Download - 9.Tatap Muka Perm
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KOMPETENSI DASAR :Menjelaskan stratigrafi, paleontologi, paleogeografi, paleoklimatologi, pada Paleozoikum Akhir
PALEOZOIKUM AKHIR
INDIKATOR PENCAPAIAN :Zaman DevonZaman Karbon
Zaman Perm
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PERM (245 – 286 ma)(Nama Propinsi PERM disebelah timur Kota Moskow oleh MURCHISON (1841))
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Zaman Perm (290 -250 juta tahun lalu) • "Perm" adalah nama sebuah propinsi tua di dekat
Pegunungan Ural, Rusia. Reptilia meningkat dan serangga modern muncul, begitu juga tumbuhan konifer dan Grikgo primitif. Hewan Ampibi menjadi kurang begitu berperan. Zaman Perm diakhiri dengan kepunahan micsa dalam skala besar, Tribolit, banyak koral dan ikan menjadi punah.
• Benua Pangea bergabung bersama dan bergerak sebagai satu massa daratan, Lapisan es menutup Amerika Selatan, Antartika, Australia dan Afrika, membendung air dan menurunkan muka air laut.
• Iklim yang kering dengan kondisi gurun pasir mulai terbentuk di bagian utara bumi.
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image from Earth History Resources Permian scene
two large finback pelycosaurs of the genus Dimetrodon sun themselves on a river bank. To the left is a stand of Calamite trees.
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Dimetrodon
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Ikan Perm
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Artists interpretation of a Lower Permian swamp in Texas (Williston, in Shimer)
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Period Epoch Age When began Duration
Triassic Early Triassic Induan 251.0 Mya 1.3
Permian
Changhsingian 253.8 2.8
Wuchiapingian 260.4 6.6
Capitanian 265.8 5.4
Wordian 268.0 2.2
Roadian 270.6 2.6
Kungurian 275.6 5.0
Artinskian 284.4 8.8
Sakmarian 294.6 10.2
Asselian 299.0 4.4
Carboniferous Pennsylvanian Gzhelian 303.9 4.9
Lopingian
Guadalupian
Cisuralian
STRATIGRAFI ZAMAN PERM
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SIFAT ENDAPAN PERM :• Diskordansi di atas Karbon Orog. Varicia• Kumpulan fosil bersifat Paleozoikum, berbeda dgn Trias
yg bersifat Mesozoikum• Permokarbon & atau Permotrias sulit dipisahkan satu
dengan yang lain hanya dgn paleontologi• Banyak fauna punah Trilobit, Tetracoral, Fusulina,
Tabulata, Blastoida, & Chepalopoda ( =Paleoammonit )• Bertambah maju golongan Vertebrata, Insectifora, dan
Flora.• Banyak berupa endapan darat
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Pteridospermophyta (seed ferns) are represented by a slab with leaves from Glossopteris sp. and Gangmopteris sp. and a second slab with Glossopteris sp. alone.
Conifers readily colonized dry land and increased their abundance during this time. They are characterized by their reproduction via cones. Two specimens of fossil branches and foliage are displayed: Lebachia piniformis and conifer sp.
Permian Plant Fossils
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The warm shallow oceans swarmed with many kinds of life, basically very similar to Carboniferous forms
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An Early Permian landscape in Europe. The form in the right foreground is the seed fern Autunia (=Callipteris), and in the left background is a marattialean tree fern. The conifer in the right background is Walchia, while the herbaceous plants around the pond are sphenophytes. This community represents a seasonally dry savanna-like biome of the tropics.
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Reconstructions of Lepidodendron (far left, Late Carboniferous, ~50 m tall), Sigillaria (left, Late Carboniferous, ~40 m,), Valmeyerodendron (middle top, Early Carboniferous, 0.6 m), Protolepidodendron (top right, Middle Devonian, 0.2 m), Chaloneria (bottom middle, Late Carboniferous, 2 m), Pleuromeia (bottom right, Triassic, 2 m) and Isoetes (bottom far right, extant, 30 cm).
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Calamites/Annularia (far left, Late Carboniferous), Polystichum (upper left, extant), Phlebopteris (upper right, Triassic), Osmundia (far right, extant), Todites (lower right, Jurassic), Psaronius (center, Late Carboniferous), and Rhacophyton (lower left, Late Devonian).©
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Equisetum (Sphenopsida-Horsetails) Late Devon-Recent
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Ginkgoales (Ginkgos)
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Lycopodium (Lycophyta) Devon-Recent
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sporangia_s (Pteridopsida-ferns) late Dev - rec
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Pinusfemales (Conifers )Pinusfemales (Conifers )
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Sphenophyllum
Calamites
Amazon Neuropteris
Amazon Pecopteris
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Lepidodendrid
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Lepidostemxs
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Kazania Guadalupe Endapan darat yang Koungouria Leonard menerus dari KarbonArtinskiia Wolfcamp
PEMBAGIAN PERMRUSIA U S A GONDWANA
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BENUA GONDWANABENUA GONDWANA
PANGAEPANGAEAA
LaurasiLaurasiaa
GondwanaGondwana
Amerika Amerika UtaraUtaraEropaEropaAsiaAsia~~~~~ Geosinklin TETHYS ~~~~~ Geosinklin TETHYS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Amerika SelatanAmerika SelatanAfrikaAfrikaIndiaIndiaAustraliaAustraliaAntartikaAntartika
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Flora GONDWANA :Flora GONDWANA :• Glossopteris dan GangamopterisGlossopteris dan Gangamopteris• Umur Karbon Atas – PermUmur Karbon Atas – Perm• Di Danau Baikal, Sungai Jenissei (Indonesia, Di Danau Baikal, Sungai Jenissei (Indonesia,
Kalimantan) dijumpai percampuran flora Kalimantan) dijumpai percampuran flora Gondwana & Laurasia (Amerika Utara)Gondwana & Laurasia (Amerika Utara)
• Pada lapisan Karbon Bawah – sebagian Karbon Pada lapisan Karbon Bawah – sebagian Karbon Atas di Gondwana adalah tipis-tipis endapannya Atas di Gondwana adalah tipis-tipis endapannya hal ini karena adanya pengikisan. Lapisan- hal ini karena adanya pengikisan. Lapisan-lapisannya langsung terletak diatas perisai tua lapisannya langsung terletak diatas perisai tua (Pra Kambrium)(Pra Kambrium)
• Gondwana mempunyai konglomerat alas yg Gondwana mempunyai konglomerat alas yg disebut dengan TILT (endapan es/gletser = disebut dengan TILT (endapan es/gletser = PermokarbonPermokarbon
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PERM di TIMOR PERM di TIMOR (Indonesia)(Indonesia)
• Merupakan bagian dari Geos. THETYS Merupakan bagian dari Geos. THETYS (merupakan endapan laut)(merupakan endapan laut)
• Diwakili Formasi Sonnebait & sebagian Formasi Diwakili Formasi Sonnebait & sebagian Formasi KeknenoKekneno
• Pada Formasi SONNEBAIT, dengan fosilPada Formasi SONNEBAIT, dengan fosil22 yg yg melimpah melimpah AmmonitAmmonit, , Crinoid & BlastoidCrinoid & Blastoid (ditempat (ditempat lain sdh punah pada akhir Zaman Karbon)lain sdh punah pada akhir Zaman Karbon)
• Fosil yg lain : brachiopoda, tetracoralla, Fusulina, Fosil yg lain : brachiopoda, tetracoralla, Fusulina,
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Berdasarkan Ammonit, Formasi Berdasarkan Ammonit, Formasi Sonnebait dapat dibagi menjadi 5 lajur :Sonnebait dapat dibagi menjadi 5 lajur :
1.1. AmaraAmarasssisi ( (CyclolobusCyclolobus)) Guadalupe AtasGuadalupe Atas2.2. BasleoBasleo ( (WagenocerasWagenoceras)) Guadalupe Guadalupe
BawahBawah3.3. Tae WeiTae Wei ( (AgathicerasAgathiceras)) Leonard AtasLeonard Atas4.4. BitauniBitauni ( (PerrintesPerrintes)) Leonard BawahLeonard Bawah5.5. SomoholeSomohole ( (Marat honitesMarat honites))WolfcampWolfcamp
TIMOR AMERIKA UTARA
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Tempat lain yg dijumpai endapan Perm Tempat lain yg dijumpai endapan Perm laut :laut :• Di Sumatera, Kamboja, India, & Selandia Di Sumatera, Kamboja, India, & Selandia
BaruBaru• Berkembang sebagai Berkembang sebagai BATUGAMPINGBATUGAMPING yg yg
mengandung mengandung Productus, FusulinaProductus, Fusulina & & KoralKoral serta bercampur dengan batuan-batuan serta bercampur dengan batuan-batuan yg berasal dari gunungapiyg berasal dari gunungapi
• Hanya di Hanya di SISILIASISILIA (Sosio, Palazzo Adriano) (Sosio, Palazzo Adriano) terdapat fauna dgn ciri-ciri fosil terdapat fauna dgn ciri-ciri fosil TIMORTIMOR ((Tetracoralla & AmmonitTetracoralla & Ammonit), tetapi juga ciri-), tetapi juga ciri-ciri fosil Sumatera – Kamboja ( ciri fosil Sumatera – Kamboja ( FusulinaFusulina : : Sumatrina, Neoschwagerina, SchwagerinaSumatrina, Neoschwagerina, Schwagerina ))
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Evolution of the Earth in Paleozoic Era
KAMBRIUM
ORDOVISIUM
S I L U R
K A R B O N
P E R M
D E V O N
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Tectonic in Tectonic in Late PaleozoicLate Paleozoic
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IKLIM ZAMAN PERM :IKLIM ZAMAN PERM :Mulai ada pembatasan yg jelas bermacam-Mulai ada pembatasan yg jelas bermacam-
macam iklim :macam iklim :• Endapan es/geltser besar Endapan es/geltser besar Iklim Iklim KUTUBKUTUB• Endapan EvaporitEndapan Evaporit Iklim Kering/Arid, Iklim Kering/Arid,
Iklim Iklim GurunGurun• Fosil tumbuhan, Coral Fosil tumbuhan, Coral Iklim lembab, panas, Iklim lembab, panas,
((Iklim Tropik – Sub Iklim Tropik – Sub TropikTropik))
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ARTI EKONOMI :ARTI EKONOMI :• Endapan Evaporit Endapan Evaporit :: gips, garam dapur, gips, garam dapur,
garam kalium di Jerman dan Amerika sebelah garam kalium di Jerman dan Amerika sebelah baratdaya ( membentuk kubahbaratdaya ( membentuk kubah22 garam ) garam )
• Batubara Batubara :: sedikit di Gondwana sedikit di Gondwana• Minyak bumiMinyak bumi : sedikit di USA : sedikit di USA• Kaolin, lempung keramik, dan besiKaolin, lempung keramik, dan besi
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TERIMA KASIH