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LTT 1991 IEM 02 ,REBMEJ :
TAMALA REBMEJ 82 ON UAIR .NLJ :
: NAKIDIDNEP TAYAWIR
- NDS GNARAKES( II ROL REBMEJ REBMEJ )1 ROL
- 2 IREGEN PMS REBMEJ
- REBMEJ 1 IREGEN AMS
- S- GNALAM AYAJIWARB SATISREVINU NATAWAREPEK UMLI NASURUJ 1
HARAD NANAKET
)PAM( ERUSSERP LAIRETRA NAEM NAD ELOTSAID ,ELOTSIS .A
irad lawa nad gnutnaj natuyned utas aynialumid edoirep halada gnutnaj sulkiS
.ayntujnales natuyned .elotsaid nad elotsis edoirep irad iridret gnutnaj sulkiS
.1 ELOTSAID
,lekirtnev irad isaskaler edoirep halada .harad naisignep idajret anamid
utiay sesorp aud idajnem igabid tapad lotsaiD nad kirtemulovosi isaskaler ralucirtnev
gnillif .
o ranulimes putak ,isaaskaler ialum gnay lekirtnev idajret kirtemulovosi isaskaler adaP
nad ureb kadit patet lekirtnev emulov nad pututret siralukirtnevoirta putak .hab
o adaP gnillif ralucirtnev id nanaket irad iggnit hibel muirta irad nanaket anamid
putak nad lartim putak ,lekirtnev dipsucirt naka lekirtnev aggnihes akubret naka
.iskartnokreb muirta akij % 001 iapacnem naka nad %08 isiret
ek kusam gnay latot emuloV tubesid lotsaid malad emuloV cilotsaiD dnE
.2 ELOTSIS
irad iskartnok edoirep halada .gnutnaj irad nakraulekid naka harad anamid ,lekirtnev
utiay sesorp aud idajnem igabid tapad kilotsiS iskeje nad kirtemulovosi iskartnok
.lekirtnev
o iskartnok adaP putak ipatet ialumid hadus iskartnok ,kirtemulovosi – patet putak
nanakeT .pututret nakednemep aynada iapmujid kadit ipatet naklisahid halet aguj
.toto irad
o nagned nakgnidnabid iggnit hibel lekirtnev malad nanaket lekirtnev iskeje adaP
atroa adap nanaket aggnihes renomlup nad renomlup putak nad atroa putak
taas adaP .hubut hurules ek apmopid naka harad aynrihka nad akubret
.toto irad nakednemep idajret ini
tubesid lekirtnev id tapadret gnay harad asiS emuloV cilotsyS dnE .
amatu gnutnaj iynub auD nagned ragnedid tapad lamron naadaek malad
amales poksotets nad ,kanul ,hadner adanreb amatrep gnutnaj iynuB.gnutnaj sulkis
amal fitaler - nakatakid gnires adan ikilimem audek gnutnaj iynuB .”bul“ itrepes ragnedret
majat nad takgnis hibel ,iggnit hibel gnay gnires itrepes ragnedret nagned nakatakid
naputunep nagned natiakreb amatrep gnutnaj iynuB .”pud“ iynub nakgnades , VA putak
naakubmeP .ranulimes putak naputunep nagned natiakreb audek putak kadit
gnay narateg anerak lubmit iynuB .nupapa iynub naklubminem gnidnid id idajret
nad lekirtnev iretra – naputunep kired helo nakub ,putunem putak akitek raseb iretra
putak naputunep aneraK .putak nanaket akitek lekirtnev iskartnok lawa adap idajret VA
nanaket ihibelem ilak amatrep lekirtnev rep gnutnaj iynub ,muirta nakadnanem amat
idajret siranulimes putak naputuneP.lekirtnev lotsis natiwa lekirtnev isaskaler lawa adap
nad atroa nanaket hawab id nurut nanak nad irik lekirtnev nanaket akitek iretra
d naalumrep nakadnanem audek gnutnaj iynub naikimed nagneD .silanomlup lotsai
.lekirtnev
ERUSSERP LAIRETRA NAEM .3
anev hulubmep gnuju ek iretra irad isalukris hurules iulalem rilagnem haraD
naadebreP .nanaket naadebrep padahret nopser iagabes halas nakutnetid nanaket
helo aynutas atar iretra harad nanaket - atar etrA naeM ( .)erusserP lair
PAM raseb iretra harad hulubmep malad kutnebret gnaynanaket iagabes nakisinifedid
atar harad emulov nad snailpmok nanimrec nakapurem nad utkaw gnajnapes - malad atar
.iretra metsys
halada lamron PAM gHmm001 harad nanaket irad nakarikrepid tapad nad
)erusaerp doolb cilotsaid( cilotsaid harad nanaket nad )erusaerp doolb cilotsys( kilotsis
: sumur nagned
= PAM )PBD x 2 (+ PBS a uat = PAM PBS( +PBD - PBD )
3 3
ARUTAGNEP .B HARAD NANAKET N
B kedneP akgnaJ haraD nanakeT narutagneP emsinakeM .1.
aparebeb irad gnusgnalreb kednep akgnaj harad nanaket narutagnep emsinakeM
haruc halada harad nanaket nakutnenem gnay kisif rotkaF .tinem aparebeb aggnih kited
refirep nanahat nad gnutnaj haruC .refirep nanahat nad ,iretra satisitsale ,gnutnaj
as nakapurem iulalem idajret ini narukugneP .skelfer tawel tapec narutagnep adap naras
aludem nad harad hulubmep ,gnutnaj rotkefe nagro tegrat nagned lanoruen skelfer
naem rutagnem gnay lanoruen skelfer metsiS .lanerda erusserp doolb lairetra ajrekeb
akgnar utaus malad rotpeserorab apureb ,rotketed :irad iridret fitagen kilab napmu nai
hulubmep gnidnid nagnagerep isketednem upmam gnay gnager rotpeser utaus utiay
gnay rosnes utiay ,rotpeseromek nad ,harad nanaket natakgninep helo harad
OP nahaburep isketednem 2 OCP , 2 p nad id iladnek tasup ;nerefa lanoruen saraj ;harad H
atres ;monoto faras metsis irad iridret gnay nerefe lanoruen saraj ;atagnolbo aludem
les nad ucamep tala irad iridret gnay ,rotkefe - les ,gnutnaj toto les - ,iretra id solop toto les
.lanerda aludem nad anev
B 1.1. rotpeseromeK nad rotpeseroraB skelfeR
halada iuhatekid gnilap gnay iretra nanaket narutagnep kutnu faras emsinakeM
ripmah gnidnid adaP .gnageret ai alib gnasgnaret rotpeseroraB .rotpeserorab skelfer
ad skarot haread id katelret gnay raseb iretra aumes aparebeb iapmujid tapad rehel n
gnay anretni sitorak iretra gnidnid :malad amaturet iapmujid ipatet ,rotpeserorab
.atroa sukra gnidnid nad ,)sukitorak sunis( sitorak oisakrufib sata id kaga katelret
gnilap gnay harad hulubmep naigab halada sukitorak suniS .gnageret hadum
tagnas gnay gnireh faras itawelem naka sukitorak sunis paites irad nakralajid gnay layniS
ek lainark faras ek licek - suiratilos sutkart suelkun ek naidumek nad )laegnirafosolg( 9
naigab halada atroa sukrA .kato gnatab aludem haread id )STN( nad laynek gnilap gnay
iulalem nakralajid atroa sukra irad layniS .irik lekirtnev iskeje idajret ilak paites gnageret
ek lainark faras - adaP .atagnolbo aludem id amas gnay aera malad ek aguj )sugav( 01
nem malad narepreb hibel sukitorak sunis lamron naadaek harad nanaket nakiladneg
kitats isavitka gnasgnar gnabma ikilimem atroa sukra anamid ,atroa sukra gnidnabid
atroa sukrA .gHmm 05~ sv gHmm 011~ utiay sukitorak sunis gnidnabid iggnit hibel gnay
idnabid iggnit hibel gnay kimanid gnasgnar gnabma ikilimem aguj ,sukitorak sunis gn
.hunej halet sukitorak sunis rotpeserorab taas snopsereb patet ipatet 7
emulov rotpeser nad ,ditorak nadab malad rotpeseromek ,rotpeseroraB
( hcterts faras tawel slupmi mirignem ,gnutnaj malad ) - lainark faras malad nerefa faras
ek - nad 9 ek - ek lainark faras irad iskeyorP .kato gnatab id STN ujunem 01 - ek nad 9 - 01
( kian rulaj iulalem naka STN ujunem gnidnecsa anamid kato id haread iapacnem kutnu )
tubesret hareaD .gnusgnal kirtkele isalumits helo gnasgnarid tapad monoto kefe
aera kusamret - ra ( sketrok ae otnorf - latipicco ailgnag ,aladgima ,ilugnis surig ,)laropmet ,
rulaJ .silanips adrok nad kato gnatab hawab haread aguj ,sumalatopih nad ,lasab
( nurunem gnidnecsed tubareS .sumalatopih iapacnem ilugnis surig nad sketrok irad ) -
latopih irad tubares silanips adroK .silanips adrok nad kato gnatab suelkun ek kian suma
tubares gnudnagnem - noruen adap rihkareb nad kian nalajreb gnay rotomosav tubares
arp - .kitapmis noilgnag 8
:1 rabmaG .laynis naralajnep nad rotpeseroraB 1
eromek iladneK rotpeseromek pukacnem reluksavoidrak metsis adap rotpes
kato Hp padahret fitisnes atagnolbo aludem id lartnes rotpeseromeK .refirep nad lartnes
OCP naiggninep naknimrecnem gnay ,hadner gnay 2 OCP natakgnineP .iretra id 2 iretra
tnes rotpeseromek isalumitsnem lisah nagned rotomosav aera isibihnignem kutnu lar
refirep rotpeseromeK .iskirtsnokosav idajret nad sitapmis naraulek natakgninep rihka
nadab utiay ,rotpeserorab taked katelret nad urap isalitnev nakiladnegnem narepreb
OP nanuruneP .atroa nadab nad sitorak 2 kutnu refirep rotpeseromek isalumitsnem iretra
.harad hulubmep isatalidosav nakbabeynem
:1 amekS .harad nanaket nanurunep padahret kednep akgnaj narutagneP 5
:2 amekS .harad nanaket natakgninep padahret kednep akgnaj narutagneP 5
2.1.B gnutnaJ adap sitapmisaraP nagnasgnareP
adap monotua isgnuf halmujes igab gnitnep tagnas sitapmisarap faras metsiS
huragneP .isalukris nailadnegnep malad licek narep iaynupmem aynah numan ,hubut
ep halaynah gnitnep gnay isalukris tares iulalem gnutnaj isneukerf narutagn - tares
ek gnusgnal aludem irad ,sugav suvren helo gnutnaj ek awab id gnay sitapmisarap
.gnutnaj 4
tuyned nakitnehgnem tapad gnutnaj adap tauk gnay sugav nagnasgnareP
aynasaib ipatet ,kited aparebeb amales gnutnaj nad ”aynisatagnem“ naka gnutnaj
,uti nialeS .tinem rep ilak 04 iapmas 02 natapecek nagned tuynedreb uti haletes
02 rasebes toto iskartnok nataukek naknurunem tapad tauk gnay sugav nagnasgnarep
s anerak raseb hibel naka kadit ini nanuruneP .nesrep 03 iapmas tare - id sugav tares
aganet anam id lekirtnev ek kaynab utigeb kadit ipatet muirta ek amaturet nakisubirtsid
gnutnaj tuyned isneukerf nanurunep ,naikimed nupikseM .idajret aynranebes iskartnok
k gnay gnutnaj iskartnok nanurunep nagned nakgnubagid raseb gnay tapad naka lice
gnutnaj alib amaturet ,hibel uata nesrep 05 rasebes lekirtnev naapmomep naknurunem
tapad gnutnaj haruc ,ini arac nagneD .raseb gnay ajrek nabeb naadaek malad ajrekeb
.lon ripmah uata lon hadneres iapmas naknurutid 4
:3 amekS atakgninep kefE sativitka nanurunep nad sitapmisarap sativitka n
.harad nanaket nad gnutnaj adap sitapmis 5
3.1.B haraD hulubmeP adap sitapmisaraP nagnasgnareP
haread aparebeb id iapmujid aynah sitapmisarap tubareS tubareS .hubut adap
nad ,lanitsetniortsag rajnelek nad ruil ria rajnelek ifarasrepmem sitapmisarap
noilgnagtsop tubareS .anretske ailatineg id litkere nagro adap isatalidosav huragnepreb
.isatalidosav nakbabeynem gnay niloklitesa naksapelem sitapmisasap 7
4.1.B gnutnaJ adap sitapmiS nagnasgnareP
tareS - iulalem silanips aludem naklaggninem sitapmis rotomosav faras tares
tareS .audek nad amatrep labmul nad skarot lanips faras aumes - ek kusam ini tares
d iulalem isalukris ek naidumek nad sitapmis iatnar malad faras iulalem )1( ;nalaj au
nad lanretni aresiv irad rutaluksav isavrenignem amaturet gnay ,kifiseps sitapmis
haread rutaluksav isavrenignem amaturet gnay silanips suvren iulalem )2( atres gnutnaj
nar nakbabeynem loiretra nad licek iretra isavrenI .refirep sitapmis nagnasg
gnay harad narila natapecek naknurunem naikimed nagned nad nanahat naktakgninem
igab naknikgnumem ,anev amaturet ,raseb hulubmep isavrenI .nagniraj iulalem
naikimed nagned nad ini hulubmep emulov naknurunem kutnu sitapmis nagnasgnar
bugnem .refirep isalukris metsis emulov ha
narepreb naikimed nagned nad gnutnaj malad ek harad nakhadnimem tapad ini laH
.raluksavoidrak isgnuf narutagnep malad gnitnep
gnutnaj tuyned isneukef naktakgninem tapad tauk gnay sitapmis nagnasgnareP
wed aisunam adap ilak 052 ,idajret gnaraj nupualaw ,nad 002 idajnem 081 irad asa
sitapmis nagnasgnarep ,aguJ .adum asawed gnaro adap tinem rep natuyned
naktakgninem naka uti anerak helo ,gnutnaj toto iskartnok nataukek naktakgninem
aktakgninem nad apmopid gnay harad emulov nagnasgnarep ,idaJ .iskeje nanaket n
tapil ilak agit iapmas aud kaynabes gnutnaj haruc naktakgninem tapad gnires sitapmis
knarF emsinakem helo nakbabesid nikgnum gnay naharuc natakgninep niales - .gnilratS
knarF emsinakem ,takgnis araceS - traid tapad gnilratS raseb nikames :tukireb iagabes naki
nad iskartnok nataukek raseb nikames ,naisignep amales nakgnagerid gnutnaj toto
.atroa malad ek apmopid gnay harad halmuj alup raseb nikames
kutnu nakanugid tapad sitapmis faras metsis natabmahgnep ,aynkilabeS
aknurunem adaP :tukireb iagabes arac nagned taredom idajnem gnutnaj apmop n
tares ,lamron naadaek - suret araces gnutnaj ek sitapmis faras tares - naksapelem surenem
arik naapmomep naknahatrepmem kutnu hadner natapecek nagned laynis - 03 arik
pnat alib iggnit hibel nesrep sativitka alib ,uti anerak helO .sitapmis nagnasgnarep a
naknurunem naka ini naadaek ,lamron hawab id iapmas naketid sitapmis faras metsis
naknurunem naka aggnihes ,lekirtnev iskartnok nataukek nad gnutnaj tuyned isneukerf
iapmas gnutnaj naapmomep takgnit .lamron hawab id nesrep 03 rasebes 4
:4 amekS .harad nanaket nad gnutnaj adap sitapmis sativitka natakgninep kefE 5
5.1.B haraD hulubmeP adap sitapmiS nagnasgnareP
kaynabret ,hubut harad hulubmep adap saul rabesret sitapmis tubareS
,kato harad hulubmep nad renorok id gnaraj fitaler ipatet ,tiluk nad lajnig id nakumetid
nagned natakireb gnay nirfeniperon naksapelem ini tubareS .atnesalp id ada kadit nad
sitapmis tubareS .harad hulubmep solop toto les narbmem id rotpesonerda
akbabeynem ,kato id ipatet ,harad hulubmep raseb naigabes adap iskirtsnokosav n
.isatalidosav nakbabeynem akgnar toto nad ,gnutnaj 7
:5 amekS .harad nanaket nad iretra adap sitapmis sativitka nanurunep kefE 5
:6 amekS .harad nanaket nad iretra adap sitapmis sativitka natakgninep kefE 5
2.2 gnajnaP akgnaJ nad hagneneM akgnaJ haraD nanakeT narutagneP emsinakeM
malad tapec iskaereb gnay lanoruen emsinakem irad pakgnelep iagabeS
nakiladnegnem nad hagnenem akgnaj iladnek ,gnutnaj haruc nad refirep isnetsiser
sisatsoemoh arahilemem kutnu naujutreb laromuh metsis iulalem gnajnap akgnaj
utkaw alaks malad isareporeb ini iladnek metsis ,utnetret naadaek adaP .isalukris
majreb - irahreb aggnih maj - ,irah skelfer nagned nakgnidnabid tabmal hibel huaj
harad nagnalihek taas ,hotnoc iagabeS .tasup faras nanusus helo retimsnartoruen
naka ,harad gnutnakes nakronodnem uata ,naakalecek ,naharadrep nakbabesid
megnem kutnu sesorp ucimem nad harad nanaket naknurunem harad emulov nakilab
amaturet iapacid harad nanaket narutagnep tubesret naadaek adaP .lamron ilabmek
iulalem hubut nariac nagnabmiesek arahilemem ,harad emulov naktakgninem nagned
emulov isasilamron kutnu ria nakusamep isalumitsnem nad lajnig id emsinakem harad
.harad nanaket nad 7,5
6.1.B kinegoiB animA
masa isaliskobraked iulalem kutneb id gnay isnatsbus kusamret kinegoib animA
nirfenipe nad ,nirfeniperon ,nimapod utiay ,nimaloketaK .ayntavired uata onima
malad narepreb gnay kinegoib anima kusamret nimaloketaK .harad nanaket isaluger
nasapelep tawel ,tasup faras metsis rulaj aparebeb malad retimsnartoruen nakapurem
sitapmis faras gnuju adap uata )nirfenipe amaturet( lanerda aludem irad ini nomroh
lad gnusgnal ajrek tawel uata ,)nirfeniperon amaturet( ini nomroh anam id lajnig ma
.niner iskudorp nad harad narila ihuragnepmem 8
malad id iggnit gnay nimapod radaK .nirfenipe kutnu rosrukerp halada nimapoD
rotpeser nakfitkagnem kutnu nakhutubid mures nakbabeynem nad harad hulubmep
feniperoN .iskirtsnokosav erp ,lanerda aludem malad asetnis id nir - ,kitapmis noilgnag
les nad ,kato - kitpanis lekisev malad id nakumetid kaynab gnilap numan ,lanips faras les
acsap monoto faras - nagro adap noilgnag - itrepes ,sitapmis isavreni naka ayak gnay nagro
avilas rajnelek ,kato .toto nad ,lajnig ,apmil ,itah ,harad hulubmep solop toto ,
rotpeser isalumitsnem nirfeniperoN 1- toto ,gnutnaj id katelret( kigrenerda - ,relipap toto
rotpeser nad )solop toto nad 1- ek muislak nakusamep naktakgninem gnay kigrenerda
les malad - es ,tegrat les nad gnutnaj tuyned nad iskartnok naktakgninem aggnih
rotpeser isalumitsnem nirfenipE .harad nanaket naktakgninem ayntabika 1 nad 1-
isalumitsnem aguj ipatet ,nirfeniperon itrepes amas gnay kefe nagned kigrenerda
rotpeser 2- toto malad tapadret( kigrenerda )lanerda aludem nad ,itah ,gnutnaj ,akgnar
aynkefe ,kimetsis rotalidosav halnakub nirfenipe numaN .isatalidosav rihka kefe nagned
naklubmitid gnay kefe nagned nakgnidnabid hamel hibel reluksavoidrak padahret
.nirfeniperon 7,3
tores ,aynnial kinegoib animA gnay ajrek kefe iaynupmem ,nimatsih nad nino
malad negodne nenopmok nakapurem nialeS .harad hulubmep solop toto adap tauk
5 uata ninotoreS .mala id tapadret aguj nimatsih nad ninotores ,aisunam hubut -
dit numan ,tauk rotkirtsnokosav halada nimatpirtiskordih malad gnusgnal tabilret ka
nanaket rutagnem tuki gnusgnal kadit araces ninotoreS .harad nanaket padahret lortnok
,nimatsiH .tasup faras metsis malad id retimsnartoruen iagabes aynnarep iulalem harad
ap iapmujid nad niditsih isaliskobraked iulalem kutneb id id kusamret ,nagniraj kaynab ad
,relipak satilibaemrep natakgninep nad isatalidosav nakbabeynem nimatsiH .faras gnuju
nanaket padahret lortnok malad narepreb nimatsih awhab itkub ada muleb ipatet
.harad 8
:7 amekS .harad nanaket nad lanerda rajnelek adap sitapmis sativitka natakgninep kefE 5
7.1.B nineR
nasapelep sisilatakgnem gnay mizne nakapurem ,masa esaetorp halada nineR
etoigna lanimret onima gnuju irad I nisnetoigna aditpepaked kitilordih .negonisn
atames isgnufreb I nisnetoignA - id nineR .II nisnetoigna irad rosrukerp iagabes atam
les malad napmis - harad hulubmep malad ek naksapelid nad lajnig raluremolgatskuj les
kutnu utnabmem gnay sigoloisif sulumits iagabreb padahret snopser iagabes
gnem niner metsis nakgnubag - malad skelpmok gnay sesorp idajnem nisnetoigna
08 amal gnilap hurap utkaw iaynupmem fitka gnay nineR .isalukris sisatsoemoh
helo utnab id nineR .isalukris malad id tinem nisnetoigna - gnitrevnoc - emyzne )ECA(
.II nisnetoigna kutnebmem
8.1.B negonisnetoignA
iskarf malad iapmujid isalukris id ,niner tartsbus aguj tubesid negonisnetoignA
2- %31 ratikes gnudnagnem ,itah malad asetnisid negonisnetoignA .amsalp nilubolg
354 irad kutneb id nad tardihobrak malad negonisnetoigna radaK .onima masa udiser
nad ,nikotis aparebeb ,negortse ,diorit nomroh ,diokitrokokulg helo takgninem isalukris
.II nisnetoigna 2
9.1.B nisnetoignA - emyznE gnitrevnoC )ECA(
nisnetoignA - emyznE gnitrevnoC liditpepid halada gnay esaditpepiskobrak
liditsih igabmem - .aditpepatko II nisnetoigna kutnebmem ,fitkani I nisnetoigna irad nisuel
les malad halada isalukris id ini mizne isakoL - isrevnok raseb naigabeS .letodne les
taas idajret ECA helo II nisnetoigna idajnem I nisnetoigna urap itawelem harad - laH .urap
idajret anam id sigetarts isakol iagabes ,urap letodne aynsaul nakbabesid nikgnum ini
anerak gnitnep gnilap gnay nikgnum nad ,anev harad irad gnutnaj haruc naamirenep
skartske apnat urap isalukris itawelem tapad II nisnetoigna .i 8,2
01.1.B II nisnetoignA
toto ,lanerda rajnelek id ajrekeb gnay aditpep nomroh halada II nisnetoignA
adap isakolreb II nisnetoigna kutnu rotpeseR .lajnig nad ,harad hulubmep solop
les irad amsalp narbmem - nagniraj adap tegrat les - .tubesret nagniraj II nisnetoignA
1 ratikes isalukris malad aynhurap utkaw ,emsilobatemid tapec tagnas - nomroH .tinem 2
masa udiser nakraulegnem aditpeponimA .aditpep iagabreb helo emsilobatemid ini
sid gnay aditepatpeh naklisahgnem ,ini aditpep lanimret onima irad tatrapsa tube
III nisnetoigna irad audek gnay lanimret onima udiser nalibmagneP .III nisnetoigna
aditpep aynasaiB .VI nisnetoigna tubesid gnay aditpepaskeh naklisahgnem - aditpep
.II nisnetoigna nagned nakgnidnabid fitka gnaruk/kadit ini kutnebret gnay 8,2
toignA naklisahgnem ,ninotoigna uata nisnetrepih aguj tubesid gnay II nisne
les malad iD .kilotsaid nupuam kilotsis harad nanaket natakgninep nad iretra iskirtsnok
rotpeser nagned natakireb II nisnetoigna ,harad hulubmep solop toto G- nietorp - delpuoc
TA A1 , aC naktakgninem ,C esapilofsof nakfitkagnem +2 .iskartnok nakbabeynem nad
hibel ilak napaled aggnih tapme ,tauk rotkirtsnokosav utas halas nakapurem ini nomroH
II nisnetoigna amsalp radak numan ,lamron udividni adap nirfeniperon adapirad fitka
u pukuc kadit II nisnetoigna aynkilabeS .kimetsis iskirtsnokosav nakbabeynem kutn
naadaek nad agarhalo ,harad nagnalihek idajret alib reluksavodrak malad narepreb
.lajnig ek harad narila ignarugnem gnay apures 7,2
et narutagnep padahret II nisnetoigna irad gnitnep kefE :nial aratna harad nanak 7
- gnutnaj satilitkartnok naktakgnineM
- aN isprosbaer naktakgninem naikimed nagned ,lajnig ek amsalp narila ignarugneM +
lajnig id
- noretsodla naksapelem lanerda sketrok gnasgnarem III nisnetoigna amasreB
- imem nad suah asar isalumitsneM ninigra utiay nial rotkirtsnokosav nasapelep uc
)PVA( niserposav
- acsap irad nirfeniperon nasapelep isatilisafmeM - .kitapmis faras noilgnag
ISNETREPIH
C ISINIFED .
snetrepiH i nanaket anamid netsisrep harad nanaket iagabes nakisinifedid
said nanaket nad gHmm 041 sataid aynkilotsis (.gHmm 09 sataid aynkilot
&htimS ) 5991,moT
tikaynep ,OHW turuneM snetrepiH i kilotsis nanaket natakgninep nakapurem
uata amas cilotsaid nanaket uata nad gHmm 061 nagned amas uata raseb hibel
.) 3002 ,nirsaN midoK ( gHmm 59 raseb hibel
isnetrepiH gHmm 041 irad hibelem kilotsis nanaket patenem naadaek halada
cilotsaid nanaket uata nakitsapid tapad ini citsongaiD .gHmm 09 irad iggnit hibel
atar rukugnem nagned - ,IUKF( hasipret gnay utkaw 2 adap harad nanaket atar
)354 : 1002
turuneM dna noitaulavE ,noitceteD ,noitneverP fo eetimmoC lanoitaN tnioJ ehT
erusserP doolB ehT fo tnemtaerT 2( nakatakid )400 H isnetrepi harad nanaket akij
natakgninep uata gHmm 041 nagned amas uata raseb hibel gnay kilotsis
.gHmm 09 nagned amas uata raseb hibel gnay kilotsaid harad nanaket
snetrepiH nanaket anamid netsisrep harad nanaket iagabes nakisinifedid i
is .gHmm 09 sataid cilotsaid nad gHmm 041 kilots
aisnaL isalupop adaP 061 kilotsis nanaket iagabes nakisinifedid isnetrepiH ,
) 3002 ,eraB&reztlemS ( gHmm 09 cilotsaid nanaket nad gHmm
aklupmisid tapaD n awhab snetrepiH nanaket akij naadaek utaus : halada i kilotsis
≥ kilotsaid nanaket nad gHmm 041 09 ≥ gHmm nanaket nagned aisnaL adap nakgnades ,
kilotsis .gHmm 09 ≥ cilotsaid nanaket nad gHmm 061≥
gHmm 08/gHmm 021 gnaroeses lamron harad nanaket aynmumU
D IGOLOITE .
ynbabeynep / igoloite nakrasadreb isnetrepiH : 2 idajnem igabid a
1 laisnesE uata remirP isnetrepiH .
kitapoidi uata laisnese isnetrepih aguj tubesid gnay uata remirp isnetrepiH
gnilaP .)1002 ,eiknahS( aynbabeynep/aynigoloite iuhatekid kadit gnay isnetrepih halada
ih tikaynep aumes irad %09 tikides nad neesaS( remirp isnetrepih nakamanid isnetrep
.)5002 ,retraC
remirp isnetrepih igoloisifotaP
: itupilem remirp isnetrepih sisenégotap iroet aparebeB
- kitapmis faras metsis irad nahibelreb gnay sativitkA
- AAR metsis irad nahibelreb gnay sativitkA
- lajnig helo ria nad aN isneteR
- nad lajnig adap les gnidnid itawelem K nad aN tropsnart adap lanomroh isibihnI
harad hulubmep
babeS - numaN .iuhatekid muleb hisam laisnese isnetrepih irasadnem gnay babes
et nalamronkaditek helo nakbabesid raseb naigabes akerem inkaY .iretra adap utnetr
adap )satisitsale nagnarukek uata naukakek( iggnit nikames gnay isnetsiser ikilimem
iretra - lah ,)seloiretra uata larefirep iretra( gnutnaj irad huaj gnilap gnay licek gnay iretra
rotkaf nagned natiakreb ilakgnires ini - otkaf napusa ,agarhalo gnaruk ,satisebo ,kiteneg r
.)7002 ,rendraG( lld ,aisu aynhabmatreb ,hibelreb marag
2 . rednukes isnetrepiH
tikaynep irad rednukes nakapurem isnetrepih atirednep %01 irad gnaruK
tabo uata dibromok - m tapad gnay utnetret tabo naktakgnine harad nanaket adaP .
akaynabek tabika laner isgnufsid ,susak n tikaynep lajnig sinork uata tikaynep
tabO .gnires gnilap gnay rednukes babeynep halada raluksavoner - kiab ,utnetret tabo
uata isnetrepih nakbabeynem tapad ,kadit nupuata gnusgnal araces epmem tarebr
et nakkianem nagned isnetrepih .harad nanak tapad rednukes babeynep alibapA
nagned akam ,isakifitnediid uata natukgnasreb gnay tabo nakitnehgnem
isidnok iskerognem/itabognem gnay dibromok pahat nakapurem hadus ayniatreynem
nanagnanep malad amatrep ih .rednukes isnetrep
T tabO .1 leba - isakifitnediid tapad gnay isnetrepih babeyneP natabO
BK liP dioretS
nolaskonebraK ,sirokiL tareb magoL
uata raseb halmuj malad amaturet( uakabmeT
)niefak nagned
,nimarit habmatid OAM tabmahgneP
nidatnama uata ,noripsub ,lerdanaug
kitemimotapmiS kilkisirt tnasserpeditnA
%5 ,aynmulebes naktubesid itrepeS - gnaro irad %01 - isnetrepih nagned gnaro
adap isnetrepih awhab itrareb inI .rednukes isnetrepih tubesid gnay apa iaynupmem
udividni - o nakbabesid( adap rednukes halada ini udividni irad kifiseps nanialek utaus )hel
iretra uata ,lanerda rajnelek ,lajnig itrepes ,harad hulubmep uata utnetret nagro utaus
.atroa
)noisnetrepyh yendik/laneR( lajniG isnetrepiH
tikayneP - irad epiT .rednukes isnetrepih nakbabeynem tapad lajnig tikaynep
repih utaus helo nakbabesid anerak laner/lajnig isnetrepih tubesid ini rednukes isnet
halada lajnig isnetrepih irad gnitnep babeynep utaS .lajnig maladid nalaosrep
lajnig ek harad ialpusnem gnay iretra )sisonets( natipmeynep - laner/lajnig iretra( lajnig
.)yretra udividni adaP - natipmeynep ,atinaw amaturet ,adum hibel gnay udividni
iretra gnidnid toto nalabenep utaus helo nakbabesid - lajnig ek ujunem gnay iretra
udividni adaP .)aisalprepyh ralucsumorbif( - natipmeynep ,aut hibel gnay udividni
lp helo nakbabesid aynmumu ka - gnay )citorelcsorehta( kamel gnudnagnem kalp
.lajnig iretra ignalahgnem gnay saregnem
,amatreP ? isnetrepih nakbabeynem lajnig iretra natipmeynep anamiagaB
gnay lajnig ek harad isalukris uggnaggnem/kasurem lajnig iretra natipmeynep
heK .aynihuragnepid iskudorpmem kutnu lajnig isalumitsnem naidumek ini harad nagnali
nomroh - nomroH .nisnetoigna nad niner ,nomroh - amasreb ,ini nomroh - nagned amas
naktakgninem nad natipmeynep utaus nakbabeynem ,lanerda rajnelek irad enoretsodla
iretra adap )netsiser( naukakek - gnay ,hubut hurules )seiretra larehpirep( gnililekes iretra
.)iggnit harad nanaket( isnetrepih adap tabikareb
romuT - )sromut dnalg lanerdA( lanerdA rajneleK romuT
romut irad gnaraj epit auD - babeynep halada lanerda rajnelek romut - babeynep
rajneleK .mumu kadit hibel gnay rednukes isnetrepih - tapet katelret lanerda rajnelek
lajnig sataid - romut audeK .lajnig - nomroh halmuj naklisahgnem ini romut - nomroh
belreb gnay lanerda romuT .iggnit harad nanaket nakbabeynem gnay nahi - ini romut
set irad esongaidid tapad - set ,harad set - iduts nad ,)stset eniru( ines ria set - rabmag iduts
DIASN lohoklA
lortseblyteid uata isagujnokret negortsE isaniroulfret relahni uata lakipot dioretS
niropsolkiS nizamorprolK
niteoportirE opeD - noretsegorpiskordem
rajnelek irad )seiduts gnigami( - kutnu nakulrepid ilakgnires isarepO .lanerda rajnelek
omut nakgnalihgnem r- aynmumu gnay ,)ymotcelanerda( lanerda rajnelek uata ini romut
.isnetrepih naksabebmem
epit irad utas halaS - romut epit - tubesid gnay isidnok utaus nakbabeynem lanerda romut
uti romut anerak )msinoretsodlarepyh yramirp( amatu emsinoretsodlarepih
klisahgnem adap nahabmat iagabeS .nahibelreb gnay noretsedla nomroh halmuj na
hubut irad muissatop nahibelreb halmuj nagnalihek nakbabeynem ini isidnok ,isnetrepih
maladid hadner gnay muissatop takgnit utaus adap tabikareb gnay ,ines ria maladek
.harad
ut nial epiT tubesid rednukes isnetrepih nakbabeynem tapad gnay lanerda rom
gnay senimalohcetac naklisahgnem ini romuT .amotycomorhcoehp utaus iagabes
nomroh aparebeb kusamret anam gnay ,nahibelreb - nagned nagnubuhreb gnay nomroh
enilanerda( nilanerda - .)senomroh detaler iagirucid amotycomorhcoehp utaus esongaiD
udividni adap - edosipe iaynupmem gnay udividni - nad kadadnem gnay isnetrepih edosipe
tuyned ,)niks eht fo gnihsulf( tiluk nasapulegnep nagned nagnubuhreb gnay gnalureb
tagnirek nad ,)snoitatiplap( tapec gnay gnutnaj alajeg adap nahabmat iagabes ,na - alajeg
.isnetrepih nagned nagnubuhreb gnay
)atroa eht fo noitatcraoC( atroA isatkraoK
gnay nasiraw nanialek utaus halada )atroa eht fo noitatcraoC( atroa isatkraoK
babeynep irad utas halada gnay gnaraj - mu gnilap babeynep adap isnetrepih irad mu
kana - nemges utaus adap natipmeynep utaus helo nakkitsiretkarakid ini isidnoK .kana
adapek harad nakirebmem atroA .gnutnaj irad raulek gnay amatu raseb iretra ,atroa irad
iretra - nagro hurules ialpusnem gnay iretra - samret ,hubut nagro lajnig ku - .lajnig
iretra sataid idajret aynmumu atroa irad )noitatcraoc( tipmes gnay nemgeS -
lajnig ek gnarukreb gnay harad narila utaus nakbabeynem gnay ,lajnig iretra - .lajnig
lajnig ek harad nagnarukeK - niner nomroh mitsis gnorodnem ini lajnig - isnetoigna n-
halada aynmumu isatkraok natawareP .harad nanaket naktakgninem enoretsodla
noollab ,alakgnadaK .atroa natipmeynep nemges padahret isarepo araces nalutebmep
eht fo noitatcraoc( atroa isatkraok nakrabelem kutnu nakanugid tapad ytsalpoigna
.)atroa
mordniS )ytisebo dna emordnys cilobatem ehT( satisebO nad emsilobateM
rotkaF - naumenep irad nalupmuk malad narep utaus nakniamem kiteneg rotkaf -
udividnI .)"emordnys cilobatem"( "emsilobatem mordnis" taubmem gnay naumenep -
ynupmem emsilobatem mordnis nagned udividni isnednet utaus nad nilusni isnetsiser ia
setebaid( 2 epit sutillem setebaid tapadnem kutnu - .)nilusni gnutnagret kadit setebaid
natilil naruku natakgninep utaus nagned nagnubuhreb gnay amaturet ,nakkumegeK
d alug adap surujnem ,atayn gnay )lanimodba( turep kamel ,)aimecylgrepyh( iggnit hara
nanialek( lailehtodne isgnuf nauggnag ,reluksav nagnadarep , takgninem gnay harad
hulubmep nafitkaerek - adap surujnem aynaumes isnetrepih nad ,)harad hulubmep
gek )habaw( imedipE .rutamerp ralucsav citorelcsorehta tikaynep id )satisebo( nakkume
kana adap ini nanialek adap )isubirtnok( gnokoynem akiremA - kana , kana - ,ajamer kana
gnaro nad - .asawed gnaro
T tikayneP .2 leba - aynkitsongaiD naaskiremeP nad isnetrepiH babeyneP tikayneP
isnetrepiH babeyneP asongaiD kitsongaiD seT
sinork lajnig tikayneP ( RFG isamitsE raluremolG
etaR noitartliF
noitatcraoC atroa ( TC yhpargomoT detupmoC )
yhpargoigna
emordnyS s’ gnihsuC aynlasim( diokitrokokulg natakgninep nad
)sinork diorets iparet adap
;tikaynep tayawiR
tset noisserpus enosahtemaxeD
tabo tiakret/iskudnI gninirks ;natabognep tayawiR
tabo
amotycomorhcoeahP nad enirhpenatem nagnudnaK
42 malad niru enirhpenatemron
maj
diokitroklarenim natakgninep nad remirp emsinoretsodlA
aynnial
malad niru noretsodla takgniT
narukugnep uata maj 42
diokitroklarenim kifiseps
aynnial
raluksavoner isnetrepiH yduts eolf relppoD ; citengam
yhpargoigna ecnanoser
rudit nauggnaG yduts peelS O nagned 2
hunej
yneP a dioritarap/dioriT tik ( HST dioryhT gnitalumitS
enomroH HTP mures ;)
( enomroh dioryhtarap
E IGOLOIMEDIPE .
atirednem )awij atuj 05 ( aynkududnep %03 nakarikrepid ,akiremA iD nanaket
( iggnit harad natahesek ayaib esatnesrep nagned ;)gHmm 09/041 ≥ paites raseb pukuc
turuneM 3.aynnuhat noitanimaxE noitirtuN dna htlaeH lanoitaN ,)SENHN( yevruS nedisni
9991 nuhat akiremA id asawed gnaro adap isnetrepih - 92 ratikes halada 0002 - gnay ,%13
85 tapadret awhab itrareb - gnaro atuj 56 natakgninep idajret nad ,isnetrepih atirednem
HN atad irad atuj 51 nuhat III SEN 8891 - .1991
iraD .isnetrepih isnelaverp kutnu pakgnel lanoisan atad ada muleb ,aisenodnI iD
halada aisenodnI id isnetrepih isnelaverp ,5991 )TRKS( aggnaT hamuR nataheseK ievruS
raluksavoidrak tikaynep okisir rotkaf ievrus irad nakgnadeS .%3,8 keyorp helo )VKP(
harad nanaket nagned isnetrepih isnelaverp akgna nakkujnunem ,atrakaJ id OHW
gnisam 09/061 - aynisnelaverp akgna atinaw adap nad %1,21 halada airp adap gnisam
05 irad hibel aisu adap isnetrepih isnelaverp ,mumu araceS .0002 nuhat adap %2,21
%51 aratna rasikreb nuhat - .)di.og.seknid.www( %02
utas aynah isakidem tapadnem gnay atirednep iraD - tegrat iapacnem agitrep
iduts adap ,numan lanoisan atad ada muleb aisenodnI iD .lamron/lamitpo gnay harad
IUKF nad atrakaJ naatokrep haread id 0002 ACINOM 0002 - naasedep odil haread id 3002
)IIV CNJ nakrasadreb( II tajared isnetrepih susak naktahilrepmem kurejic natamacek
.%3.31 utiay natabognep inalajnem gnay licek naigabes aynah anamiD .%9,02 rasebes
ep inalajnem gnay ilakes tikides hisam aisenodni id idaJ natabogn
.)di.ro.traehani.di.www(
kusamret,iggnit harad nanaket imalagnem akiremA taykar atuj 06 irad hibeL
47 aggnih 46 aisureb gnay akiremA takaraysam hurules irad )%3,45( hurapes irad hibel
emA gnaro hurules irad )%8,27( tapme rep agit ripmah nad nuhat malad akirfA akir
.amas gnay aisu kopmolek
.fitareneged tikaynep utas halas nakapurem iggnit harad nanakeT aynmumU
aynhabmatreb nagned nahalrep araces habmatreb harad nanaket kutnu okisiR .rumu
isalupop adap isnetrepih atirednem aynidat gnay nuhat 55 ≥ aket lamron aynharad nan
.%09 halada nanaket iaynupmem neisap nakaynabeK mulebes isnetrepiherp harad
nad ,isnetrepih nagned sisongaidid akerem adap idajret isnetrepih sisongaid nakaynabek
nad agitek edaked aratnaid rumu .amilek edaked
55 rumu nagned iapmaS ikal ,nuhat - isnetrepih atirednem kaynab hibel ikal
naupmerep kaynab hibel tikides ,nuhat 47 d/s 55 rumu iraD .naupmerep gnidnabid
ikal gnidnabid - rumu( aisnal isalupop adaP .isnetrepih atirednem gnay ikal 06 ≥ ,)nuhat
56 rasebes isnetrepih kutnu isnelaverp .% 4.
F OKISER ROTKAF .
rotkaf mumu araceS - :nial aratna tubesret rotkaf
)agraulek tayawiR( akiteneG rotcaF )1
utaus malad nurunem tafisreb gnay isidnok utaus nakapurem isnetrepiH
raseb hibel ilak aud nanikgnumek ikilimem isnetrepih aut gnaro nagned kanA .agraulek
aynharad nanaket gnay aut gnaro nagned kana adapirad isnetrepih atirednem kutnu
ralC nad ramuK( lamron .)4002 ,k
saR )2
gnarO - araces isnetrepih imalagnem tarab takaraysam id pudih gnay orfa gnaro
nakbabesid nanikgnumek ini laH .hitup tilukreb gnaro adapirad iggnit hibel gnay atarem
.)2002 ,sreveeB( adebreb araces marag halognem akerem hubut anerak
isU )3 a
adap aynsusuhK ,aisu nagned natiakreb idajret mumu hibel isnetrepiH
gnurednec esuaponemerp atinaW .marag ismusnokgnem kaynab gnay takaraysam
nupiksem ,amas gnay aisu adap airp adapirad iggnit hibel gnay harad nanaket ikilimem
k sinej aratnaid naadebrep ,aynbabeyneP .nuhat 05 aisu haletes kapmat gnaruk nimale
nomroh helo gnutnaj tikaynep irad ignudnilret fitaler atinaw ,esuaponem mulebes
airp iamaynem ialum atinaw nad esuaponem haletes nurunem negortse radaK .negortse
,sreveeB( gnutnaj tikaynep lah malad .)2002
nimalek sineJ )4
adapirad isnetrepih atirednem nanikgnumek imalagnem kaynab hibel airP
rotkaf helo ihuragnepid alup tapad ini nimalek sinej nakrasadreb isnetrepiH .atinaw
,kokorem( tahes kadit ukalirep helo ucipid ilakgnires airp adaP .sigolokisp nahibelek
hibel atinaw adap nakgnadeS naajrekep sutats aynhadner nad iserped ,)nadab tareb
nad ayajiwiraH( tauk sikisp rotkaf ihuragnepmem gnay naajrekep nagned nagnubuhreb
.)7002 ,otnatuS
sikisp ssertS )5
p ,sitapmis faras sativitka naktakgninem ssertS ihuragnepmem ini natakgnine
tapad nagnajnapekreb sserts alibapA .pahatreb araces harad nanaket ayntakgninem
sserts gnaroeses alibapa sigoloisif araceS .iggnit patet idajnem harad nanaket tabikareb
odne rejnelek sulumitsnem naka kato yratiutip rejnelek akam naklisahagnem kutnu nirk
.hubut sisatsoemoh naigab iagabes harad malad ek nositrokordih nad nilanerda nomroh
,KJP halada sserts anerak naitamek amatu babeynep mane nakumenem SA id naitileneP
urap ,reknak - aH( irid hunub nad itah nasaregnep ,nakalecek ,urap ,otnatuS nad ayajiwir
.)7002
satisebO )6
kutnu gnutnaj adap ajrek natakgninep idajret satisebo gnay gnaro adaP
tareB .tubesret hubut irad hibelreb nabeb nakareggnem tapad raga harad apmomem
nad harad emulov aynhabmatreb nakbabeynem nahibelreb gnay nadab nasaulrep
5,1/7,0 gnaruk hibel nurut tapad DT ,nakgnalihid artske tobob aliB .isalukris metsis
nadab tareb iskudereM .)3002 ,anariK nad naT( nadab tareb nanurunep gk paites gHmm
5 aggnih - ces raluksavoidrak okiser naknurunem tapad hubut latot tobob irad %01 ara
.)5002 ,retraC nad neesaS( nakifingis
aN marag napusA )7
nad habmatreb harad emulov aggnihes ,ria isneter naktabikagnem muirtan noI
iskirtsnokosav kefe taukrepmem aguJ .takgninem hulubmep nahat ayad nakbabeynem
aynret ,akitsitats araceS .nilanerdaron gnay kududnep kopmolek adap awhab at
gnaro adapirad isnetrepih kaynab hibel tapadret marag kaynab ulalret ismusnokgnem -
.)3002 ,anariK nad naT( marag tikides aynah nakamem gnay gnaro
kokoR )8
ini laH .takgninem harad nanaket babeynep halada uakabmet malad nitokiN
urap malad licek gnay harad hulubmep helo paresret nitokin anerak - nad urap
kutnu nitokin igab kited 01 utkaw nakhutubid aynaH .harad narila hurulesek nakrabesid
eb katO .kato ek iapmas adapek laynis nakirebmem nagned nitokin padahret iskaer
ini tauk tagnas gnay nomroH .)nilanerda( enirhpenife naksapelem kutnu lanerda rejnelek
hibel apmomem kutnu gnutnaj askamem aggnihes ,harad hulubmep naktipmeynem
iggnit hibel gnay nanaket hawabid sarek .)7002 ,rendraG(
lohokla ismusnoK )9
nahurulesek araces nad ,harad nanaket padahret huragnep ikilimem lohoklA
gnaro adap ipaT .harad nanaket iggnit nikames munim id gnay lohokla kaynab nikames
gnay harad nanaket ikilimem sarek namunim munimem kadit gnay iggnit hibel kaga
.)2002 ,sreveeB( tikides gnay halmuj nagned munimem gnay adapirad
M okiseR rotkaF roya :raluksavoidraK tikayneP
isnetrepiH
kokoreM
IMB( satisebO ≥ )03
satilibommI
aimedipilsiD
sutillem setebaiD
06<RFG naarikrep uata airunimublaorkiM nim/lm
ikal kutnu nuhat 55>( rumU - )naupmerep kutnu nuhat 56> ,ikal
ikal( rutamerp raluksavoidrak tikaynep kutnu agraulek tayawiR - 55 < ikal
)nuhat 56 < naupmerep uata nuhat
G ISAKIFISALK .
,4002 nuhat adaP ,noitceteD ,noitneverP fo eetimmoC lanoitaN tnioJ ehT
erusserP doolB ehT fo tnemtaerT dna noitaulavE CNJ( - urab nasatab nakraulegnem )7
okisir kutnu lamitpo satab halada gHmm 08/021< ,harad nanaket isakifisalk kutnu
.raluksavoidrak tikaynep
ada aynmaladiD erp utiay harad nanaket isakifisalk malad urab salek - .isnetrepih
erp urab saleK - nakanugid aynah ipat tikaynep iagabes nakgnologid kadit isnetrepih
okiser ikilimem ini salek malad kusam gnay gnaroeses awhab nakisakidnignem kutnu
etrepih anekret kutnu iggnit naikimed nagned ekorts nad renorok gnutnaj tikaynep ,isn
kadit aggnih ,lawa hibel ini isidnok isapisitnagnem tapad atirednep nupuam retkod kiab
kadit isnetrepiherp nagned udividnI .harap hibel gnay isidnok idajnem gnabmekreb
jnaid ipat ,isakidem nakulremem gnay tahes pudih isakifidom nakukalem kutnu nakru
halada tahes pudih alop isakifidoM .aynharad nanaket natakgninep hagecnem gnitnep
kokorem itnehreb ,marag napusa ignarugnem ,agarhalo ,teid ,nadab tareb nanurunep
a.te nainabohC( lohokla munim isatabmem nad .)4002 ,l
TURUNEM ISNETREPIH ISAKIFISALK 7 EETTIMMOC LANOITAN TNIOJ
OHW TURUNEM ISNETREPIH ISAKIFISALK
irogetaK )gHmm( lotsiS )gHmm( lotsaiD lamitpO 021 < 08 < lamroN 031 < 58 <
isnetrepih( 1 takgniT)nagnir
041 - 951 09 - 99
nasatabrep : purg buS 041 - 941 09 - 49 isnetrepih( 2 takgniT
)gnades 061 - 971 001 - 901
isnetrepih( 3 takgniT)tareb
081 ≥ 011 ≥
isalosiret lotsis isnetrepiH 041 ≥ 09 < nasatabrep : purg buS 041 - 941 09 <
AISENODNI ISNETREPIH NANUPMIHREP SUSNESNOK LISAH ISNETREPIH ISAKIFISALK
irogetaK )gHmm( lotsiS uata/naD )gHmm( elotsaiD lamroN 021< naD 08<
isnetrepih erP 021 - 931 uatA 08 - 98 1 pahat isnetrepiH 041 - 951 uatA 09 - 99 2 pahat isnetrepiH 061 ≥ uatA 001 ≥ lotsis isnetrepiH
isalosiret 041 ≥ naD 09 <
nalpaK MN nasatab nakirebmem ,)malaD tikayneP umlI kapaB( nagned
ad aisu nakadebmem :tukireb iagabes nimalek sinej n
isnetrepiH isakifisalK 1.2.lebaT ISAKIFISALK
)gHmm ( NANAKET LOTSIS LOTSAID
lamroN gHmm 021 < gHmm 08 < ERP - ISNETREPIH 021 - gHmm 931 08 – gHmm 98
: ISNETREPIH 1 muidatS 041 – gHmm 951 09 – gHmm 99 2 muidatS gHmm 061 > gHmm 001 >
nanaket alibapa isnetrepih nakatakid ,nuhat 54 < aisu ,airP utkaw adap harad
gHmm 09/031 > gnirabreb
bapa isnetrepih nakatakid ,nuhat 54 > aisu ,airP nanaket ali 59/541 > aynharad
gHmm
nakataynid ,gHmm 59/061 > harad nanaket atinaw adaP .isnetrepih
,nial malad tikaynep ilhA smailliW H nodroG nakisakifisalkgnem , isnetrepih
.tukireb iagabes
:kilotsis isneT
lamroN : 041<
041 – iggnit lamroN : 951
951> iridnesret kilotsis isnetrepiH :
: kilotsaid isneT
lamroN : 58<
58 - iggnit lamroN : 98
09 – nagnir isnetrepiH : 401
501 – gnades isnetrepiH : 411
tareb isnetrepiH : 511>
aN htlaeH fo etutitsnI lanoit id lanoisan natahesek agabmel , akiremA
nem :tukireb iagabes nakisakifisalkg
:kilotsiS nanakeT
gHmm 911 < lamroN :
021 – gHmm 931 isnetrepiH arP :
041 – gHmm 951 1 tajared isnetrepiH :
gHmm 061 2 tajared isnetrepiH :
: kilotsaid nanakeT
gHmm 97 < lamroN :
08 – gHmm 98 isnetrepiH arP :
09 – 99 gHmm 1 tajared isnetrepiH :
gHmm 001 2 tajared isnetrepiH :
) ISNETREPIH SITIRK ( NATAWAGEK NAKRASADREB ISNETREPIH ISAKIFISALK
iagabes nakisinifedid isnetrepih sisirK nay harad nanaket natakgninep isidnok g
nakulremem nad nagro tegret nakasurek macnagnem gnay uata nakasurek iatresid
irtnameoS( nagro tegrat naharapek uata nakasurek hagecnem kutnu areges nanagnanep
.)6002 ,ohorguN nad
na noitaulavE ,noitceteD no ettimoC lanoitaN tnioJ eht fo tropeR htfiF ehT d
erusserP doolB hgiH fo tnemtaerT CNJ( - 2 idajnem ini isnetrepih sisirk igabmem )4002 ,7
.)kasednem( isnegru isnetrepiH nad )tarurad( isnegreme isnetrepiH : utiay nagnolog
utiay ,iggnit gnay harad nanaket ialin iadnatid ini isnetrepih audeK 021/gHmm 081≥
m nad neesaS( isnetrepih adap nagro tegrat nakasurek aynkadit uata ada nad gHm
.)5002 ,retraC
ipat ,DT ayniggnit irad halnakub isnetrepih sisirk nagnolog audek nakadebmeM
atirednep gnaroes adap tagnas gnay DT nakianeK .narasas nagro nakasurek irad
nad tapec araces nakasurek idajret alib isnegreme naadaek utaus iagabes paggnaid
metsis irad fisergorp nad isnegreme isnetrepiH .lajnig nad ,lanidrakoim ,lartnes farays
adebreb aynaudek nagnaluggnanep arac anerak nakadebid ulrep isnegru isnetrepih
.)4002 ,dijaM(
)tarurad( isnegreme isnetrepiH .1
> kilotsaiD DT nagned iadnatiD narasas nagro irad tareb nakasurek iatresid ,gHmm 021
natabognep natabmalreteK .tuka isidnok/tikaynep hibel uata utas helo nakbabesid gay
satab iapmas naknurutid surah DT .naitamek uata eleuqes aynlubmit nakbabeynem naka
aparebeb iapmas utas malad utnetret nagnaur id tawarid ulrep atiredneP .maj evisnetni
tinu erac )4002 ,dijaM( )UCI( uata
2 )kasednem( isnegru isnetrepiH . DT nagned iadnatid kasednem isnetrepiH
nagro irad muminim isakilpmok/nakasurek apnat nagned nad gHmm 021> kilotsaid
d surah DT .narasas nama gnay satab iapmas maj 42 malad pahatreb araces naknuruti
.isnetrepih laro iparet nakulremem
hamur id pani tawar nakulremem kadit isnegru isnetrepih nagned atiredneP
DT nad gnaret kadit ,gnanet gnay nagnaurid naktapmetid atirednep aynkiabeS .tikas
uid akam ,takgninem tagnas hisam patet harad nanaket aliB .tinem 03 malad ilabmek ruk
tabo nakanugid aynmumU .natabognep ialumid tapad - malad isnetrepihitna laro tabo
.)4002 ,dijaM( naksaumem pukuc aynlisah nad ini isnegru isnetrepih ignaluggnem
H ISIFOTAP . IGOLO
harad hulubmep isaskaler nad iskirtsnnok lortnognem gnay emsinakeM
saraj alumreb ini rotomosav tasup iraD .katoid alludem adap ,rotomosav tasupid katelret
anmulok irad raulek nad silanips adrok ek hawab ek tujnalreb gnay ,sitapmis faras
anips alludem rotomosav tasup nagnasgnaR .nemodba nad skarot id sitapmis ailgnag sil
sitapmis faras metsys iulalem hawab ek karegreb gnay slupmi kutneb malad nakratnahid
naka gnay ,niloklitesa naksapelem noilgnagerp noruen ,ini kitit adaP .sitapmis ailgnag ek
gnasgnarem nagned anamid ,harad hulubmep ek noilgnag acsap faras tubares
rotcaf iagabreB .harad hulubmep iskirtsnok naktabikagnem nirpenipeeron aynnaksapelid
harad hulubmep nopserihuragnepmem tapad natukatek nad nasamecek itrepes
nI .iskirtsnokosav gnasgnar padahret padahret evitisnes tagnas isnetrepih nagned udivid
.idajret asib tubesret lah apagnem salej nagned iuhatekid kadit nupiksem ,nirfeniperon
hulubmep gnasgnarem sitapmis faras metsys anamid naamasreb taas adaP
a rajnelek ,isome gnasgnar snopser iagabes harad ,gnasgnaret aguj lanerd
iserkesnem lanerda alludeM .iskirtsnokosav sativitka nahabmat naktabikagnem
nad lositrok iserkesnem lanerda sketroK .iskirtsnokosav nakbabeynem gnay ,nirfenipe
hulubmep rotkirtsnokosav snopser taukrepmem tapad gnay ,aynnial diorets .harad
nasapelep nakbabeynem ,lajnig ek narila nanurunep naktabikagnem gnay iskirtsnokosaV
idajnem habuid naidumek gnay I nisnetoigna nakutnebmep gnasgnarem ninneR .ninner
iserkes gnasgnarem aynnarilig adap gnay ,tauk rotkirtsnokosav utaus ,II nisnetoigna
helo ria nad muirtan isneter nakbabeynem ini nomroH .lanerda sketrok helo noretsodla
ini rotcaf aumeS .reluksav artni emulov natakgninep nakbabeynem ,lajnig sulubut
.isnetrepih naadaek naksutecnem gnurednec
adap lanoisgnuf nad larutcurts nahabureP .ygolotnoreg nagnabmitrep kutnU
gnay harad nanaket nahaburep adap bawajgnuggnatreb refirep hulubmep metsys
satisitsale ayngnalih ,sisorelksoreta itupilem tubesret nahabureP .tujnal aisu adap idajret
ad taki nagniraj adap gnay ,harad hulubmep solop toto isaskaler malad nanurunep n
.harad hulubmep gnager ayad nad isnetsid naupmamek naknurunem aynnarilig
malad aynnaupmamek gnarukreb raseb iretra nad atroa ,aynisneukesnoK
utnaj helo apmopid gnay harad emulov isadomokagnem ,) pucnukes emulov ( gn
& rennurB ( refirep nanahat natakgninep nad gnutnaj gnaruc nanurunep naktabikagnem
.) 2002 ,htradduS
araces isubirtnokreb harad nanaket lortnognem gnay rotkaf kaynaB laisnetop
,isnetrepih aynkutnebret malad rotkaf - tubesret rotkaf :halada
sitapmis sunot( kitapmis faras metsis satifitka ayntakgnineM isairav uata/nad
ayntakgninem nagned nagnubuhreb nikgnum ,)lanruid sserts padahret snopser
lld laisosokisp
nad muirtan nahanem gnay nomroh nahibelreb iskudorP rotkirtsnokosav
napusA nahibelreb )marag( muirtan
muislak nad muilak napusa aynpukuc kadiT
ayntakgninem naktabikagnem aggnihes niner iserkes ayntakgnineM
noretsodla nad II nisnetoigna iskudorp
nad ,)ON( adixo kirtin ,nilkisatsorp itrepes rotalidosav isneisifeD editpep
teruirtan ki
nierkillak metsis iserpske malad nahabureP - gnay ninik sunot ihuragnepmem
lajnig helo marag nanagnanep nad raluksav
adap nauggnag kusamret ,harad hulubmep nanahat satilamronbA hulubmep
lajnig id licek harad
sutillem setebaiD
nilusni isnetsiseR
satisebO
M sativitka ayntakgnine srotcaf htworg ralucsav
,gnutnaj tuyned ihuragnepmem gnay kigrenerda rotpeser nahabureP
raluksav sunot nad ,gnutnaj irad kiportoni kitsiretkarak
les malad noi ropsnart aynhabureB
rotkaF .1 rabmaG - gnay rotkaF haraD nanakeT natakgnineP ihuragnepmeM
ISATSEFINAM .I SINILK
alajeg naklubminem kadit isnetrepih ,atirednep raseb naigabes adaP nupiksem
ayacrepid nad naamasreb idajret alajeg aparebeb ajagnes kadit araces nagnubuhreb
iggnit harad nanaket nagned .)kadit aynhuggnuses lahadap(
,gnisup ,gnudih irad naharadrep ,alapek tikas halada duskamid gnay alajeG hajaw
atirednep adap kiab idajret ajas asib gnay ;nahalelek nad naharemek nupuam ,isnetrepih
lamron gnay harad nanaket nagned gnaroeses adap .
epih akiJ alajeg lubmit asib ,itaboid kadit nad nuhanem uata tareb aynisnetr
:tukireb
alapek tikas
nahalelek
laum
hatnum
safan kases
hasileg
) 5991 ,gnuhC K drawdE ( : idajnem nakadebid isnetrepih adap alajeg nad adnaT
.1 alajeg ada kadiT
gnay alajeg ada kadiT natakgninep nagned nakgnubuhid tapad gnay kifiseps
ini laH .askiremem gnay retkod helo iretra nanaket nautnenep niales ,harad nanaket
kadit iretra nanaket akij asongaidret hanrep naka kadit lairetra isnetrepih itrareb
.rukuret
.2 mizal gnay alajeG
id gnireS ireyn itupilem isnetrepih iatreynem gnay mizalret alajeg awhab nakatak
gnay mizalret alajeg nakapurem ini aynnaataynek malaD .nahalelek nad alapek
sidem nagnolotrep iracnem gnay neisap nakaynabek ianegnem
opmolek 3 malad igabret isnetrepih nagned neisaP k : utiay ,
A iridnes uti harad nanaket natakgninep nagned tiakret gnay kopmoleK .
.1 alapek tikaS
isasilakolret nakaynabek ,)3 egats( tareb isnetrepih kitsiretkarak nakapureM
ipat irah igap adap nugnab neisap akitek lucnum nad latipicco haread adap
haletes maj aparbeb haletes ayniridnes nagned gnalih uti
.2 gnisuP
.3 isatiplaP
rabedreb naasareP - ayntafis gnay rutaret kadit gnay gnutnaj tuyned uata rabed
.fitkejbus
.4 )hitel asarem hadum( ytilibagitaF
.5 isnetopmI
B ralucsav tikaynep nagned kopmoleK .
.1 sixatsipe harad hulubmep aynhacep tabika aynasaib gnudih irad naharadnep(
)licek
.2 airutameh
.3 natahilgnep nauggnag
.4 aimehcsi larberec tneisnart anerak gnisup uata nahalelek irad edosipe
.5 sirotcep anigna
.6 gnutnaj lagag anerak aenpsid . kus gnay nasafanrep halada aenpsyD uata ra
kases
C atreynep tikaynep nagned kopmoleK .
.1 airuylop
.2 aispidyloP
.3 msinoretsodla nagned neisap adap aimelakopih anerak rednukes toto hamel
.4 emordnys s'gnihsuc neisap adap libal gnay isome
neisap aparebeb sinilk isatsefinam ,) 1002 ( ineahkoR turuneM atirednem gnay
: utiay isnetrepih
gnisup ,alapek tikas hulegneM .a
nahalelek ,sameL .b
safan kaseS .c
hasileG .d
lauM .e
hatnuM .f
siskatsipE .g
nurunem naradaseK .h
KITSONGAID NAASKIREMEP .J
.1 nitur harad tseT
.2 harad asokulG
gnutihid harad asokulG TH anerak ,sisorelksoretra natapecrep nagned isaisosareb
,msinoretsodla anerak nad ,yhtaporhpen kitebaid nad ,laner raluksav tikaynep
nagned nakisaisosaid nikgnum amotycomorhcoehp nad ,emordnys gnihsuc
.aimesilgrepih
.3 mures latot loretseloK
.4 d LDL loretseloK mures LDH na
.5 mures adiresligirT
.6 mures taru masA
gnay leveL .)negortin aeru doolb( NUB irad naigab utas halas halada taru masA
,itah tikaynep ,nasnanagek aparebeb ,lajnig tikaynep id tahilid tapad takgninem
kutnu natabognep nakaynabek nad lohokla ismusnok leveL .nasanagek nawalem
ini naaskiremeP .nakifingis gnay sinilk alajeg nakkujnunem kadit nurunem gnay
kadit nupuam asaupreb gnay kiab ,neisap irad nemiseps adap nakukalid tapad
ialin isnerefeR .asaupreb gnay neisap irad nemiseps hilipid hibel nupualaw
ron 2 halada aynlam - 1,2 nad atinaw kutnu ld/gm 7 - .airp kutnu ld/gm 5,8
.7 mures ninitaerK
irad nial ipateT .suluremolg laaf ialinem ini set ,ecnaraelc aeru aguj itrepeS
lamron ialin uti anerak ,harad malad ek ilabmek isufidreb kadit ninitaerk ,mueru
itaerc kutnu ialin itakednem nad ecnaraelc aeru irad raseb hibel ecnaraelc nin
+ 711 halada aynlamron ialiN 4.etar noitartlif raluremolg - tubesid aynasaib ,02
nadab tareb nad gnajnaP .% nagned nakub ,tinem/lm nautas nagned
uid sata iskerok nakadagnem kutnu nakanugrepid 37,1 nadab saul padahret siser
ecnaraelc aeru adap aguj itrepes ,2m
.8 mures muilaK
diocitrocolarem tahilem kutnu rukuid surah muisatsop mureS - ecudni
.ialumid kiteruid iparet mulebes rasad sirag irebmem kutnu nad noisnetrepyh
.9 tirkotameh nad nibolgomeH
.01 C aerU ecnerael
iulalem isartlifid mueru anerak suluremolg isgnuf rukugnem ecnaraelc aerU
amas gnadnapid helob kadit ecnaraelc aeru ialin ipateT .tubesret suluremolg
malad id uti mueru irad naigabes anerak ,etar noitartlif raluremolg ialin nagned
sufidreb ilubut isufidreb gnay mueru aynkaynaB .harad malad ek ilabmek i
tubesid ecnaraelc aeru ialiN.siseruid aynraseb helo nakutnetid tuki ilabmek
sumur ,tinem/lm 2 ihibelem uata nagned amas siseruid akiJ .tinem/lm nagned
siseruid akij nagned adebreb naka nakanugid gnay nialeS .tinem/lm 2 irad gnaruk
mizal hibel gnay nial arac aguj ada ,tinem/lm nagned ecnaraelc aeru tubeynem
uata tinem/lm 2 siseruid tapadid alibapA .% nagned ayntubeynem utiay ,iakapid
naid gnay tinem/lm 27 nagned nakgnidnabid ecnaraelc ialin akam ,hibel pagg
nagned nakgnidnabid ecnaraelc ialin ,tinem/lm 2 irad gnaruk siseruid akiJ .%001
07 aratna rasikreb lamron ialiN 4 .alup %001 paggnaid gnay tinem/lm 45 - .%011
saul ikilimem gnay gnaro kutnu nakgnutihrepid aynranebes tubesret lamron ialiN
1 ratikes nadab ,tubesret ialin itakednem kadit gnaroeses nadab saul akiJ .2m 37,
naabocreP 4 .nadab gnajnap nad nadab tareb sata iskerok nakadaid surah akam
.hibel uata maj 4 nakidajid aguj asib ipatet ,maj 2 amales nakukalid gnires ini
sah ihuragnepmem kadit ini aynamaL utkaw akgnaj paggnaid uti maj 2 ipatet ,li
hibel uata tinem/lm 2 siseruid nagned nakgnutihrepid gnay ecnaraelC .laminim
siseruid iakamem gnay ecnaraelc irad ayacrepid tapad hibel )ecnaraelc lamixam(
iseruid alibapA .)ecnaraelc dradnats( tinem 2 irad gnaruk 5,0<( ilakes hadner s
.11 4 .ayacrepid tapad kadit naabocrep lisah ,)tinem/lm
.11 tset nakrujnagnem nanagnanep namodep aparebeB GKE : itrepes nial
iportrepih tapadret hakapa nakutnenem malad fitisnes hibel margoidrakokE
asad kutnu anugreb nikgnum nad gnutnaj ,isnetrepih nagned neisap isaulave r
raluksavodrak tikaynep rotkaf halada irik lekirtnev iportrepih aynsusuhk
ipare naka nahutubek nakisakidnignem aynnaridahek nad tnednepedni
.isnetrepihitna
.21 )laromef nad( sitorak GSU
.31 C- alfni rekram ,PRC nietorP evitcaeR tabilret nakgnutihrepid ,kifisepsnon isam
ialumid gnay naitileneP .sisenegorehta euqalp yranoroc adap gnusgnal araces
nakkujnunem takgninem gnay PRC level awhab nakkujnunem na0991 lawa adap
.rednukes nupuam remirp isneverp adap kiab ,stneve caidrac esrevda PRC leveL
urab ataD .neisap gnutnaj okisir liforp isaulavegnem kutnu anugreb
neisap adap kitsongorp rotakidni iagabes anugreb PRC awhab nakisakidnignem
.IMA nad gnutnaj naitamek iskiderpmem PRC level natakgnineP .SCA nagned
.41 airunimublaorkiM
.51 nauk nietorP fitatit
.61 irad isakidni nakirebmem ipoksudnuf naumeT )tareb isnetrepih( ipoksudnuF
adap rekram caidrac nareP REKRAM CAIDRAC .aynsisongorp nad isnetrepih isarud
nad adad tikas nagned neisap adap natabognep atres ,okisir utnenep ,sisongaid
padignem iagirucid isaulavE .gnabmekreb suret )SCA( emordnyS yranoroC etucA
gnay alajeg anerak satabret aynasaib SCA nanikgnumek nagned neisap irad kinilk
.kifiseps kadit
.nacs TC nad adad otoF .71
ISNETREPIH TABIKA ISAKILPMOK .K
d kadit isnetrepih alib ,ayntujnaleS ,nikgnum aregeses nad tapet nagned inagnati
aynaratnaiD .idajret hubut malad nagro nakasurek naktabikagnem naka isnetrepih
:halada
gnutnaJ .1
iulalem gnusgnal kat araces kiaB .gnutnaj adapek isakilpmireb tapad isnetrepiH
nahaburep natakgninep gnay kefe iulalem gnusgnal araces nupuam ,sitorelksorehta
( DVC naktabikagnem tapad isnetrepiH .harad nanaket nagned natiakreb ralucsaV oidraC
esaesiD .IM nad anigna lasimes ,kimeksi naidajek okiser natakgninem nad )
sasnepmok emsinakem iagabes ,uti nialeS nopserem malad gnutnaj irad i
tapad isnetrepih ,harad nanaket ayntakgninem anerak harad hulubmep nanahat aynkian
( HVL haraprepmem yhportrepyH ralucirtneV tfeL nahaburep nakapurem iridnes HVL .)
sawid tutap inI .lairetra nahaburep nakub ,)ralules( laidrakoim HVL anerak iadap
( DAC aynidajret naka ayahabreb okiser rotkaf gnologret esaesiD etucA yranoroC FH ,)
( eruliaF traeH aimhtyhrra nad ,) fitagen kapmad nakapurem FH ,iuhatekid anamiagabeS .
mamek naknurunem tapad FH ,huaj hibeL .gnutnaj kutnu rasebret isnetrepih naup
isgnufsid( harad isignem kutnu naupmamkaditek uata )kilotsis isgnufsid( iskartnok
nad neesaS( FH ucimep utas halas nakapurem lortnokret kadit gnay isnetrepiH .)kilotsaid
.)5002 ,retraC
katO .2
eicsnart aynidajret utiay ini nagro adap nakasurek alajeG ,skcatta cimahcsi tn
kilotsis harad nanaket natakgnineP .kato naharadrep nad ,larberes krafni ,kimeksi ekorts
nad neesaS( yhtapolahpehcne evisnetrepyh nakbabeynem tapad nagnajnapekreb gnay
.)5002 ,retraC
nem tapad isnetrepih iparet ,nakitkubmem sinilk ijU ekorts okiser naknuru
.)4002 ,la.te nainabohC( ilak amatrep imalaid urab gnay ekorts nupuam nahubmak
lajniG .3
( RFG etaR noitartliF suluremolG kutnu nakanugid )suluremolG isartliF ujaL/
nanurunep numan ,aisu aynhabmatreb gniries nurunem RFG .lajnig isgnuf iuhategnem
,sisorelcsorhpen nagned nagnubuhreb isnetrepiH .isnetrepih helo tapecrepid tapad uti
artni nanaket natakgninep nakbabeynem anam gnay ,retraC nad neesaS( raluremolg
.)5002
ataM .4
.naatubek adap isakilpmireb gnay itaponiter nakbabeynem tapad isnetrepiH
nagned iadnatid gnay 1 takgniT :inkay ,tapme idajnem nakisakifisalkid aynnaharapeK
kosav nakbabeynem gnay ,iretra retemaid aynlabenem iadnatid gnay 2 takgnit ;iskirtsno
3 takgnit ;sisorelksorehta nakbabeynem gnay ,)VA( suonevoiretra adap gnikcin nagned
loow nottoc nakbabeynem tapad gnay itaboid gnujnuk kadit isnetrepih akij idajret gnay
m 4 takgnit rihkaret ;egahrromeh emalf nad setaduxe susak irad tabika iagabes lucnu
.)5002 ,retraC nad neesaS( amedellipap nagned iadnatid gnay ,harap nikames gnay
tikayneP okisiR
halada iggnit harad nanaket itabognem ulrep atik apagnem nasala utas halaS
y isakilpmok aynidajret nanikgnumek hagecnem kutnu ini tikaynep akij lubmit tapad gna
idajret mumu gnay isnetrepih isakilpmok aparebeB .)7002 ,rendraG( nakhubmesid kadit
: tukireb iagabes
ekortS .1
tneisnart nagnares nad ekorts irad gnitnep gnay okiser rotkaf halada isnetrepiH
pih atirednep adaP .kimeksi ekorts nakapurem idajret gnay ekorts %08 isnetre
artni sisobmort anerak nakbabesid gnay,kimeksi - gnutnaj irad isasilobme uata lairetra
aguj gnay ,)egahrromeah( naharadnep helo nakbabesid %02 aynasiS .raseb iretra nad
y harad nanaket ialin nagned nagnubuhreb gnay isnetrepih atiredneP .iggnit tagnas gna
atirednem edosipe aparebeb adap nad ekorts atirednem gnurednec tujnal aisureb
nad fisergorp araces lautkeletni isgnuf ayngnalih naktabikagnem gnay larberes aimeksi
runep awhab nakujnunem isalupop idutS .aitnemed 5 rasebes harad nanaket nanu
.)1002 ,eiknahS( ekorts aynidajret okiser naknurunem gHmm
renorok gnutnaj tikayneP .2
aynidajret okiser nagned fitisop gnay nagnubuh nakujnunem harad nanaket ialiN
nupiksem ,)kadadnem naitamek uata drakoim krafni ,anigna( renorok gnutnaj tikaynep
nad harad nanaket ialin aratna nagnubuh adapirad hadner hibel ini nagnubuh nataukek
keK .ekorts rotkaf aynada nakujnunem ini hadner hibel gnay natau - gnay nial okiser rotkaf
naabocrep utaus ,naikimed nupikseM .renorok gnutnaj tikaynep nakbabeynem tapad
β nakanuggnem( naitilenep keybus raseb halmujes naktabilem gnay sinilk - nad recolB
nakataynem )dizait okiser naknurunem tapad etauqeda gnay isnetrepih iparet awhab
.)1002 ,eiknahS( %02 rasebes drakoim krafni aynidajret
gnutnaj lagaG .3
nakataynem fitkepsorter tafisreb gnay kigoloimedipe iduts utaus irad itkuB
m isnetrepih tayawir nagned atirednep awhab kutnu raseb hibel ilak mane okiser ikilime
ada gnay ataD .isnetrepih tayawir apnat atirednep adapirad gnutnaj lagag atirednem
itsap araces tapad kadit nupiksem ,isnetrepih natabognep awhab nakujnunem
t adnunem tapad numan ,gnutnaj lagag aynidajret hagecnem gnutnaj lagag aynidajre
.)1002 ,eiknahS( edaked aparebeb amales
irik lekirtnev ifortrepiH .4
natakgninep padahret isasnepmok nopser iagabes idajret irik lekirtnev ifortrepiH
adaP .iggnit gnay harad nanaket helo nakbabesid gnay gnutnaj padahret daolretfa
nagned naamasreb ini lah nad ,negisko ialpus ihibelem toto assam natakgninep aynrihka
atirednep adap iapmujid gnires gnay renorok harad hulubmep nagnadac nanurunep
isnetrepih atiredneP .drakoim kimeksi aynidajret nakbabeynem tapad ,isnetrepih
trepih nagned aimtira caidrac aynidajret okiser natakgninep ikilimem irik lekirtnev ifor
tikaynep( raluksav sisorelksorehta tikaynep nad )ralukirtnev aimtira nad lairta isalirbif(
.)1002 ,eiknahS( )refirep iretra tikaynep nad renorok
raluksav tikayneP .5
sav tikayneP raluksav tikaynep nad msyruena citroa lanimodba itupilem raluk
gnay sisorelksorehta aynada nakujnunem ini tikaynep audeK .refirep
isel aynidajret naktakgninem aguj isnetrepiH .isnetrepih helo rasebrepid
hta isel anamid ,ditorac iretra adap sisorelksorehta ilakgnires tareb gnay sisorelksore
.)1002 ,eiknahS( ekorts aynidajret babeynep nakapurem
itaponiteR .6
tubesid gnay ,atam adap raluksav nahaburep naklubminem tapad isnetrepiH
ahsmlaf laniter laretalib itupilem tubesret nahabureP .fitisnesrepih itaponiter dep
.)1002 ,eiknahS( amedeolipap nad setaduxe drah ,stops llow nottoc ,segahrromeah
gnadak ,gHmm 021> cilotsaid( iggnit tagnas gnay nanaket adaP - iggnites gnadak
loiretra irad rocob ialum nariac )hibel nakhab uata gHmm 081 - ,aniter maladek loiretra
aggnihes tagnas gnay kato naharadnep atayn itkub nad ,rubak nagnadap nakbabeynem
.)7002 ,rendraG( aniter aynkasur anerak tnenamrep naatubek uata lajnig lagag ,suires
lajnig nakasureK .7
malaD .isnetrepih tabika kasur gnires gnay gnitnep nagro nakapurem lajniG
w ,lajnig isneifusni nakbabeynem tapad harap isnetrepih nuhat aparebeb utka
iretra isneisifusni dionirbef sisorken tabika iagabes nakaynabek - adaP .licek lajnig
sisorelksoiretra tabika lajnig nakasurek ,harap kadit gnay isnetrepih kaga aynasaib gnay
ad nagnir isnetrepih tabika lajnig nakasurek nagnabmekreP .tabmal hibel gnabmekreb n
kutnu sabeb okiser rotkaf nakapurem airunietorP .airunietorp helo iadnatid aynasaib
.raluksavoidrak tikaynep tabika naitamek nad ,babeynep aumes tabika naitamek
id tapad airunietorP fitkefe araces harad nanaket naknurunem nagned ignaruk
.)1002 ,ataniwamdaP(
.L NAANASKALATANEP
isnetrepiH natabogneP mumU namodeP naujut nagned kitsiloh araces surah isnetrepih natabognep naanaskalataneP
nanaket naknurunem nagned isnetrepih tabika satilatrom nad satidibrom naknurunem
rotkaf lortnognem libmas nikgnum lamitpoes harad - ,aynnial raluksavoidrak okiser rotkaf
tabo hilimem gnay gnipmas kefe iaynupmem nad isakidni nagned iauses lanoisar gnay
nagned nakiausesid surah nad ,isanibmok tabo nairebmep nakrujnaid ini kutnu ,licek
.)6002 ,ohorguN nad irtnameoS( atirednep naupmamek
am ini naigurek nad taafnam nagnabmitrep nakrasadreB IIV CNJ ak - nakanuggnem 4002
asawed gnaro adap isnetrepih natabognep ialumem kutnu tukireb isadnemoker
.1 isnetrepiH natabogneP
isnetrepiH natabogneP naujuT
halada isnetrepih itna tabo iparet naujuT
.1 ksavoidrak satilatrom nad satidibrom ignarugneM isakilpmok tabika laner nad ralu
aynada apnat gHmm 09/041< halada iparet haletes nakparahid gnay harad nanakeT .2
( DVC isakilpmok okisir nanurunep nagned nagnubuhreb ini lah ,isakilpmok yranoroC
esaesiD ralucsaV )
nagned isnetrepih neisaP .3 illem setebaid isakilpmok nanaket ,laner tikaynep nad sut
gHmm 08/031< utiay iparet haletes iapacid tapad nakparahid gnay harad
.)4002 ,la.te nainabohC(
isnetrepihitna tabo naanuggnep pisnirP
apnat )1002( eiknahS turuneM gnay isnetrepihitna tabo sinej nakgnabmitrepmem
uggnep irasadnem gnay pisnirp aparebeb ada ,nakanugid utiay ,isnetrepihitna tabo naan :
- iradnihgnem kutnu licekret sisod nagned halialuM .ikadnehekid kadit gnay iskaer aliB
arad nanaket nopser tapadret sisod ,kiab nagned isnarelotid tabo nad kiab gnay h
tapad 041<( iapacret narasas harad nanaket iapmas pahatreb araces naktakgnitid
uata gHmm .)kinork lajnig tikaynep uata setebaid atirednep adap gHmm 031<
- r naklamiskamem kutnu tabo isanibmok nakanuG nad harad nanaket nopse
.ikadnehekid kadit gnay iskaer naklaminimem
- sisod alib adebreb gnay tabo salek nagned halitnaG nakirebmem kadit tabo irad lawa
.tabo gnipmas kefe halasam ada uata itrareb gnay kefe
- .maj 42 amales harad nanaket lortnok nakirebmem laminim gnay isalumrof nakanuG
harad nanaket nakitsamem kutnu nad neisap nahutapek agajnem kutnu gnitnep ini laH
iradnihgneM .harad nanaket natakgninep idajret akitek irah igap adap lortnokret
s nagro nakasurek iradnihgnem utnabmem gnay irah gnajnapes harad nanaket isairav
s narasa
tabo )7002( rendraG turuneM - iggnit harad nanaket naknurunem tapad gnay tabo
: nakrujnaid tapad
rad nanaket nakiladnegnem kadit ajas pudih ayag nahaburep aliB .ha
.nakulrepid sitsard nad tapec araces iggnit harad nanaket nanurunep aliB
gnay sidem isidnok imalagnem aguj iggnit harad nanaket atirednep aliB
.ayniatreynem
halada harad nanaket nakiladnegnem kutnu nama nad kiab gnilap gnay edoteM
nakukalem nagned nahaburep - nahaburep akiJ .pudih ayag nahaburep - ini nahaburep
tapad isnetrepihitna tabo akam ,naknigniid gnay harad nanaket ialin awabmem kadit
.nakirebid
lebaT naanaskalataneP nad nahagecneP kutnu pudiH ayaG isakifidoM isakifidoM isnetrepiH isadnemokeR PBS nanuruneP
ataR - atar nadab tareb nanuruneP nadab tareb agajneM
5,81 IMB( lamron - 9,42
m/gk2
)
5- gHmm 02
HSAD napareneP nanakam ismusnokgneM nad ,ruyas ,haub ayak nagned kamel hadner
kamel napusa ignarugnem latot kamel nad hunej
8- gHmm 41
muidos napusa ignarugneM napusa ignarugneM hibel helob kadit ,muidos
4,2( irah rep lomm 001 irad
2- gHmm 8
marag g 6 uata muidos g)rupad
kisif sativitkA itrepes sativitka nakukaleMnalaj - rep tinem 03 nalaj
uggnimes amales irah
4- gHmm 9
lohokla ismusnok ignarugneM ilak 2 irad hibel helob kadiT zo 01 ,rib zo 42 lasim(
)iksiw zo 3 uata ,ruggna kutnu ilak 1 nad ,airp kutnu
nagned gnaro nad atinaw nagnir nadab tareb
2- gHmm 4
.)4002 ,la.te nainabohC(
.2 isnetrepiH itnA tabO ipareT sineJ
2 laggnuT ipareT 1.
isnetrepih natabognep kutnu isnetrepih itna tabo macam utas naanuggneP
harad nanaket ialin itakednem lawa harad nanaket ialin alib nakisadnemokerid tapad
CNJ turuneM .narasas - awa harad nanaket ialin 7 narasas harad nanaket ialin itakednem l
harad gnaruk nad kilotsis harad nanaket kutnu gHmm 02 irad gnaruk aynhisiles alibapa
itupilem ini laH .kilotsaid harad nanaket kutnu gHmm 01 irad gnaruk nad kilotsis
sas harad nanaket nad 1 pahat isnetrepih atirednep dna neesaS( gHmm 09/041< nara
.)5002 ,retraC
II nad I pahat iggnit harad nanaket atirednep hagnetes )7002( rendraG turuneM
kadit tabo utas akiJ .ajas tabo utas nagned akerem harad nanaket nakiladnegnem tapad
akij aynsisod naktakgnitid tapad akam ,fitkefe fitanretlA .ayngnipmas kefe ada kadit -
igal tabo utas nakhabmanem nad adebreb gnay tabo abocnem halada aynnial fitanretla
.)isanibmok( munimid halet gnay tabo adap
2.2 isanibmoK ipareT tabo hilipid aynasaib ,isanibmok tabo iparet nakanuggnem aliB - tapad gnay tabo
gnisam sativitkefe naktakgninem - gnisam gnipmas kefe ignarugnem uata tabo gnisam -
.)7002 ,rendraG( tabo gnisam
nep kutnu nakisadnemokerid tabo aud isanibmok nagned iparet ialumeM atired
huaj aynnarasas harad nanaket ialin gnay isnetrepih atirednep uata 2 pahat isnetrepih
( lawa harad nanaket ialin irad gHmm 01≥ nad kilotsis harad nanaket kutnu gHmm 02≥
isap igab nahilip nakapurem aguj isanibmok ipareT .)kilotsaid harad nanaket kutnu ne
lajnig tikaynep nad setebaid atirednep( iapacid tilus aynnarasas harad nanaket ialin gnay
nakhutubmem gnay naaskamep isakidni kaynab nagned neisap adap uata )kinork
TAHLLA malaD .adebreb gnay isnetrepihitna aparebeb dipiL dna evisnetrepyhitnA( -
gnirewoL )lairT kcattA traeH tneverP ni tnemtaerT isnetrepih atirednep %06 naktubesid
aud naanuggnep nagned gHmm 09/041< DT adap lortnokret harad nanaket iapacnem
nagned lortnokret aynharad nanaket gnay %03 aynah nad ,isnetrepih itna hibel uata
repih itna tabo utas CNJ .isnet - tabo hibel uata agit naanuggnep nakisadnemokerem 7
nad neesaS( naknigniid gnay harad nanaket iparet tegrat iapacnem kutnu isnetrepih itna
.)5002 ,retraC
nakanugiD gnireS gnay isnetrepih itnA tabO isanibmoK
isnetrepih itna tabo isanibmoK .2 lebaT NAGNUTNUEK rotibihni ECA
sinogatna muislaK − - artni nanaket naknuruneM reluremolg - satilibaemrep ikiabrepmeM reluremolg - ifortrepih aynidajret tabmahgneM reluremolg - reluremolg aynidajret hagecneM - airunietorp ignarugneM - emsilobatemrepih ignarugneM lajnig - siseruirtan naktakgnineM - emsilobatemrepih ignarugneM lajnig
-- - aC isalumuka ignarugneM +2
ralulesartni - fisnetrepih itaporfen adap nakrujaiD
itaporfen nagned isnetrepih nad kitebaid
BRA/IECA
ktieruiD − - siseruirtan naktakgnineM - nad asokulg isnarelot ikiabrepmeM
taru masa radak
- K radak naknahatrepmeM +
amsalp - HVL iserger tapecrepmeM - .BRA/IECA naakepek naktakgnineM
BRA/IECA
rekolb ateB− - adum aisu isnetrepih kutnu kiaB nagned natakgninep
S sitapmis nad AAR metsis - nad isnetrepih kutnu alup kiaB tuka krafni acsap
: naujut nagned aimtiraihkat okisir naknuruneM o
isatalid sativisergorp ignarugneM o lekirtnev
nahital isnarelot ikiabrepmeM o
rekolb ateB
ktieruiD − - metsis natakgninep naknuruneM kiteruid anerak AAR - kefe iaynupmem rekolb ateB nagnir noretsodlaitna - cilotsys detalosi kutnu kiaB krafni nad ekorts ,noisnetrepyh drakoim
rekolb ateB
sinogatna muislaK − - nad gnutnaj haruc naknuruneM refirep nanahat
- letodne satirgetni ikiabrepmeM - AAR metsis natakgninep isasilamroN - sinogatna muislak anerak - HVL isergerem kiab tagnaS - nad nilusni isnetsiser isasilamroN ateb anerak dipil liforp nauggnag rekolb - nagned isnetrepih kutnu kiaB sirotkep anigna
- nad isnetrepih kutnu kiaB aimtiraihkat
isanibmoK nad laggnuT tabO nairebmeP naadebreP
tabo utas natawareP isanibmoK natawareP - iggnit hibel gnay tabo sisod nakulrepiD - fitkefe gnaruK - kaynab hibel gnipmas kefE
- gnisam kutnu hadner sisoD – gnisam
pukuc hadus tabo - fitkefe hibeL - tikides hibel gnipmas kefE
nagnaluggnaneP anacneR nad okisiR rotkaF isakifitartS
: nagnareteK ( tegraT nagrO nakasureK :TOK egamaD nagrO tegraT )
)atreyneP tikayneP( tiakreT kinilK isidnoK :TKK 1002 ,elbmiK ;4002 ,la.te nainabohC( )
nanakeT isnetrepiH )gHmm( haraD
A purG okisiR rotkaf ada kadit(
nad okisir )DOK/TOK
rotkaF( B purG okisiR 1 tikides gnilap okisir
nad setebaid niales okisir )TKK/TOK ada kadit
(C purG okisiR rotkaf 3 ≥ setebaiD uata okisir
)TKK/TOK/nad
031( lamron hgiH -58/931 - )98
aloP nahaburePpudiH
pudiH aloP nahabureP + pudiH aloP nahabureP tabO
041( 1 takgniT -09/951 - )99
aloP nahabureP tabO + pudiH
+ pudiH aloP nahabureP tabO
+ pudiH aloP nahabureP tabO
2 takgniT( )001≥/061≥
aloP nahabureP tabO + pudiH
+ pudiH aloP nahabureP tabO
+ pudiH aloP nahabureP tabO
ISNETREPIH ITNA TABO
kopmoleK .pahatreb araces nakukalid isnetrepih natabognep ,aynpisnirp adaP
: utiay ,isnetrepih iparet nahilip iagabes nakanugid ini taas gnay isnetrepihitna tabo
.1 kiteruiD
lajnig helo muirtan iserske natakgninep nakbabeynem kiteruid salek aumeS
irtan( irad isnetepihitna sativitka padahret bawaj gnuggnatreb ini kefe anamid )siseru
gnay kiteruid nakapurem nad gnades siseruirtan kefe ikilimem dizait kiteruiD .kiteruid
kefe ikilimem citeruid pooL .isnetrepih natabognep malad nakanugid kaynab gnilap
eruirtan uata fitkefe kadit dizaiht kiteruid alib nakanugid aynah nad raseb sis
kefe ikilimem citeruid gniraps muissatoP .atirednep kutnu nakisakidniartnokid
nagned isanibmok kutneb malad nakanugid aynmumu nad ,hadner gnay siseruirtan
uid pool uata dizaiht kiteruid hagecnem kutnu uata muilak iserkske ignarugnem kiter
.)6002 ,snevetS nad rennaB( aimelakopih
atem utauS - nakitkubmem 3002 nuhat adap sinilk naabocrep 24 irad sisylana
gnilap gnay amatrep nahilip isnetrepihitna nakapurem hadner sisod kiteruid awhab
fitkefe .)5002 ,retraC nad neesaS( raluksavoidrak satilatrom hagecnem kutnu
1.1 dizaiht kiteruiD
tabo hotnoC
,edizaihtemulfordneb ,dizaitrolhcordih :halai aynmalad id gnologret gnaY
.)7002 ,atheM( edimapix nad ,edimapadni ,enozalotem ,enodilatrolhc
isakidnI
iD tapad dizaihT .isnetrepih iparet kutnu amatrep nahilip nakapurem dizaiht kiteru
.nial isnetrepihitna nagned isanibmok nupuam laggnut kutneb malad nakanugid
β uata IECA nagned isanibmoK - nakanugid mumu gnay isanibmok nakapurem rekolb
.)1002 ,eiknahS(
inakeM ajrek ems
harad emulov naknurunem dizaiht kiteruid ,kednep akgnaj naanuggnep adaP
,gnajnap akgnaj naanuggnep adaP .tuptuo caidrac nanurunep adap kapmadreb gnay
kefe malad narepreb aynkapmat gnay ,refirep nanahat naknurunem aguj dizaiht kiteruid
trepihitna .)6002 ,snevetS nad rennerB( ini tabo irad gnajnap akgnaj isne
naitahreP
aimelakopiH .dizait kiteruid naanuggnep adap idajret tapad aimelakopiH
tabo amirenem gnades gnay nad KJP neisap adap ayahabreb sedisocylg caidrac .
nagned isanibmokid aynnaanuggnep aimelakopih kefe isatagnem kutnu ilakgnireS
.)7002 ,atheM( muisatop tnemelpus uata kiteruid gniraps muisatop
2.1 kiteruid pooL
tabo hotnoC
edinatemuB nad ,edimesaroT ,edimesoruF :halai aynmalad id gnologret gnaY
,atheM( .)7002
isakidnI
neisap adap nakanugid kiteruid pooL amedeo yranomlup adap nauggnag tabika
( FHC neisap adap ,irik lekirtnev eruliaF traeH cinorhC citeruid neisap aguj nad ,) - tnatsiser
.)7002 ,atheM( amedeo
ajrek emsinakeM
nagned elneH fo pool irad kianem naigab adap ajrekeb amaturet kiteruid pooL
,eiknahS( muirtan iserkske naktakgninem aggnihes tilortkele isbrosbaer tabmahgnem
.)1002
naitahreP
ayahabreb aimelakopiH .dimesoruf naanuggnep adap idajret tapad aimelakopiH
adap tabo amirenem gnades gnay nad tareb KJP neisap sedisocylg caidrac okiseR .
alib igalapa iggnit sisod dimesoruf naanuggnep adap takgninem tapad aimelakopih
aimelakopih kefe isatagnem kutnu ilakgnireS .iskejni naaides kutneb malad nakirebid
kid aynnaanuggnep tnemelpus uata kiteruid gniraps muisatop nagned isanibmo
.)5002 ,la.te eipO ;7002 ,atheM( muisatop
1. kiteruiD gnirapS muissatoP 3
tabo hotnoC
,atheM( eneretmairT nad ,lCH edirolimA :halai aynmalad id gnologret gnaY
.)7002
isakidnI
id gniraps muissatoP nagned iparet adap nahabmat iagabes nakanugid kiteru
,eiknahS( aimelakopih aynidajret hagecnem kutnu kiteruid pool nad dizaiht kiteruid
.)1002
ajrek emsinakeM
kutnu lajnig latsid sulubut adap ajrekeb amaturet kiteruid gniraps muissatoP
rkske naktakgninem .)1002 ,eiknahS( muilak iserkske naknurunem nad muirtan ise
naitahreP
amaturet aimelakrepih aynidajret nakbabeyem tapad kiteruid gniraps muisatoP
gnay neisap nad setebaid uata sinork lajnig nauggnag tayawir nagned gnay neisap adap
ECA nakanuggnem gnades ,oripiD( tnemelpus muissatop uata DIASN ,BRA ,rotibihni
.)5002
4.1 tsinogatnA enoretsodlA
tabo hotnoC
aynmalad id gnologret gnaY .kiteruid gniraps muissatoP nagnolog kusamreT
.)7002 ,atheM( ,enotcalonoripS nad ,enonerelpE :halai
isakidnI
ikilimem hadner sisod adap ,amedeo kutnu nakisakidniid sinogatna noretsodlA
atirednep adap nakanugid aguj nad gnutnaj lagag atirednep adap ajrek kefe yramirp
msinoretsodlarepyh .)7002 ,atheM(
adnemokerid aynmumu sinogatna noretsodla amal akgnaj nairebmeP adap nakis
FVEL aimelakrepih uata tareb gnay lajnig isgnuf nauggnag apnat IMETS tsop atirednep
( noitcarF noitcejE elcirtneV tfeL ,oripiD( setebaid nad gnutnaj lagag atirednep adap )
.)5002
anugid kaynab gnilap gnay noretsodla sinogatna halada notcalonoripS utauS .nak
naitilenep ydutS noitaulavE enotcadlA dezimodaR %03 idajret ,nakkujnunem )SELAR(
lagag atirednep adap notcalonorips nakanuggnem nagned naitamek akgna nanurunep
.)2002 ,kralC dna ramuK( tareb iapmas gnades gnutnaj
ajrek emsinakeM
na enoretsodlA sinogatna iagabes laner sulubut latsid naigab adap ajrekeb tsinogat
.)1002 ,eiknahS( noretsodla irad fititepmok
naitahreP
itah nad lajnig isgnuf nauggnag adap iradnihid surah notcalonorips tabo sinej kutnU - itah
BRA/rotibihni ECA nagned nakisanibmokid alib aimelakrepih nakbabeynem naka ,
.)6002 ,ohorguN nad irtnameoS(
α .2 - rekolB
tabo hotnoC
nad ,nisozareT ,nisozarP ,nisozaxoD :halai aynmalad id gnologret gnaY
.)7002 ,atheM( nimarodnI
isakidnI
α- matrep nahilip fitanretla isnetrepihitna nakapurem rekolb kiteruid alibapa a
β uata - α .kiab nagned isnarelotid kadit uata nakisakidniarnokid rekolb - rekolb
atirednep kutnu nakisakidniid amaturet aisalprepyh citatsorp ngineb α . - kadit rekolb
irednep adap anugreb aggnihes asokulg nad dipil liforp padahret huragnepreb at
.)1002 ,eiknahS( asokulg isnarelotni uata aimedipilsid nagned
ajrek emsinakeM
α- adap nilanerdaron iska tabmahgnem nad isatalidosav nakbabeynem rekolb
ini lah anamid ,anev nupuam loiretra adap kiab 1α rotpesonerda citpanis tsop
nanurunep naktabikagnem .)1002 ,eiknahS( harad nanaket nad refirep nanahat
naitahreP
gnipmas kefe iaynupmem anerak amatu nahilip iagabes nakanugid gnaraJ
irtnameoS( alapek tikas nad isatiplap ,larutsop isnetopih utiay uggnagnem gnires gnay
.)6002 ,ohorguN nad
β 3.2 - rekcolb
tabo hotnoC
β utiay ssalc bus 2 idajnem igabreT - β rotpeser fitkeles( fitkelesoidrac rekolb - )1
β nad lolorpilec ,loloxateb ,lolorposib ,lolorpotem ,lolotubeca ,loloneta utiay - non rekolb -
β rotpeser( fitkelesoidrac - 1
β nad -2
nad lolonaporp ,lolidevrac utiay ) nad eipO( lolodnip
.)5002 ,nosliW
isakidnI
CNJ helo nakisadnemokerid ilak amatrep rekolb ateB - ’enil tsrif’ iparet iagabes 7
kutneb aumes adap iparet nahiliP .kiteruid irad fitanretla esaesid traeh kimeksi ilaucek
anigna adap atemznirp citsapsosav nairav l adap iparet nahilip nakapurem rekolb ateB .
okiser naknurunem tapad ,libats kadit anigna nupuam libats anigna kiab ,anigna
nahilip aguj nad krafni edoirep haletes nad drakoim krafni tuka esaf adap satilatrom
isnetrepih itrepes aynnial isidnok kutnu iparet , s’aimhtyhrra nad suires yhtapoymoidrac .
itah araces sisod isartit natakgninep adaP - ignarugnem kefe ikilimem iuhatekid itah
.gnutnaj lagag neisap adap satilatrom okiser
β licek sisod adaP - neisap adap nakanugid tapad fitkelesoidrac rekolb
ata emsapsoknorb u esaesid gnul cinorhc β naanuggnep isnetrepih nad anigna adaP . -
β nakgnades ,fitkelesoidracnon nagned nakgnidnabid fitkefe hibel fitkelesoidrac rekolb -
kefe ikilimem fitkelesoidracnon rekolb scimtyhrraitna nakgnidnabid kiab hibel gnay
.fitkelesoidrac nagned ASI ikilimem kadit ,fitkeles gnay 1β tnega nakapurem lolorposiB
( ytivitcA citemimohtapmyS kisnirtnI lisahreb nad saul araces iakapid ,amal ajrekeb nad )
raseb gnay nanurunep idajret anamid gnutnaj lagag isalupop adap raseb iduts malad
adap aynah kadit gnay aguj numan satilatrom htaed caidrac neddus ,nosliW nad eipO( .
.)5002
β- drakoim krafni nagned isnetrepih atirednep kutnu nakisadnemokerid rekolb
itna ,aimeksi itna ,isnetrepih itna iagabes nagnutnuek iaynupmem ini tabo anerak
ignarugnem upmam nad aimtira .lekirtnev gnilledomer
nalep nad licek aynmumu rekolb ateb irad lawa sisoD - iapmas nakkianid nalep
adap gnutnagret ini natakgninep ,)raseb gnay sinilk lairt nakrasadreb( tegrat sisod
,laiknorb amsa itrepes ,isawaid surah isakidniartnoK .laudividni b ereves esaesid laiknor ,
.)7002 ,idaH( isnetopih nad kitamotpmis aidrakidarb
ajrek emsinakeM
β mumu araceS - kigrenerda rotpeser adap nilanerdaron iska tabmahgnem rekolb
β- tuptuo caidrac nanurunep nakbabeynem aggnihes nial nagniraj nad gnutnaj id 1
anurunep iulalem β .satilitkartnok nad gnutnaj tuyned n - iserkes tabmahgnem aguj rekolb
les irad niner - nakutnebmep nanurunep naktabikagnem gnay lajnig raluremolgatxuj les
.)1002 ,eiknahS( noretsodla silir nad II nisnetoigna
naitahreP
kcolb ateb iparet kadadnem naitnehgneP ( tabo sutup alajeg nakbabeynem re lwardhtiw )
nagnarugnep nagned fitneverp nakadnit nakukalid tapaD .KJP kurubrepmem tapad gnay
.nakitnehid iparet mulebes rekcolb ateb sisod pahatreb
pih okisir nakbabeynem limaparev nagned naamasreb rekcolb ateb naanuggneP isneto
tikaynep atirednep adap gnutnaj lagag okisir naktakgninem tapad gnay elotsysa nad
.)7002 ,atheM( renorok gnutnaj
2 ) IECA ( rotibihni ECA 4.
tabo hotnoC
taelam lirpalanE ,lirpazaliC ,lirpotpaC :halai aynmalad id gnologret gnaY
.)7002 ,atheM( lirpimaR nad ,enimubre lirpodnireP ,lirponisiL
isakidnI
alibapa amatrep nahilip fitanretla isnetrepihitna nakapurem rotibihni ECA
β uata kiteruid - rekolb amaturet IECA .kiab nagned isnarelotid kadit uata isakidniartnokid
,%04< FE nad irik lekirtnev isgnufsid ,gnutnaj lagag atirednep adap nakisadnemokerid
.)5002 ,oripiD( 2 epit setebaid nagned iatresid isnetrepih
bid alib taafnamreb tagnas aguj rotibihni ECA ,saul krafni adap amaturet nakire
krafni nad tuka urap amede nagned krafni ,irik lekirtnev isgnuf nanurunep nagned krafni
nad kednep ajrek amal nagned tabo sinej hilipid aynmumU .isnetrepih nagned drakoim
.)6002 ,otonarpidA( lirdihflus sugug iaynupmem
laD ECA iparet ,lajnig adap nakasurek nad isnetopih okisir risilaminimem ma
isartit nagned naktujnalid naidumek nad licek sisod irad ialumid aynkadneh rotibihni
malad isaulaveid surah muisatop isartnesnok nad laner isgnuF .tegrat sisod iapmas sisod
1- uggnim 2 sisod haletes amaturet ,kidorep araces nairebmep ialumid haletes
.)5002 ,oripiD( naktakgnitid
ajrek emsinakeM
tabmahgnem rotibihni ECA myznE gnitrevnoC nisnetoignA aggnihes
nomroh radak nanurunep nad refirep isnetsiser nanurunep ,isatalidosav nakbabeynem
.)1002 ,eiknahS( noretsodla
naitahreP
ayntakgninem utiay nakitahrepid surah gnay rotibihni ECA naanuggnep adaP
K radak +
muisatop nagned naamasreb nakanugid alib )aimelakrepih( hubut malad
kukalid ulrep naanuggnep amales uti anerak helo ,kiteruid gniraps K radak gnirotinom na +
.hubut malad
tapad isnetopih kefe kiteruid nagned ilakamatrep isanibmok naanuggnep adaP
abit nagned lucnum - nakanuggnem taas irah utas nakitnehid ulrep kiteruid aggnihes abit
.rotibihni ECA
mures naktakgninem tapad aguj rotibihni ECA neisap adap aggnihes ,ninitaerk
itah surah naanuggnep amales tnemriapmi laner okisir nagned - nakukalid nad itah
.)7002 ,rendraG ;7002 ,atheM( ninitaerk mures gnirotinom
.2 )BRA( rekolB rotpeceR nisnetoignA 5
tabo hotnoC
,muissatop natrasol ,litexelic natrasednac :halai aynmalad id gnologret gnaY
.)7002 ,atheM( natrasimlet nad ,natraslav ,limoxodem natrasemlo ,natrasebri
isakidnI
isnetrepihitna nahilip fitanretla nakapurem tsinogatnA rotpeceR II nisnetoignA
irednep kutnu kutab apureb gnay gnipmas kefe anerak IECA isnarelotnem kadit gnay at
nad gnirek amedeoigna .)5002 ,la.te eipO(
,IECA padahret nerelotni gnay IMETS atirednep adap nakirebid tapad BRA
idnok nakkujnunem sigoloidar nad sinilk araces tubesret atirednep anamid lagag is
naanuggnep nakisadnemokerid aynasaib uti kutnu 04.0< iskeje iskarf uata gnutnaj
.)5002 ,oripiD( natrasednac nad natraslav
ajrek emsinakeM
gnay ,1TA rotpeser adap II nisnetoigna irad fititepmok sinogatna nakapurem BRA
tsiser nanurunep nakbabeynem tuyned natakgninep kelfer aynada apnat refirep isne
gnay ninikidarb kefe naklubminem kadit BRA .noretsodla radak naknurunem nad gnutnaj
,oripiD( IECA naanuggnep adap itrepes kutab gnipmas kefe aynlucnum nakbabeynem
.)5002
naitahreP
isartnesnok gnirotinoM neisap nad aisnal neisap adap amaturet muisatop amsalp
nagned tnemriapmi laner .)7002 ,atheM( aynaimelakrepih kefe anerak ,
.2 muislaK sinogatnA 6
aud idajnem igabid muislak sinogatnA ssalcbus d utiay enidirypordyhi nad non
enidirypordyhid . enidirypordyhiD aidrakikat skelfer nagned rotpeserorab ihuragnepmem
.refirep isatalidosav naktabikagnem malad tauk gnay aynkefe anerak enidirypordyhiD
adap fitkefe kadit nad ralukirtnevoirta ladon iskudnok ihuragnepmem kadit
aimtyhrrayhcat ralukirtnevarpus s nakgnadeS , enidirypordyhid non nakbabeynem
nagned amas ,ralukirtnevoirta ladon iskudnok tabmalrepmem nad etar traeh nanurunep
adap nakanugid tapad ini tabo rekolb ateb nagnolog saimtyhrrayhcat ralukirtnevarpus
.)5002 ,oripiD(
enidirypordyhiD .a
otnoC tabo h
enipidoleF nad enipidefiN ,enipidolmA :halai aynmalad id gnologret gnaY
.)7002 ,atheM(
isakidnI
rekolb ateb nagned lotnokid tapad kadit harad nanaket nad libats anigna akiJ
akanuggnem tapad akam rekolb ateb nagned isakidniartnok idajret akij uata nagnolog n
refirep netsiser latot ignarugnem tapad rekolb lennahc muiclaC .rekolb lennahc muiclac
ateb ilakgnireS .harad nanaket naknurunem tapad aggnihes renorok isnetsiser nad
.)4002 ,la.te ,nainabohC( nakisanibmokid rekolb lennahc muiclac nad rekolb
keM iska emsina
lanak iulalem muislak noi nahadnimep isnevretnignem nagned ajrekeb BCC
agajnem bawaj gnuggnatreb anamid ,les narbmem id muislak esahp uaealp .iska isnetop
,muirtan gnabmitek muislak skulfni adapek gnutnagreb hibel nagniraj isasiralopeD
les ,raluksav solop toto adap amaturet - les nad ,laidrakoym les - malad tapadret gnay les
sudon - em muislak lanak adap edakolB .ralukirtnevoirta nad lairtaonis sudon naktabikagn
nad ,gnutnaj tuyned iskuderem ,fitagen kiportoni iska ,refirep nad renorok isatalidosav
.)1002 ,eiknahS( ralukirtnev iskudnok tabmalrepmem
naitahreP
uata anigna atirednep adap nakisadnemokerid kadit gnitca trohs enipidefiN
akgnaj iparet kutnu tapad gnay aynkefe anerak ,isnetrepih atirednep adap gnajnap
.aidrakikat kelfer nad isnetopih nakbabeynem
neisap adap naknarasid kadit aggnihes fitagen kiportoni kefe ikilimem enipidefiN
.irik lekirtnev irad ajrek iskuderem kefe nagned gnutnaj lagag
neP alajeg nakbabeynem rekcolb lennahc muiclac iparet kadadnem naitnehg
( tabo sutup lwardhtiw .)7002 ,atheM( anigna kurubrepmem tapad gnay )
N .b enidirypordyhiD no
)7002 ,atheM( tabo hotnoC
lCH limaparev nad ,lCH mezaitlid :halai aynmalad id gnologret gnaY
isakidnI
muislak sinogatna nagned amaS .enidirypordyhid
iska emsinakeM
muislak sinogatna nagned amaS enidirypordyhid .
naitahreP
kefe anerak rekolb ateb nagned naamasreb nakirebid helob kadit limapareV
es ,tauk gnay ayn fitagen kiportoni nad kiportonork itah nagned nakirebid surah aggnih -
.rekolb ateb nagned iparetid gnades gnay uata gnutnaj lagag atirednep adap itah
alajeg nakbabeynem rekcolb lennahc muiclac iparet kadadnem naitnehgneP
( tabo sutup lwardhtiw .)7002 ,atheM( anigna kurubrepmem tapad gnay )
ISNETREPIH NATAWAREPEK NAHUSA
REGGIRT
1102 ieM 10 laggnaT
uaileb ahasu ulal nuhates kajes gnay maya nagaruj gnaroes ,nuhat 25 ,piyoT gnaB
.sserts nad nahalelek gnires ,kubis tagnas idajnem uaileb aggnihes siral tagnas idajnem
ulal tinem 03 haletes gnatad ,1102 iem 1 lgt takedret SR ek aynirtsi awabid neilK
adad ,kases nakatagnem neilK .ratupreb itrepes tagnas gnay alapek ireyn hulegnem
2 gnigooj nitur aynmulebeS .nalenem tilus ,rubak nagnadnap ,gnaget hajaw ,rabedreb
lakes irah kajes ipok munim nad kokorem naasaibeK .agarhalo hanrep kadit gnarakes ,i
gnay nanakam uata gnibmak ialug nakam ilakes gnaneS .takgninem nikames nupamal
4 ,nakam isrop x2 nakam paites ,hirug - ini nalub 6 hadus .gk09 BB mc071 BT ,irahe silak 5
gnires uaileb haram - id isnetrepih tayawir iaynupmeM .rudit tilus ,iggnit harad ,haram
naijakgnep lisah iraD .gnutnaj nagnares tabika laggninem namap nad kekak ,agraulek
idaN ,gHmm 011/002 harad nanaket ,tinem/x71 RR ,654 SCG naktapadid tawarep
gnutnaj iynuB .tinem/x021 .kited 3 relipak nairignep ,nignid ,tacup tiluk ,saregnem 2S
.maj paites isavresbognem nad retkod isurtsni iauses nipidefin nakirebmem tawareP
kadit ,hisreb sapan arauS .eniru ,tilortkele ,harad aimik ,pakgnel harad bal askiremeM
iraluguj anev isnetsid ada .amede kadit satimertske ,s
NAIJAKGNEP
neisaP satitnedI
amaN biyoT gnaB .nT :
rumU nuhat 25 :
nimaleK sineJ ikaL : - ikaL
nahakinreP sutatS hakineM :
naajrekeP mayA nagaruJ :
SRM laggnaT 1102 ieM 1 :
naijakgneP laggnaT 1102 ieM 1 :
sideM xD : isnetrepiH
bawaJ gnuggnaneP
amaN Y .yN :
nimaleK sineJ atinaW :
neisaP ngd nagnubuH irtsI :
amatU nahuleK
.ratupreb itrepes tagnas gnay alapek ireyn hulegnem nakatagnem xK
gnarakeS tikayneP tayawiR
: fitaillaP/evitakovorP .a
.sserts nad nahalelek gnires ,ajrekeb kubis
: ytitnauQ/ytilauQ .b
,gnaget hajaw ,rabedreb adad ,kases ,ratupreb itrepes tagnas gnay alapek ireyn
.nalenem tilus nad rubak nagnadnap
: isaidaR/oigeR .c
nakoroggnet nad ,atam ,hajaw ,adad ,alapek
: ytireveS .d
uggnagret sativitka
: emiT .e
.ulal gnay tinem 03 kajes
uluhaD tikayneP tayawiR
haram gnires ini nalub 6 haduS - .rudit tilus nad iggnit harad ,haram
agrauleK tikayneP tayawiR
namap nad kekak ,agraulek id isnetrepih tayawir ikilimem xK nagnares tabika laggniem
.gnutnaj
laisosokisP tayawiR
.sserts nad nahalelek gnires ,nad aynnaajrekep anerak kubis tagnas xK
.takgninem nikames inik nad amal kajes ipok munim nad kokorem naasaibek ikilimem xK
iraheS naasaibeK aloP - iraH
: isirtuN aloP .a
nakam isneukerF 4 : - irahes ilak 5
nakam halmuJ isrop x2 :
nanakam sineJ hirug gnay nanakam uata gnibmak ialug :
nakam usfaN takgninem :
mc 071 =BT gk 09 = BB
isanimilE aloP .b
BAB BAB ,isnetsisnok ,isneukerf : rahacnep naanuggnep ,rihkaret
KAB ,uab ,anraw ,isneukerf :
( tayawir uata iskurtsbo itrepes( uata ini taas lajnig nauggnaG asam adap lajnig tikaynep
.)ulal gnay
sativitkA aloP .c
: agarhalO
ah/x2 : isneukerf , gniggoj : sineJ = tikaS mulebeS ir
tikaS taaS agarhalo hanrep kadit =
rudiT nad taharitsI aloP .d
halasam ada kadit = tikaS mulebeS
rudit tilus = tikaS taaS
iriD nahisrebeK aloP .e
.ukuk gnotomem ,igig takis ,naiakap itnag ,samarek ,idnam : isneukerF
kisiF naaskiremeP
aadaeK .a mumU n
654 : SCG , sitneM sopmoC : naradaseK
VTT .b
gHmm 011/002 : DT tinem/x 021 : RH
tinem/x72 : RR
eoT ot daeH .c
tubmaR nad alapeK .1
alapeK nubu ,talub=kutneb : - lamron=alapek tiluk ,lamron=nubu
tubmaR uab ,atarem=narabeynep : (- matih=anraw ,)
hajaW talub=rutkurts ,talkoc=anraw :
) ratupreb itrepes tagnas gnay alapek ireyn (
ataM .2 (simena :avitgnujnok ,pakgnel ,sirtemis: - (suretki :arelks ,) - ,rokosi: lipup ,)
( utnab tala - )
k nagnadnap ( )ruba
gnudiH .3 gnipuc ,lamron gnabul ,lamron isan mutpes isisop ,lamron gnalut :
,lamron
( utnab tala -)
agnileT .4 tala ,lamron naragnedne namajatek ,lamron gnabul ,lamron kutneb :
utnab (-)
oT ,hadiL ,igiG ,tuluM .5 gnirahP nad lisn
kiab = lisnot ,gnirahp ,hadil naadaek : kiab = isug ,igig ,ribib naadaeK
nakoroggneT nad reheL .6
lamron = sitorak idan tuyned ,siraluguj anev ,efmil rajnelek ,dioryt ,aekart isisoP
.7 xaroht uata adaD
temis xaroht kutneb = iskepsnI )aenpsid( rutaret kadit nasapanrep ,ik/ak sir
( naket ireyn ,ik/ak gnabmies sutimerf lakov = isaplaP -)
ronos = isukreP
relukisev = isatluksuA
gnutnaJ
kapman kadit sidroc sutci = iskepsnI
abaret kadit sidroc sutci ,tauk isaslup = isaplaP
ab = isukreP salej gnutnaj sat
saregnem 2 gnutnaj iynub = isatluksuA
nemodbA .8
(assam ,talub kutneb = iskepsnI - ( narad hulubmep nagnayab ,) - lamron sucilibmu ,)
inapmit = isatluksuA
( naket ireyn = isaplaP - ( assam ,) - ( seticsa ,) - on = yenruB cM kitiT ,neil,rapeh ;) lamr
( seticsa ,inapmit araus = isukreP -)
lateleksolucsuM/satimertskE .9
( nanialek ,5 toto nataukek ,sabeb idnes nakaregreP -)
sunA nad ailateneG .01
tubmaR = ailateneG lamron artetu gnabul ,lamron sibuP
( nanialek ,lamron gnabul = sunA - lamron muinirep ,)
tnemugetnI .11
kited 3 TRC = nanialek ,kiab rogrut ,nignid larka ,tacup = tiluK
igolorueN .21
( ngis laegninem ,sitneM sopmoC 654 SCG :naradasek takgniT -)
haram gnires = isome : latnem sutatS - serts ,haram
lamron kelfer ,lamron kirosnes isgnuf ,lamron kirotom isgnuf ,lamron lainark farays 21
gnajnuneP naaskiremeP
muirotarobaL .a
haraD baL
haraD aimiK
tilorkelE
enirU
ASILANA ATAD
oN ataD igoloitE halasaMnatawarepeK
1 :sD - nakatagnem xK
)aenpsid( kases - nakatagnem xK
rabedreb adad - hulegnem xK
nahalelek gnires - haram gnires xK
:oD - kited 3 TRC - tiluk anraw
tacup - DT
gHmm011/002 - saregnem 2S
okiseR rotkaF isirtuN (
↑ )serts( )kokor( )ipok,kiteneg,
↓
↓ nitokin sisoreksoretA
↘ ↓nimaloketaK refirep nanahaT
gnarukreb
↓ faras isavitka
sitapmis
iretra nanaket nanurunep
↓ nineR
↓ 1 nisnetoignA
↓ ECA 2 nisnetoignA
↓ norertsodlA
↓ O2H & aN isneter
↓ refirep iskirtnokosaV
↓ takgninem haraD nanakeT
↓ gnutnaJ haruC nanuruneP
haruC nanurunePgnutnaJ
2 :sD - nakatagnem xK
nakam gnanes gnibmak ialug
hurug nanakam/ - x2 nakam paites
nakam isrop -4- irah/x5
:oD - BB ,mc071 BT
gk09
kiteneG okiseR rotkaF
↓ takgninem haraD nanakeT okiseR
↓ okisereb pudih aloP isnetrepiH
)hunej kamel ,loretselok(
↓ hibelreb loretselok nad hunej kamel ismusnoK
↓ satisebO
↓ nahutubek irad hibel isirtun nagnabmieskaditeK
nagnabmieskaditeK irad hibeL :isirtuN
hubuT nahutubeK
3 :sD kiteneG okiseR rotkaF isneisifeD
- aynmulebes xK gniggoj nitur
gnarakes ,irah/x2kadit
- naasaibek xK nad kokorem
ipok munimtakgninem
- nakam gnaneSgnibmak ialug
hirug nanakam/ - ,nakam x2 isroP4- irah/x 5 - tayawiR
nad isnetrepihJP nrk laggninem
OD : bT , gk 09 BB
mc071
↓ takgninem haraD nanakeT okiseR
↓ aloP isnetrepiH okisereb pudih
)hunej kamel ,loretselok ,sertS ,ipoK ,kokoR (
↓ rotkaf aynada gd natiakreb tapet kadit pudiH aloP
okiser
↓ isnetrepiH
↓ nauhategneP isneisifeD
nauhategneP
NATAWAREPEK ASONGAID
,gnajnamem trc , aenpsid ,isatiplap ,idrakikat d.b gnutnaj haruc nanuruneP .1
tacup tiluk ,harad nanaket isairav
satisebo d.b nahutubek irad hibel isirtun nagnabmieskaditeK .2
rotkaf aynada padafret tapet kadit ukalirep d.b nauhategneP isneisifeD .3 okiser
ISNETREPIH NAGNED NEILK ADAP ISNEVRETNI ANACNER
biyoT .nT : neilK amaN
isnetrepiH : sideM xD
gnajnap TRC ,isatiplap ,aidrakikat d.b gnutnaJ haruC nanuruneP .1
tapad gnutnaj haruc nanurunep ,isnevretni nakukalid haletes maj 42 x 3 malad : naujuT
isataret
:lisaH airetirK
- ,tuptuo caidrac ,erusserp doolb hotnoc( kimanidomeH satilibats nakkujnuneM
.)seslup larehpirep ,tuptuo yraniru
T gHmm 08/021 D
06 RH - tinem/x 001
maj/Lm 03 tuptuo nirU
1 TRC - kited 2
- kases irad nanurunep nakropaleM
- nabeb ignarugnem tapad aggnihes sativitka nagnarugnep malad isapisitrapreB
gnutnaj ajrek
nanurunep ,kitueparet nemiger isakidem margorp , sserts nemejanam :hotnoc(
)kokorem itnehreb ,BB
ISNEVRETNI LANOISAR adnat ijaK - lekirtnev isgnuf nauggnag adnat
safan ,euqitaf :
)idrakikaT ( emtir nad RR nahabureP ijaKtaharitsi taas
iynub isatluksuA gnutnaj
,napabmelek ,tiluk anraw nahaburep ijaKTRC nad erutarepmet
DT nahabrep ijaK
tikaynep nanikgnumek nakisakidnigneMgnutnaj nagnares :xe ,iatreynem gnay nial
nakiskelferem emtir nad RR nahabureP
gnutnaj iskudnok nanurunep
nakkujnunem saregnem gnay 2S aynadA aynsared siranomlup iretra ek harad narila
isnetrepih d.b
kited 3 TRC nad nignid ,tacup anraW nad refirep iskirtnokosav nakisakidnignem
negisko isarutas nanurunep
xk nakisakidnignem gHmm 011/002 DT
tatac ,niru naraulegnep halmuj uatnaP.niru isartnesnok
,namayn sisisop id adarec xk nakisisoPimes isisop id adareb nakrujaid - ,relwoF
takgnaid ikak naisumek 02 - taas tajared 03.koys
alib negisko nahabmat nakireB
nakisakidniid
gnires isneukerf nagned VTT uatnaP
nagned igolokisp naharitsi nakireBgnanet gnay nagnukgnil
gnutnaj teid nairebmep isarobaloK
:tabo nairebmep isarobaloK - kiteruiD - eB rekcolB at - rekcolB aflA
natiakreb gnay isnetrepih imalagnem haruc nanurunep nagned gnutnaj
haruc naknurunem kutnu snopsereb lajniG d.b 02H nad aN nahanem ngd gnutnaj
lajnig adap isufrep nafitkefekadtek
nad negisko ismusnok ignarugneM nad gnutnaj ajrek nabeb ignarugnem
isasnepmoked okiser
nagned gnutnaj isignuf ikiabrepmeeMtakgninem ignarugnem nad negisko nak
.negisko ismusnok
nad natabignep nopser isaulavegneMsativitka
iskirtnokosav naklisahgnem isome sertS
harad nanaket naktakgninem ,tiakret ganygnutnaj ajrek /isneukerf naktakgninem nad
nad ajrek aggnihes teid rutagneM
gnagetek nad laminim gnutnaj toto naarahilepret isirtun sutats
- fisnetrepihitna kutnu fitkefe ini tabo
anerak muirtan isprosbaer rabmahgnem upmam .adirolk nad - m nilanerdaron iska tabmahgne rotpeser kigrenerda β- gnutnaj id 1 aggnihes akbabeynem p n ,tuptuo caidrac nanurune satilitkartnok , gnutnaj tuyned nanurunep nad iserkes tabmahgnem .niner - adap isatalidosav nakbabeynem
naktabikagnem ,anev&loiretra nanaket nad refirep nanahat nanurunep
- rotibihni ECA
harad - tabmahgnem gnitrevnoC nisnetoignA myznE nakbabeynem aggnihes
,isatalidosav nad refirep isnetsiser nanurunep noretsodla nomroh radak nanurunep
nahutubeK irad hibeL : isirtuN nagnabmieskaditeK.2 d.b nad iggnit ihibelem %02 BB
hubut akgnarek
nakifingis pukuc gnay BB nanurunep ahasu tapadret maj 42 x 3 utkaw malad : naujuT
: lisaH airetirK
- pudih alop nahaburep nad teid iulalem BB naknurunem kutnu ahasu tapadreT
on BB 071( = lamr - )001 - 071x%01
07 = - gk 35 = 71
- nakumegek nagned isnetrepih aratna nagnubuh imahameM
- kilobatem nahutubek kutnu nakhutubid gnay nakam sinej imahameM
ISNEVRETNI LANOISAR
nagnubuh gnatnet neilk namahamep ijaK aratna gnusgnal nad isnetrepih
nakumegek
latot ( muirotarobal set lisah iajK level nad asokulg ,niresilgirt ,loretselok
)nilusni
kutnu neilk isavitom nakpateTBB naknurunem
gnay BB nanurunep anacner nakpateT 5,0 BB nanurunep lasim citsilaer
uggnim/gk
IMB gnutiH 32 lamroN - satisebO ; 03 satisebO ; 52
04 tikaynep iggnit okiser
nanakam hilimem utnab nad nakiskurtsnI nagned nanakam iradnih ,tapet gnayloretselok nad iggnit kamel nahunejek
BB naiapacnep isakifidom kutnu akisuksiDtahes
adap nahabmat okiser halada nakumegeK atuakreb gnutnaj haruc anerak isnetrepih
hubut assam nagned
itnedi nad satisebo nagned natiakreB isakif naka nanikgnumek gnay rotcaf
natabognep nad teid tabmahgnem
halada BB nakanurunep nanigniek isavitoM kutnu isavitomreb surah neilK .lanretni
margorp akam kadit alib ,BB naknurunemlisahreb naka kadit
005 kaynabes irolak nakusam nanuruneP
irolak tapad iroet araces irah repuggnim/gk 5,0 BB naknurunem
hubut kamel gnutihgnem kutnU
hunej kamel iggnit nanakam iradnihgneM hagecnem malad gnitnep loretselok nad
sisenegoreta nagnabmekrep
nahutubek nagned nakiauseyneM
irah irolak nakusam gnalu ijaK nad nateid nahilip
: isarobaloK
isakidni iauses izig ilha ek kujuR
ilha nad naicisyhp nagned nakisarobaloK izig
a nad kisif rotcaf nakrasadreb sativitk
nagned nautnab nad gnilesnok akirebmeMneilk teid nahutubek ihunemem
nakisatnemelpmignem nad nugnabmeM
irad iridret ,BB nagnarugnep margorp alop nahaburep ,sativitka ,nanakam
nagnukud nad naasaibek
.3 isneisifeD okiser rotkaf aynada padafret tapet kadit ukalirep d.b nauhategneP
aynokiser rotcaf nad tikaynep isidnok imahamem neilk maj 42 x 3 malaD : naujuT
: lisaH airetirK
- nemiger nad tikaynep sesorp padahret aynnamahamep nakataynem xK
natabognep
- rotcaf imahameM - ayntikaynep isidnok ihurganepmem tapad gnay okiser rotkaf
- isakidem kitueparet malad isapisitrapreb turuT
ISNEVRETNI LANOISAR
malad natabmah nad napaisek ijaK
takedret gnaro kusamret ,rajaleb
aynkefe nad isnetrepih gnatnet naksaleJ
nad lajnig ,harad hulubmep ,gnutnaj adap
kato
isakifitnedignem malad neisap utnaB
rotcaf - gnay raluksavoidrak okiser rotkaf
alop nad kokorem ,satisebo ( habuid tapad
pudih
)sserts
kutnu neilk nagned nakisuksiD
nem ayag nahaburep arac isakifitnedig
rotcaf ignarugnem kutnu tapet gnay pudih -
okiser rotkaf
kokorem nakitnehgnem ayngnitnep sahaB
itnehreb anacnr taubmem neilk utnab nad
kokorem
kadit neilk nanikgnumek aynada rahileM
nakhutubmem awhab satilaer amirenem
nahaburep akam ,unitnok natabognep
naknahatrepid naka kadit ukalirep
rebmeM gtt namahamep kutnu rasad naki
DT natakgninep
rotkaF - nakkujnunem halet okiser rotkaf
isnetrepih gnajnunem malad nagnubuh
lajnig atres raluksavoidrak tikaynep nad
rotkaF - naktakgninem tapad okiser rotkaf
alajeg kurubrepmem nad tikaynep sesorp
nitokiN nasapelep naktakgninem
DT ,RH naktakgninem ghs ,nimaloketak
naktakgninem atres DP iskirtnokosav nad
gnutnaj ajrek nabeb
uatnamem malad neisap natabilreteK
snopser uatnamem kutnu neilk nakrujnA
sativitka padahret iridnes igoloisif
B amas ajrek ayngnitnep nataugnep ire
nad natabognep nemiger malad
tujnal kadnit naijnajrep naknahatrepmem
iridnes aynsativitka isnarelot
mumu nasala halada amasajrek ayngnaruK
itna iparet nalagagek isnetrepih
AKATSUP RATFAD
nauggnaG nagned neilK adap natawarepeK nahusA .9002 .firA,niqattuM
savoidraK aS : atrakaJ .igolotameH nad raluk akideM abmel
ynep nailadnegnep namodeP .7002 ,IR sekpeD harad hulubmep nad gnutnaj tika
IR seKpeD :atrakaj
IrP sesorP sinilK pesnoK : igoloisifotaP .5002 .nosrednA aivlyS,ec - .tikayneP sesorP
CGE : atrakaJ
CGE:atrakaJ .raluksavoidraK tikayneP sitkarP nutnuneP.5991.K drawdE,gnuhC
namodeP :natawarepeK nahusA anacneR .0002 .E nnilyraM ,seogneoD kutnu
CGE :atrakaJ .neisaP natawareP naisatnemukodneP nad naanacnereP
& rennurB hadeB lakideM natawarepeK rajA ukuB .2002 .C ennazuS ,reztlemS
CGE :atrakaJ .drattuS
.5991.moT ,htimS anamiagaB ,idajret apagneM : iggniT harad nanakeT
m : atrakaJ ,?aynisatagne ,nacrA
.lla te ,J yrraB ,leboS .9991 isongaiD sinilK namodeP : isnetrepiH nad s
,setarkopiH,atrakaJ ,ipareT
. lla te ,M.S ,rekcuT 8991 sesorP : neisaP natawareP radnatS
atrakaJ ,V isidE , isaulave nad sisongaid ,natawarepeK GCE :
.6002 .ludba,dihcuM mrahP isnetrepih tikaynep kutnu erac lacitueca .
K nad satinumoK isamraF aniB tarotkeriD :atrakaJ kinil naisamrafeK aniB nejtiD
K talA nad natahese K nemetrapeD natahese