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Bahan kajian
MK Kajian Lingkungan dan Pembangunan
KONSEP PEMBANGUNAN
BERKELANJUTAN
Disarikan oleh:
Prof Dr Ir Soemarno MS
Malang-Agustus 2011
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Sustainable
development is
development that
meets the needs
of the present
without
compromising the
ability of future
generations to
meet their ownneeds.
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ASPEK EKONOMI
Economic progress is often evaluated in terms ofwelfare (or utility)measured as willingness to
pay for goods and services consumed.
Mmany economic policies typically seek toenhance income, and induce more efficient
production and consumption of goods and
services.
The stability of prices and employment are
among other important objectives.
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Economic Activities and Global Change Issues - A Systemic View
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ASPEK EKONOMI
Economic efficiency helps maximize income. It is
measured against the ideal of Pareto optimality, whichencourages actions that will improve the welfare of at
least one individual without worsening the situation of
anyone else.
The perfectly competitive economy is an important
(Pareto optimal) benchmark, where (efficient) market
prices play a key role in both allocating productive
resources to maximize output, and ensuring optimal
consumption choices which maximize consumer utility.If significant economic distortions are present,
appropriate shadow prices may be used.
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ASPEK EKONOMI
The well-known cost-benefit criterion accepts all projects
whose net benefits are positive (i.e., aggregate benefitsexceed costs).
It is based on the weaker quasi Pareto condition, which
assumes that such net benefits could be redistributedfrom potential gainers to losersleaving no one worse off
than before.
More generally, interpersonal comparisons of welfare are
fraught with difficultyboth within and across nations,
and over time (e.g., the value of human life).
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ECONOMIC ASPECT
Economic sustainability seeks to maximize the flow of
income that could be generated while at least maintainingthe stock of assets (or capital) which yield these
beneficial outputs.
Economic efficiency continues to optimize both
production and consumption.
Problems arise in identifying the kinds of capital to be
maintained (e.g., manufactured, natural, human and social
capital), and their substitutability. Often, it is difficult to
value these assets (especially ecological and socialresources) and the services they provide.
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ASPEK LINGKUNGAN
Development in the environmental sense is a recent
concern relating to the need to manage scarce natural
resources in a prudent mannerbecause human welfare
ultimately depends on ecological services. Ignoring safe
ecological limits could undermine long-run prospects for
development. Recent literature covers links amongenvironment, growth and sustainable development.
Environmental sustainability focuses on overall viability
and normal functioning of natural systems. For ecologicalsystems, sustainability is defined by a comprehensive,
multiscale, dynamic, hierarchical measure of resilience,
vigor and organization.
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ASPEK LINGKUNGAN
Resilience is the ability of ecosystems to persist despite
external shocks, i.e., the amount of disruption that will
cause an ecosystem to switch from one system state to
another.
An ecosystem state is defined by its internal structureand set of mutually re-inforcing processes.
Vigor is associated with the primary productivity or
growth of an ecosystem.
Organization depends on both complexity and structure
of the system.
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ASPEK LINGKUNGAN
Natural resource degradation, pollution and loss of
biodiversity are detrimental because they reduce
resilience, increase vulnerability, and undermine system
health.
The notions of a safe threshold and carrying capacity areimportant, to avoid catastrophic ecosystem collapse.
Sustainability may be also linked to the normal
functioning and longevity of a nested hierarchy of
ecological and socioeconomic systems, orderedaccording to scalee.g., a human community would
consist of many individuals, who are themselves
composed of a large number of discrete cells.
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ASPEK LINGKUNGAN
Gunderson and Holling use the term panarchy to denote such a
hierarchy of systems and their adaptive cycles across scales. Asystem at a given level is able to operate in its stable (sustainable)
mode, because it is protected by slower and more conservative
changes in the super-system above it, while being simultaneously
invigorated and energized by faster changes taking place in sub-
systems below it.
Sustainable development is not necessarily synonymous with
maintaining the ecological status quo. A coupled ecological-
socioeconomic system could evolve, while maintaining levels of
biodiversity that guarantee resilience of ecosystems on which futurehuman consumption and production depend.
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PEMBANGUNAN
BERKELANJUTAN
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ASPEK SOSIAL
Social development usually refers to improvements in both individual
well-being and overall social welfare resulting from increases insocial capitaltypically, the accumulation of capacity enabling
individuals and communities to work together.
The quantity and quality of social interactions underlying human
existence (including levels of mutual trust, and shared social norms
and values), determine the stock of social capital. Thus, social capitalgrows with greater use and erodes through disuse, unlike economic
and environmental capital, which are depreciated or depleted by use.
We note that some forms of social capital may be harmful (e.g.,
cooperation within criminal gangs).
There is also an important element of equity and poverty alleviation .Thus, the social dimension of development includes protective
strategies that reduce vulnerability, improve equity and ensure that
basic needs are met.
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ASPEK SOSIAL
Social sustainability parallels environmental sustainability. Reducing
vulnerability and maintaining the ability of socio-cultural systems towithstand shocks, is also important. Enhancing human capital (through
education) and strengthening social values, institutions, and
governance are key aspects. Many harmful changes occur slowly, and
their long-term effects are often overlooked in socio-economic analysis.
Preserving cultural capital and diversity worldwide, strengthening socialcohesion, and reducing destructive conflicts, are integral elements of
this approach.
An important aspect involves empowerment and broader participation
through subsidiarityi.e., decentralization of decision-making to the
lowest (or most local) level at which it is still effective. In summary, forboth ecological and socioeconomic systems, the emphasis is on
improving system health and its dynamic ability to adapt to change
across a range of spatial and temporal scales, rather than the
conservation of some ideal static state.
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LATAR SEJARAH
UN Conference on Environment andDevelopment, or the 1992 Earth summit in Rio deJaneirounanimously adopted Agenda 21, a
blueprint for sustainable development. Millennium Development Goals UN GeneralAssembly resolution 55/2, outlined 8 targetsaimed at reducing poverty and promoting
sustainable development. World Summit on Sustainable Development
reaffirmed the commitment to Agenda 21 andMillennium Development Goals
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MELLENIUM
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
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INDEKS KEBERLANJUTAN
Sustainable
development
indicators (SDI)
have thepotential to turn
the generic
concept of
sustainability
into action.
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The "Daly Rules"
The three operational rules defining the condition of ecological(thermodynamic) sustainability:
1. Renewable resources such as fish, soil, and groundwater must
be used no faster than the rate at which they regenerate.
2. Nonrenewable resources such as minerals and fossil fuels
must be used no faster than renewable substitutes for them
can be put into place.
3. Pollution and wastes must be emitted no faster than natural
systems can absorb them, recycle them, or render them
harmless.
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Energy, Emergy and Sustainability Index (SI)
Emergy = the accounting system of embodied energy.
A quantitative sustainability index (SI) as a ratio of the
emergy (spelled with an "m", i.e. "embodied energy", not
simply "energy") yield ratio (EYR) to the environmental
loading ratio (ELR).
The "Emergy Sustainability Index" (ESI), "an index that
accounts for yield, renewability, and environmental load.
It is the incremental emergy yield compared to theenvironmental load".
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Life Cycle Assessment LCA
Life Cycle Assessment is a "composite measure ofsustainability."
It analyses the environmental performance of
products and services through all phases of theirlife cycle: extracting and processing raw materials;
manufacturing, transportation and distribution; use,
re-use, maintenance; recycling, and final disposal
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Sustainable Livelihoods Approach : SLA
Livelihoods approaches are a way of thinking about theobjectives, scope and priorities for development.
They place people and their priorities at the centre of
development.
They focus poverty reduction interventions on
empowering the poor to build on their own
opportunities, supporting their access to assets, anddeveloping an enabling policy and institutional
environment.
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Sustainable Livelihoods Approach : SLA
Core to livelihoods approaches are a set of principlesthat underpin best practice in any development
intervention:
1. People-centred2. Responsive and participatory
3. Multi-level
4. Conducted in partnership
5. Sustainable6. Dynamic
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Sustainable Livelihoods Approach : SLA
Livelihoods approaches are based on a conceptual framework to
aid analysis of the factors affecting peoples livelihoods,including:
1. the priorities that people define as their desired livelihood
outcomes2. their access to social, human, physical, financial and natural
capital or assets, and their ability to put these to productive
use
3. the different strategies they adopt (and how they use their
assets) in pursuit of their priorities
4. the policies, institutions and processes that shape their access
to assets and opportunities
5. the context in which they live, and factors affecting
vulnerability to shocks and stresses.
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Public Health Outcomes Support Sustainable Development
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EMPAT TIPE KEBERLANJUTAN FAO2. Keberlanjutan ekonomi dan finansial
Can the results of technical cooperation continue to
yield an economic benefit after the technical
cooperation is withdrawn?
For example, the benefits from the introduction of new
crops may not be sustained if the constraints to
marketing the crops are not resolved.
Similarly, economic, as distinct from financial,sustainability may be at risk if the end users
continue to depend on heavily subsidized activities
and inputs.
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EMPAT TIPE KEBERLANJUTAN FAO3. Keberlanjutan
Ekologi
Are the benefits to be generated by the technical
cooperation likely to lead to a deterioration in the
physical environment, thus indirectly contributingto a fall in production, or well-being of the groups
targeted and their society?
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EMPAT TIPE KEBERLANJUTAN FAO4. Keberlanjutan
Energi
This type of sustainability is often concerned
with the production of energy and mineral
resources.
Some researchers have pointed to trends which
document the limits of production.
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sustainomics and
sustainable development
Sustainable development
trianglekey elements
and links (corners, sides,
center).
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Sepuluh kunci keberlanjutan pembangunan
1. Participation and ownership.
Get the stakeholders (men and women) to genuinelyparticipate in design and implementation. Build on their
initiatives and demands. Get them to monitor the project
and periodically evaluate it for results.
2. Capacity building and training.
Training stakeholders to take over should begin from the
start of any project and continue throughout. The right
approach should both motivate and transfer skills to
people.
3. Government policies.
Development projects should be aligned with local
government policies.
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Sepuluh kunci keberlanjutan pembangunan:
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Sepuluh kunci keberlanjutan pembangunan:
7. Technology.
All outside equipment must be selected with careful consideration given
to the local finance available for maintenance and replacement.Cultural acceptability and the local capacity to maintain equipment
and buy spare parts are vital.
8. Environment.
Poor rural communities that depend on natural resources should beinvolved in identifying and managing environmental risks. Urban
communities should identify and manage waste disposal and
pollution risks.
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Sepuluh kunci keberlanjutan pembangunan:
9. External political and economic factors.
In a weak economy, projects should not be toocomplicated, ambitious or expensive.
10. Realistic duration.
A short project may be inadequate for solving entrenchedproblems in a sustainable way, particularly when
behavioural and institutional changes are intended. A
long project, may on the other hand, promote
dependence.
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Pilar-pilar Pembangunan Ramah
Lingkungan
Economic Developmentpoverty eradication
Social Developmentactive participation of
women; education; good governance Environmental Protectionprevent environmental
degradation and patterns of unsustainabledevelopment
At the local, national, regional, and global levels
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PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI
Poverty eradication/ Pengentasan Kemiskinan
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the worlds
people with income less than $1/day
Basic health services for all, reduce health threats
Increase food availability
Combat desertification, mitigate effects of drought
and floods Provision of clean drinking water
Enhance industrial productivity
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Changing Unsustainable Patterns of
Consumption and Production
Teknologi Produksi Bersih
Developing cleaner, more efficient energy
technologies
Maintain urban air quality and health, and
reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Sound management of chemicals
throughout their life cycle, and of hazardous
wastes
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Protecting the Natural Resource Base of
Economic & Social Development
Prevent water pollution to reduce
health hazards and protect
ecosystems
Watershed and groundwatermanagement
Support desalination of seawater,
water recycling
Ensure the sustainabledevelopment of oceans, marine
environmental protection
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KRISIS AIR
Water crisis is a term used to refer to the worlds water
resources relative to human demand.
The term has been applied to the worldwide water situation by
the United Nations and other world organizations.
Others, for example the Food and Agriculture Organization,said in 2003 that there is no water crisis but steps must be taken
to avoid one in the future.
The major aspects of the water crisis are allegedly overall
scarcity of usable water and water pollution.
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Beberapa prinsip manifestasi krisis air.
1. Inadequate access to safe drinking water for about884 million people.
2. Inadequate access to water for sanitation and waste
disposal for 2.5 billion people
3. Groundwater overdrafting (excessive use) leading todiminished agricultural yields
4. Overuse and pollution of water resources harming
biodiversity
5. Regional conflicts over scarce water resources
sometimes resulting in warfare
SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
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SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
(SWRM)Pengelolaan sumberdaya air berkelanjutan
1. Pengelolaan dan Perencanaan Air
2. Pengolahan dan daur-ulang air limbah
3. Kualitas Air
4. Pengendalian Pencemaran5. Pengelolaan dan Ekonomi
6. Sistem Penunjang Keputusan
7. Sistem Hydraulic
8. Risiko banjir9. Pemodelan Hydraulic
10.Problematik Irrigation
11.Governance dan Monitoring
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Integrated Water Resources Management
(IWRM)is what most people aim to achieve in both, research and
practice, to enable a sustainable way of handling water
resources.
An often quoted definition of IWRM is given by the GlobalWater Partnership:
IWRM is a process which promotes the co-ordinated development
and management of water, land and related resources, in order to
maximize the resul tant economic and social welfare in an
equitable manner without compromising the sustainabil i ty of vital
ecosystems. (GWP 2000: 22)
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Action AgendaFocus on Five Key
Thematic Areas (WEHAB)
Priority areas for action, identified by UNSecretary-General Kofi Annan:
Water and sanitation
Energy
Health
Agriculture
Biodiversity protection and ecosystemmanagement
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AIR dan SANITASI
Water is not only the mostbasic of needs but is also
at the center of sustainable
development.
Around 1.2 billion people
still have no access to
clean drinking water
Around 2.4 billion peopledo not have adequate
sanitation.
SUPLAI AIR RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
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SUPLAI AIR RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
PANEN AIR HUJAN
SUPLAI AIR RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
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SUPLAI AIR RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
Kolam Panen Air Hujan
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AIR dan SANITASI
Beberapa isu-isu kunci:
Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards
Protect ecosystems
Introduce technologies for affordable sanitation,industrial and domestic wastewater treatment
River basin, watershed and groundwater management
Support desalination of seawater, water recycling
Marine environmental protection - oceans, seas, islands
and coastal areas are essential components of the
Earths ecosystem
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Kontribusi Teknologi Nuklir untuk Mengelola
Sumberdaya Air
IAEA-supported projects worldwide using nucleartechniques:
Isotope techniques for water resourcesdevelopment and management
Automatic tracer flow gauging stations inephemeral rivers
Investigating dam and reservoir leakages andsafety
Electron beam purification of wastewater
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Kontribusi Teknologi Nuklir untuk Mengelola
Sumberdaya Air
Nuclear power plants are used for saltwaterdesalination
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Kontribusi Teknologi Nuklir untuk Mengelola
Sumberdaya Air
RCA Projects:
Isotope Techniques for Groundwater
Contamination Studies in the Urbanized andIndustrial Areas
Investigating Environmental and Water
Resources in Geothermal Areas
Use of Isotopes in Dam Safety and Dam
Sustainability
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ENERGI RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
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ENERGI RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
is the provision of energy such that it meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their needs.
Sustainable energy sources are most often regardedas including all renewable sources, such as plant
matter, solar power, wind power, wave power,
geothermal power and tidal power.
It usually also includes technologies that improveenergy efficiency.
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TEKNOLOGI ENERGI RENEW BLEare essential contributors to sustainable energy as they
generally contribute to world energy security, reducingdependence on fossil fuel resources, and providing
opportunities for mitigating greenhouse gases.
First-generation technologies: hydropower, biomass
combustion, and geothermal power and heat.
Second-generation technologies include solar heating
and cooling, wind power, modern forms of bioenergy, and
solar photovoltaics.
Third-generation technologies are still under developmentand include advanced biomass gasification, biorefinery
technologies, concentrating solar thermal power, hot dry
rock geothermal energy, and ocean energy.
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Energy
Some key issues:
Focus on access to energy in rural areas
Energy conservation and energy efficiency
building design & management, better mass
transportation, advanced and innovative cleaner
technologies
Promotion of renewable energy Action on climate changeratification by
countries of the Kyoto Protocol
E & C t ib ti f N l
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Energy & Contributions of Nuclear
Technology
Nuclear Powerreduces emission of
greenhouse gases
Some IAEA-supported projects worldwide: Comparative studies on natural gas and nuclear
power
Uranium resources development
Operational and safety issues of nuclear power
plants
Nuclear power plants for saltwater desalination
ib i f l
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Electron beam purification of flue gases
Isotopic techniques to study climate change and
predict future global changes resulting fromgreenhouse gases
Rational exploitation of geothermal sources
Isotope hydrology and geochemistry in geothermal
fields
Quality control and inspection of pipelines by NDT
Energy & Contributions of Nuclear
Technology
E & C t ib ti f N l
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RCA Projects:
Process Diagnostics and Optimization inPetrochemical Industry
Role of Nuclear Power and other Energy
Options in Competitive Electricity Market
Energy & Contributions of Nuclear
Technology
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Health
Good health is vital for eradicating poverty andachieving sustainable development.
Some key issues:
Reduce mortality rates in 2015: by 66.7% for children &
infants under 5; by 75% for maternal mortality rates Control & eradicate communicable diseases, reduce HIV
prevalence, combat malaria, tuberculosis
Ensure that chemicals are not used and produced in ways
that harm human health Reduce air pollution
Improve developing countries access to environmentallysound alternatives to ozone depleting chemicals
Health & Contrib tions of N clear
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Some IAEA-supported projects worldwide:
Use of radioisotopes in the diagnosis, treatment and
prevention of diseases
Upgrading of radiotherapy services
Production of Tc-99m Gel Generators for Nuclear
Medicine
Early diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer Screening of newborns for neonatal hypothyroidism
Nuclear medical techniques in preventive nephrology
Health & Contributions of Nuclear
Techniques
Health & Contributions of Nuclear
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Isotopes for control of human communicable
diseases (SIT for Tsetse eradication & control of
malaria)
Molecular biology techniques using radionuclidemethods (e.g. Polymerase chain reaction or PCR)
for diagnosis of infectious diseases such as
hepatitis B & C, tuberculosis
Rapid diagnosis of dengue fever infection
Early detection of congenital diseases in children
Health & Contributions of Nuclear
Techniques
Health & Contributions of Nuclear
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Applications of radiation technology
Radiation sterilization of health care products
Cyclotron for short lived medical radioisotopesRadiation sterilization of human tissue grafts for
transplantation (bone, skin & other tissues)
Nutrition
Nuclear techniques to address problems ofmalnutrition such as micro-nutrient deficiencies,energy expenditure, nutrient absorption &utilization
Health & Contributions of Nuclear
Techniques
l h & l h i
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RCA Projects: Strengthening Medical Physics in Asia and the Pacific
region
Brachytherapy in Treating Cervical Cancer
Distance-assisted Training (DAT) in Radiation Oncology Distance-assisted Training (DAT) for Nuclear MedicineTechnicians
Management of Liver Cancer using TransarterialRadioconjugate Therapy
Treatment with Unsealed Radioactive Source:Radiosynovectomy
Osteoporosis and Serum Turn Over by RIA and DEXA
Improved Information of Urban Air Quality Mgt.
Health & Nuclear Techniques
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Agriculture
Agriculture is central to sustainable development.
About 70% of the poor in developing countries
live in rural areas and depend in one way or
another on agriculture for their survival.Some key issues:
Address serious soil fertility problems
Diversification of crops
Increase water-use productivity Apply R&D to increase productivity in crops and
livestock
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Sustainable agriculture uses ecological principles to
farm .It has been defined as "an integrated system of plant
and animal production practices having a site-
specific application that will, over the long term:
1. Satisfy human food and fiber needs2. Make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources
and on-farm resources and integrate, where
appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls
3. Sustainanable4. Sustain the economic viability of farm operations
5. Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a
whole
Farmers' Empowerment to Sustainable Agro- Ecosystem
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Management
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Organic farming
is the form of agriculture that relies ontechniques such as crop rotation, green manure,
compost, and biological pest control, to maintain
soil productivity and control pests on a farm.
Organic farming excludes or strictly limits the
use of synthetic fertilizers and synthetic
pesticides, plant growth regulators, livestock
antibiotics, food additives, and genetically
modified organisms
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Industrial agriculture
is a form of modern farming that refers to theindustrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and
crops.
The methods of industrial agriculture are technoscientific,
economic, and political.
They include innovation in agricultural machinery and
farming methods, genetic technology, techniques for
achieving economies of scale in production, the creation
of new markets for consumption, the application of patent
protection to genetic information, and global trade.
Most of the meat, dairy, eggs, fruits, and vegetables
available in supermarkets are produced using these
methods of industrial agriculture.
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Nuclear Techniques in Agriculture
Mutation breeding to produce new varieties in
different crops and ornamental plants
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Crop productivity
Control of insect pests by Sterile Insect
Technique (SIT)Biofertilizers to increase crop production
Optimization of water and fertilizer use for crops
Saline groundwater and wastelands for cropproduction
Nuclear Techniques in Agriculture
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A i l & N l T h i
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Agriculture & Nuclear Techniques
RCA Projects:
Restoration of Soil Fertility and Sustenance ofAgriculture Productivity
Production of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Antigen and Antibody ELISA Reagent Kit Enhancement of Genetic Diversity in Food, Pulses and
Oil Crops & Establishment of Mutant GermplasmNetwork
Better Management of Feeding and Reproduction ofCattle
Application of Food Irradiation for Food Security,Safety and Trade
Biodiversitas & Pengelolaan
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Biodiversitas & Pengelolaan
Ekosistem
Biodiversity and the ecosystems they
support are the living basis of sustainable
development.
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Biodiversitas & Pengelolaan
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Biodiversitas & Pengelolaan
Ekosistem
Beberapa isu kunci:
Significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity
loss by 2010
Reverse the trend in natural resource
degradation
Restore fisheries to their maximum
sustainable yields
Protection of the marine environment from
land based sources of pollution
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Bi di it & K t ib i T k ik N kli
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Biodiversitas & Kontribusi Teknik Nuklir
Nuclear techniques are used:
To trace the fate of pollutants, and studysedimentation rates in pollution studies
To identify pathways of pesticides &agrochemicals in the environment
RCA Projects:
Enhancing the Marine Coastal Environment
Applications of nuclear and modeling techniques tosustainable development in the coastal zone
Investigating Environmental and Water Resourcesin Geothermal Areas
P l l H t L t i
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Pengelolaan Hutan LestariSustainable Forest Management (SFM)
is the management of forests according to the principles
of sustainable development.
Sustainable forest management uses very broad social,
economic and environmental goals.
A range of forestry institutions now practice various
forms of sustainable forest management and a broad
range of methods and tools are available that have beentested over time.
Pengelolaan Hutan Lestari Menurut FAO :
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Pengelolaan Hutan Lestari Menurut FAO :
The stewardship and use of forests and forestlands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their
biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity,
vitality and their potential to fulfill, now and in the
future, relevant ecological, economic and socialfunctions, at local, national, and global levels, and
that does not cause damage to other ecosystems.
Tujuh bidang kajian Pengelolaan Hutan
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Tujuh bidang kajian Pengelolaan Hutan
Lestari:
1. Extent of forest resources
2. Biological diversity
3. Forest health and vitality
4. Productive functions and forest resources
5. Protective functions of forest resources
6. Socio-economic functions
7. Legal, policy and institutional framework
PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN
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PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN
Sustainable Development is the process by which
we move towards sustainability
development that meets the needs of the presentwithout compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs(World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)
This was endorsed in 1992 at the Earth Summit inRio
Model
K t l
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Konseptual
Pengelolaan
Hutan Lestari
LANDSKAPING RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
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LANDSKAPING RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
Encompasses a variety of practices that have developed in response
to environmental issues.These practices are used in every phase of landscaping, including
design, construction, implementation and management of residential
and commercial landscapes.
Sustainability Issues for Landscaping include:Carbon Sequestration by Plants; Global Climate Change; Air
Pollution; Water Pollution; Pesticide Toxicity; Non-Renewable
Resources; Energy Usage.
Non-sustainable practices encompass: Contamination of soil, air and
water; persistence of toxic compounds in the environment; non-
sustainable consumption of natural resources; Greenhouse gas
emissions.
Effects of non sustainable practices
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Effects of non-sustainable practices
Some of the effects of non-sustainable practices are:
1. Threats to health, well-being and even survival of
humans and other life forms and their habitats;
2. Sedimentation of surface waters caused by
stormwater runoff;
3. Chemical pollutants in drinking water caused by
pesticide runoff;
4. Health problems caused by toxic fertilizers, toxic
pesticides, improper use, handling, storage anddisposal of pesticides;
5. Air and noise pollution caused by landscape
equipment;
6. Over-use of limited natural resources.
MENUJU LANDSKAPING RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
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MENUJU LANDSKAPING RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
1. Reduction of stormwater run-off through the use of bio-swales, rain gardens and
green roofs and walls.2. Reduction of water use in landscapes through design of water-wise garden
techniques (sometimes known as xeriscaping
3. Bio-filtering of wastes through constructed wetlands
4. Landscape irrigation using water from showers and sinks, known as gray water
5. Integrated Pest Management techniques for pest control
6. Creating and enhancing wildlife habitat in urban environments
7. Energy-efficient landscape design in the form of proper placement and selectionof shade trees and creation of wind breaks
8. Permeable paving materials to reduce stormwater run-off and allow rain water to
infiltrate into the ground and replenish groundwater rather than run into surface
water
9. Use of sustainably harvested wood, composite wood products for decking and
other landscape projects, as well as use of plastic lumber
10. Recycling of products, such as glass, rubber from tires and other materials to
create landscape products such as paving stones, mulch and other materials
11. Soil management techniques, including composting kitchen and yard wastes, to
maintain and enhance healthy soil that supports a diversity of soil life
Integration and adoption of renewable energy including solar-powered landscape