Download - Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
1/38
C. ASAM NITRAT
Asam nitrat (H NO3), dikenal juga sebagai aqua fortis dan spirit of niter,
merupakan highly corrosive mineral acid !sam nitrat murni tidak ber"arna
(colorless) ,tapi jika disimpan lama akan berubah menjadi kekuningan karena
asam nitrat akan terdekomposisi menjadi o#ides of nitrogen dan air $onsentrasi
asam nitrat yang banyak diperjualbelikan adalah %&' ika asam nitat memiliki
konsentrasi lebih dari %&' disebut fuming nitric acid ntuk asam nitrat
dengan konsentrasi lebih dari *+', asam nitrat diklasifikasikan sebagai "hite
fuming nitric acid or red fuming nitric tergantung jumlah nitrogen dio#ide acid,
!sam nitrat merupakan reagenreaktanagents yang utama untuk proses nitrasi,
yaitu penambahan gugus nitronitro group, pada organic molecule -eberapa
senya"a organik.nitro memiliki sifat /hock.thermally.sensitive e#plosives,
beberapa bersifat stabil digunakan amunisimesiu dan beberapa yang lebih stabil
used as pigments in inks and dyes Nitric acid is also commonly used as a strong
o#idi0ing agent
!plikasi penggunaan utama asam nitrat adalah untuk produksi fertili0ers !samnitrat direaksikan dengan ammonia akan menghasilkan ammonium nitrat 1his
application consumes 2+&4' of the 5%6 tons produced annually (7*&2)
!plikasi lain adalah untuk produksi bahan peledak, nylon dan beberapa
senya"a organik !sam nitrat digunakan juga sebagai senya"a intermediat
untuk industri polimer, seperti polyamides dan polyurethanes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_fortishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_fuming_nitric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_fuming_nitric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fuming_nitric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitro_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_fortishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_fuming_nitric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_fuming_nitric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fuming_nitric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitro_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
2/38
Figure 1 Uses of nitric acid.
Precursor to organic nitrogen compounds
8ada industri sintetis senya"a organik, gugus nitro pada asam nitrat merupakan
gugus yang sangat reaktif 6ost derivatives of aniline are prepared via nitration
of aromatic compounds follo"ed by reduction Nitrations entail combining
nitric and sulfuric acids to generate the nitronium ion, "hich electrophilically
reacts "ith aromatic compounds such as ben0ene 6any e#plosives, eg 1N1,
are prepared in this "ay
Rocket propellant
Nitric acid has been used in various forms as the o#idi0er in liquid.fueled
rockets 1hese forms include red fuming nitric acid, "hite fuming nitric acid,
mi#tures "ith sulfuric acid, and these forms "ith H9 inhibitor :;9N!
(inhibited red fuming nitric acid) "as one of 3 liquid fuel components for
the -O6!;
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
3/38
Woodworking
:n a lo" concentration (appro#imately 74'), nitric acid is often used to
artificially age pine and maple 1he color produced is a grey.gold very muchlike very old "a# or oil finished "ood ("ood finishing),
Etchant and cleaning agent
1he corrosive effects of nitric acid are e#ploited for a number of specialty
applications, such as pickling stainless steel ! solution of nitric acid, "ater and
alcohol, Nital, is used for etching of metals to reveal the microstructure :/O7=74= is one of the standards detailing this "ell kno"n procedure
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
4/38
Other names
Aqua fortis, Spirit of niter, Eau forte, Hydrogen nitrate, Acidum
nitricum
Properties
Moecuar
formua
HNO!
Moar mass "!#$% g&mo'%
Appearance Cooress iquid
(ensity %#)%*+ g cm'!
Meting point '* -C .' -/0 *!% 12
3oiing point 4! -C .%4% -/0 !)" 12 "45 soution 6ois at
%*% -C .*)$ -/0 !+ 12
Sou6iity in 7ater Competey misci6e
Acidity .pK a2 8%#9%:
;efracti .%"#) -C2
(ipoe moment *#%> ? $#$* (
Thermochemistry
Std moar
entropy .S o*+42
%" @&mo'%&1'%9*:
Std enthapy of
formation .f H o*+42
'*$> B@&mo'%9*:
Hazards
MS(S ICSC $%4!
PCD Safety e6site
EU Inde= $$>8$$8$$8%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole#Molecular_dipoleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_molar_entropyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_molar_entropyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_molar_entropyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSDShttp://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0183.htmhttp://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/NI/nitric_acid.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole#Molecular_dipoleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_molar_entropyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_molar_entropyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSDShttp://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0183.htmhttp://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/NI/nitric_acid.html
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
5/38
EU cassification
C O
;8phrases ;4 ;!)
S8phrases .S%F*2 S*! S*" S!" S)
N/PA >$
$
$
OG
Related compounds
Other anions Nitrous acid
Other cations Sodium nitrate
Potassium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate
;eated
compounds
(initrogen pento=ide
E=cept 7here noted other7ise, data is gi> -/2, %$$ BPa2
Safety
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Substances_Directive_(67/548/EEC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R-phraseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R8:_Contact_with_combustible_material_may_cause_firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R8:_Contact_with_combustible_material_may_cause_firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R35:_Causes_severe_burnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S-phraseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(S1/2):_Keep_locked_up_and_out_of_the_reach_of_childrenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(S1/2):_Keep_locked_up_and_out_of_the_reach_of_childrenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S23:_Do_not_breathe_gas/fumes/vapour/spray_(appropriate_wording_to_be_specified_by_the_manufacturer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S26:_In_case_of_contact_with_eyes,_rinse_immediately_with_plenty_of_water_and_seek_medical_advicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S26:_In_case_of_contact_with_eyes,_rinse_immediately_with_plenty_of_water_and_seek_medical_advicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S26:_In_case_of_contact_with_eyes,_rinse_immediately_with_plenty_of_water_and_seek_medical_advicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S36:_Wear_suitable_protective_clothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S45:_In_case_of_accident_or_if_you_feel_unwell_seek_medical_advice_immediately_(show_the_label_where_possible)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S45:_In_case_of_accident_or_if_you_feel_unwell_seek_medical_advice_immediately_(show_the_label_where_possible)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Whitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Substances_Directive_(67/548/EEC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R-phraseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R8:_Contact_with_combustible_material_may_cause_firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R35:_Causes_severe_burnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S-phraseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(S1/2):_Keep_locked_up_and_out_of_the_reach_of_childrenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S23:_Do_not_breathe_gas/fumes/vapour/spray_(appropriate_wording_to_be_specified_by_the_manufacturer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S26:_In_case_of_contact_with_eyes,_rinse_immediately_with_plenty_of_water_and_seek_medical_advicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S36:_Wear_suitable_protective_clothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S45:_In_case_of_accident_or_if_you_feel_unwell_seek_medical_advice_immediately_(show_the_label_where_possible)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Whitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_state
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
6/38
Second degree burn caused by nitric acid
Nitric acid is a corrosi
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
7/38
Commerciay a$5 HNO!# he density of
concentrated nitric acid is %#* gFmD#
Contamination with nitrogen dio!ide
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotrope
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
8/38
Fuming nitric acid contaminated with yellow nitrogen dioxide.
Nitric acid is subject to thermal or light decomposition:
4 HN! " # H# $ 4 N# $ #. %his reaction may gi&e rise to
some non'negligible &ariations in the &apor pressure abo&e the
li(uid because the nitrogen oxides produced dissol&e partly orcompletely in the acid.
%he nitrogen dioxide )N#* remains dissol&ed in the nitric acid
coloring it yellow or e&en red at higher temperatures. +hile the
pure acid tends to gi&e o, white -umes when exposed to air
acid with dissol&ed nitrogen dioxide gi&es o, reddish'brown
&apors leading to the common name /red -uming acid/ or
/-uming nitric acid/ 0 the most concentrated -orm o- nitric acid
at 1tandard %emperature and Pressure )1%P*. Nitrogen oxides
)N x * are soluble in nitric acid.Fuming nitric acid 2 commercial grade o- -uming nitric acid contains 35
HN! and has a density o- 6.7 g8m9. %his grade is much used
in the explosi&es industry. t is not as &olatile nor as corrosi&e
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
9/38
as the anhydrous acid and has the approximate concentration
o- #6.4 molar.Red -uming nitric acid or RFN2 contains substantial (uantities
o- dissol&ed nitrogen dioxide )N#* lea&ing the solution with areddish'brown color. ;ue to the dissol&ed nitrogen dioxide the
density o- red -uming nitric acid is lower at 6.43 g8m9.2n inhibited -uming nitric acid )either +FN2 or RFN2* can be
made by the addition o- .< to .=5 hydrogen >uoride )HF*.
%his >uoride is added -or corrosion resistance in metal tanks.
%he >uoride creates a metal >uoride layer that protects the
metal.Anhydrous nitric acid +hite -uming nitric acid pure nitric acid or +FN2 is &ery close
to anhydrous nitric acid. t is a&ailable as 33.35 nitric acid by
assay. ne speci?cation -or white -uming nitric acid is that it
has a maximum o- #5 water and a maximum o- .75 dissol&ed
N#. 2nhydrous nitric acid has a density o- 6.76! g8m9 and hasthe approximate concentration o- #4 molar. 2nhydrous nitric
acid is a colorless mobile li(uid with a density o- 6.76# g8cm!
which solidi?es at @4# AB to -orm white crystals. 2s it
decomposes to N# and water it obtains a yellow tint. t boils
at C! AB. t is usually stored in a glass shatterproo- amber
bottle with twice the &olume o- head space to allow -or pressure
build up. +hen recei&ed the pressure must be released and
repeated monthly until ?nished.
Reactions with metals
Nitric acid reacts 7ith most metas 6ut the etais depend on the
concentration of the acid and the nature of the meta# (iute nitric acid
6eha
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
10/38
metas# Magnesium, manganese and inc i6erate H*# Others gi
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
11/38
3eing a po7erfu o=idiing acid, nitric acid reacts
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
12/38
• e=cess air
• a catayst
•as high a temperature as is consistent 7ith practica6e reactionrates, catayst efficiency and operating pressure
Most pants operate 7ithJ
• moderate pressures .%$8%! atm2
• o=ygen .air2
• an aoy of patinum and rhodium as catayst
• temperatures at %*$$ 1
he main ad
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
13/38
Figure 2 A gauze of a platinum-rhodium alloy installed in a conerter.
By kind permission of Johnson Matthey.
;hodium is added to the patinum to gi
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
14/38
o
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
15/38
In processes 7here significant NOG remains in the gaseous effuent,the effuent is passed through a catayst .patinum or rhodium on asiicoauminate, titanium or
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
16/38
Pen#elasan lain $
Commercia grade nitric acid soutions are usuay 6et7een )*5 and"45 nitric acid# Production of nitric acid is
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
17/38
process, aso Bno7n as the arc process# his process is 6ased upon theo=idation of atmospheric nitrogen 6y atmospheric o=ygen to nitrico=ide at
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
18/38
b) penyerapan nitrogen oksida yang dihasilkan
(!) Oksidasi amonia
:ni bagian dari proses yang melibatkan oksidasi amonia menjadi nitrogen monoksida (nitric
o#ide)>
$ondisi menguntungkan pembentukan produk pada tingkat reaksi yang cocok untuk reaksi
adalah>
? tekanan tinggi
? udara berlebih
? katalis
? suhu setinggi konsisten dengan laju reaksi praktis, efisiensi katalis dan tekanan operasi
$ebanyakan tanaman beroperasi dengan>
? tekanan sedang (74.73 atm)
? oksigen (udara)
? paduan platina dan rhodium sebagai katalis? suhu pada 7544 $
$euntungan utama dari tekanan tinggi adalah bah"a hal itu secara substansial mengurangi
ukuran peralatan dan pipa yang dibutuhkan, dan karenanya mengarah ke biaya modal
berkurang
-ila memungkinkan, amonia dibuat di situs yang sama Hal ini disaring untuk menghilangkan
kotoran apapun dan kemudian dicampur dengan udara terkompresi disaring untuk
memberikan campuran yang mengandung sekitar 74' amonia dan *4' udara 8roporsi yang
tepat dari udara berlebih tergantung pada tekanan operasi dan suhu tanaman
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
19/38
8era"atan harus diambil untuk meminimalkan oksidasi amonia menjadi nitrogen dengan
lebih eksotermis reaksi, disukai oleh tekanan tinggi dan lebih.dipanaskan katalis
ditingkatkan Oleh 1ekanan 1inggi Ban katalis Cang di atas api
@as panas meninggalkan konverter digunakan baik untuk meningkatkan superheated steam
atau panas gas buang dari menara absorpsi (s) uap yang dapat digunakan untuk
menghasilkan listrik di turbin uap yang kemudian dapat mendorong kompresor udara (s)
@as panas meninggalkan penggalangan uap bagian pertukaran panas pada sekitar =5+ $
(-) 8enyerapan nitrogen oksida
@as selanjutnya didinginkan, di ba"ah 37+ $
!ir ditambahkan dan gas dikompresi lagi (2.75 atm biasanya) suhu naik sampai sekitar =3+
$ dan memerlukan pendinginan lebih lanjut untuk sekitar 374 $ tambahan kompresi dan
bantuan pendinginan reaksi, bergerak kesetimbangan berikut ke kanan>
@as kemudian mele"ati satu atau lebih menara untuk memenuhi aliran air, biasanya mengalir
ke arah yang berla"anan untuk gas Bi sini, oksidasi dari nitrogen monoksida terus dan
penyerapan terjadi dengan pembentukan asam nitrat>
@ambar = /etelah reaksi antara amonia dan oksigen (udara) adalah melanjutkan pada kasa
katalitik, yang e#othermicity reaksi menopang suhu dan paduan logam bersinar merah
:0in jenis ohnson 6atthey
Balam proses di mana NOD signifikan tetap dalam limbah gas, limbah dile"atkan melalui
katalis (platinum atau rhodium pada silicoaluminate, titanium atau senya"a vanadium)
dengan bahan bakar, seperti hidrogen atau metana Oksida nitrogen dikurangi untuk nitrogen
/ebagai contoh>
/uhu di mana reaksi adalah yang paling efektif tergantung pada bahan bakar Hidrogen, itu
adalah =+4 $ untuk metana, adalah muchhigher 2+4 $
!sam dari menara absorpsi mengandung biasanya +%.%4' asam nitrat oleh massa tetapi
dapat diproduksi hingga ca %&' oleh massa -eberapa asam **' diperlukan untuk
pembuatan, misalnya, organik nitro.senya"a untuk bahan peledak dan industri pe"arna
asam nitrat dan air membentuk campuran a0eotropik, dengan titik didih maksimum 3*+ $,
yang mengandung ca %&' asam nitrat massaE sehingga asam pekat tidak dapat diperoleh
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
20/38
dengan distilasi larutan air asam sulfat pekat digunakan untuk menyerap kadar air dan
kemudian pada distilasi campuran ini, asam nitrat terkonsentrasi diperoleh asam nitrat murni
mendidih pada 3+* $
8enjelasan Fain>
larutan asam kelas nitrat komersial biasanya antara +5' dan %&' asam nitrat 8roduksi asam
nitrat adalah melalui proses Ost"ald, dinamai kimia"an erman Gilhelm Ost"ald Balam
proses ini, amonia anhidrat teroksidasi untuk oksida nitrat, dengan adanya platinum atau
rodium kasa pada suhu tinggi sekitar +44 $ dan tekanan * bar
= NH3 (g) + O5 (g) I = NO (g) % H5O (g) (JH K .*4+,5 k)
Nitrat oksida kemudian direaksikan dengan oksigen di udara untuk membentuk nitrogen
dioksida
5 NO (g) O5 (g) I 5 NO5 (g) (JH K .77= k mol)
Hal ini kemudian diserap dalam air untuk membentuk asam nitrat dan oksida nitrat
3 NO5 (g) H5O (l) I 5 HNO3 (aq) NO (g) (JH K .772 k mol)
Oksida nitrat bersepeda kembali untuk reoksidasi !tau, jika langkah terakhir dilakukan di
udara>= NO5 (g) O5 (g) 5 H5O (l) I = HNO3 (aq)
1he HNO3 encer yang diperoleh dapat terkonsentrasi dengan distilasi sampai sekitar %&'
oleh massa konsentrasi lebih lanjut untuk *&' dapat dicapai dengan dehidrasi dengan
H5/O= pekat Bengan menggunakan amonia yang berasal dari proses Haber, produk akhir
dapat dihasilkan dari nitrogen, hidrogen, dan oksigen yang berasal dari udara dan gas alam
sebagai satu.satunya bahan baku
/ebelum pengenalan proses Haber untuk produksi amoniak pada tahun 7*73, asam nitrat
diproduksi menggunakan proses -irkeland.Lyde, juga dikenal sebagai proses busur 8rosesini didasarkan pada oksidasi nitrogen atmosfer oleh oksigen atmosfer menjadi oksida nitrat
pada suhu yang sangat tinggi -usur listrik digunakan untuk memberikan suhu tinggi, dan
hasil hingga =' nitrat oksida diperoleh Oksida nitrat didinginkan dan teroksidasi oleh
oksigen atmosfer yang tersisa untuk nitrogen dioksida, dan ini kemudian diserap dalam asam
nitrat encer 8roses ini sangat energi intensif dan dengan cepat terlantar akibat proses Ost"ald
sekali amonia murah menjadi tersedia
sintesis laboratorium
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
21/38
Bi laboratorium, asam nitrat dapat dibuat oleh dekomposisi termal tembaga (::) nitrat,
menghasilkan nitrogen dioksida dan oksigen gas, yang kemudian mele"ati air untuk
menghasilkan asam nitrat
5
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
22/38
Figure 1 Uses of phosphoric acid.
hie /igure % sho7s the 7ord7ide uses of phosphoric acid, theproportion
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
23/38
1he conjugate base of phosphoric acid is the dihydrogen phosphate ion,
H58O=., "hich in turn has a conjugate base of hydrogen phosphate, H8O=.5,
"hich has a conjugate base of phosphate, 8O=.3
:n addition to being a chemical reagent, phosphoric acid has a "ide variety of
uses, including as a rust inhibitor, food additive, dental and orthop(a)edic
etchant, electrolyte, flu#, dispersing agent, industrial etchant, fertili0er
feedstock, and component of home cleaning products
1he most common source of phosphoric acid is an &+' aqueous solutionE such
solutions are colourless, odourless, and non.volatile 1he &+' solution is arather viscous, syrupy liquid, but still pourable -ecause it is a concentrated
acid, an &+' solution can be corrosive, although nonto#ic "hen diluted
-ecause of the high percentage of phosphoric acid in this reagent, at least some
of the orthophosphoric acid is condensed into polyphosphoric acids 9or the
sake of labeling and simplicity, the &+' represents H38O= as if it "ere all
orthophosphoric acid Bilute aqueous solutions of phosphoric acid e#ist in the
ortho. form
Phosphoric acid
Names
IUPAC names
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate#Chemical_propertieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate#Chemical_propertieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphosphoric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate#Chemical_propertieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate#Chemical_propertieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphosphoric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
24/38
trihydro=idoo=idophosphorus
phosphoric acid
Other names
Orthophosphoric acid
trihydro=yphosphine o=ide
Properties
Moecuar formua H!OP
Moar mass +4#$$ g&mo'%
Appearance 7hite soid or coouress,
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
25/38
Acidity .pK a2 % *#%4
* >#%+4
! %*#!%+
;efracti cP .%$$52
Structure
Crysta structure monocinic
Thermochemistry
Std moar
entropy .S o*+42
%)4 @Fmo&19*:
Std enthapy of
formation .f H o*+42
8%*44 B@Fmo9*:
Hazards
MS(S ICSC %$$4
HS pictograms
9!:
HS signa 7ord (anger
HS haard statements H*+$, H!%9!:
HS precautionary statementsP*4$, P!$)K!)%K!!4,P!%$
9!:
EU Inde= $%)8$%%8$$8"
EU cassification
C
;8phrases ;!
S8phrases .S%F*2, S*", S)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_molar_entropyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_molar_entropyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_molar_entropyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSDShttp://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1008.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictogramshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHS_hazard_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Substances_Directive_(67/548/EEC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R-phraseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R34:_Causes_burnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S-phraseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(S1/2):_Keep_locked_up_and_out_of_the_reach_of_childrenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S26:_In_case_of_contact_with_eyes,_rinse_immediately_with_plenty_of_water_and_seek_medical_advicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S45:_In_case_of_accident_or_if_you_feel_unwell_seek_medical_advice_immediately_(show_the_label_where_possible)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_molar_entropyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_molar_entropyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSDShttp://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1008.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictogramshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHS_hazard_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Substances_Directive_(67/548/EEC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R-phraseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R34:_Causes_burnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S-phraseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(S1/2):_Keep_locked_up_and_out_of_the_reach_of_childrenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S26:_In_case_of_contact_with_eyes,_rinse_immediately_with_plenty_of_water_and_seek_medical_advicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S45:_In_case_of_accident_or_if_you_feel_unwell_seek_medical_advice_immediately_(show_the_label_where_possible)
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
26/38
N/PA >$
$
!
$
/ash point Non8famma6e
D()$ .Detha dose2 %)!$ mgFBg .rat, ora2
Related compounds
;eatedphosphoruso=oacids Hypophosphorous acid
Phosphorous acid
Pyrophosphoric acid
riphosphoric acid
Perphosphoric acid
Permonophosphoric acid
E=cept 7here noted other7ise, data is gi> -/2, %$$ BPa2
Reactions
!nhydrous phosphoric acid, a "hite lo" melting solid, is obtained by
dehydration of &+' phosphoric acid by heating under a vacuum
Orthophosphoric acid is a very polar molecule :t is infinitely soluble in "ater
1he o#idation +state of phosphorus (8) in ortho. and other phosphoric acids is+E the o#idation state of all the o#ygen atoms (O) is 5 and all
the hydrogen atoms (H) is 7 1riprotic means that an orthophosphoric acid
molecule can dissociate up to three times, giving up an H each time, "hich
typically combines "ith a "ater molecule, H5O, as sho"n in these reactions>
H38O=(s) H5O(l) H3O
(aq) H58O=
(aq) K a7K 25+743
H58O=
(aq) H5O(l) H3O
(aq) H8O=5
(aq) K a5K %3774&
H8O=5(aq) H5O(l) H3O(aq) 8O=3(aq) K a3K =&47473
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxoacidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophosphorous_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorous_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophosphoric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphosphoric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perphosphoric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permonophosphoric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydroushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(molecule)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxoacidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophosphorous_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorous_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophosphoric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphosphoric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perphosphoric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permonophosphoric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydroushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(molecule)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
27/38
1he anion after the first dissociation, H58O=, is the dihydrogen
phosphate anion 1he anion after the second dissociation, H8O=5, is
thehydrogen phosphate anion 1he anion after the third dissociation, 8O=3, is
the phosphate or orthophosphate anion 9or each of the dissociation reactions
sho"n above, there is a separate acid dissociation constant, called K a7, K a5,
and K a3 given at 5+ M
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
28/38
an e#tremely strong desiccant (and not by heating alone) :t
produces phosphoric anhydride(phosphorus pento#ide), "hich has an empirical
formula 85O+, although an actual molecule has a chemical formula of 8=O74
8hosphoric anhydride is a solid, "hich is very strongly moisture.absorbing and
is used as a desiccant
'(ueous solution
9or a given total acid concentration P!Q K PH38O=Q PH58O=Q PH8O=
5Q
P8O=3Q (P!Q is the total number of moles of pure H 38O= "hich have been used
to prepare 7 liter of solution), the composition of an aqueous solution of
phosphoric acid can be calculated using the equilibrium equations associated
"ith the three reactions described above together "ith the PHQ POHQ K
747= relation and the electrical neutrality equation 8ossible concentrations of
polyphosphoric molecules and ions is neglected 1he system may be reduced to
a fifth degree equation for PHQ "hich can be solved numerically, yielding>
)'*+mol%
-
pH)H.PO/*)'*
+0-
)H1PO/2*)'*
+0-
)HPO/12*)'*
+0-
)PO/.2*)'*
+0-
% %#$4 345 4#*+ "#*$T%$'" %#"$T%$'%>
%$'% %#"* 564 *!#+ "#*$T%$') )#))T%$'%"
%$'* *#*) /.4 763 "#*$T%$' *#!!T%$'%
%$'! !#$) %$#" 83. "#*$T%$'! %#4T%$'%*
%$' #$% %#!$ 386 "#%+T%$'* %#!T%$'%$
%$') )#$$ $#%!! 33. $#"%* %#!$T%$'4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccant
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
29/38
%$'" )#+> %#!T%$'* 3/7 )#)$ %#%%T%$'"
%$'> "#> %#4$T%$'! 5/7 *)#) !#$*T%$')
%$'%$ >#$$ 4#*T%$' 645 .8. 4#%4T%$')
9or strong acid concentrations, the solution is mainly composed of H38O= 9or
P!Q K 745, the pH is close to p K a7, giving an equimolar mi#ture of H38O= and
H58O= 9or P!Q belo" 743, the solution is mainly composed of H58O=
"ith
PH8O=5Q becoming non negligible for very dilute solutions P8O=
3Q is al"ays
negligible /ince this analysis does not take into account ion activity
coefficients, the pH and molarity of a real phosphoric acid solution may deviatesubstantially from the above values
9ood additi:e
9ood.grade phosphoric acid (additive L33&P77Q) is used to acidify foods and
beverages such as various colas :t provides a tangy or sour taste
Rarious salts of phosphoric acid, such as monocalcium phosphate, are used as
leavening agents
Niche uses8hosphoric acid and its derivatives are pervasive and find many niche
applicationsRust remo:al
8hosphoric acid may be used to remove rust by direct application to rusted iron,
steel tools, or other surfaces 1he phosphoric acid changes the reddish.
bro"n iron(:::) o#ide, 9e5O3 (rust) to ferric phosphate, 9e8O= !n empirical
formula for this reaction is>5 H38O= 9e5O3 I 5 9e8O= 3 H5O
Fiquid phosphoric acid may be used for dipping, but phosphoric acid for rust
removal is more often formulated as a gel !s a thick gel, it may be applied to
sloping, vertical, or even overhead surfaces Bifferent phosphoric acid gel
formulations are sold as Srust removersS or Srust killersS 6ultiple applications
of phosphoric acid may be required to remove all rust ;ust may also be
removed via phosphate conversion coating 1his process can leave a black
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocalcium_phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leavening_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_conversion_coatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocalcium_phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leavening_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_conversion_coating
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
30/38
phosphate coating that provides moderate corrosion resistance (such protection
is also provided by the superficially
similar 8arkeri0ing and blued electrochemical conversion coating processes)
In medicine8hosphoric acid is used in dentistry and orthodontics as an etching solution, to
clean and roughen the surfaces of teeth "here dental appliances or fillings "ill
be placed 8hosphoric acid is also an ingredient in over.the.counter anti.nausea
medications that also contain high levels of sugar (glucose and fructose) 1his
acid is also used in many teeth "hiteners to eliminate plaque that may be on the
teeth before application
/ther applications!mong other applications, phosphoric acid is used>
7Q !s a solution for anodi0ing
5Q !s an e#ternal standard for phosphorus.37 Nuclear magnetic
resonance (N6;)
3Q !s a buffer agent in biology and chemistryE 9or e#ample, a buffer
for high.performance liquid chromatography
=Q !s a chemical o#idi0ing agent for activated carbon production, as used in
the Gent"orth 8rocessP75Q
+Q !s the electrolyte in phosphoric acid fuel cells
%Q Gith distilled "ater (53 drops per gallon) as an electrolyte in
o#yhydrogen generators
2Q !s a catalyst in the hydration of alkenes to produce alcohols,
predominantly ethanol
&Q !s an electrolyte in copper electropolishing for burr removal and circuit
board planari0ation*Q !s a flu# by hobbyists (such as model railroaders) as an aid to soldering
74Q :n compound semiconductor processing, phosphoric acid is a
common "et etching agent> for e#ample, in combination "ith hydrogen
pero#ide and "ater it is used to etch :n@a!s selective to :n8P73Q
77Q Heated in microfabrication to etch silicon nitride (/i3 N=) :t is
highly selective in etching /i3 N= instead of /iO5, silicon dio#ideP7=Q
75Q !s a cleaner by construction trades to remove mineral deposits,
cementitious smears, and hard "ater stains
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkerizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluing_(steel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_coatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodonticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid_fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropolishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_gallium_arsenidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_phosphidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfabricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_nitridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkerizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluing_(steel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_coatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodonticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid_fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropolishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_gallium_arsenidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_phosphidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfabricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_nitridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
31/38
73Q !s a chelant in some household cleaners aimed at similar cleaning
tasks
7=Q :n hydroponics pH solutions to lo"er the pH of nutrient solutions
Ghile other types of acids can be used, phosphorus is a nutrient used by plants, especially during flo"ering, making phosphoric acid particularly
desirable
7+Q !s a pH adjuster in cosmetics and skin.care productsP7+Q
7%Q !s a dispersing agent in detergents and leather treatment
72Q !s an additive to stabili0e acidic aqueous solutions "ithin a "anted
and specified pH range
8hosphoric acid, used in many soft drinks (primarily cola), has been linked in
epidemiological studies to (7) chronic kidney disease and (5) lo"er bone
density
! study performed by the Lpidemiology -ranch of the / National :nstitute of
Lnvironmental Health /ciences, concludes that drinking 5 or more colas per day
"as associated "ith doubling the risk of chronic kidney disease
Applicati
on
4emand(%&&+) in
thousands
of tons
Main phosphate deri!ati!es
/oaps and
detergents7&3% /188
9oodindustry
34* /188 (Na+83O74), /H68, 1/8, /!88, /!l8 (Na!, 6
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
32/38
Other
applicatio
ns
5&2
/188 (Na383O*), 1
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
33/38
8hosphoric acid is produced industrially by t"o general routes the thermal
process and the "et process, "hich includes t"o sub.methods 1he "et process
dominates in the commercial sector 1he more e#pensive thermal process
produces a purer product that is used for applications in the food industry
5et
Get process phosphoric acid is prepared by adding sulfuric acid to tricalcium
phosphate rock, typically found in nature as apatite 1he reaction is>
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
34/38
phosphoric acid 1his route produces a very pure phosphoric acid, since most
impurities present in the rock have been removed "hen e#tracting phosphorus
from the rock in a furnace 1he end result is food.grade, thermal phosphoric
acidE ho"ever, for critical applications, additional processing to remove arsenic
compounds may be needed
Llemental phosphorus is produced by an electric furnace !t a high temperature,
a mi#ture of phosphate ore, silica and carbonaceous material (coke, coal etc)
produces calcium silicate, phosphorus gas and carbon mono#ide 1he 8 and
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
35/38
calcium sulfate (gypsum) plus other insoluble impurities Gater is added and
the gypsum is removed by filtration along "ith other insoluble materials (eg
silica) 9luoride, as H5/i9%, is removed at a further stage by evaporation!lthough the reaction takes place in stages involving calcium
dihydrogenphosphate, the overall reaction can be represented as>
Ho"ever, there are side reactionsE for e#ample "ith calcium fluoride and
calcium carbonate present in the rock>
9luorosilicilic acid is an important by.product from this and from the
manufacture of hydrogen fluoride :t can be neutralised "ith sodium
hydro#ide to form sodium he#afluorosilicate 1he acid is also used to
make aluminium fluoride, used in turn in the manufacture of aluminium
1he crystal structure of the calcium sulfate formed depends on the conditions
of the reaction !t 3=4.3+4 $, the principal product is dihydrate,
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
36/38
further purified using solvents to e#tract it from heavy metals and
defluorinated (by evaporation) to produce a product of food grade quality
(b) Thermal process
1he ra" materials for this process are phosphorus and air>
:nitially, phosphorus is sprayed into the furnace and is burnt in air at about
7&44.3444 $
6ost processes use undried air and many involve the addition of steam to the
phosphorus burner to produce and maintain a film of condensed
polyphosphoric acids "hich protect the stainless steel burner to"er
(e#ternally "ater cooled) 1he products from the burner to"er pass directly
into a hydration to"er "here the gaseous phosphorus o#ide is absorbed in
recycled phosphoric acid>
!lternatively, the phosphorus may be burnt in dried air 1he phosphorus
pento#ide is condensed as a "hite po"der and separately hydrated to
phosphoric acid
1his method allo"s heat to be recovered and reused
-urning and direct hydration, as previously described, creates highly
corrosive conditions 1he equipment is constructed from stainless steel or is
carbon brick.lined 1o reduce corrosion, the "alls of the burner and hydrator
to"ers are cooled, but the reactor products emerge at a temperature too lo"
for useful heat recovery
1he product acid has a concentration of ca &+'
1etraphosphoric acid, one of a family of polyphosphoric acids "hich can be
selectively produced, is made either by boiling off "ater at high temperatures
in a carbon vessel, or by adding solid phosphorus pento#ide to almost boiling
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
37/38
phosphoric acid 1he first method usually gives the purer product, due to the
high arsenic content of phosphorus pento#ide
0hosphates
1he salts of phosphoric acid, the phosphates, are the compounds that are
"idely used in agriculture, industry and in the home
(a) Ammonium phosphates
6onoammonium dihydrogenphosphate and diammonium hydrogenphosphate
are much used as fertili0ers and are made by mi#ing the correct proportions of
phosphoric acid "ith anhydrous ammonia in a rotating drum
1he choice of "hich ammonium phosphate to use depends on the proportion
of nitrogen and phosphorus needed for the crop
(b) Calcium phosphates
1he calcium phosphates are used e#tensively as fertili0ers
1his is kno"n as triple superphosphate 1he higher level of phosphate is
achieved because the product is no longer diluted "ith calcium sulfate
(c) Sodium phosphates
/odium phosphates are produced by reaction of phosphoric acid and a
concentrated solution of sodium hydro#ide in the appropriate (stoichiometric)
proportions 1he product crystalli0es out
http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/materials-and-applications/fertilizers.htmlhttp://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/materials-and-applications/fertilizers.htmlhttp://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/materials-and-applications/fertilizers.htmlhttp://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/materials-and-applications/fertilizers.html
-
8/19/2019 Asam Nitrat Dan Fosfat
38/38