Download - INTERAKSI EKOLOGIS AGROEKOSISTEM
INTERAKSI EKOLOGIS
AGROEKOSISTEM
Diabstraksikan oleh: soemarno jurs tanah fpub - Nop. 2013
Bahan Kajian dalam MK. Manajemen Agroekosistem
AGROEKOLOGI.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecology….. 8/12/2012
Agroecologi adalah kajian tentang proses-proses ekologis yang
berlangsung dalam sistem produksi pertanian.
The prefix agro- refers to agriculture. Bringing ecological principles to bear in
agroecosystems can suggest novel management approaches that would not
otherwise be considered.
Pakar Agroecologi mengkaji berbagai macam agroecosystems, dan bidang agroekologi
berkaitan dnegan semua metode pertanian, yaitu pertanian organik, terpadu,
konvensional, intensif dan ekstensif.
AGROEKOLOGI.
Diunduh dari: http://www.plant-and-flower-guide.com/how-do-plants-grow.html ….. 10/12/2012
How do Plants Grow?
Several factors influence (enhance,
reduce or limit) plant growth.
These factors are either
environmental factors
(external factors) or
plant factors (internal factors).
Diunduh dari: http://basecologica.blogspot.com/2007/08/texto-4-agroecology-part-1.html ….. 10/12/2012
Agroecology diartikan sebagai “kajian tentang
interaksi antara tanaman, ternak,
manusia dan lingkungannya di dalam
sistem pertanian".
Agroecology as a discipline therefore covers integrative studies within
agronomy, ecology, sociology and economics .
The classical, scientific disciplines, where some are within the window of agroecology, are lined up
in the right column, ordered in a hierarchy with
the ‘hard agroecology’ disciplines at the bottom
and the 'soft agroecology' disciplines at the top .
AGROEKOLOGI.
Diunduh dari: http://www.agronomy-journal.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/agro/full_html/2009/04/a8122/
F1.html ….. 10/12/2012
. AGROECOLOGY AS A SCIENCE, A MOVEMENT AND A PRACTICE. A REVIEW
A. Wezel, S. Bellon, T. Doré, C. Francis, D. Vallod and C. David.Agron. Sustain. Dev. Vol. 29, No. 4, Oct-Dec 2009
Agroecology sebagai praktek pertanian
muncul-berkembang pada 1980-an, dan
seringkali dikaitkan dengan gerakan
“pertanian ekologis”.
The scales and dimensions of agroecological
investigations changed over the past 80 years from the plot and field scales to the farm and
agroecosystem scales. Ada tiga pendekatan,
yaitu: 1. Investigasi pada
petakan lahan dan sekala lapangan,
2. Investigasi pada tingkat agroecosystem dan sekala usahatani,
3. Investigasi yang mencakup keseluruhan sistem pangan.
AGROEKOLOGI
Disiplin Ilmu
Gerakan
Praktikal
Pendekatan
Petakan/Hampara
n
Agro-ekosiste
m
Ekologi Pangan
Environmentalisme
Pertanian berkelanju
tan
Pengembangan Wilayah
Pedesaan
Teknologi
Pertanian
AGROEKOSISTEM
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecosystem….. 8/12/2012
Agroecosystem didefinisikan sebagai “unit aktivitas pertanian” secara spatial dan fungsional, dan meliputi komponen biotik (hidup) dan benda mati (abiotik)
yang saling berinteraksi.. The core of an agroecosystem lies the human activity of
agriculture. However, an agroecosystem is not restricted to the immediate site of agricultural activity (e.g. the farm), but rather includes the region that is impacted by this activity,
usually by changes to the complexity of species assemblages and energy flows, as well as to the net
nutrient balance.
Traditionally an agroecosystem, particularly one managed intensively, is characterized as having a simpler species composition and simpler energy and nutrient flows than
"natural" ecosystem. Agroecosystems are often associated with elevated
nutrient input, much of which exits the farm leading to eutrophication of connected ecosystems not directly
engaged in agriculture.
AGRO-EKOSISTEM
Diunduh dari: https://www.soils.org/publications/sssaj/articles/70/2/311 ….. 10/12/2012
Complex nature of an agriculture system, illustrated by the C-N cycle.
Penyerapan air (H2O)
Pupuk
Pencucian
BOT : Bahan
Organik Tanah
Mikroba
Diunduh dari: http://prosperouswaydown.com/subsystems/agroecology/ ….. 10/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM - USAHA PERTANIANOrtega & Miller-Soybean Comparison
http://www.unicamp.br/fea/ortega/italia/soybean-comparison.htm
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN COMPONENTS OF AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS
Diunduh dari: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4XthpHfLdV8J:www.icra-edu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new-
3%29.pdf+&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgGEX13igkePBqKWi8qBLtUYN3wIrPL_DtLH3XCHk1f3bRSNHk8fCtHpxy8K902WBiSFz-UzwyHJnA-
pWpXuzvWuCCTLnDADxcpnBVbYwEynXv0ouVRcVqXLdMRq8aStJIjBwGR&sig=AHIEtbQ8cp54TgiEKCu7raXHICbZb-Plcw ….. 10/12/2012
Interaksi-interaksi pada tingkat usahatani:
Output dari suatu aktivitas digunakan sebagai input untuk aktivitas lainnya.
1. The use of crop straw or “residues” for animal feed. A typical consequence is the rejection by farmers of short-straw varieties of cereals such as rice and sorghum, due to the reduced biomass and the lower palatability to livestock of dwarf rice varieties (which have high levels of silica in the stem).
2. The use of livestock manure as fertilizer in crop fields (when alternative sources of fertility maintenance might be needed as grazing land decreases and/or mechanization is introduced).
INTERAKSI DI ANTARA KOMPONEN AGRO-ECOSYSTEM
Diunduh dari: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4XthpHfLdV8J:www.icra-edu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new-
3%29.pdf+&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgGEX13igkePBqKWi8qBLtUYN3wIrPL_DtLH3XCHk1f3bRSNHk8fCtHpxy8K902WBiSFz-UzwyHJnA-
pWpXuzvWuCCTLnDADxcpnBVbYwEynXv0ouVRcVqXLdMRq8aStJIjBwGR&sig=AHIEtbQ8cp54TgiEKCu7raXHICbZb-Plcw ….. 10/12/2012
At the farm level, the relevant
resource flows include labour and cash, and how these are
deployed between different possible
activities within and off the farm; how the outputs of one activity
(e.g. a cropping system) might
act as inputs for another;
and the inputs and outputs of
the farm system.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN COMPONENTS OF AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS
Diunduh dari: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4XthpHfLdV8J:www.icra-edu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new-
3%29.pdf+&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgGEX13igkePBqKWi8qBLtUYN3wIrPL_DtLH3XCHk1f3bRSNHk8fCtHpxy8K902WBiSFz-UzwyHJnA-
pWpXuzvWuCCTLnDADxcpnBVbYwEynXv0ouVRcVqXLdMRq8aStJIjBwGR&sig=AHIEtbQ8cp54TgiEKCu7raXHICbZb-Plcw ….. 10/12/2012
At the farm level, for example, such interactions include:
The planting of two crops on the same plot within the same year or planting season.1. Intercropping or mixed cropping – where two or
more crops are planted at the same or similar times (e.g. maize accompanied with beans, cowpeas, sweet potatoes, rice, squash, etc. in many small holdings);
2. Relay cropping – where one crop is planted on the same plot towards the end of the life cycle of another (e.g. beans are often planted after the maize flowers and is doubled over in many parts of Latin America);
3. Sequential crops – where one crop is planted after the harvest of another.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN COMPONENTS OF AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS
Diunduh dari: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4XthpHfLdV8J:www.icra-edu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new-
3%29.pdf+&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgGEX13igkePBqKWi8qBLtUYN3wIrPL_DtLH3XCHk1f3bRSNHk8fCtHpxy8K902WBiSFz-UzwyHJnA-
pWpXuzvWuCCTLnDADxcpnBVbYwEynXv0ouVRcVqXLdMRq8aStJIjBwGR&sig=AHIEtbQ8cp54TgiEKCu7raXHICbZb-Plcw ….. 10/12/2012
Interaksi pada tingkat komunitas atau regional:
1. The use of an input by one type of farmer of the output of another type of farmer (e.g. specialised livestock farmers who buy the maize residue from specialised crop farmers);
2. Different and competing uses of the same resource by different stakeholders; e.g.:
a. Land - the conversion of communal land, used by pastoralists as specialized grazing reserves in dry years, to state-owned wheat farms in some parts of Africa.
b. Water - the abstraction (or contamination) of stream water for irrigation by upstream crop farmers leading to lack (or pollution) of water used by downstream livestock owners).
c. Labour – small farmers supplying wage labour for sugar or coffee harvest on plantations, leading to late planting or non-weeding on small holders own fields; farmers without livestock hiring their manual labour to ox-owners in exchange for ploughing services (which may then arrive later than the optimum planting time).
Diunduh dari: http://www.greenhousecanada.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1402&Itemid=153 ….. 10/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM
LINGKUNGAN HIDUP TUMBUHAN.
The movement of solution through the plant is dictated by a complex combination of internal and external forces.
Bagaimana unsur hara dan air dalam tanah bergerak mendekati dan memasuki
akar tumbuhan ?
As we briefly examine the root environment, we will quickly review the actual
movement of nutrients in and around the media as it
approaches the root surface.
What are the driving forces that allow elements in remote areas of the soil to find their
way to the roots?
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X06001516….. 10/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM: Neraca Air Tanaman
Plant–environment interactions.
Source: Licht and Isebrands (2005).
Diunduh dari: http://www.earthlyissues.com/plantrecycle.htm ….. 10/12/2012
SIKLUS KARBON
Plant life 'recycles'
carbon dioxide
faster than previously estimated.
Interaksi tumbuhan
dengan lingkungannya dalam
proses fotosintesi
s dan siklus
karbon.
Diunduh dari: http://wikiecologyproject.wikispaces.com/Autotrophs ….. 10/12/2012
FOTOSINTESISPhotosynthesis takes in carbon dioxide and
water from the environment. It then
uses sunlight to convert this into
glucose and oxygen.
CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER ===
GLUCOSE + OXYGEN
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight ---->
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Autotrophs relate to plants which plants are living organisms and how they interact with the sun (nonliving) and uses photosynthesis that requires energy
from the sun.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspiration….. 10/12/2012
NERACA AIR DI LAHAN PERTANIAN
Evapotranspiration (ET) ada;ah jumlah
evaporation dan transpiration dari
permukaan lahan ke atmosfir.
Evaporation accounts for the movement of water to the air from sources such as the
soil, canopy interception, and
waterbodies.
Transpiration accounts for the
movement of water within a plant and the
subsequent loss of water as vapor
through stomata in its leaves.
Diunduh dari: http://www.extension.org/pages/18529/an-ecological-understanding-of-weeds….. 10/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEMInteraksi Tanaman-
Gulma
Tumbuhan menghasilkan beragam senyawa alamiah yang mampu menghambat
atau menstimulir pertumbuhan tumbuhan
lainnya (allelopathy) dan /atau
mempengaruhi mikroba tanah yang ada di
sekitarnya.
As a result, crops, weeds, and soil life are linked through a web of
chemical and microbiological
communications that can be quite species-
specific.
Utilizing these chemical and microbiological
interactions to design weed-suppressive crop
rotations is a fascinating and
potentially fruitful frontier in organic farming research.
Figure: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138510001007 ….. 10/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEMInteraksi Multitrophic antara tumbuhan dg
mikroba di bawah tanah dan serangga di atas
tanah.
Different soil-borne microbes induce changes in
the plant that affect herbivorous insects, their
natural enemies and pollinators.
The beneficial microbes enhance plant growth and induce resistance in aerial plant tissues, which both
affect herbivore performance.
The emission of plant volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) is the main cue triggering the attraction of beneficial insects, and this
emission changes in response to microbe-plant
interactions. Aboveground herbivory
affects microbial communities belowground,
possibly via changes in nutrient allocation, broad-
spectrum induced defences and root exudates.
Diunduh dari: http://www.agronomy-journal.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/agro/full_html/2010/02/a8185/
F5.html ….. 10/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM
Tanaman Brassica ditanam untuk
menghasilkan minyak, panganm dan pakan, dan sangat penting
secara ekonomis karena nilai gizinya, bahan
obat, bahan bioindustri , biocontrol dan lainnya.
Insect pests cause enormous yield and economic losses in
Brassica crop production every year, and are a threat
to global agriculture.
In order to overcome these insect pests, Brassica
species themselves use multiple defence
mechanisms , which can be constitutive , inducible ,
induced, direct or indirect depending upon the insect
or the degree of insect attack.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942211000963 ….. 10/12/2012
INTERAKSI AGROEKOSISTEMInteraksi allelopathy dan perilaku serangga:
(A) herbivory influences production of allelopathic substances. (B) Chemical inducers enhance production of
allelopathic substances. (C) Chemical compounds have both allelopathic and insect behavioural activity. (D) Plants
exposed to allelopathy become less attractive to herbivores. (E) Plants exposed to allelopathy become
more attractive to herbivore natural enemies.
ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM (AEA).
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecosystem_analysis….. 8/12/2012
.ANALISIS agroecosystem merupakan analisis tentang lingkungan pertanian yang meliputi aspek-aspek ecology, sociology, economics, dan politik.
An agroecosystem analysis approach might be used to determine the sustainability of an
agricultural system.
It has become apparent, however, that the "sustainability" of the system depends
heavily on the definition of sustainability chosen by the observer.
The Agroecosystem analysis is used to bring the richness of the true complexity of agricultural systems
to an analysis to identify reconfigurations of the system (or holon) that will best suit individual
situations.
ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
.Agro-ecosystem
analysis (AEA) is a methodology for
zoning and analysing agricultural systems in order to plan and prioritise research and development
activities in the fields of agriculture and natural resource
management. It uses a holistic or
systems approach to gather bio-physical and socio-economic
information and, within the ecosystem, to identify key issues or problems that will
be useful for rural development, extension and
research programmes.
The main reasons for conducting AEA are to:
1. Describe upland land-use systems of selected study areas.
2. Identify, demarcate and map agro-ecological zones of selected study areas.
3. Describe the physical and socio-economic characteristics and conditions of agroecological or forestry zones identified.
4. Identify agricultural, forestry and socio-economic issues and problems existing in the zones so that they can be addressed by extension or research programmes.
5. Provide district authorities with information that can be used to plan development activities to address poverty.
6. Strengthen district skills and capacities in agro-ecological zoning and rural development planning.
7. Match available agricultural and forestry technology options with identified agricultural sub-systems or recommendation domains.
8. Promote co-operation and linkages between research and development.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
PROSEDUR AEA
AEA is based on the concepts of systems, hierarchies, agro-ecosystem zones, and the system properties of
productivity, stability, sustainability and equitability.
THE AEA follows a step-by-step procedure to decide on the purpose of the analysis, to define precisely the
system(s) of study, identify its boundaries, its position in the hierarchy of other systems and its major components
and their key interactions.
As an understanding of the system is developed, a limited number of key issues begin to emerge which are
then used to guide later analysis and to plan further follow-up studies in the field.
As these issues are clarified and understood, key questions and hypotheses are proposed, elaborated and
used to identify research and extension priorities.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
.OUTPUT AEA
The most important and useful outputs that AEA provides are:
1. The delineation and description (biophysical and socio-economic) of distinct agro-ecological zones at the agro-ecosystem level chosen, i.e. District or Development Area.
2. An improved, holistic understanding of the major farming and livelihood systems of each zone.
3. A prioritised list of important problems and opportunities for each zone.
4. A prioritised set of research, extension and development proposals to solve the problems.
5. Enhanced interdisciplinary cooperation and improved research and extension linkages.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
AEA uses a variety of tools to assist with the analysis of space, time, flow and decision- making. Many are similar to PRA tools and all emphasise simplicity, participation and
objectivity.
Transect diagrams (space analysis
tool)
Transect diagrams are used to describe and compare each agro-
ecological zone according to a number of key agro-ecological and
socio-economic parameters. Transects help to ensure that all relevant information is collected and clearly
organised for each agro-ecological zone;
they also assist in the analysis by facilitating
comparisons and identifying important
relationships among the zones.
Historical profiles (time analysis tool):
Historical profiles or 'timelines' are used to
identify key events and analyse changes and trends over the
longer term. They review major occurrences over a number of
decades and usually rely heavily on local knowledge.
Their purpose is twofold: firstly, to try to identify longer-term
trends, for example changes in forest cover, trends in rice
yields, changes in livelihood systems, etc. Secondly, they are used to assess the robustness of the agro-ecosystem to major
perturbations such as flood/drought, pest outbreaks, market-price fluctuations, etc.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
TRANSEK AGROEKOSISTEM.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0fnl2.2--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-
00&a=d&cl=CL3.33&d=HASH012b7a70e5e4e0a26a903e7e.6.6 ….. 8/12/2012
TRANSEK AGROEKOSISTEM.
Diunduh dari: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag473-7.html …….. 10/12/2012
Landscape position of riparian wetlanda in the piedmont and
coastal plain of North Carolina.
The landscape position of a riparian-type wetland is shown
schematically in figure .
Drainage water leaving either rural or urban uplands must pass through the riparian
area before reaching the stream.
During that journey, chemical, physical,
and biological processes in the
riparian area have the opportunity to alter the
quality of the water reaching the stream.
TRANSEK AGROEKOSISTEM.
Diunduh dari: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag473-7.html …….. 10/12/2012
Trapping Sediment and Phosphorus
It is found that riparian wetlands remove large
amounts of sediment and phosphorus from surface
runoff.
The figure shows the dense vegetative growth usually present at the field-forest edge of riparian areas.
This growth slows the flow of the surface water, depositing
much of the coarser sediment, as shown
schematically in figure.
As the water moves further through the wetland into the
higher-order streams and finally into the floodplain swamp, the texture of the
deposited sediments becomes finer and finer. By
the time it reaches the floodplain swamp, the
sediment layer is extremely thin and consists mostly of
clay-sized particles.
TIME-ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
The figure shows a timeline for a 12-week FFS that is
synchronized with a planting season to start a week after
transplanting.Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac834e/ac834e05.ht
m ….. 8/12/2012
A simplified diagram of the population dynamics of the species studied.
Sumber: http://www.diasfilho.c
om/abstra1.htm
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Venn diagrams (decision analysis
tool):
Venn diagrams are used to analyse
relationships among agro-ecosystem
communities, and projects and agencies providing support to
them.
They are useful in identifying potential
development partners or detecting where
inter-agency cooperation could be
improved.In Venn diagrams, overlapping circles
represent good cooperation, touching circles represent some cooperation and non-
touching circles represent poor or no
cooperation.Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
Venn diagram showing the proportion of men who disclosed perpetration of different
types of rape.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953606003832
ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
Diagram Venn yang menun
jukkan jumlah dan persentase
sampel rumahtangga
petani (n = 177) yang
menggunakan benih jagung lokal, modern-
hibrida dan daur-ulang.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919212000528….. 10/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Kalender Musiman(time analysis tool):
Seasonal calendars are also used
to analyse time related changes
for each agro-ecosystem, butover the shorter term (within-
year). Climate, cropping patterns,
major agricultural operations,
labour use, price movements,
social activities, etc. are pre-sented by month so that
com-parisons can be made and
keyperiods identified.
Diagram Alir(flow analysis tool):
Flow diagrams are used to analyse the flow of materials , money ,
information , labour , etc. both from outside and within
the system. Flows occur both up and
down the hierarchy, i.e. from village to district to province,
and from one agro-ecosystem zone to another , e.g. grazing cattle migration
from zone to zone in different seasons. Various
schematic means of representing these flows exist and can be selected according to participants'
needs and capacities.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
KALENDER MUSIMAN - AGROEKOSISTEM.
The seasonal
calendar is a tool and not
simply a product. Once it is
completed it should be
used as the basis for
discussion about the variables included within it. Seasonal calendars
are easy to record.
Notes on the discussions
of the calendars
should also be made.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8016E/w8016e01.htm ….. 8/12/2012
BAGAN ALIR ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
Diunduh dari: http://vro.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/soil_health_mis7898_3 ….. 8/12/2012
The relationships
between agronomic and environmental
factors affecting soil,
plant, crop and animal health. (WUE = water use efficiency)
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Problem-cause diagrams (decision analysis tool):
Problem-cause diagrams or 'problem-solution trees' are used to analyse the causes of problems,
identify the linkages between them, understand the way farmers cope with the problem, and
identify appropriate solutions.
Problem diagrams begin with a broad statement of the overall problem, which is then broken down into component problems, and eventually the root
causes; these are then examined to identify farmer responses to the problem, and finally,
alternative solutions are proposed.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
The Cause and Effect Diagram
The Cause and Effect Diagram is also referred as
Fishbone Diagram is a graphical
technique that can be employed in
teams to distinguish and arrange the
reasons of an event or outcome or
problem.
It graphically illustrate
s the stratified relationship among the causes as per
their level of significance or item
and a given outcome.
It is also known as Ishikawa Diagram.
Diunduh dari: http://www.expertsmind.com/learning/cause-and-effect-diagram-assignment-help-7342872284.aspx….. 10/12/2012
.
KOMPONEN ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
Perkebunan pisang sebagai suatu
Agroekosistem.
(Source: C. E.
Hernandez and S. G.
Witter, 'Evaluating
and managing
the environmental impact of
banana production in Costa Rica', Ambio, 25
(1996), p173.
Diunduh dari: http://www.myspace.com/banana_salvery ….. 8/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Tabel Ciri-ciri Sistem(system properties analysis tool):
Empat ciri-ciri agroekosistem adalah: productivity, stability, sustainability dan
equitability, dianalisis dengan menggunakan alat bantu Tabel - Ciri-ciri - Sistem.
Analysis proceeds by listing those attributes of the agro-ecosystem, which have positive and
negative effects on the four system properties, and explaining the way this occurs.
This identification of the important elements in each system encourages a more balanced
analysis than the traditional focus on productivity would provide.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Ranking Berpasangan(Alat untuk menyusun prioritas):
Ranking berpasangan ini dapat digunakan untuk menyusun ranking secara obyektif
isu-isu, problematik dan solusi-solusi.
Objectivity is improved if multidisciplinary groups conduct the ranking, as it then incorporates a variety of different per-
spectives and points of view. Pairwise ranking proceeds by listing the
problems to be compared, and then comparing each problem with every other
problem, in turn. When all comparisons have been completed, the scores are totalled to
provide a ranking of the relative importance of each.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Pendugaan Dampak
Once proposed solutions to the key problems have been generated by AEA, a simple assessment technique can be
used to assess the impact of each proposed solution on important cross-cutting issues such as gender, poverty
and the environment.
Hasil pendugaan dampak ini digunakan untuk memodifikasi setiap alternatif
solusi (proyek) guna memaksimumkan dampak positif dan meminimumkan
dampak negatifnya.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
KOMPONEN ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
Pada tingkat ekosistem dapat
digunakan Metode
Pemodelan dan GIS untuk
menganalisis struktur damn
manajemen sistem.
Population models must be built up from the
individual physiological and behavioural level and be driven by soil factors and
weather. Policy issues must include
social science components
impinging on the agroecosystem structure and
function.Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/WAIRDOCS/TAC/Y4847E/y4847e07.htm….. 8/12/2012
ASPEK-ASPEK PENTING DALAM ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecosystem_analysis….. 8/12/2012
1. Faktor-faktor apa saja yang menentukan konfigurasi agroecosystem ?
2. How does one quantify the sustainability of the farm holon (economic, social, political, ecological and/or other)?
3. How does the farmer or farm family perceive an agroecosystem?
4. What is the farmer doing now, and how do those practices or actions affect the viability of the agroecosystem?
5. Can the farmer maintain his livelihood continuing with current practices?
6. What does the farmer value and where do those values come from?
7. Apakah petani mempertimbangkan konfigurasi usahatani alternatif?
. NERACA HARA PADA AGRO-ECOSYSTEM
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110722054313&type_id=4….. 8/12/2012
Plant Nutrient
Balances in the
Asian and Pacific
Region - the
Consequences for
Agricultural
Production.
Ernst W. Mutert.
FOOD AND FERTILIZE
R TECHNOL
OGY CENTER
Kehilangan N:
PencucianGas N2Erosi tanah
Seresah panen
Hasil Tanaman
KAJIAN KESEHATAN AGROEKOSISTEM
Proceedings of an IDRC -ILRI international workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-15 May 1998
Diunduh dari: http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/assump.htm#TopOfPage….. 8/12/2012
Mencari solusi:
Negosiasi & Pengambilan-keputusan
Rekonstruksi Sistem:
Sintesis Sistem
Dekonstruksi Sistem:
Analisis sistemModel
subsistem
Analisis stakeholder dan kelembagaan:
Kekuasaan, Pengambilan keputusan, Perspektif
THE AMOEBA READINGThe basic idea of the amoeba reading is to provide a graphic
representation of system performance as assessed over a certain number of aspects/qualities that cannot be expressed
as a function of the others.
Amoeba reading applied to a subsistence
farming household.Proceedings of an IDRC -ILRI international workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-15 May 1998
Diunduh dari: http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/as
sump.htm#TopOfPage….. 8/12/2012
THE AMOEBA READINGThe basic idea of the amoeba reading is to provide a graphic
representation of system performance as assessed over a certain number of aspects/qualities that cannot be expressed
as a function of the others.
Amoeba reading applied to a
farming household in a developed
country.Proceedings of an IDRC -ILRI international workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-15 May 1998
Diunduh dari: http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/as
sump.htm#TopOfPage….. 8/12/2012
Model AGRO-ECOSYSTEM
Proceedings of an IDRC -ILRI international workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-15 May 1998
Diunduh dari: http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/assump.htm#TopOfPage….. 8/12/2012
Output agro-
ekosistem
.MODEL AGROEKOSISTEM
Output agroekosistem berupa jasa-jasa amenitas, produk dan limbah.
Lingkungan eksternal dan aktyivitas manusia mempengaruhi tipe, kualitas dan kuantitas output
melalui “subsidi” kepada sistem.
The external environment and the human activity system influence the type, quality and quantity of output through
subsidy to the system.
The more detailed models can be used to study system behaviour in terms of various ecosystem health attributes
(and hence indicators).
Karakteristik sistem, seperti integritas, adaptabilitas, effisiensi, effectivitas, resiliensi, produktivitas,
stabilitas dan equitas pada berbagai kondisi biasanya beragam sesuai dengan perilaku sistem.
Values taken by attributes under these conditions will be taken as reflecting system thresholds, targets and ranges.
Proceedings of an IDRC -ILRI international workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-15 May 1998
Diunduh dari: http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/assump.htm#TopOfPage….. 8/12/2012
. HIERARKHI AGRO-EKOSISTEM
Diunduh dari: http://www.icra-edu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new-3%29.pdf ….. 10/12/2012
.KONVERSI HUTAN
Diunduh dari: assets.panda.org/.../wwf_position_paper_on_f...…..9/12/2012
Konversi hutan berupa perubahan hutan alam menjadi bentuk-bentuk penggunaan lahan yang lebioh intensif
pengelolaannya. Often it is a process of gradual forest degradation,
which may begin with removal of valuable timber and eventually lead to clearing of the land for plantations,
crops, pasture, industry or urban settlement. During the last twenty years of the twentieth century,
nearly one fifth, or 300 million hectares, of tropical forests were converted to non-forest landuses
worldwide. Konversi hutan dapat mengakibatkan timbulnya biaya
sosial dan dampak lingkungan yang parah, a.l.:1. Loss of biodiversity due to destruction and
fragmentation of natural habitats, 2. Water shortages, 3. Loss of natural vegetation where fires used to
clear land burn uncontrollably into surrounding areas,
4. Disregard for the rights and interests of local or indigenous communities.
Pemanfaatan dan Konversi Hutan Tropika
Diunduh dari: http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/human-use-and-conversion-of-tropical-forests_a927#….. 9/12/2012
Tropical forests hold the largest terrestrial carbon store and are active carbon sinks. Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation is a vital component of tackling dangerous climate
change. In addition, tackling illegal and ill-managed logging will be an important part of reducing emissions from forestry.
Total emisi C oleh respirasi
24.5
Total emisi C 25.1Total absorpsi C
oleh fotosintesis 30.4
Total absorpsi C oleh fotosintesis
12.3
64
226
12
150
Photo: Kurniatun Hairiah
Sumber: smno.ngawi.sawah2012
Kelompok tani sawah membahas masalah usahatani
padi sawah
PERGILIRAN TANAMAN.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/T0582E/T0582E15.htm ….. 9/12/2012
Pola tanaman pangan dan Pakan
The concept of food-feed intercropping in
both lowland and upland small farm
systems is relatively new. The two
principal advantages are:
a) that the system aims to provide sustainability
through involving the complimentary role of crops and
animals; b) the use of
appropriate forage crops provides
fodders and crop residues which
are valuable both ruminants and non-ruminants.
Cropping patterns involving rice and food crop - forage intercropping
Diunduh dari: http://www.designing-edible-gardens.com/CropRotation.html ….. 9/12/2012
.ROTASI TANAMANThe Living Jigsaw:
Planning for Crop Rotation in Your Vegetable Garden
Leaves, Fruits, Roots, Rebuild.
That's your new mantra. Leaves, fruits, roots, rebuild.
Think of a salad: lettuce, tomatoes, carrots, peas.
What you are eating are the leaves of the lettuce, the
fruits of the tomato vine, and the root of the carrot.
The pea... you are eating the fruit (seed) of the pea vine, but more important to your
garden is that fact that peas and beans are soil rebuilders because of their marvelous
nitrogen fixing capacity.
Diunduh dari: http://www.grow-your-own-vegetable-garden.com/vegetable-garden-crop-rotation.html ….. 9/12/2012
Vegetable garden crop rotation is a process
where different types of plant groups are grown in different spaces, rotating
each season.
The purpose is to ensure healthy vigorous
vegetable growth and minimise pests and
disease.Different vegetable plant
groups have different nutritional needs and are
affected by different pests and diseases.
Continually growing the same vegetable plants in the same place, year after
year drains the soil of particular groups of
nutrients and increases the risk of the build up of pests and diseases in the soil, eventually leading to
poor health in the crop and reduced productivity.
ROTASI JENIS-JENIS SAYURAN
The logic behind this crop rotation is that Legumes are known as nitrogen
fixing plants, that is, as they grow, the put nitrogen into the soil naturally.
Diunduh dari: http://nalitagarden.blogspot.com/p/crop-rotation.html….. 9/12/2012
. Crop rotation is a method of growing a
series of different types of crops in the same
area in sequential seasons for various benefits such as to
avoid the build up of problems and pests that normally occur
when one kind of crop is grown year after in
the same place.
I have in my vegetable garden four sections and I choose plants
from the same group to go in each section.
The next year I move all them on into the next
section as shown in the diagram.
Thus each group will only go back to its
original section every fourth year.
Pergiliran = ROTASI TANAMAN
INTERAKSI AGROEKOSISTEM.
Diunduh dari: http://www.epa.gov/emap/html/data/agroland/ ….. 8/12/2012
Agroecosystem merupakan asosiasi dinamik antara tanaman,
hijauan-pakan, ternak, flora & fauna, tanah, air, dan atmosfir.
Agroecosystems are contained within larger landscapes, which
include uncultivated land, drainage networks, rural communities, and
wildlife.
.PETA TRANSEK SUMBERDAYA DESA
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8016E/w8016e01.htm ….. 8/12/2012
.KOMPOSISI AGROEKOSISTEM
Diunduh dari: www.eseap.cipotato.org/MF.../FFS.../III-3.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
Agroekosistem dicirikan oleh komposisi spesies dan aliran-energi yang lebih
sederhana dibandingkan dengan ekosistem-alamiah yang stabil..
The agroecosystem needs energy input to maintain its balance.
The wet paddy ecosystem, although an artificial system, has a rather complex composition of biotic and non-biotic
elements, providing it with relative stability.
Injudicious use of pesticides, however, disturbs this balance due to the killing of
natural enemies and other organisms in the rice field.
AGROECOLOGY
•Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Komponen Lanskap Pertanian
1. Area produksi tanaman
Dikelola secara intensif, “gangguan” lahan terjadi secara rutin, domestikasi spesies alami
2. Area pertanian dengan tingkat gangguan sedang
Area campuran jenis native dan non-native, yang dapat menjadi habitat bagi beberapa jenis hewan. Contohnya padang penggembalaan, hutan tanaman untuk produksi timber, dan sistem agroforestri.
3. Area alami
Area yang masih terdapat flora/fauna alami (asli) daerah tersebut, tetapi luasannya lebih kecil, terdapat pula spesies non-native, sering terjadi gangguan manusia
(Source: Gliessman, 2000, p 286)•Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Natural EcosystemAreas of moderate or reduced human influence
Areas of agricultural production
A B C
Common Patterns in the arrangement of the components of
the agricultural landscape
A. Natural ecosystem and an agroecosystem can be separated by an area of intermediate human influence
B. A natural ecosystem can form a corridor, strip, or patch within an agroecosystem
C. An areas of less-intense human management can be dispersed within a larger area of agricultural production
(Source: Gliessman, 2000, p 287)•Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Pertanian Intensif
Terpadu, multifungsi: pohon, tan
pangan, padang
rumput & hutan tersisa
100 % Segregasi
100 % Integr
asiMosaik
produksi
lindung
konservasiHutan
Alami Deforestasi
Perke-bunan
ekstensi
ve
intensive
Keh
utan
anPe
rtan
ian ‘Fungsi
hutan hilang’
Agr
ofor
estr
i
Keterpaduan tutupan lahan di tingkat lanskap
•Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Hutan Alami
AFmulti-strata
AF seder hana
Pinus/Mahoni monokultur
AFmulti-strata Tan
semusim Padi
sawah
Contoh: Mosaik agroforestri
di desa Tulung Rejo, Kec. Ngantang
Milik PERHUTANI
Milik MASYARAKAT•Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
.TRANSEK TOPOSEKUENS
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8016E/w8016e01.htm ….. 8/12/2012
A transect is a diagram that is
produced during a walking discussion with villagers and
shows the key features of different land use zones in a
community. Transects are particularly useful when there is a range of land use systems in one community.
This is often the case when communities are located on the
coast, in hilly areas, on rivers or lakes, or in areas where soils
vary over short distances.
ANALISIS LANSeKAP
1. Pergerakan organisma, air dan hara antar habitat yang ‘patchy’ PROSES EKOLOGI
2. Interaksi antara organisma dengan beberapa proses yang secara fisik ada di habitat yang berbeda
Ekologi Lanskap
• Foto udara
• GIS
Alat bantu
Dinamik
Dari berbagai waktu
• Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Perubahan Tutupan Lahan di DAS Kalikonto,
Malang (1990-2005)
1990 2005
Pujon
Ngantang
Pujon
Ngantang
Contoh
• Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Aspek penting pengelolaan agroekosistem ekosistem
alami
1. Patch dan mozaic2. Batas (Border) dan tepi
(edge)3. Corridors
Gallery Forest
• Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Uncut forest
Forest Patch
Forest Patch
Forest Patch
Tebang bakar untuk pertanian
Forest fragments (hutan terpecah/tidak utuh)
Vegetasi hutan alami, ukuran kecil
• Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Apa yang dimaksud dengan Patch dan mosaik?
• Patch ~ daerah yang relatif homogen yang berbeda kondisinya dengan lingkungan di sekitarnya.
• Connectivity ~ level suatu lanskap dalam mendukung/menghambat perpindahan organisma dari satu patch ke patch lainnya koridor Misalnya agroforestri yang menghubungkan hutan alami dengan lahan pertanian
• Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Apa yang dimaksud dengan Batas dan tepi?
• Lanskap yang ‘patchy’ (terpecah-pecah)
• Zona di bagian tepi yang membatasi 2 ekosistem disebut ‘batas’ yang lingkungannya (mis. cahaya yang masuk) berbeda dengan patch di bagian dalam dan bagian tepinya
Agroforestri
Tan .semusim
• Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Edges (batas tepian hutan)
Komposisi dan struktur
biodiversitas serta kondisi iklim mikro
berbeda dengan zona di bagian dalam
• Sumber: http://www.pbsregen.com.au/edge_effect.html……. Diunduh 10/12/2012
The Edge EffectThe edge effect is a term used to describe the
various consequences on vegetative communities. These edges can be natural (woodland into heath and creek passing through arid zones) or human induced ( pasture next to forest and road through rainforest). Species (flora & fauna) diversity and
numbers are affected by the human induced edges. Managing edge effects can improve the
long term viability of a reserve.
. Forest Edge effects include:
Diunduh dari: http://www.pbsregen.com.au/edge_effect.html ….. 10/12/2012
1. Micro-climatic changes; solar radiation, humidity, air temperature, wind speed and soil temperature. Increase in sunlight & air temperature raises soil temperature and decreases soil moisture which can prevent seeds from shade tolerant species from germinating. Existing vegetation will be put under stress leading to dieback through wind damage, insect attack etc.
2. Edge species; Rainforest plants will be replaces with species of a wider tolerance range. Aggressive edge- dwelling species such as the Noisy Miner will displace most to all other resident species. Parrots & cockatoos use edges for perching and nesting. Kangaroos and wallabies feed and move along edges. Natural edges (ecotones) are often rich in species.
3. Increase in exotic fauna; Foxes, cats and dogs tend to move and harbour along roads, tracks and cleared areas adjacent to or in bushland. Edges improve access causing decline in native fauna populations through predation and competition. Both platypus and quoll have suffered from predation by foxes moving along bush tracks.
4. Weed invasion; edges provide ideal locations for weed establishment and invasion. Weeds seeds spread by wind, water, animals, dumpings, vehicles, soil, RTA, councils, SRA, and livestock are spread to and then from edges.
5. Adjacent land use (miss-use); chemical & fertiliser drift from farmland, trampling & grazing by stock, altered fire regimes, recreational use (big blokes in big machine etc), new tracks creating changed hydrology with erosion and compaction.
6. Noise & movement; extra human activity has direct impacts on native species. Wedge tailed Eagles will abandon nests because of disturbance. Eastern Grey Kangaroos like the edge habitat so the more edge the more kangaroos.
EDGE EFFECTS OF CORRIDORS
Diunduh dari: http://nac.unl.edu/bufferguidelines/guidelines/2_biodiversity/10.html ….. 10/12/2012
Corridors established in woodlands or grasslands can create negative edge effects that extend into the
woodland or grassland. Examples include open corridors cleared for roads in
woodlands and hedgerows established in grasslands.
Key Considerations for Reducing Negative Edge Effects
Diunduh dari: http://nac.unl.edu/bufferguidelines/guidelines/2_biodiversity/10.html ….. 10/12/2012
Negative edge effects include increased risk of parasitism or disease, increased risk of
predation, adverse microclimate conditions, and
competition from invasive species.
1. Locate corridors along existing edges and avoid fragmenting habitat patches.
2. Consolidate corridor uses to minimize fragmentation (e.g., combine road and utility corridors).
3. In woodlands, create a dense, feathered edge with vegetation to reduce penetration of edge effects.
4. Narrower corridors will generally have less edge effects into adjacent habitat.
5. If the landscape already consists of patches dominated by edge, a corridor will probably not contribute additional negative impacts.
Key Considerations for Reducing Negative Edge Effects
Diunduh dari: http://nac.unl.edu/bufferguidelines/guidelines/2_biodiversity/10.html ….. 10/12/2012
These graphs provide a summary of documented edge effects. These distances can be used for estimating the zone of impact and for designing ways to reduce these
impacts.
• Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Transek lereng dan alur sungai
FUNGSI AGROEKOSISTEM
• Fungsi Lahan pertanian dalam konservasi biodiversitas:o Complementary /
supplementary habitato Tempat bernaungo Tempat mencari makan
Lahan pertanian dengan diversitas tanaman yang tinggi struktur lebih kompleks (mis.
Agroforestri ) berpeluang lebih besar untuk konservasi biodiversitas dari ekosistem alami
• Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Maksimalisasi Tutupan Hijau Lahan dengan Agroforestry
Diunduh dari: http://tulisan-novan.blogspot.com/2011/09/maksimalisasi-tutupan-hijau-lahan.html….. 9/12/2012
“Agroforestry” mencerminkan
nama kolektif untuk sistem dan
penggunaan lahan, dimana tanaman
keras berkayu (pepohonan, perdu, palem, bambu, dsb)
ditanam secara bersamaan dalam
unit lahan yang sama dengan
tanaman pertanian dan/atau ternak, dengan tujuan tertentu, dalam
bentuk pengaturan ruang atau urutan
waktu, dan
didalamnya terdapat interaksi
ekologi dan ekonomi di antara
berbagai komponen yang bersangkutan.
WaNuLCAS a model of Water, Nutrient and Light Capture in
Agroforestry Systems
Diunduh dari: http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/af2/Wanulcas….. 9/12/2012
The WaNuLCAS model was
developed to represent tree-soil-
crop interactions in a wide range of
agroforestry systems where trees and crops overlap in
space and/or time (simultaneous and
sequential agroforestry).
The model is based on above and below ground architecture
of tree and crop, elementary tree and crop physiology and
soil science (daily water, N, P and SOM
balance for 4 soil layers and 4
horizontal zones).
WaNuLCAS a model of Water, Nutrient and Light Capture in
Agroforestry Systems
Diunduh dari: http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/af2/Wanulcas….. 9/12/2012
The model is conceived as four layers of soil exploited by
roots of two components: a crop and a tree.
A simple vertical water balance is maintained on the
basis of precipitation entering the top layer and drainage leaving the bottom layer.
Water leaching downwards carries nutrients, based on the current average concentration
in soil solution.
Each layer of soil has its own potential uptake of water and
nutrient; actual uptake is based on a comparison of the summed potential uptake from
all layers and the current 'demand' as determined by the
plant biomass.
Plant growth is limited by light supply as well as the minimum of relative nutrient and relative water uptake. The two plants
interact primarily via the belowground resources and
also by shading.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN CROP-LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION
Nguyen Van So National University of Ho Chi Minh City, College of Agriculture
and ForestryVietnam, 1998-09-01
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110729150143&type_id=2 ….. 9/12/2012
Within the farming system are the
household, crop, animal, soil, weed, insect, and other subsystems. The
household, crop, and animal subsystems are
integrated and interdependent. The household
provides labor and management, crops
provide feed, and the animals generate
power, manure, meat, milk, and capital.
The farming system is part of a larger agroecosystem
composed of non-agricultural systems,
market and credit systems, and other farming systems.
The Interaction of the Three Sub-Systems under an Agroforestry System
. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN CROP-LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110729150143&type_id=2 ….. 9/12/2012
The Interdepend
ent Elements of a Farming System
and
Their Connection with Other Elements within the
Agrosystem
Komposisi Struktur Managemen
Konteks regional
Land use saat ini
Patchy dari segi ukuran dan bentuk
Managemen tanaman: pengolahan tanah, cara pemanenan, rotasi tanaman,
Native ecosystem, biofical characteristics
Floristic dan komposisi structural
Pengaturan secara spasial lahan pertanian – non pertanian
Ladang penggembalaan dan pengelolaan ternak
Lokasi relatif terhadp kawasan konservasi
Land use membentuk matriks pertanian
Letak patch antar native habitat (jarak, pengaturan)
Pengendalian tanaman atau hewan penggangu
Temporal Land Use change
Proporsi lanscape dengan native vegetation
Tingkat konektivitas habitat native dalam lanskap pertanian
Degradasi dari patch native vegetation yang tersisa
Sejarah pertanian di lanskap
Heterogenitas Lanskap, tepi/border
Temporal dynamics of land use change
Karakteristik utama Lanskap yang mempengaruhi pola dan diversitas hewan dan tanaman (Harvey, 2007: Farming with Nature hal 148)
• Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Macam lanskap berdasar ketersediaan habitat alami
Macam lanskap
% Hutan alami tersisa
1 Intact > 90% habitat original (hutan alami)
2 Variegated
60-90% habitat original
3 Fragmented
10-60% habitat original
4 Relictual
< 10% hutan alami tersisa
Lahan-lahan pertanian umumnya termasuk kategori ‘Fragmented’ atau ‘Relictual’ lanskap
• Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
MANAJEMEN LANDSEKAP
• Merawat habitat “non-crop” patch: melalui peningkatan diversitas , kerapatan dan ukuran habitat non-crop patch
• Merawat dan mengembangkan tumbuhan native (asli)
• Meningkatkan kerapatan dan variasi tutupan lahan
• Mengupayakan lanskap selalu tertutup tanaman
• Meminimalkan penggunaan bahan-bahan kimia
.AGROEKOSISTEM PADI SAWAH
Diunduh dari: http://www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/rp/eng/rp08.html ….. 9/12/2012
Faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan hasil padi
dalam ekosistem
sawah.
The paddy ecosystem response
models can be developed to
predict changes in rice
growth and crop yields in response to
climate change,
incorporating factors
including water, soil, rice
variety and cultivation conditions.
JARING-JARING MAKANAN DALAM EKOSISTEM SAWAH.
Diunduh dari: http://ricehoppers.net/2012/05/three-planks-for-ecological-engineering-for-rice-pest-management/ ….. 9/12/2012
The rice ecosystem, especially in the
tropics, is a usually richly endowed with a great diversity of
generalist predators and parasitoids, which tend to be
more species specific.
As the rice habitat is an ephemeral
habitat, most pest species that can cause significant
damages and yield losses are generally
immigrants.
Many of these pest species are also
specific rice feeders,
monophagous or oligophagous
(limited host range). Such specialization may be constrained
by local host availability.
Trophic relationships in a rice ecosystem showing the importance of detritivores and non crop
vegetation components.
PROSES MIKROBIA TANAH YANG MENGENDALIKAN EMISI GAS METHAN DARI
LAHAN SAWAH
Diunduh dari: http://www.ibp.ethz.ch/research/environmentalmicrobiology/research/Wetlands ….. 9/12/2012
Lahan sawah merupakan sumber gas methan yang sangat penting.
Methane is produced anaerobically after the flooding of rice fields, either from acetate or
hydrogen/carbon dioxide as substrate.
In contrast, methanotrophic microorganisms
oxidize methane to carbon dioxide in the
presence of molecular oxygen in the root
zone or at the air/water interface, thus reducing the overall methane emissions to the
atmosphere. Microbial turnover of methane and
transport pathways of gases in wetlands
CO2
CH4
Dekomposisi BOT
O2
.AGROEKOSISTEM LAHAN SAWAH
Diunduh dari: http://www.agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~soil/Soil_Biology_and_Chemistry-e/Researches.html ….. 9/12/2012
Paddy field ecosystem is composed of surface water,
plowed soil layer and subsoil, and the plowed soil layer is
divided into two layers; thin oxidized
soil layer and reduced soil layer. These soil layers are connected by percolating water. The rice roots are
developed and plant residues such as
rice straw and stubble after rice
harvest are incorporated into the plowed soil
layer. These microsites
are different habitats for
microorganisms, and unique microbial
communities inhabit depending on the
microsites.
Diunduh dari: http://www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/outline/face/english/target_e.html….. 9/12/2012
1. Better understand the paddy ecosystem response to climate change
2. Quantify the impacts of climate change on methane emission (feedback effect)
3. Explore/test options to enhance adaptation/mitigation under future climate conditions
.AGROEKOSISTEM LAHAN SAWAH
Diunduh dari: http://www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/outline/face/english/target_e.html….. 9/12/2012
FACE-N: 1. Free-Air CO2
Enrichment study for paddy rice with a focus on its effect on nitrogen cycle
2. Further understand the paddy ecosystem response to climate change through the interdependency of the carbon and nitrogen cycles
3. Quantify the N flow and the impacts of climate change on N2O and NH3 emissions
4. Develop a combined numerical models to describe the N cycle in the paddy ecosystem.
.AGROEKOSISTEM LAHAN SAWAH
FACE: Free Air CO2 Enrichment
ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PADDY SOIL-RICE SYSTEM IN ASIA
Kazutake KyumaDepartment of Environmental Science, The
University of Shiga Prefecture2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone City, Japan 522, 1995-
09-01 .
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110721171053&type_id=4 ….. 9/12/2012
The paddy soil-rice system has efficient nutrient replenishing
mechanisms. Basic cations and silica
are supplied by irrigation water, while biological fixation works as an
inexhaustible source of N in the system, and
phosphorus availability is enhanced under
anaerobic conditions. This, along with almost
perfect resistance to soil erosion, gives the paddy
rice system high productivity as well as
high sustainability.
To cope with an increasing world
population, the paddy rice system has to be
intensified by developing the infrastructure for
irrigation and drainage, and adopting high-input
technologies.
Schematic Diagram of Nitrogen Cycle in Paddy Soil Ecosystem
.TUMPANGSARI
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off ….. 9/12/2012
Practice crop rotation for
the intercrops.
Plant leguminous
nitrogen-fixing crops after grain crops to replenish
losses from grain
harvest.
Some legume crops
improve nitrogen
gains through
symbiotic fixation.
Example of a crop
sequence: mungbeanco
rn/rice-cowpea.
Practice crop rotation for the intercrops
Integrating local tree species into family farms
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off….. 9/12/2012
The local farmers' organization, have
been gradually planting trees to
create "forests,, on sections of their
own farms.
These "family forests are planted with exotic trees and a variety of
local forest species that traditionally
provided the farm families with food, timber, fuelwood, herbal medicines and other useful
products.
The Hutan keluarga have evolved into
highly varied systems in terms of
species composition and
planting distances resulting from
individual preferences and selection of each
household.
FAMILY FOREST = HUTAN KELUARGA
.LAHAN PEKARANGAN
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off….. 9/12/2012
The pekarangan (homegarden) is a mixture of annual crops, perennial
crops and animals (including livestock)
in the area surrounding a house.
It is an integrated system with definite
boundaries that serves a variety of
economic, biophysical and
sociocultural functions.
The homegarden system originated in
Central Java and spread to East and
West Java in the middle of the
eighteenth century.
Kebun-talun and homegardens in West
Java generate relatively good
income and are good sources of calcium,
vitamin A and vitamin C.
A typical homegarden in West Java A typical homegarden has a similar structure from year to year, though there may be some seasonal
variations. The lowest two layers (up to 2 m in height) are dominated by starchy food plants, vegetables and spices. Cassava and ganyong
(Canna edulis) are the most common plants found in the homegarden. The next layer (two to five
meters) is dominated by bananas, papayas and other fruit trees. The five to ten meters layer is also dominated by fruit trees or other cash crops, such as cloves. The top layer, higher than 10 meters, is
dominated by coconut and other trees, e.g., Albizia, for building materials and firewood.
.KEBUN CAMPURAN
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off ….. 9/12/2012
Development from garden to mixed garden to mixed tree
garden
After two years, tree seedlings start to grow,
leaving increasingly less space for the annual crops.
The kehun gradually evolves into the kebun campuran, in which the annuals are mixed
among half-grown perennials. The economic
value of the mixed garden is less than that of the garden,
but the biophysical value becomes higher. The
diversified nature of the kebun campuran also
enhances soil and water conservation. Erosion in the
talun system is minimal, because undergrowth and litter are abundant. When the undergrowth and litter are removed, erosion may
increase substantially. In the kebun campuran,
shade-tolerant plants such as taro occupy the space below one meter. Cassava
forms the second layer from one to two meters height
and the third layer is occupied by bananas and
trees.
.STS = SISTEM TIGA STRATA
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off ….. 9/12/2012
The three-strata system
The three-strata system is a method
of planting and harvesting grasses,
legumes, shrubs and trees in such a way that animal fodder will be available
throughout the year. The practice was
developed by households in the
island of Bali. The first layer,
consisting of grasses and legumes is
intended to supply fodder at the
beginning of the wet season.
The second layer, consisting of shrubs, is to supply fodder in
the middle and the end of the wet
season. The third layer, comprised of trees, is to supply
fodder during the dry season.
The three-strata system divides a piece of land into three parts: nucleus; blanket; boundary.
The nucleus is maintained for food production. The blanket is divided into a number of compartments, with each compartment
cultivated with various grasses and legumes.
.Rice terraces-forest agroforestry system
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off ….. 9/12/2012
A series of bench terraces is constructed
along steep mountainsides and rice is planted throughout
the year.
Irrigation is provided through a network of canals along dikes
which originate from natural springs
emanating from small forest stands celled pinugo. These are
managed and protected by Ifugaos based on a
set of tribal laws.
Advantages : Sustainable; Steep slopes are put to productive use.
Limitations : Laborious to establish and
maintain; Limited to areas where there are
natural springs.
.THE COFFEE ECOSYSTEM
Diunduh dari: http://www.ineedcoffee.com/05/ecodynamic/….. 9/12/2012
The coffee ecosphere consists of all living things, all inorganic
materials and physical forces interacting with
one another.
Understanding the coffee ecosphere aids
in unraveling the energy flows,
deciphering the interactions between living things and the
environment, the transfer of food, the
flow of energy and the exchange of inorganic nutrients and organic
compounds. The coffee grid in turn depends upon the delicate balance of
ecological processes for the fulfillment of its
needs. The coffee ecosystem closely interacts with the BIOTIC (LIVING) &
the ABIOTIC (NON-LIVING) environment.
PRODUCERS OR AUTOTROPHS: These are the green plants with the help of chlorophyll
prepare their own food. Since, green plants or producers convert solar energy into chemical
energy, they are sometimes referred to as transducers of energy.
SHADE EFFECT ON COFFEE PRODUCTION AT THE NORTHERN TZELTAL ZONE OF THE STATE OF CHIAPAS, MEXICO
Lorena Soto-Pinto, Ivette Perfecto, Juan Castillo-Hernandez, Javier Caballero-Nieto
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Vol. 80, Issues 1–2, August 2000, Pages 61–69
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880900001341 ….. 9/12/2012
A typical coffee stand profile from Chilón Mexico.
The shade cover percentage and coffee shrub density had significant effects on yields.
Coffee density had a significant effect on yields but shade tree density had
no effect. Coffee cultivar, age of coffee stand, species
richness, shade tree density, basal area, slope and aspect
did not have significant effects on coffee yields. Shade tree cover had a
positive effect between 23 and 38% shade cover and
yield was then maintained up to 48%. Production may
decrease under shade cover >50%.
A total of 61 shade species were found, with an average
density of 260 trees per hectare, the majority of them
being indigenous species, used as food, construction materials and as firewood.
Exploring farmer knowledge of soil processes in organic coffee systems of Chiapas, Mexico
J.M. Grossman.Geoderma. Volume 111, Issues 3–4, February 2003, Pages 267–287
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706102002689….. 9/12/2012
Farmers had an excellent understanding of the transformation from leaf material to soil and a good
understanding of mineralization; however, the role of moisture
influence, nutrient uptake, and soil organisms was not well understood.
Lengas tanah
Kompos
A coffee agroecosystem model: I. Growth and development of the coffee plant
Daniel Rodríguez, José Ricardo Cure, José Miguel Cotes, Andrew Paul Gutierrez, Fernando Cantor.
Ecological Modelling Volume 222, Issue 19, 10 October 2011, Pages 3626–3639
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380011004200….. 9/12/2012
The main elements of
the metabolic pool model
Diunduh dari: http://www.journaltocs.hw.ac.uk/ ….. 9/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN SAWITSIKLUS HIDROLOGI DI KEBUN SAWIT
Diunduh dari: http://www.aarsb.com.my/AgroMgmt/OilPalm/Nutrition/Result.html ….. 9/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN SAWIT
DISTRIBUSI
BORON
DI KEBUN SAWIT
Diunduh dari: http://www.journaltocs.hw.ac.uk/ ….. 9/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN SAWITNeraca Kalium di Kebun
Sawit
Diunduh dari: https://surumer.uni-hohenheim.de/90850?L=1 ….. 9/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN KARET
Diunduh dari: https://surumer.uni-hohenheim.de/91083?L=1 ….. 9/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN KARET
Sustainable Rubber
Cultivation in the Mekong
Region: Development
of an integrative land-use
concept in Yunnan
Province, China.
Interactions within the
socio-ecological
system related to
ecosystem functions and
services of land use.
Rubber monocultures reduce agro-biodiversity of traditional land use systems and affect pollinator services for relevant
food crops. In addition, expansion of rubber cultivation results in losses of natural biodiversity at landscape and
species level due to the reduction of tropical forest areas, which represent a biodiversity hotspot of global importance
in the target region.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006521131007001X ….. 10/12/2012
Rhizosphere Processes and Management for Improving Nutrient Use Efficiency and Crop
Productivity: Implications for ChinaFusuo Zhang, Jianbo Shen, Junling Zhang, Yuanmei Zuo, Long Li, Xinping
Chen.Advances in Agronomy. Volume 107, 2010, Pages 1–32
The interactions in the rhizosphere exert an efficient
utilization of nutrient and water through trade-off of
facilitation and competition between plant species.
(A) Plant growth affected by rhizosphere interactions in wheat/maize/faba-bean intercropping systems,
showing an evident interspecific facilitation of nutrient uptake and crop
growth between faba-bean and maize, but
interspecific competition between wheat and maize;
(B) Rhizosphere acidification in the rhizosphere of faba-bean which is imbedded
in an agar medium containing bromocresol-purple as a pH indicator.
Light or yellow color indicates acidification (pH
4.0); (C) Rhizosphere alkalinization
in the rhizosphere of maize (pH 7.5).
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006521131007001X ….. 10/12/2012
Rhizosphere Processes and Management for Improving Nutrient Use Efficiency and Crop
Productivity: Implications for ChinaFusuo Zhang, Jianbo Shen, Junling Zhang, Yuanmei Zuo, Long Li, Xinping
Chen.Advances in Agronomy. Volume 107, 2010, Pages 1–32
Strategies for rhizosphere
management based on manipulation of main
components and processes in the
rhizosphere ecosystem including plant
species/genotype, root system growth,
rhizosphere environment,
rhizosphere microbes, and rhizosphere interactions via
intercropping and rotation.
The above photos show performance of a P-
efficient maize genotype with great root system (left) and a P-inefficient
genotype with small root system (right).
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006521131007001X ….. 10/12/2012
Rhizosphere Processes and Management for Improving Nutrient Use Efficiency and Crop
Productivity: Implications for ChinaFusuo Zhang, Jianbo Shen, Junling Zhang, Yuanmei Zuo, Long Li, Xinping
Chen.Advances in Agronomy. Volume 107, 2010, Pages 1–32
Pathway of rhizosphere management in
cropping systems throughout the entire crop growth period.
(A)Synchronizing rhizosphere nutrient
supply with crop demands spatially and temporally at a
critical level of nutrient supply in
the rhizosphere, and thus maximizing the
efficiency of root/rhizosphere in
nutrient mobilization and acquisition;
(B) Enhancing root growth at early
stages and promoting
mobilization of soil nutrients at later
stages.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006521131007001X ….. 10/12/2012
Rhizosphere Processes and Management for Improving Nutrient Use Efficiency and Crop
Productivity: Implications for ChinaFusuo Zhang, Jianbo Shen, Junling Zhang, Yuanmei Zuo, Long Li, Xinping
Chen.Advances in Agronomy. Volume 107, 2010, Pages 1–32
Rhizosphere management based on mechanisms of nutrient mobilization and uptake from soil by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874391912007087….. 10/12/2012
Comparative proteomic analysis for assessment of the ecological significance of maize and peanut
intercroppingHongchun Xiong, Hongyun Shen, Lixia Zhang, Yanxiang Zhang, Xiaotong Guo,
Pengfei Wang, Penggen Duan, Chunqiao Ji, Lina Zhong, Fusuo Zhang, Yuanmei Zuo.
Journal of Proteomics. Available online 24 October 2012
1. Intercropping significantly improves iron nutrition of peanut in calcareous soils.
2. The ecological significance of intercropping was uncovered by proteomics.
3. The photosynthesis-related proteins were higher accumulated in intercropped peanut.
4. Lower abundance of stress responsive proteins was observed in intercropping.
5. Intercropping improves the ecological adaptation of plants to environmental stress.
Diunduh dari: http://nac.unl.edu/afnotes/gen-1/index.html….. 9/12/2012
ALLEY CROPPING = PERTANAMAN SISTEM-LORONG
Alley cropping systems are created by planting single or multiple tree rows at a wide
spacing.
This creates alleys where agricultural or horticultural crops are planted. High-
value hardwoods such as oak, walnut, and ash are typically grown in alley
cropping systems. Short rotation biomass
species can also be incorporated into the design.
The cost of waiting for financial return on the long-term investment in trees is
offset by annual income provided from the row crops in the alleys and fruits (nuts)
from the trees.
This system has been widely researched and is most applicable to agricultural systems in sub-humid
regions.
PENUTUP
Mengelola diversitas pada lanskap pertanian
menguntungkan semua organisma termasuk manusia baik jangka pendek maupun
jangka panjang!
Kerjasama antara konservasionist (biologi) dengan ahli pertanian topik pertanian berkelanjutan