Download - Kursus Migas Pmg-07
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“PETROLEUM GEOLOGY”
Kursus/Kuliah Singkatdi Pusat Sumber Daya Geologi,
Jl. Soekarno-Hatta, Bandung 23 Februari 2007
Oleh:
Dr. Hermes Panggabean MSc2007
PUSAT SUMBER DAYA GEOLOGI Bandung
PUSAT SURVEI GEOLOGIBandung
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“PETROLEUM GEOLOGY”
PREDIKSI DUNIA KEBUTUHAN SUMBERDAYA ENERGI
Hingga Tahun 2025 sumber daya energi “fossil fuel”masih merupakan kebutuhan utama dunia
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PENDAHULUAN DAN PENGENALAN PETROLEUM
“Petroleum” – “Rock-Oil” berasal dari kata latin “petra” yang artinya “batu” dan “oleum” artinya “oil”
Petroleum = Hydrocarbon = kerosene
Kimia petroleum adalah campuran antara “hydrogen” dan “carbon” (C-H)
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Definisi
Petroleum Geology or Geology of Petroleum or Petfroleum Geoscience
Petroleum Geology is defined as geology applied to petroleum (North, 1985)
“Geology itself is an integrative science”
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Physical Science Mathematics Life science
M ineralogy
Petrology
Com puting Science
Statistics
Descriptive Geom etry
Paleontology
Stratigraphy
Structural Geology
Sedim entary Geology
GEOLOGY GEOPHYSICSGEOCHEMISTRY
PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCE
Therm odynam ics Engineering Fluid mechanics
The Interrelationship between petroleum geology and other sciences
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SIFAT DASAR AWAL TERBENTUKNYA MINYAK(NATURE OF THE FIRST-FORMED HYDROCARBON)
1. Hasil Proses Reduksi CO2 oleh Hydrogen (Oleh media bakteri): CO2 + 4H2 CH4 + 2H2O
2. Hasil dari asam lemak (fatty acids) oleh “decarboxylation”
CH3COOH + H2O CH4 + H2CO3
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Sumber Hidrokarbon danEvolusi bahan organik(Tissot & Welte, 1984)
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KEBERADAAN/KETERDAPATAN HIDROKARBONDI DALAM SISTEM CEKUNGAN BATUAN SEDIMEN
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CEKUNGAN SEDIMEN (UMUM)
CEKUNGAN BUSUR BELAKANG
CEKUNGAN TANAH MUKA (FORELAND BASIN)
CEKUNGAN BUSUR MUKA
CEKUNGAN ANTARPEGUNUNGAN (INTERMONTAIN BASIN)
CEKUNGAN ANTARA KONTINEN (INTER-CONTINENTAL BASIN)
CEKUNGAN TEPIAN KONTINEN (CONTINETAL MARGIN BASIN)
CEKUNGAN “PULL-APART”
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Oceanic Crust Continental Crust Sedimentary Rock Melange & AccretionaryPrism
Oceanic FloorSubduction zone Volc. Arc
Fore-arc Basin
Few Oil & GasRare Coal & Oil shale
Abundant Oil & GasAbundant Coal
Oil ShaleCommon
Back-arc Basin
Continental Margin
Intermontane Basin
Inter-arc
Retro-arcBasin
Rifting Basin
Abundant Oil & GasAbundant CoalCommon Oil Shale
Abundant GasCommon OilAbundant CoalAbundant Oil Shale
Schematic diagram of Tectonic basin setting in Indonesia showing the occurrence of fossil fuel resources
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Bentuk-bentuk Cekungan Batuan sedimen
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JENIS CEKUNGAN MENURUT KLEMME
A. INTRAKONTINEN PADA KRATON - “Single-cycle cratonic basins - Composite cratonic basins - Graben on rift basins
B. EXTRACONTINENTAL, BORDERLAND BASINS - Downwarps into small oceanic basin - Pull-apart basins - Subduction basins, second cycle, intermontane, fore-arc, back-arc; non-arc - Median basins, also second-cycle, intermontane - Delta basins
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Jenis/tipe Cekungan menurut Klemme
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TEKTONIK DAN CEKUNGAN SEDIMEN TERSIER DIINDONESIA DAN KETERDAPATAN HIDROKARBON
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(CCOP, 2006
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(CCOP, 2006
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(CCOP, 2006
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explorasi petroleum(Assessment & evaluation)
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HYDROCARBON LEADS
• OIL AND GAS SEEPAGES
• OCCURRENCE OF SOURCE ROCK
• OCCURRENCE OF STRUCTURAL TRAP (ANTICLINE, FAULT)
• RESERVOIR & SEAL ROCKS
• OIL AND GAS SEEPAGES
• OCCURRENCE OF SOURCE ROCK
• OCCURRENCE OF STRUCTURAL TRAP (ANTICLINE, FAULT)
• RESERVOIR & SEAL ROCKS
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• To find out Lithological Types, Name of Rocks, Physical Properties of Rocks
• Facies and Environmental Deposition
• Age of Rocks
• To know Hydrocarbon Source Potential and Oil Generation
• To know the Composition of Hydrocarbon (bulk oil), Biomarker and the Source of Hydrocarbons
• Reservoir Potential
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FIELD DATA COLLECTION
• MEASURED SECTION• COMPREHENSIVE DATA RECORD: - DIP & STRIKE - SIMPLE, DETAILED AND CLEAR DESCRIPTION - SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURE COLLECTION - SYSTEMATIC FRESH & CLEAN ROCK SAMPLE COLLECTIONS : Age (Paleontolology), Source rock, Reservoir rock (porosity & permeability, diagenesis),Composition, Facies and Provenance Purposes.• OIL AND GAS SEEPAGE COLLECTIONS• PHOTOGRAPH OF OUCROP, STRUCTURE, BOUNDARY OF LITHOLOGY, UNCONFORMITY, ETC.
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TYPE OF ROCK SAMPLE & PURPOSES
A. Age, Env. Deposition &Facies: - limestone, marl, shale, coaly shale, claystone, siltstone.
B. Sedimentology, facies, provenance, rock type: - limestone, sandstone, siltstone, pyroclastics, etc.
C. Source Rock & Oil Generation: - Shale, coaly shale, carbonaceous shale, coal, claystone, carbonaceous claystone, siltstone, marl, mudstone (carbonate & clastics), oil & gas seep.
D. Reservoir Rock: - Sandstone, conglomerate, pyroclastics, limestone (Grainstone,Packstone & Wackstone, bioclastics), granite & granite wash, etc.
E. Seal: - Claystone, Shale, marl, limestone (pelagic, mudstone), tuff, etc.
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• Thin Section Petrography• Organic Petrology• Grain size analysis• SEM• CL• XRD• Age Dating (Fission Track, K-Ar)
Sedimentology
• Foraminifera (Planktonic & Benthonic)
• Macrofossil• Nannoplankton• Palynology
Biostratigraphy
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• Thin Section Petrography• SEM• CL• XRD• Paleontology• Porosity & Permeability• Etc
Reservoir Rock
• SEM• CL• XRD• Etc
Seal and Cap Rock
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Geologist dalam aksi untuk tahapan Awal Eksplorasi Petroleum
1. Identifikasi suatu cekungan sedimen
2. Interpretasi awal terhadap tipe cekungan
3. Pelajari stratigrafi dan paleontologi batuan
4. Identifikasi “lead” atau tanda-tanda keberadaan hidrokarbon di permukaan
5. Pelajari tataan struktur geologi
6. Perbandingkan dengan data cekungan lain yang sudah berproduksi
7. Siapkan tinjauan lapangan
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PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Petroleum System is defined as natural system that encompasses a pod of Active source rock an all related-hydrocarbon geologic elements and processes That are essential if a hydrocarbon accumulation is to exist.
Petroleum System: - Reservoir, Seals, trapping styles, source rocks, maturity, thermal and burial history, migration and accumulation
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PLAY OF PETROLEUM
Play is define :as exploration perception or models of how a number of Geological factors may combine to produce petroleum accumulations at A specific stratigraphic level in the basin
Petroleum play: - Reservoir unit, capable of storing petroleum fluids - Thermally mature petroleum source rocks capable of expelling petroleum fluids into porous an permeable carriers beds/faults - Seal or caprock- stratigraphic level unit - Petroleum trap
Play can be considered as “proven” if petroleum accumulations (pools or fields) are known as a result from the application of geological factors.
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Jenis Pekerjaan Analisa Geologi Analisa Geofisika Analisa Laboratorium
Pemetaan Geologi
Measured-Section
Struktur Geologi
Landsat Inja
Gravity & Magnetik
Air Borne
W ell Logging
Paleomag
Paleontologi
Sed. & Stratig.
Rock Petrology
Organic Petrology
Organic Geochemistry
Rock Physics
Stable Isotop
Seismic Refl.(2D &3D)
Sangat Penting
Penting
Agak Penting Kurang Penting tetapi Pendukung
Tingkat Penilaian Pekerjaan Untuk Petroleum
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BATUAN SUMBER PETROLEUM (SOURCE ROCKS)
1. SERPIH, BATULEMPUNG, NAPAL
2. BATUBARA, SERPIH BATUBARAAN
3. BATUGAMPING BERGANGGANG (ALGAE)
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Maturity Assessment
Tmax of the Rock-Eval
Vitrinite Revlectance (%Rv)
TAI – Thermal Alteration Index
Fluorescence of organic matter (Liptinite)
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• Vitrinite Refl. (Ro)• Maceral Analysis• Geochemistry:• TOC• Rock-Eval• Soxhlet Extraction• LC of Extract• C5+ Gas Liquid
Chromatography• GC-MS• Carbon Isotope
• Bulk Oil• Gas Analysis (Type of
gas)• Liquid Chromatography
Separation• Whole Oil & Gas GC• GC-MS• Carbon Isotope
Rock Samples Fluid & Gas Samples
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0
2
4
6
Immature Sub-Mature Over-MatureMature
Intensitas Generasi Migas
Fase Pembentukan Migas
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General correlation of organic maturation indivates, based on the works of B.S. Cooper, A. Hood, B.Tissot, N.B
Vassoyevich, and their co-workers, (From A.J. Kantsler et al., Oil Gas J. 20November 1978)
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Plot of vitrinite reflectance agains depth for all samples
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Plot of Ro Against Depth for samples,Showing a synthesis of thermal event in the area
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Schematic section through the Basin with profile of isoreflectance surfaces,
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Schematic section through the Basin with profile of isoreflectance surfaces.
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Peta hubungan isorank dan tektonik deformasi yang menunjukkan “syntectonic coalification” (hasil penelitian P3G, Wahono dkk, 2001)
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The burial history model, using Lopatin’s method, showing isomaturity zone (oil generation) starting from 0.50 (Rvmax) and TTI = 3 where the
bottom of oil generation is not reached
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1 0 01 0215
1 0
5
2
1
5
1
FAIR
GO
OD E X C E L L E N T
G O O D
FA IR
O IL PR O N E
G A S PR O N E
Tota
l Gen
erat
ion
Pot
enti
al (
PY
)(m
g H
C/g
roc
ks)
To ta l O rg a n ic C a rb o n (T O C ) (w t. % )
P O O R
1 0 0
5 0
2 0
P O O R
Diagram TOC vs Pirolysis Yields (PY)
yang menunjukkan potensi Hidrocarbon dalam F. Sangkarewang
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SAMPLE LOCATION :
SANG KAREWANG River
LUBUK TARUK
SIPANG RIVER
TANJUNG BALIT
SETANG KAI
TALAWI
KO LO K-SW.LUNTO
KU NANG AN
0
300
600
900
375 405 435 465 495 525 555 585
Tmax ( C)0
Iso - reflec tance
1.35
Type III
Type II
POST-MATUREMATU RE IM MATURE
Type I
Hyd
rog
en
Ind
ex
(mg
HC
/ g
ro
ck)
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0
TOC (wt % rock)
Hyd
roge
n In
dex
(HI)
Poor Fair Good V. Good Excellent
COAL
TOC vs HI
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
1000.0
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0
TOC (wt % rock)
S1
+ S
2 (P
oten
tial Y
ield
) in
Kg/
Ton
rock
Poor Fair Good V. Good Excellent
20.0
COAL
TOC vs S1+S2
Organic Matter QualityOrganic Matter Quality
HYDROCARON SOURCE POTENTIALHYDROCARON SOURCE POTENTIAL
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Organic Matter Type and QualityOrganic Matter Type and Quality
Most of the Jurassic sediments contain Type II Kerogen whilst those of Tertiary sediments mainly contain Type III Kerogen
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
390 405 420 435 450 465 480 495 510 525
Tmax (°C)
HI (
mg
HC
/g T
OC
)
0.6 iso-reflectance
1.2
Immature Oil Zone Gas Zone
TIPE I
TIPE II
TIPE III
Gas
Mix
edO
I L
Jurassic Sediments
Tertiary Sediments
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Thermal Maturity LevelThermal Maturity Level
TOC vs Ro%
400
405
410
415
420
425
430
435
440
445
450
455
460
465
470
475
480
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Ro%
Immature Mature Post Mature
Tm
ax (
°C)
Imm
atu
reM
atu
rePost
Matu
re
Reworked OM, innertinitic or
oxidized materials?THERMAL MATURITYTHERMAL MATURITY
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100
7025
55
100
5
60
Am
ount
Immature0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.3 2.0
Dia/(Dia + Reg)-Steranes
/()-C29 Steranes
20S/(20S + 20R)-C29 Steranes
Ts/(Ts + Tm)
)-C30 Hopanes
22S/(22S + 22R)-C32 Hopanes
Early Mature
Post MatureCondensates / Wet Gas
Fully Mature
Ste
ran
es
Tri
terp
ane
s
State of Oil Generation
% Ro 0.5
Sediments Seep Oils
Range of MaturityRange of Maturity
All sediments, either from Tertiary or Jurrasic Fms. are definitely thermally immature – early mature.
At such maturity level, none of the potential source rocks is capable to generate hydrocarbons.
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SOURCE TO OIL CORRELATIONSOURCE TO OIL CORRELATION
TOS-19
C29
C27 Dias
C28
C27
C29
C27 Dias
C28
C27
TOS-20
C29
C27 Dias
C28
C27
TOS-21B
C29C27 Dias
C28
C27
KTD-2B
C29
C27 Dias
C28
C27
Oil seepsTOS-21A
Steranes (m/z 217)Steranes (m/z 217)C29
C27 Dias
C28
C27
TOS-16A
C29
C27 Dias
C28C27
TOS-16B
C29
C27 Dias
C28
C27TOS-17A
C29
C27 Dias
C28
C27TOS-17B
Lalengan
C29
C27 Dias
C28
C27
TOS-37A
C29
C27 Dias
C27
TOS-41D
C29
C27 Dias
C28
C27
TOS-49B
Bobong
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Source Rock Depositional EnvironmentSource Rock Depositional Environment
Pristane/Phytane (Pr/Ph) vs Canonical Variable (Cv) 13C Saturate vs 13C Aromatic
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Pristane/Phytane (Pr/Ph)
Can
on
ica
l V
aria
ble
(C
v)
REDUCTIVE OXIDATIVE
TERRESTRIAL
MARINE LACUSTRINE/
ALGAE NON-MARINE -32
-30
-28
-26
-24
-22
-20
-18
-16
-33 -31 -29 -27 -25 -23 -21 -19 -17
13C Saturate (per mil)
LACUSTRINE/MARINE
TERRESTRIAL
13C
Aro
ma
tic
(p
er m
il)
SOURCE – SOURCE RELATIONSHIPSSOURCE – SOURCE RELATIONSHIPS
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Oil seepsTOS-19, TOS-20, TOS-2A, TOS-21B and KTD-2B
Steranes (m/z 217) oil to oil correlationSteranes (m/z 217) oil to oil correlation
OIL TO OIL CORRELATIONOIL TO OIL CORRELATION
TOS-20
KTD-2B
TOS-21A
Pregnanes C29
C27 Dias
C28C27
TOS-21B
TOS-19
Aquatic plants OM, clay rich marine or lacustrine deltaic, closed system depositional environment
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Thin suberinite cell walls of a cortex and phlobaphinite cell fillings
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Suberinite (SB) with fluorinite (F)
SB
F
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Cuticules (Cutinite)
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Botryococcus algae (B) with pollens (sporinite) (Sp)
B
B
SpSp
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Botryococcus algae
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Fluorinite (F)
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Resinite
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Tasmanaceae algae
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Diatomaceous bloom
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Dinoflagelate
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Fungus Filament
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BATUAN RESERVOIR
1.BATUPASIR
2. BATUGAMPING
3. BREKSI VOLKANIK
4. GRANITE “WASHED”
5. BATUAN MALIHAN
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Oil globule in pore spaces of clastic rocks, undergoing distortions as it migrates through pore throat. (R.R Berg, AAPG Bull.,1975)
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Klasifikasi kualitas porositas batuan
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Klasifikasi Permiabilitas batuan
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Hubungan kedalaman dengan nilai porositas batuan
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Plate 2 .21a O u tcrop pho tograph o f gran ite basem ent consisting o f b iotite g ran ite , g reen ish , hard -very hard , jo in ted
(Loc . LLG 18)
P late 2 .21b . P ho tom icrograph o f g ran ite (L LG 18) w ith a llo triom orph ic g ranu lar textu recom posed o f plagioclase (2e , 7b , 2b , etc), m ic roc line (9c , 6a), o rthoclase (4 i, 2k, e tc )
b io tite (1c, 6d , 6i, etc), quartz (6f, 8 j, e tc), La lengan , Weste rn Peleng Is land
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Plate 2 .15a O utc rop pho tograph o f R ed B eds show ing p lanar c ross bedd ing and parallel lam ina tion o f fine g rain a ren ite , Ba lan tak traverse,
East A rm of Su law esi (Loc. TO S 2) P late 2 .15b . Pho tom icrograph o f calca reous fe ldspa th ic w acke (TO S 2 A ) very fine to m edium ,poorly sorted , sub-angu la r to sub-rounded , com posed p redom inan tly of m ono quartz,
less feldspar, and vo lcan ic rock fragm ents. W ith m atrix o f carbonate m ud , o f Triassic R ed Beds,B alan tak traverse , E as t A rm of Su law es i
OUTCROP OF THE TRIASSIC-JURASIC “RED BED” OF SANDSTONE, POTENTIAL RESERVOIR ROCK
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HASIL SEM, MENUNJUKKAN KAOLINITE, BUTIRAN KUARSA DAN PERTUMBUHAN KUARSA
K
K
K
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AUTHIGENIC KAOLINITE MATRIX, SEM MICROPHOTOGRAPH
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D I AG EN ETI C EVEN TM ESODI AGEN ESI SEO DI AGENESI S
I NCREASI NG BURI AL
EARLY LAT E
T ELO DI AGENESI S
BURI AL
PORE F I LLI NG BY M AT RI X
QU ART ZOVERGRO W T H S
CO M PACT I ON
GRAI N & M AT R I X DI SSOLUT I O N
REPLACEM ENT & RECRY STALI ZED
PRECI P I TAT I ON O F KAOLI N I T E & SER I CI T E
FORM AT I I O N OF I RO N OXI DE & LAUM O NT I T E
Unim portant
S lighltly I mportant
I mportant
Legend
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A . W ith c ross po larized ligh t b . W ith para llel po la rized ligh t
Photomicrograph of subarkose (TOS 43 C), medium grained, well sorted, sub-angular to sub-rounded, closed fabric with point to long grain contact. Composed of dominantly quartz (7d, 2g, etc), feldspar (3e), and rock fragment (5a). This plate shows inter
granular pores.
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A . W ith c ross po larized ligh t b . W ith para llel po la rized ligh t
Photomicrograph of bioclastic wackestone (LLG 10 B) developing a mud supported and opened fabric. Dark brownish to black mottled is an enlarged dissolution of fracture resulting vug pore,(5k) which partially filled by
iron oxides.
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FOSSIL INDICATED BY CATHODOLUMENESCENCE (CL),Photographer by S. Maryanto, 2004.
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FOSSIL IN LIMESTONE INDICATED BY CATHODOLUMENESCENCE (CL),
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TRAP
1.STRUKTUR: ANTIKLIN, SESAR
2. STRATIGRAFI : PERUBAHAN FASIES
3. BIDANG “UNCONFORMITY”
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SEALING (CAP ROCK)
1. BATULEMPUNG
2. NAPAL
3. BATUGAMPING PELAGIK
4. TUF
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Posisi dan urutan hidrokarbon gas, minyak dan air
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Terum bu Fasies (Reefa l Facies) m erupakan salah satu target reservoir petro leum
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Penampang Seismik memperlihatkan satuan stratigrafi Kapur-Tersier
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Peta Struktur (a) dua dimensi; (b) tiga dimensi; hasil seismik
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Peta “isopach” dari interval terubu yang menghasilkan minyak(North, 1985)
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Peta “isopach” dari suatu lajur lipatan tanah muka (foreland fold belt) (North, 1985)
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DATA EVALUATION
A. Source Rock & Oil Generation: - Source rock Potential: TOC, Tmax, Ro, PY, HI, Maceral Type, Spore
Color Index, H/C & O/C ratios, Biomarker Characters, etc.
- Oil Generation: Tmax, Ro, Fluorescence Color, Biomarker Charcaters, etc. - Burial History : Isomaturity, Loaptin’s Method, etc.
B. Source Rock & Oil Correlation: - Source Rock to Source Rock Correlation - Source rock to Oil Correlation - Oil to Oil Correlation
A. Source Rock & Oil Generation: - Source rock Potential: TOC, Tmax, Ro, PY, HI, Maceral Type, Spore
Color Index, H/C & O/C ratios, Biomarker Characters, etc.
- Oil Generation: Tmax, Ro, Fluorescence Color, Biomarker Charcaters, etc. - Burial History : Isomaturity, Loaptin’s Method, etc.
B. Source Rock & Oil Correlation: - Source Rock to Source Rock Correlation - Source rock to Oil Correlation - Oil to Oil Correlation
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DATA EVALUATION
C. Reservoir & Seal Rocks:
- Porosity & Permeability: Porosity and Permeability analysis, Petrography, SEM, CL, XRD
- Diagenesis History: Petrography, XRD, SEM, CL, Chemistry, Stable Isotop, etc.
C. Reservoir & Seal Rocks:
- Porosity & Permeability: Porosity and Permeability analysis, Petrography, SEM, CL, XRD
- Diagenesis History: Petrography, XRD, SEM, CL, Chemistry, Stable Isotop, etc.
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The Tools of Subsurface AnalysisThe Tools of Subsurface Analysis
Well logsWell logs Cores Cores SeismicSeismic Gravity & Gravity &
magneticsmagnetics
Facies analysis of subsurface Facies analysis of subsurface data depends on tools which data depends on tools which delimit of surfaces and provide delimit of surfaces and provide clues as to the sediments they clues as to the sediments they contain:contain:
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Well Logs Versus SeismicWell Logs Versus Seismic Well logs Well logs
Great vertical resolution Great vertical resolution Delimit bounding surfacesDelimit bounding surfacesEstablish lithology of sediments Establish lithology of sediments
penetratedpenetrated SeismicSeismic
Great lateral continuity and Great lateral continuity and resolutionresolution
Define gross sediment geometryDefine gross sediment geometry
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Well LogsWell Logs
Resistivity LogsResistivity Logs Spontaneous Potential (SP) LogsSpontaneous Potential (SP) Logs Gamma Ray LogsGamma Ray Logs Neutron LogsNeutron Logs Density LogsDensity Logs Sonic (acoustic) LogsSonic (acoustic) Logs
Delimit of surfaces & identify sediments Delimit of surfaces & identify sediments penetratedpenetrated
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Play of Petroleum
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SEKIAN DAN TERIMA KASIH