Download - Fisiologi Darah
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FISIOLOGI DARAH
Nanda A. Armanda
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KOMPOSISI TUBUH
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FUNGSI DARAH
• Transportasi gas, nutrisi, ion, hormon, obat, sisa metabolit tubuh
• Regulasikesetimbangan pH darah (7,35 – 7,45), suhu tubuh (37⁰ C), cairan tubuh
• Pertahanan tubuh• Mencegah perdarahan
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KOMPONEN DARAH
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KARAKTERISTIK
• Darah arteri vs darah vena• Temperatur ± 37⁰ C• pH alkali darah 7,35-7,45• Berat jenis darah 1.054 – 1.060• Berat jenis plasma 1.024 – 1.028• Viskositas (kekentalan) 3 – 5 kali air• Volume 5-6 L (pria) dan 4-5 L (wanita)
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PLASMA DARAH
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• Berperan dalam homeostasis (pH dan osmolalitas cairan tubuh)
• Komposisi plasma darah:- Air (92%)- Protein plasma (7%)- Sisanya: gas, hormon, vitamin, mineral, garam, sisa metabolit tubuh, dll.
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• Protein plasma penting dalam menjaga tekanan osmotik plasma agar tetap stabil.
• Terdiri atas: - Albumin (diproduksi di hati, sbg protein binding, menjaga tekanan osmotik plasma)- Globulin - Fibrinogen
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PLASMA VS SERUM
• SERUM darah adalah PLASMA darah tanpa disertai FAKTOR PEMBEKUAN darah.
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HEMATOPOEIESIS
• Proses pembentukan darah• Awal perkembangan janin yolk sac• Pertengahan kehamilan hati, limpa, kelenjar getah
bening• Akhir kehamilan dan awal kelahiran sumsum tulang• Sampai usia 5 tahun di semua tulang• Sekitar usia 20 tahun tulang membranosa (costae,
vertebra, sternum, ileum), proksimal humerus dan tibia.
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Hematopoeiesis dipengaruhi oleh growth inducer dan differentiation inducer, dimana selain keadaan normal, proses ini juga dipengaruhi oleh O2 dan infeksi
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ERITROSIT
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• Fungsi - Mengandung hemoglobin (Hb) untuk mengangkut oksigen- Mengandung enzim carbonic anhydrase untuk memproduksi H2CO3 sebagai buffer asam basa
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• Morfologi- berbentuk bikonkaf (tepi lebih tebal dari tengah), tanpa inti.
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• Jumlah sel darah merah untuk pria 5,0-5,5 Juta/dL
• Jumlah sel darah merah untuk wanita 4,5 -5,0 Juta/dL
• Hemoglobin. Pria 14-17 g/dL; wanita 12-15 g/dL
• Hematokrit: persentase jumlah sel darah merah dalam darah; pria: 40-50%; wanita 37-47%
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• Stem cell retikulosit ± 1 minggu.• Retikulosit eritrosit ± 24 – 48 jam• Masa hidup eritrosit ± 120 hari (destruksi di limpa)• Membutuhkan hormon eritropoietin (EPO) dari ginjal• Bahan baku eritrosit:
– Asam folat– Vitamin B12– Besi anemia hipokrom mikrositer– Protein
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LEUKOSIT
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• Jumlah 5000-10000 sel/dL• Dibagi menjadi :
1. Granulosit (PMN)a. Basofil (0,5-1%)b. Eosinofil (3%)c. Neutrofil (62%)2. Agranulosita. Monosit (6%)b. Limfosit (30%)
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1. Amoeboid dapat merubah bentuk2. Fagositosit dapat memakan terutama
bakteri, virus, parasit lainnya3. Diapedesis dapat keluar masuk jaringan dan
pembuluh darah4. Kemotaksis dipengaruhi stimulus kimia
spesifikKEKEBALAN TUBUH
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• FUNGSI(1) BasofilProduksi → histamin,bradikinin,serotonin, heparin, enzim lisosom. Berperan pada alergi.(2) EosinofilFagosit lemah. Menanggulangi infeksi parasit dan peradangan. Sangat meningkat pada kondisi alergi.
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(3) NeutrofilFagositosis bakteri dan benda asing
(4) MonositFagositosis, berubah menjadi makrofag.
(5) LimfositAdaptive immune system (respons
selular dan humoral)
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TROMBOSIT
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• Disebut juga platelet atau keping darah• Normal 150.000 – 300.000/µL darah• Masa hidupnya 15-45 hari• Diproduksi di sumsum tulang berasal dari
megakariosit.
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• Berperan dalam proses hemostasis (pembekuan darah untuk mencegah kehilangan banyak darah)
• Mekanisme:– Vasokonstriksi– Pembentukan platelet plug– Pembentukan bekuan darah (koagulasi)– Pembentukan jaringan ikat untuk menutup luka
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SISTEM LIMFATIK
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• Pembuluh yang menampung sebagian cairan tubuh yang mengalami ekstravasasi dari kapiler dan mengembalikannya ke sirkulasi darah, sehingga keseimbangan cairan dalam sirkulasi darah tetap dipertahankan
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• Akhir aliran limfatik terdapat di vena subklavia.
• Sepanjang aliran limfe terdapat kelenjar getah bening
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Daftar Pustaka
1. Kapita Selekta Hematologi. Edisi 4. 2005. Jakarta : EGC.
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TERIMA KASIH