l's !%!" &)#*1l#h #%#*,'.
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Ga&$a* al!* a$1l's "a*$1h'(*a
2.2.1)l!k&l!s!sGl'"1l's's a(alah *a%,"a'a% *#a"s' "'&'a )#%,!*a'a%
,l!"1sa 4+a%, &'l'"' a1& ?5 %a(' asa& )'*!-a
4s#%+a6a +a%, &'l'"' ; a1& ?5/ NADH/ (a% ATP. Gl'"1l's's
&'l'"' s'0a3s'0a/ a%a*a la'%7 ,l'"1l's's (a)a $#*la%,s!%,
s#2a*a a#*1$ &a!)!% a%a#*1$/ ,l'"1l's's l'$a"a% #%@'&
ATP (a% ADP/ s#*a )#*a%a% ATP (a% ADP )a(a ,l'"1l's's
a(alah &'%(ah"a% 4%*a%s0#*5 01s0a (a*' &1l#"!l +a%,
sa! "# &1l#"!l +a%, la'%. Pa(a s#l #!"a*'1'"/ ,l'"1l's's
#*a(' (' s'1)las&a 4s'1s1l5. Gl'"1l's's #*a(' lal!' 8=
aha)a% +a%, #*('*' (a*' aha)a% )#%,,!%aa% #%#*,' (a%
aha)a% )#l#)asa% #%#*,'. B#*'"! '%' *#a"s' ,l'"1l's's s#2a*a
l#%,"a)7
8. )luk&sa %,ala&' 01s01*'las' %a(' gluk&sa*+ ,&s,at
(#%,a% ('"aal's'* 1l#h #%@'& heks&k!nase aa! gluk&k!nase
)a(a s#l )a*#%"'& ha' (a% s#l P!la! La%,#*ha%s )a%2*#as. ATP
(')#*l!"a% s#$a,a' (1%1* 01s0a (a% $#*#a"s' s#$a,a' "1&)l#"s
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M,3ATP. Sa! 01s0a $#*#%#*,' '%,,' (',!%a"a%/ s#h'%,,a has'l%+a
a(alah ADP. (-1P)
M,:
Gl!"1sa ATP ,l!"1sa 301s0a ADP
:. )luk&sa +*,&s,at ('!$ah %a(' -rukt&sa +*,&s,at (#%,a%
$a%!a% #%@'& ,&s,&heks&sa !s&merase. E%@'& '%' ha%+a
$#"#*a )a(a a%1* 3,l!"1sa 301s0a.
3D3,l!"1sa 301s0a3D30*!"1sa 301s0a
;. -rukt&sa +*,&s,at ('!$ah %a(' -rukt&sa 1+*b!,&s,at
(#%,a% $a%!a% #%@'& ,&s,&,rukt&k!nase. ATP %a(' (1%1*
01s0a/ s#h'%,,a has'l%+a a(alah ADP.(-1P)
3D30*!"1sa 301s0a ATP D30*!"1sa 8/3$'01s0a
>. -rukt&sa 1+*b!,&s,at (')#2ah %a(' gl!serah'eh!' 3*
,&s,at (a% '!h!'r&ks! aset&n ,&s,at. R#a"s' '%' ('"aal's'* 1l#h
#%@'& al'&lase 40*!"1sa 8/3$'01s0a al(1las#5.
D30*!"1sa 8/3$'01s0a D3,l's#*al(#h'( ;301s0a
('h'(*1"s'as#1% 01s0a
. )l!seral'eh!' 3*,&s,at (a)a $#*!$ah %a(' '!h!'r&ks!
aset&n ,&s,at (a% s#$al'"%+a 4*#a"s' '%#*"1%-#*s'5. R#a"s'
$1la"3$al'" '%' %(a)a"a% "aal'sa1* #%@'& ,&s,&tr!&sa
!s&merase.
D3,l's#*al(#h'( ;301s0a('h'(*1"s'as#1% 01s0a
. )l!seral'eh!' 3*,&s,at ('1"s'(as' %a(' 13*b!,&s,&gl!serat
(#%,a% $a%!a% #%@'& gl!seral'eh!' 3*,&s,at 'eh!'r&genase.
D!h!'r&ks! aset&n ,&s,at $'sa ('!$ah %a(' ,l's#*al(#h'( ;3
01s0a &a"a !,a ('1"s'(as' %a(' 8/;3$'01s01,l's#*a.
D3,l's#*al(#h'( ;301s0a NAD P '8/;3$'01s01,l's#*a NADH
H
A1&3a1& h'(*1,#% +a%, ('"#l!a*"a% (a*' )*1s#s 1"s'(as' '%'
(')'%(ah"a% "#)a(a NAD+a%, #*'"a )a(a #%@'&. Pa(a *a%a'
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*#s)'*as' &'1"1%(*'a a"a% ('has'l"a% ',a 01s0a $#*#%#*,' '%,,'.
4;P5
?aaa%7
Ka*#%a ,rukt&sa 1+*b!,&s,at /ang mem!l!k! + at&m 0
(')#2ah %a(' )l!seral'eh!' 3*,&s,at 'an '!h!'r&ks!
aset&n ,&s,at +a%, &as'%,3&as'%, mem!l!k! 3 at&m 0/ (#%,a%
(#&'"'a% #*$#%!" : &1l#"!l ,!la +a%, &as'%,3&as'%, $#*a1&
? ',a 4*'1sa5. J'"a &1l#"!l ('h'(*1"s'as#1% 01s0a !,a $#*!$ah
%a(' 8/;3$'01s01,l's#*a/ &a"a (a*' 8 &1l#"!l ,l!"1sa )a(a
$a,'a% a6al/ sa&)a' (#%,a% aha) '%' a"a% %,has'l"a% : ;P
P. (+6P)
. Pa(a 13 b!,&s,&gl!serat/ 01s0a )1s's' 8 $#*#a"s' (#%,a% ADP
%a(' ATP ('$a%! #%@'& ,&s,&gl!serat k!nase. S#%+a6a s'sa
+a%, ('has'l"a% a(alah 3*,&s,&gl!serat.
8/;3$'01s01,l's#*a ADP;301s01,l's#*a ATP
?aaa%7
Ka*#%a a(a (!a &1l#"!l 8/;3$'01s01,l's#*a/ &a"a #%#*,' +a%,
('has'l"a% a(alah : 8P :P. (+2P)
. 3*,&s,&gl!serat ('!$ah %a(' 2*,&s,&gl!serat (#%,a%
$a%!a% #%@'& ,&s,&gl!serat mutase.
;301s01,l's#*a:301s01,l's#*a
. 2*,&s,&gl!serat ('!$ah %a(' ,&s,&en&l !ruat PEP4
(#%,a% $a%!a% #%@'& en&lase. En&lase '!hambat &leh
5u&r!'e. E%@'& '%' $#*,a%!%, )a(a M,: aa! M%:.
:301s01,l's#*a01s01#%1l )'*!-a H:O
8=. F1s0a )a(a PEP $#*#a"s' (#%,a% ADP %a(' ATP (#%,a%
$a%!a% #%@'& !ruat k!nase. En&l !ruat +a%, #*$#%!"
('"1%-#*s' s)1%a% %a(' ket& !ruat.
F1s01#%1l )'*!-a ADP )'*!-a ATP
?aaa%7
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Ka*#%a a(a : &1l#"!l PEP &a"a #*$#%!" : &1l#"!l #%1l )'*!-a
s#h'%,,a 1al has'l #%#*,' )a(a aha) '%' a(alah : 8P :P.
(+2P)
11. J'"a a" #*s#('a 1"s',#% anaer&b4/ a" #*a(' *#1"s'(as' NADH
lal!' )#&'%(aha% !%s!* #"!'-al#% )#*#(!"s'. P!ruat a"a%
('*#(!"s' 1l#h NADH %a(' laktat (#%,a% $a%!a% #%@'&
laktat 'eh!'r&genase.
P'*!-a NADH HL453La"a NAD
Dala& "#a(aa% aer&b/ !ruat &as!" &'1"1%(*'a/ lal!
('"1%-#*s' %a(' aset!l*%&A/ s#la%!%+a ('1"s'(as' (ala&
s!klus asam s!trat%a(' 062.
K#s'&)!la%7
Pa(a ,l'"1l's's a#*1$/ #%#*,' +a%, ('has'l"a% #*'%2' s#$a,a' $#*'"!7
- has'l '%,"a s!$s*a 7 >P
- has'l 1"s'(as' *#s)'*as' 7 P
- !&lah 78=P
- ('"!*a%,' !%!" a"'0as' ,l!"1sa (a% 0*!"1sa P 7 3 :P
P
Pa(a ,l'"1l's's a%a#*1$/ #%#*,' +a%, ('has'l"a% #*'%2' s#$a,a' $#*'"!7
- has'l '%,"a s!$s*a 7 >P
- has'l 1"s'(as' *#s)'*as' 7 =P
- !&lah 7 >P
- ('"!*a%,' !%!" a"'0as' ,l!"1sa (a% 0*!"1sa P 7 3 :P
:P
Ga&$a* Jal!* Gl'"1l's's
2.2.2 )l!k&genes!sTaha) )#*a&a a$1l's "a*$1h'(*a a(alah
)#aha% ,l!"1sa 4,l'"1l's's5 %a(' )'*!-a. S#la%!%+a
)'*!-a ('1"s'(as' %a(' as#'l K1A. A"h'*%+a as#'l K1A
&as!" "# (ala& *a%,"a'a% s'"l!s asa& s'*a !%!"
('"aa$1l's'* %a(' #%#*,'. P*1s#s (' aas #*a(' '"a "'a
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&$!!h"a% #%#*,'/ &'sal%+a !%!" $#*)'"'*/ %2#*%a
&a"a%a%/ $#"#*a (a% s#$a,a'%+a. J'"a !&lah ,l!"1sa
la&)a!' "#$!!ha%/ &a"a ('*a%,"a' %a(' ,l'"1,#%
!%!" 2a(a%,a% &a"a%a% lal!' )*1s#s ,l'"1,#%#s's.
Ra%,"a'a% )*1s#s #*a('%+a ,l'"1,#%#s's (',a&$a*"a%
s#$a,a' $#*'"!7
8. )luk&sa %,ala&' 01s01*'las' %a(' gluk&sa +*,&s,at
4*#a"s' +a%, la@'& #*a(' !,a )a(a l'%asa% ,l'"1l's's5. D' 11
*#a"s' '%' ('"aal's'* 1l#h heks&k!nase s#(a%,"a% (' ha' 1l#h
gluk&k!nase.
:. Gl!"1sa +*,&s,at ('!$ah %a(' gluk&sa 1*,&s,at (ala&
*#a"s' (#%,a% $a%!a% "aal'sa1* en7!m
,&s,&gluk&mutase. E%@'& '! s#%('*' a"a% %,ala&'
01s01*'las' (a% ,!,!s 01s01 a"a% %,a&$'l $a,'a% (' (ala&
*#a"s' *#-#*s'$l# +a%, '%#*('a%+a a(alah ,l!"1sa 8/3
$'01s0a.
E%@3P Gl!"1sa 301s0a E%@ Gl!"1sa 8/3$'01s0a E%@3
P Gl!"1sa 8301s0a
;. S#la%!%+a gluk&sa 1*,&s,at $#*#a"s' (#%,a% ur!'!n
tr!,&s,at UTP4 !%!" &$#%!" ur!'!n '!,&s,at gluk&sa
UDP)l84. R#a"s' '%' ('"aal's'* 1l#h #%@'& UDP)l8
!r&,&s,&r!lase.
UTP Gl!"1sa 8301s0a UDPGl2 PP'
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Uridin difosfat glukosa (UDPGlc) (dipetik dari: Murray dkk. Biokimia
Harper)
>. H'(*1l's's )'*101s0a '%1*,a%'2 $#*'"!%+a 1l#h #%@'&)'*101s0aas# '%1*,a%'" a"a% %a*'" *#a"s' "#a *ah "a%a%
)#*sa&aa% *#a"s'
. A1& 01 a'a gluk&sa +a%, ('a"'0"a% 1l#h UDP)l8
&$#%!" !katan gl!k&s!'!k 'engan at&m 09)a(a *#s'(!
,l!"1sa #*&'%al ,l'"1,#%/ s#h'%,,a membebaskan ur!'!n
'!,&s,at. R#a"s' '%' ('"aal's'* 1l#h #%@'& gl!k&gen s!ntase.
M1l#"!l ,l'"1,#% +a%, s!(ah a(a s#$#l!&%+a 4('s#$!gl!k&gen r!mer5 ha*!s a(a !%!" &!la' *#a"s' '%'.
Gl'"1,#% )*'* s#la%!%+a (a)a #*$#%!" )a(a )*'*
)*1#'% +a%, ('"#%al s#$a,a' ,l'"1,#%'%.
UDPGl2 4?5%UDP 4?5%8
Gl'"1,#% Gl'"1,#%
R#s'(! ,l!"1sa +a%, l#$'h la%! l#"a )a(a )1s's' 8>
!%!" &$#%!" *a%a' )#%(#" +a%, ('a"'0"a% 1l#h
,l'"1,#% s'%as#. Pa(a 11 *a%,"a ,l'"1,#%'% #a) l#"a
)a(a )!sa &1l#"!l ,l'"1,#%/ s#(a%,"a% (' ha' #*(a)a
!&lah &1l#"!l ,l'"1,#% +a%, l#$'h' !&lah &1l#"!l
,l'"1,#%'%.
. S##lah *a%a' (a*' ,l'"1,#% )*'* (')#*)a%a%, (#%,a%
)#%a&$aha% ,l!"1sa #*s#$! h'%,,a %2a)a' &'%'&al 88
*#s'(! ,l!"1sa/ &a"a en7!m embentuk 8abang
&'%(ah"a% $a,'a% (a*' *a%a' 8> 4)a%a%, &'%'&al
*#s'(! ,l!"1sa5 )a(a *a%a' +a%, $#*(#"aa% !%!"
&$#%!" rangka!an 1+ s#h'%,,a &$!a t!t!k
8abang )a(a &1l#"!l #*s#$!. ?a$a%,32a$a%, '%' a"a%
!&$!h (#%,a% )#%a&$aha% l#$'h la%! 8,l!"1s'l (a%
)#&$#%!"a% 2a$a%, s#la%!%+a. S##lah !&lah *#s'(!
#*&'%al +a%, %1% *#(!"'0 $#*a&$ah/ !&lah 1al a)a"
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*#a"'0 (ala& &1l#"!l a"a% %'%,"a s#h'%,,a a"a%
&)#*2#)a ,l'"1,#%#s's &a!)!% ,l'"1,#%1l's's.
Ga&$a* al!* ,l'"1,#%#s's
2.2.3 )l!k&gen&l!s!s
J'"a ,l!"1sa (a*' ('# '(a" (a)a %2!"!)' "#$!!ha%/
&a"a ,l'"1,#% ha*!s (')#2ah !%!" %(a)a"a% ,l!"1sa
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#a)' s#$#%a*%+a '(a" (#&'"'a%. U%!" memutuskan
!katan gluk&sa sa! (#&' sa! (a*' ,l'"1,#% (')#*l!"a%
#%@'& ,&s,&r!lase. E%@'& '%' s)#s'
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7/26/2019 Makalah Biokimia Karbohidrat Kelompok 3 Div b Analis Kesehatan
14/16
:.:.> Gl!"1%#1,#%#s's
Gl!"1%#1,#%#s's #*a(' '"a s!&$#* #%#*,' (a*' "a*$1h'(*a'(a" #*s#('a la,'. Ma"a !$!h a(alah %,,!%a"a% l#&a"
s#$a,a' s!&$#* #%#*,'. J'"a l#&a" !,a a" #*s#('a/ $a*!lah
ah )*1#'% !%!" #%#*,' +a%, s#s!%,,!h%+a )*1#'%
$#*)#*a% )1"1" s#$a,a' )#&$a%,!% !$!h.
Ja(' $'sa ('s'&)!l"a% $ah6a gluk&ne&genes!s a'alah
r&ses embentukan gluk&sa 'ar! sen/a:a*sen/a:a
n&n karb&h!'rat b!sa 'ar! l!!' mauun r&te!n.S#2a*a *'%,"as/ al!* ,l!"1%#1,#%#s's (a*' $aha% l')'(
&a!)!% )*1#'% ('#las"a% s#$a,a' $#*'"!7
8. L')'( #*)#2ah %a(' "1&)1%#% )#%+!s!%%+a +a'!
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K*#$s. S#%a*a '! ,l's#*1l &as!" (ala& al!* ,l'"1l's's.
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Ga&$a* al!* ,l!"1%#1,#%#s's
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7/26/2019 Makalah Biokimia Karbohidrat Kelompok 3 Div b Analis Kesehatan
15/16
:.:. O"s'(as' P'*!-a
Dala& al!* '%'/ )'*!-a ('1"s'(as' 4(#"a*$1"s'las'
1"s'(a'05 %a(' As#'l3K1A/ +a%, #*a(' (' (ala&
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7/26/2019 Makalah Biokimia Karbohidrat Kelompok 3 Div b Analis Kesehatan
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&'1"1%(*'a s#l. Jal!* '%' *!)a"a% enghubung antara
gl!k&l!s!s 'engan s!klus %reb;s. Jal!* '%' !,a *!)a"a%
"1%-#*s' ,l!"1sa %a(' asa& l#&a" (a% l#&a" (a%
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l'%asa% 1"s'(as' )'*!-a a(alah s#$a,a' $#*'"!7
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"1&)1%#% "1&)l#"s #%@'& )'*!-a (#h'(*1,#%as#. P*1(!"
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&$#%!" aset!l l!&am!' s#la%!%+a TDP l#)as.
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('!$ah %a(' aset!l %&A/ (#%,a% has'l sa&)'%,a% $#*!)a
l!&am!' tere'uks!.
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a-1)*1#'% +a%, %,a%(!%, FAD/ )a(a "#ha('*a%
'!h!'r&l!&!l 'eh!'r&genase. Fla-1)*1#'% #*#(!"s'
('1"s'(as' 1l#h NAD/ s#h'%,,a &'%(ah"a% #"!'-al#%
)#*#(!"s' "#)a(a ranta! res!ras!.
P'*!-a NAD K1AAs#'l K1A NADH H ?O:
Ga&$a* al!* 1"s'(as' )'*!-a