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Embedded System
Sunny Arief SudiroUniversitas Gunadarma
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Pengertian
Sistem yang menempel di sistem lain. Embeded system merupakan sebuah sistem (rangkaian elektronik) digital yang merupakan bagian dari sebuah sistem yang lebih besar, yang biasanya bukan berupa sistem elektronik. Kata {embedded} menunjukkan bahwa dia merupakan bagian yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri. Embedded system biasanya merupakan {application-specific system} yangdidisain khusus untuk aplikasi tertentu. Contoh sistem atau aplikasinya antara lain adalah instrumentasi medik (medical instrumentation), process control, automated vehicles control, dan perangkat komunikasi (networking and communication systems). Ini berbeda dengan sistem digital yang didisain untuk {general-purpose}. Embedded system biasanya diimplementasikan denganmenggunakan mikrokontroler (microcontroller).
http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=Embedded%20system
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Aplikasi
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Di Sekitar Kita
Signal processing systems, Real-time video, set-top boxes, DVD players, medical equipment, residential gatewaysDistributed control, Network routers, switches, firewalls, mass transit systems, elevators“Small” systems, Mobile phones, pagers, home appliances, toys, smartcards, MP3 players, PDAs, digital cameras, sensors, smart badges
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Dalam Komunikasi
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Mobil
Engine control unitEmissions controlDiagnosticsAutomatic transmissionSecurityAccessories (doors, windows etc)
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Guitar Auto Tuning
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KarakteristikEmbedded Systems
Menjadibagiandaisistemyang lebihbesar : PeriferalterbatasApplication-specific:
Baikhardware maupunsoftware dirancangkhususuntukaplikasiyang spesifikTetapi, re-programmability merupakansuatukebutuhan–‘HALT’ merupakansuatu badstate!
Interaksidenganduniafisik
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Keterbatasan
HardwareCPU, MemoryPower consumptionLimited peripherals and slower busesSize, weight, environmental reliability
•SoftwareLatency, ‘Hard’ or ‘Soft’ Real-time requirementsLimited HW resourcesReliability, tidakmudahdidebugDevice heterogeneity, interoperabilitas menjadi suatu isupenting!
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Embedded Systems Hardware
Commercial off-the-shelf components (COTS) :wireless radios, sensors, I/O devices, Murah•Application-Specific ICs (ASICs): ICs yang dirancang untuk keperluan/aplikasi khusus, kinerjayang sangat bagus pada aplikasi, Embedded systems pada awalnya hanya ASICs•Domain-specific processors: DSPs, Microcontrollers, Microprocessors
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New Embedded Systems H/W
Systems-on-chip (SOCs)), Usual (or desired) specs:
32-bit RISC CPUBuilt-in interfaces to RAM and ROMBuilt-in DMA, interrupt and timing controllersBuilt-in interfaces to disk or flash memoryBuilt-in Ethernet/802.11 interfacesBuilt-in LCD/CRT interfaces
SOCsbarumunculhampirsetiapminggu!•Contoh : Intel StrongARMSA,1110,Motorola PowerPC MPC823e, NEC VR4181, dsb.
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RSOCs
Reconfigurable System-on-ChipProcessor core + (re)ProgramablelogicE.g. FPGAsMerubahwatak/perilakusistemat the hardware levelContoh:
Atmel’sFPSLIC: Up to 40K Gates, 8-bit microcontroller @ 40 MHzTriscend’sA7S: Up to 40K Gates, ARM-based
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Embedded Software
Tugas utama: ‘Not transformation of data but interaction with physical world’Mengakuisisi sifat-sifat fisika/kimia lingkungan :
PerluwaktuMengkonsumsidayaTidakberhenti(kecualigagalberoperasi)
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Embedded Software Problem
Mayoritas ditulis oleh mereka yang bukan computer scientist :
TantanganuntukCS: menemukan abstraksi yang lebihbaik agar memudahkan pekerjaan domainDomain experts biasanya skeptik
‘They see Java programs stalling for 1/3 second to perform garbage collection and update the UI and envision airplanes falling out of the sky’
Metodayang dipakai pada general-purpose software perlu banyak diadaptasi
Mungkin diperlukan abstraksi baru
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Sifat-Sifat Embedded S/W
TimelinessConcurrencyLivenessInterfacesHeterogeneityReactivity
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Timeliness
Waktu: secara sistematik telah terhubung denganteori komputasiRTOS seringkali mereduksi karakterisasi suatu task menjadi sebuah bilangan(yakni, prioritasnya)Tetapi: Komputasi memerlukan waktu
bahkan pada komputer yang sangat cepat, waktu masihperlu dipertimbangkanProses fisik memerlukan waktu
Perlu ditemukan abstraksi yang memungkinkankendali waktu!
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ConcurrencyDidunia fisik, banyak kejadian berlangsung padawaktu yang samaTantangan: mengkompromikan sekuensialitassoftware dengan konkurensi dunia nyata
Pendekatan klasik (semaphores, monitors, dsb) memberikan fondasi yang baik
Tetapi: tidak mencukupiPendekatan lain: kompilasikan konkurensi (Estrel)
Estrel: synchronous/reactive languageFSM based, deterministic behavior
Keunggulan: program yang sangatdapatdiandalkanKekurangan: terlalustatikuntuksistemtertemtu
Karena itu diperlukan pendekatan menengah
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Liveness
Program tidak boleh berakhirTidak seperti model komputasi Turing tradisional, HALT tidak boleh terjadiDeadlock tidak dapat ditolerir
Correctness bukan semata matamenampilkan jawaban akhir yang benar
Harusmempertimbangkanhal-halsepertitiming, power consumption, fault recovery, security and robustness
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Interfaces
Keterhubungan dengan lingkungan, serial, usb, l2c, dll
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Heterogeneity
Keberegaman device menimbulkan masalah interoperabilitas.
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ReactivitySistem disebut interaktif, bila:
Bereaksi dengan kecepatannya sendiri (atau kecepatan manusiayang mengendalikannya)
Sistem disebut transformatsional, bila:Mentransformasikan suatu input data menjadi suatu output data (misalnya perkalian dua buah matriks)
Sistem disebut reaktif, bila:Bereaksi secara kontinu dengan lingkungan, selalu dengankecepatan reaksi yang tetapHarus beradaptasi terhadap perubahan kondisi : Sumberdayadan permintaan dapat sering berubahKendala waktu nyata, Safety-critical, Fault-tolerance dapat merupakan isu utama
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Penutup
Apakah kehidupan anda tergantung pada benda kecil ini ?
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Reference
• Embedded Systems : Hardware or Software?, Jazi Eko Istiyanto, Ph.D, UGM, Yogyakarta. http://jazi.staff.ugm.ac.id/Jazi-Embedded_systems.pdf
• Kamus Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi, http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=Embeddedsystem
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system• http://www.embedded.com/• Under the Hood: Robot Guitar embeds autotuning ,
David Carey, athttp://www.embedded.com/underthehood/207401418?_requestid=304276