-
TESIS
HUBUNGAN KADAR XYLENE DARAH DENGAN KELUHAN NEUROLOGIS PADA PEKERJA PENGECATAN MOBIL
JALAN PENGENAL SURABAYA
ARIE ARIZANDI KURNIANTO
UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
FAKULTAS KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT
PROGRAM MAGISTER
PROGRAM STUDI KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA
SURABAYA
2016
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TESIS
HUBUNGAN KADAR XYLENE DARAH DENGAN KELUHAN NEUROLOGIS PADA PEKERJA PENGECATAN MOBIL
JALAN PENGENAL SURABAYA
Oleh :
ARIE ARIZANDI KURNIANTO
NIM. 101324253007
UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
FAKULTAS KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT
PROGRAM MAGISTER
PROGRAM STUDI KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA
SURABAYA
2016
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HUBUNGAN KADAR XYLENE DARAH DENGAN KELUHAN NEUROLOGIS PADA PEKERJA PENGECATAN MOBIL
JALAN PENGENAL SURABAYA
TESIS
Untuk memperoleh gelar Magister Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja
Program Studi Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja
Fakultas Kesehatan Masayarakat
Universitas Airlangga
Oleh:
ARIE ARIZANDI KURNIANTO
NIM. 101324253007
UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
FAKULTAS KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT
PROGRAM MAGISTER
PROGRAM STUDI KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA
SURABAYA
2016
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PENGESAHAN
Dipertahankan di depan Tim Penguji Tesis
Program Studi Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja
Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Airlangga
dan diterima untuk memenuhi persyaratan guna memperoleh gelar
Magister Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (M.KKK)
pada tanggal 28 Desember 2015
Mengesahkan
Universitas Airlangga
Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat
Dekan,
Prof. Dr. Tri Martiana, dr., M.S.
NIP 195603031987012001
Tim Penguji:
Ketua : Dr. Abdul Rohim Tualeka, Drs., M. Kes
Anggota : 1. Prof. Dr. Tri Martiana, dr., M.S.
2. Prof. Soedjajadi Keman, dr., M.S., Ph.D.
3. Dr. Diah Indriani, S.Si., M.Si.
4. Linda Dewanti, dr., M.Kes., M.HSc., Ph.D.
5. Sahabat Sutanto, S.KM., M.Kes.
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PERSETUJUAN
TESIS
Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar
Magister KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA (M.KKK)
Program Studi KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA
Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat
Universitas Airlangga
Oleh :
ARIE ARIZANDI KURNIANTO
NIM. 101324253007
Menyetujui,
Surabaya, Januari 2016
Pembimbing Ketua Pembimbing
Mengetahui,
Ketua Program Studi KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA
Dr. Abdul Rohim Tualeka, Drs., M.Kes
NIP 196611241998031002
Prof. Dr. Tri Martiana, dr., M.S.
NIP. 19560303 19870 121001
Prof. Soedjajadi Keman, dr., M.S., Ph.D.
NIP. 195203151979031008
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PERNYATAAN TENTANG ORISINALITAS
Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya:
Nama : Arie Arizandi Kurnianto
NIM : 101324253007
Program studi : Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja
Angkatan : 2013
Jenjang : Magister
Menyatakan bahwa saya tidak melakukan kegiatan plagiat dalam penulisan tesis saya
yang berjudul:
HUBUNGAN KADAR XYLENE DARAH DENGAN KELUHAN NEUROLOGIS
PADA PEKERJA PENGECATAN MOBIL JALAN PENGENAL SURABAYA
Apabila suatu saat nanti saya terbukti saya melakukan tindakan plagiat, maka saya
akan menerima sanksi yang telah ditetapkan.
Demikian surat pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenar-benarnya.
Surabaya, Januari 2016
Arie Arizandi Kurnianto
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT, karena atas limpahan rahmat-Nya penulis
dapat menyelesaikan tesis yang berjudul “Hubungan Kadar Xylene Darah dengan
Keluhan Neurologis pada Pekerja Pengecatan Mobil Jalan Pengenal Surabaya”.
Tesis ini berisikan mengenai hubungan kadar xylene darah dengan keluhan
neurologis, maka penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan antara kadar xylene darah
dengan keluhan neurologis pada pekerja pengecatan mobil di Jalan Pengenal
Surabaya.
Ucapan terima kasih yang tak terhingga saya sampaikan kepada Prof. Dr. Tri
Martiana, dr., M.S., selaku pembimbing yang telah dengan kesabaran dan
perhatiannya dalam memberikan bimbingan. Ucapan terima kasih yang tak terhingga
juga saya sampaikan kepada Prof. Soedjajadi Keman, dr., M.S., Ph.D., selaku
pembimbing kedua yang telah banyak meluangkan waktu untuk memberikan
bimbingan, dengan sabar serta memotivasi dan saran demi kesempurnaan tesis ini.
Dengan terselesaikan tesis ini, perkenankan saya mengucapkan terima kasih
yang sebesar-besarnya kepada :
1. Prof. Dr. Moh. Nasih, SE., MT., Ak., CMA. selaku Rektor Universitas Airlangga 2. Prof. Dr. Tri Martiana, dr., M.S., selaku Dekan Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat,
Universitas Airlangga.
3. Dr. Abdul Rohim Tualeka, drs., M.Kes, selaku ketua program studi Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Airlangga
beserta dosen dan para staff.
4. Tim penguji Dr. Abdul Rohim Tualeka, drs., M.Kes, Dr. Diah Indriani, S.Si, M.Si, Sahabat Sutanto, S.KM., M.Kes., dan Linda Dewanti, dr., M.Kes., M.HSc.,
Ph.D., atas kesediaan dan membimbing perbaikan penelitian tesis ini.
5. Tim Beasiswa USAID-PRESTASI dan teman-teman Cohort 4, terkhusus kepada Ibu Mira Sambada, Wiwin Erikawati, Sri Kurniaty, dan Bapak Hanif Saleh yang
dengan sabar memfasilitasi semua kebutuhan kami, para scholars.
6. Bapak Maryanto Jamhuri, S.Ag. dan Ibu Mukarramah, S.Si., Apt, Adik Ikmar Masykur, S.E.dan Reski Syamsu, S.Si., Apt. serta seluruh keluarga yang selalu
menyemangati dalam penyelesaian pendidikan.
7. Bapak Jauhari selaku ketua PPLDC Surabaya dan seluruh responden penelitian yang telah berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini.
8. Teman-teman seperjuangan S2K3 angkatan 2013 dan 2014, serta pihak yang telah memberikan dukungan dan bantuan dalam penulisan usulan penelitian tesis
ini.
Demikian, semoga tesis ini bisa member manfaat bagi diri kami sendiri dan pihak
lain yang menggunakan.
Surabaya, Januari 2016
Penulis
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SUMMARY
RELATIONSHIP OF BLOOD XYLENE LEVELS AND NEUROLOGICAL
SYMPTOMS OF CAR PAINTING WORKERS IN PENGENAL STREET,
SURABAYA
Xylene is one of substances that is the most dominant in spray painting in the
automotive industry. Some studies showed that xylene can cause health problems,
one of which is a neurological symptoms. When the paint is sprayed, the worker will
be exposed not only by the steam, but also very inconvenient aerosol inhaled by
workers, especially if not wearing a mask and appropriate work clothes. Xylene levels
in the blood reach the top depends routes of exposure, such as oral, inhalation or
through the skin. However, exposure to xylene is a major route through the
respiratory system. Toxicodynamic of xylene in the body is depicted in how xylene
cause toxic effects on the target organs. Liposulibility properties (lipophilic) of xylene
to the nerve cell membrane can interfere with the activity of proteins that play an
important role in normal neuronal function. In addition, exposure to xylene vapors
can cause a decrease in stimulus due to the disruption of axonal transport and a
decrease in hypothalamus catecholamine levels which is assumed to cause disruption
neurologic.
This study was designed as an observational study and conducted by cross
sectional method. Samples were obtained by using stratified random sampling
technique were 51 painters. The dependent variable in this study was neurological
symptoms which were meant by German version of the Q18 questionnaire, while the
independent variables were characteristics of workers (age, exercise habits, body
mass index, respiration rate, the habit of using personal protective equipment,
smoking), xylene levels in the blood, which was measured by ELISA, and
occupational factors (working period, duration of work and job description).
Levels of xylene in work environment area in Pengenal Street, Surabaya among
five locations that manage the car painting business, respectively 31.70 ppm, 60.68
ppm, 65.93 ppm, 271 ppm and 341 ppm, with levels of xylene in the air two
workshops are known to exceed the threshold limit value (TLV), which is 100 ppm.
The results of Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis between independent
variables include characteristics of workers, levels of xylene in blood and job factor
with the dependent variable, neurologic symptoms of car painting workers in Jalan
Pengenal Surabaya showed a significant correlation on age, working time, the habit of
using PPE mask, smoking habits, and xylene levels in the blood. It can be seen from
the probability (p) is smaller than 0,05 respectively with Pearson’s correlation
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coefficient (r) which is a measure of the strength of the association between the two
variables. Pearson correlation test for age (p = 0.000; r = 0.697) showed an
association between age and neurological symptoms on workers. However, Spearman
correlation test for habitual use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as masks
(p = 0.000; r = 0.695) showed an association between habitual use of personal
protective equipment such as masks with neurological symptoms on workers.
Smoking habits (p = 0.016; r = 0.335) showed a correlation between smoking and
neurological symptoms on workers. Exercise habits (p = 0.170; r = -0.195) showed
respectively have no correlation between exercise habits with neurologic symptoms
on workers. Blood xylene levels (p = 0.000, r = 0.711) considered have a strong
association between blood xylene levels with neurological symptoms on workers.
For job factors where the period of work factor analyzed by Pearson correlation
test (p = 0.000; r = 0.713) showed a relationship between period of work with
neurologic symptoms on workers. Employment based on job description factors (p =
0.476; r = 0.102), showed no relationship between job description with neurological
symptoms on workers. Working time or duration of work (p = 0.471; 0.103) showed
no association between Working time with neurologic symptoms on workers. Simple
linear regression analysis (multivariate analysis) which is an analysis simultaneously
on all independent variables with the dependent variable, which is neurological
symptoms. In this study, using simple linear regression, which is known the results
showed that the most dominant factor associated with neurological symptoms is
working period, the habit of using PPE such as masks and xylene levels in the blood.
The correlation coefficient (R-square) for this regression test was 0.761. It means that
for a variable period of employment, habit of using PPE such as masks and xylene
levels in the blood are able to explain or predict the value of the dependent variable
neurologic symptoms amounted to 76.1% and 23.9% influenced by other factors.
As the conclusion, there was a correlation between xylene exposure with levels
of xylene in blood and neurological symptoms of car painting workers on Pengenal
Street, Surabaya. Recommendation for business owner technically should have to
provide the equipment that support the painting as well as personal protective
equipment, especially masks. In addition, it should be made a rule not to smoke while
working. For workers, especially painters need to raise awareness to stop smoking
and use such personal protective equipment while working.
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ABSTRACT
RELATIONSHIP OF BLOOD XYLENE LEVELS AND NEUROLOGICAL
SYMPTOMS OF CAR PAINTING WORKERS IN PENGENAL STREET,
SURABAYA
Xylene is the most dominant substance in spray painting in the automotive
industry. Some studies showed that xylene can cause health problems, one of which is
a neurological symptoms.This study was conducted in one area of car painting on
Jalan Pengenal, Surabaya. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship of
levels of xylene in blood with neurological symptoms on car painting workers in
Pengenal Street, Surabaya.
This study was designed as an observational study and conducted by cross
sectional method. Samples were obtained by using stratified random sampling
technique were 51 painters. The dependent variable in this study was neurological
symptoms which were meant by German version of the Q18 questionnaire, while the
independent variables were characteristics of workers (age, exercise habits, body
mass index, respiration rate, the habit of using personal protective equipment,
smoking), xylene levels in the blood, which was measured by ELISA, and
occupational factors (working period, duration of work and job description).
This research showed that levels of xylene of work environment in two out of
five workshops were 271 ppm and 341 ppm respectively higher than threshold limit
value (TLV), 100 ppm. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed a
significant correlation on age, period of working, and duration of working, and
Spearman correlation analysis showed that habit of using PPE mask, smoking habits,
and xylene levels in the blood,where probability is smaller than p-value 0,05, which
strongly considered have a strong association with neurological symptoms on
workers. Based on simple linear regression analysis showed that correlation
coefficient (R-square) was 0.718, which means PPE masks and xylene levels in the
blood were able to explain the value of neurologic symptoms amounted to 71.8% and
28.2% were influenced by other factors.
It is concluded that blood levels of xylene is related to neurological symptoms
in informal car painters. Relationship of xylene exposure with neurological
symptoms reveals by monitoring levels of xylene in blood and habitual use of PPE
masks. In advance, as suggestion for owner is to substitute organic compound safer
than xylene and always provide suitable PPE mask for workers during work time.
Keywords: xylene exposure, xylene in blood, neurological symptoms, car
painting workers
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DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
HALAMAN JUDUL ....................................................................................... ii
PERSYARATAN GELAR .............................................................................. iii
PENGESAHAN ............................................................................................... iv
PERSETUJUAN .............................................................................................. v
PERNYATAAN TENTANG ORISINALITAS .............................................. vi
KATA PENGANTAR...................................................................................... vii
SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... viii
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... x
DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... xiv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................................... xv
DAFTAR SINGKATAN.................................................................................. xvi
BAB 1. PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................ 1
1.2 Kajian Masalah ............................................................................ 6
1.3 Rumusan Masalah ....................................................................... 11
1.4 Tujuan Penelitian ........................................................................ 11
1.5 Manfaat Penelitian ...................................................................... 12
BAB 2. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Xylene ......................................................................................... 13
2.2 Biomonitoring Xylene ................................................................. 26
2.3 Sistem Saraf Manusia .................................................................. 28
2.4 Keluhan neurologis ..................................................................... 30
2.5 Pengecatan Mobil ........................................................................ 51
BAB 3. KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL
3.1 Kerangka Konseptual .................................................................. 56
3.2 Hipotesis Penelitian ..................................................................... 58
BAB 4. METODE PENELITIAN
4.1 Jenis Penelitian ............................................................................. 60
4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ...................................................... 60
4.3 Populasi dan Sampel ................................................................... 60
4.4 Kerangka Operasional ................................................................. 62
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4.5 Variabel Penelitian dan Definisi Operasional .............................. 62
4.6 Sumber Data ................................................................................. 64
4.7 Teknik dan Instrumen Pengumpulan data ................................... 65
4.8 Pengolahan dan Analisis Data ..................................................... 70
BAB 5. HASIL PENELITIAN
5.1 Gambaran Umum Lokasi Penelitian ........................................... 72
5.2 Kadar Xylene Darah ..................................................................... 75
5.3 Identifikasi Faktor Karakteristik Responden ............................... 76
5.4 Hasil Analisis Keluhan Neurologis ............................................. 80
5.5 Uji Hubungan antara Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Keluhan
Neurologis ................................................................................... 82
5.6 Uji Multivariat antara Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Keluhan
Neurologis ................................................................................... 86
BAB 6. PEMBAHASAN
6.1 Tingkat Paparan Xylene pada Pekerja ......................................... 92
6.2 Kadar Xylene Dalam Darah ......................................................... 94
6.3 Keluhan Neurologis Pekerja Pengecatan Mobil .......................... 95
6.4 Analisis Hubungan antara Karakteristik Individu dengan Keluhan
Neurologis .................................................................................. 97
6.5 Analisis Hubungan antara Karakteristik Pekerjaan dengan Keluhan
Neurologis .................................................................................. 105
6.6 Analisis Hasil Analisis Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Keluhan
Neurologis ................................................................................... 108
6.7 Keterbatasan Penelitian ................................................................ 110
BAB 7. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
7.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................. 111
7.2 Saran ............................................................................................ 111
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...................................................................................... 113
LAMPIRAN
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DAFTAR TABEL
NO JUDUL TABEL HALAMAN
2.1 Karakteritik Fisika dan Kimia Xylene ...................................................... 15
2.2 Indeks Monitoring Biologi Xylene ........................................................... 26
2.3 Daftar Pertanyaan Kuesioner Q18 Versi Jerman ...................................... 41
2.4 Kategori Ideks Massa Tubuh (IMT) berdasarkan Depkes RI ................... 47
2.5 Hasil Analisis Sampel Tiner dan Campuran Cat ....................................... 54
4.1 Variabel Penelitian dan Definisi Operasional ........................................... 63
5.1 Hasil Pengukuran Kadar Xylene di Kawasan Pengecatan Mobil Jalan
Pengenal Surabaya .................................................................................... 74
5.2 Distribusi Frekuensi Jumlah Pekerja Berdasarkan Lokasi Kerja di
Kawasan Pengecatan Mobil Jalan Pengenal Surabaya ............................. 74
5.3a Deskripsi Kadar Xylene Darah Responden di Kawasan Pengecatan Mobil
Jalan Pengenal Surabaya ............................................................................ 75
5.3b Distribusi Frekuensi Hubungan Kadar Xylene Darah Responden dengan
Keluhan Neurologis di Kawasan Pengecatan Mobil Jalan Pengenal
Surabaya ..................................................................................................... 75
5.4 Distribusi Karakteristik Responden di Kawasan Pengecatan Mobil Jalan
Pengenal Surabaya ..................................................................................... 76
5.5 Distribusi Frekuensi Faktor Pekerjaan Responden di Kawasan Pengecatan
Mobil Jalan Pengenal Surabaya ................................................................. 79
5.6 Distribusi Frekuensi Keluhan Neurologis Responden di Kawasan
Pengecatan Mobil Jalan Pengenal Surabaya .............................................. 80
5.7 Distribusi Frekuensi Pekerja Bedasarkan Lokasi Kerja dengan Keluhan
Neurologis Responden di Kawasan Pengecatan Mobil Jalan Pengenal
Surabaya.. .................................................................................................. 82
5.8 Hasil Uji Chi-square antara Faktor Karakteristik Pekerja terhadap Keluhan
Neurologis pada Pekerja Pengecatan Mobil Jalan Pengenal Surabaya ...... 83
5.9 Uji Hubungan Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Keluhan Neurologis
Responden di Kawasan Pengecatan Mobil Jalan Pengenal Surabaya ........ 85
5.10 Ringkasan Hasil Uji Regresi Tentang Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan
Kadar Xylene Darah Pekerja di Kawasan Pengecatan Mobil Jalan
Pengenal Surabaya ..................................................................................... 86
5.11 Hasil Analisis Regresi Linier Tentang Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan
Kadar Xylene Darah Responden di Kawasan Pengecatan Mobil Jalan
Pengenal Surabaya ..................................................................................... 87
5.12 Ringkasan Hasil Uji Regresi Tentang Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan
Keluhan Neurologis Responden di Kawasan Pengecatan Mobil Jalan
Pengenal Surabaya ..................................................................................... 88
5.13 Hasil Analisis Regresi Linier Tentang Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan
Keluhan Neurologis Responden di Kawasan Pengecatan Mobil Jalan
Pengenal Surabaya ..................................................................................... 89
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
NO JUDUL GAMBAR HALAMAN
2.1 Skema Metabolisme Xylene ......................................................... 20
2.2 Skema Toksikodinamik ......................................................................... 22
2.3 Sistem Saraf Manusia ............................................................................ 29
2.4 Respirator OV 3M ................................................................................. 51
2.5 Pengecatan Body Mobil ......................................................................... 53
3.1 Kerangka Konseptual Penelitian .......................................................... 56
4.1 Kerangka Operasional Penelitian .......................................................... 62
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1. Lembar Penjelasan Penelitian
Lampiran 2. Surat Persetujuan Sebagai Responden Penelitian
Lampiran 3. Kuesioner Penelitian
Lampiran 4. Surat Perizinan Penelitian
Lampiran 5. Dokumentasi Penelitian
Lampiran 6. Hasil Uji Statistik
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DAFTAR LAMBANG DAN SINGKATAN
Daftar Arti Lambang
& = dan
≥ = lebih dari sama dengan
> = lebih dari
< = kurang dari
% = persen
/ = per-
Daftar Singkatan
APD = Alat Pelindung Diri
K3 = Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja
PPLDC = Perhimpunan Pengusaha Las, Dodog dan Cat
SOP = Standard Operating Procedures
TLV = Threshold Limit Value
TWA = Time Weighted Average
STEL = Short Time Exposure Limit
OEL = Occupational Exposure Limit
WHO = World Health Organization
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