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:. E`vjse` j CwbjG` :=5=, lhs Gstjdhs Wèdhs dgrrhtjrh` j Gs~jj g` lj Kwgrrj Mes&~j`h`hrtgjfgrecj`\Lhs`hrtgjfgrecj`hs iwsteoecjrh` lj e`tgrvg`ce` dg Cwbj ~jrj kjrj`teyjr lj ~jy u sws e`tgrgsgs g` gl

~js.

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Lj lefetjce` dg lj shbgrj`j dg Cwbj ~jrj gstjblgcgr jcwgrdhs ch` htrhs ~jsgs u ch`trjgrdgwdjs(

Gstjdhs Wèdhs tg`j gl dgrgcmh j e`tgrvgèr ~jrj ~rgsgrvjr lj e`dg~g`dg`cej dg Cwbj uzwg sg cwf~legrj` lhs chf~rhfeshs jswfedhs ch` @hrtgjfrecj.

Lj cgse` j Gstjdhs Wèdhs ~hr ~jrtg dg Cwbj dg cegrtjs ~jrtgs dg sw tgrrethreh ~jrj glgstjblgcefeg`th dg bjsgs `jvjlgs u cjf~jfg`ths feletjrgs.

Jdgfs, lj G`feg`dj ^ljtt owg j`g}jdj j lj Ch`stetwce` cwbj`j. Gl 3: dg decegfbrg dg :5>:sg gleke gl `wgvh ~rgsedg`tg, Thfs Gstrjdj ^jlfj, gschkedh ~hr sgr w` rg~rgsg`tj`tg dg lhse`tgrgsgs hrtgjfgrecj`hs.

Lj G`feg`dj ^ljtt `h slh sekèoec jtjdwrjs ~hltecjs, se`h tjfbe` gch`fecjs. Cwbj sgch`verte g` w` jtrjctevh fgrcjdh ~jrj ljs e`vgrseh`gs `hrtgjfgrecj`js. Gl chfgrceh g`trg Cwbju Gstjdhs Wèdhs sg fwlte~lec ~hr ce`ch.Lj eslj ~js j sgr gl ~re`ce~jl ~rhvggdhr dg jycjr ~jrj Gstjdhs Wèdhs, ~grh gstj tg`dg`cej

~rhvhc zwg Cwbj `h sg e`dwstrejleyjrj u zwg cjdj vgy fs, `gcgsetjrj ef~hrtjr fs ~rhdwcthsfj`wojctwrjdhs u jlefg`tecehs. Gl fh`hcwltevh, gs dgcer, gl cwltevh dg w` ~rhdwcth èch,

~rhow`dey lj dg~g`dg`cej cwbj`j dg lhs Gstjdhs Wèdhs.

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BJSGS FELETJRGS DG GG. WWF}ech -Cewdjd dg F}ech%Rg~blecj Dhfeècj`j -Sj`th Dhfe`kh%Mjet -^wgrth ^r`ce~g%@ecjrjkwj -Fj`jkwj%^j`jf -rgke` dgl cj`jl%_g`gywglj -Cjrjcj%


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2. Gl cj`jl dg ^j`jf^j`jf, zwg ohrfjbj ~jrtg dg Chlhfbej j ~re`ce~ehs dgl seklh ]], segf~rg mjbj e`tgrgsjdh jljs ~htg`cejs ~hr sw setwjce` kghkroecj. Dgsdg fgdejdhs dgl seklh ]E] g}estj gl ~rhugcth dgch`strwer w` cj`jl g` gl estfh cg`trhjfgrecj`h ~jrj wèr gl hcj`h Jtl`tech ch` gl ^jcoech.G` :5>:, lhs `hrtgjfgrecj`hs chf~rjrh` lj chf~jj orj`cgsj zwg uj mjbj eècejdh lhstrjbjihs dg ch`strwcce` dgl cj`jl.

Gstjdhs W edhs dgsgjbj zwg Chlhfbej j~rhbjrj gl jcwgrdh Mju&Mgrr`. -Gstg jcwgrdhgstjblgcj zwg Gstjdhs Wèdhs rgceberj w`j orjìj dg ? felljs dg j`cmh dwrj`tg 55 jhs ~hr :>fellh`gs dg dljrgs u gl ~jkh j`wjl dg 27> fel dljrgs.Lhs chlhfbej`hs `h sg dgcedegrh` j rjteoecjrlh. J oe`jlgs dg :5>3, g` lj ~rhve`cej dg ^j`jf,sg ~rhdwih w`j rgvwgltj zwg bwscjbj lj e`dg~g`dg`cej.Lhs Gstjdhs Wèdhs j~hujrh` lj rgvwgltj u g`vejrh` trh~js zwg ef~edegrh` j lhs chlhfbej`hsdgog`dgr sw tgrrethreh. J cjfbeh, hbtwvegrh` dg lhs ~j`jfghs ch`cgseh`gs chfh ljssekweg`tgs9

Lg hthrkjrh` w`j orjìj dg :+> felljs dg j`cmh ~jrj lj ch`strwcce` dgl cj`jl Gl dgrgcmh j gstjblgcgr bjsgs feletjrgs ~jrj lj ~rhtgcce` dgl cj`jl. Gl dgrgcmh j e`tgrvgèr g` lhs jsw`ths e`tgr`hs dg ^j`jf ch` gl oe` dg kjrj`teyjr lj ~jy u gl

hrdg`.

3. Khbegr`hs dg Wlesgs Mgwrgjw}.

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~hstwljdh ~hr gl ~jrtedh jywl uj tg`j w`j trjugcthrej ~hltecj jdzweredj j ~jrter dg lj KwgrrjRgstjwrjdhrj. Gs jchkedh ~hr gl ~jrtedh lebgrjl u dgsdg jll chsgcmh w` ledgrjykh ~hltech dg`trh

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sws ~re`ce~ehs. Llgvh j cjbh w`j sgreg dg des~hseceh`gs zwg ojvhrgcj` gl beg` chf`.

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Ljs jcceh`gs ~hsetevj dg gstg khbegr`h sg vegrh` fj`cmjdjs ~hr lj fjè~wljce` ~hltecj dg ljsglgcceh`gs dg :==4 g` e`tg`ce` dg rgtg`gr gl ~hdgr. Leles ~hstwl j Belleè chfh ~rgsedg`tgjchf~jjdh dg [hss&Kel ~grh lwgkh bhechtgh gl ~grhdh ~rgsedg`cejl dg Belleè hcjseh`j`dhzwg gl ~jrtedh jywl sg devedegrj. ^jrj gl ~grhdh :==?, dh`dg sg ~rgsg`t j Cjseferh dg Fhujljs glgcceh`gs sg cglgbrjrh` ch` fwcmj vehlg`cej u orjwdg sjleg`dh dgrrhtjdh gl cj`dedjthCjseferh dg Fhuj. Wlesgs Mgwrgjw} thf gl ~hdgr dg ohrfj vehlg`tj ch` gl j~huh dg lhsfeletjrgs. Jl cwf~ler w` jh g` gstg ~grhdh Wlesgs Mgwrgjw} eècej w` ~hdgr dgsgòrg`jdh ujfbecehsh,

Lj ~hltecj gstjblgcedj dwrj`tg gstg rkefg`9:. ^grsekwe j thdhs sws ch`trjrehs jèzwelj`dh j lhs zwg ~jrtece~jrh` g` lj Rgvhlwce` dgFhuj,2. Ljs jdwj`js owgrh` me~htgcjdjs,3. Gstjblgcg w`j ~hltecj jkrgsevj ~jrj gl dgsjrrhllh dg lj jdfeèstrjtevh ~blecj,4. E`clwug j rg~rgsg`tj`tg dg thdhs lhs ~jrtedhs ~hltechs,7. Rgdwih lhs bj`dhs ch`trjrehs j lj ef~htg`cej,?. Gstjblgce w` sestgfj dg gs~eh`jig j èvgl `jceh`jl,;. Iwsteoech lj rgglgcce`,=. Lhkr g}tg`dgr sw ~grhdh ~rgsedg`cejl ~hr 4 jhs,

5. Cg`trjley thdjs ljs ow`ceh`gs jdfeèstrjtevjs,:>. Wteley gl sestgfj dg vhtjce` e`dergctj.

Lj dectjdwrj ~rhvhc sgrehs ~rhblgfjs gch`fechs zwg lh ch`dwcg` j lj bszwgdj dggfeseh`gs fh`gtjrejs dgsgòrg`jdjs u krj`dgs ~rstjfhs zwg vj` j lgseh`jr lj `jceh`jledjd.Wlesgs Mgwrgjw} meyh ch`tjcth oe`j`cegrh ch` lhs gwrh~ghs u gstjdhwèdg`sg j trjvs dg sw

feèstrh dg Mjceg`dj u Chfgrceh gl sghr Gwkgèh dg Fjrcmg`j, zweg` `h ~wdh ch`cgrtjr ljs
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`gkhcejceh`gs ch` lhs e`klgsgs mjstj zwg gl Khbegr`h Dhfeècj`h `h rgch`hcegrj ljs dgwdjsch`trjdjs ch` lj Mjrtfh`t g` gl cwjrth khbegr`h dg Bgy.

Dg Fjrcmg`j sg veh hblekjdh j dereker sws `gkhcejceh`gs mjcej Mhlj`dj, dh`dg ch`sekwe gl

~refgr ~rstjfh ch` lj chf~jj [GSTG@DHR^. Gstg ~rstjfh sg llgv jcjbh g` :===, ~hrw` vjlhr dg ;;>,>>> lebrjs gstgrle`js j w` ?' j`wjl ~jkjdgrh j 27 jhs. J cjfbeh dg gsth ljsjdwj`js dhfeècj`js zwgdjrj` me~htgcjdjs u ch`trhljdjs ~hr jkg`tgs dg" Lj Rgkeg". Dg ljsrgcjwdjceh`gs jdwj`jlgs gl 3>' sg g`vejbj j Mhlj`dj u dgl ;>' zwg zwgdjbj sg tg`j zwg

~jkjr w` fh`th dg 3,>>> lebrjs gstgrle`js ~jrj kjsths g` thtjl zwgdjbj` ?;' ~jrj gl ~js. Gstg~rstjfh hreke` lj crgjce` dg w` Bj`ch @jceh`jl derekedh ~hr Gwkgèh Dg Fjrcmg`j, gl cwjlserve ~jrj gfeter bellgtgs jl ~hrtjdhr, jcwjr fh`gdj u jswfer lj dgwdj. . Cwj`dh lj dgwdj owgj ~jrjr j w`j chf~jj orj`cgsj sg ch`verte g` chf~gtedhrj dgl khbegr`h dg Mgwrgjw}llgkj`dh j cgrrjr gl crdeth jl khbegr`h, chsj zwg hcjseh`jrj zwg Dg Fjrcmg`j owgrj gigcwtjdh

~hrMgwrgjw}.Lj creses gch`fecj zwg sg vg`j` swcgdeg`dh ~rhvhcj w` `wgvh ~rstjfh g` :==5 ch` ljchf~jj Mhlj`dgsj, gstj vgy Leles rgceberj 5>>,>>> lebrjs gstgrle`js ~jkjdgrh j 3> jhs ch`w` e`tgrs dgl ?'. Ch` gstg ~rstjfh sg ch`strwerj w` ogrrhcjrrel zwg wèrj j Sj`tejkh u ^wgrth^ljtj. W`j ~jrtg dg gstg ~rstjfh owg fjl wteleyjdh ~hr gl khbegr`h dg Leles, g` e`tg`ce` dg

~gr~gtwjrsg g` gl ~hdgr.

Lj chf~jj Mhlj`dgsj sg ch`vegrtg g` lj rgcthrj dg lj dgwdj dgl Gstjdh dhfeècj`h urgcg~thrj dg ljs jdwj`js dgl ~js mjstj zwg vg`de sws jcceh`gs ~hr zwegbrj j w`j chf~jjGstjdhwèdg`sg lj lljfjdj Sj`th Dhfe`kh Ef~rhvgfg`t g` gl jh :=52, zwgdj`dh gl ~js

bjih lj dg~g`dg`cej gch`fecj dg lhs Gstjdhs Wèdhs. Lj chf~jj sg e`stjl g` tgrrethrehdhfeècj`h u Leles ~wsh chfh ch`dece` j lj Ef~rhvgfg`t ch`cgdgrlg dhs ~rstjfhs, w`h ~hrvjlhr dg :,27>.>>> dljrgs u htrh jscg`dg`tg j 2, >37,>>> lebrjs gstgrle`js ~jrj gl ~jkh dg ljdgwdj e`tgr`j. J dhs jhs dg lj llgkjdj dg lj Ef~rhvgfg`t gl Gstjdh dhfeècj`h tg`j w`jdgwdj dg :; fellh`gs dg ~gshs. ^jrj :=5? gl Gstjdh dhfeècj`h zwgdh thtjlfg`tg jrrwe`jdh,tgèg`dh Leles zwg ~h`gr j cercwljr 7, >>>,>>> fellh`gs dg ~gshs g` ~j~gl fh`gdj. Gstjs sh` ljslljfjdjs ~j~glgtjs dg Leles. Fh`gdj dg ~hch ~hdgr jdzwesetevh zwg ~rhvhc w`j rgjcce` shcejlvehlg`tj g`trg lhs dhfeècj`hs. Gl khbgr`j`tg trjth dg fgihrjr gl sestgfj oe`j`cegrh ~grh uj grj

dgfjsejdh tjrdg. Gl dgs~lhfg oe`j`cegrh u gl gòrg`tjfeg`th ch` lj cljsg gch`fecj dhfe`j`tgmjcg` zwg sg dgcedj jsgse`jr j Wlesgs Mgwrgjw} g` :=55.Jf~lej ch`hcefeg`ths mtt~9(({{{.jkg`destjs.chf(mesthrej(khbegr`hs&wlesgs&mgwrgjw}.mtfl

4. ^rgsg`cej dg Gstjdhs Wèdhs. Lhs gf~rsteths

^rgsg`cej `hrtgjfgrecj`j. J slh dhs jhs dg lj Rgstjwrjce`, g` :=?;, uj sg ~rhdwcj` g` gl~js trjtjtevjs sgcrgtjs ~jrj jrrg`djr h vg`dgr lj bjmj dg Sjfj` j lhs Gstjdhs Wèdhs. Gsth lg
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chst lj ~rgsedg`cej jl Kg`grjl Ihs Fjrj Cjbrjl, ~grh sw swcgshr, Bwg`jvg`twrj Bgy, jcjfbeh dg ~hdgr jfjsjr ohrtw`j u ~hdgr ~grsh`jlgs, tjfbe` dgdecjrj thdj sw jstwcej j e`tg`tjrg`jig`jr u j`g}eh`jr gl ~js j lj `jce` `hrtgjfgrecj`j. Gl 25 dg `hvegfbrg dg :=?5 sg oerfw` trjtjdh dg j`g}e` zwg `h llgk j sgr rjteoecjdh ~hr gl Sg`jdh dg lhs Gstjdhs Wèdhs,

zwgdj`dh ~hr lh tj`th se` gogcth, krjcejs j lj h~hsece` dg lhs dhfeècj`hs g}elejdhs u, g`~jrtecwljr, j lj dg vjrehs sg`jdhrgs `hrtgjfgrecj`hs -g`trg gllhs, Cmjrlgs Swf`gr%.

@h dgi`dhsg jfelj`jr ~hr gstg orjcjsh, Bgy jchrd g`th`cgs gl jrrg`djfeg`th dg lj bjmj dgSjfj` j w`j chf~jj `hrtgjfgrecj`j, `hfbrjdj ~jrj gl gogcth chfh Sjfj` Bju Chf~jù,u cwuj ~re`ce~jl cjbgyj grj gl e`vgrsehèstj jvg`twrgrh Ihsg~m Ojbg`s. Lj chf~jj tg`drjdwrj`tg 55 jhs thdhs lhs ~revelgkehs zwg sg mjbj` ch`cgdedh g` w` ~re`ce~eh jl Khbegr`h`hrtgjfgrecj`h9 ~htgstjd ~jrj `hfbrjr j ljs jwthredjdgs gigcwtevjs, lgkesljtevjs u iwdecejlgs g`gl tgrrethreh dg Sjfj`, js chfh lj ~rh~egdjd, ~hr cjdj fellj dg ogrrhcjrrel h cj`jl zwgch`strwugrj, dg w`j fellj cwjdrjdj dg lhs tgrrg`hs dgl Gstjdh jlgdjhs j gsjs vjs. Oerfjdh gl2= dg decegfbrg dg :=;2 u rjteoecjdh gl :5 dg ogbrgrh dgl jh sekweg`tg ~hr gl Sg`jdh dg ljRg~blecj, gl fesfh owg rgsce`dedh ~hch tegf~h dgs~ws -g` :=;4% ~hr gl Khbegr`hdhfeècj`h, bjih lj ~rgsedg`cej dg Ek`jceh Fjrj Kh`ylgy -zweg` mjbj dgrrhcjdh j Bgy%,zwg j~rhvgcm gl rgtrjsh dg lj chf~jj g` gl ~jkh jl ~js dg lj cwhtj j`wjl chrrgs~h`deg`tg.

^hstgrehrfg`tg, g` lj dcjdj dg :=5>, gl khbegr`h dg Wlesgs Mgwrgjw},Lels , ~rh~h`drj j lhsGstjdhs Wèdhs gl jrrg`djfeg`th dg lj bjmj u ~g``swlj dg Sjfj` j cjfbeh dg juwdjgch`fecj u ~rhtgcce` feletjr ~jrj lj dgog`sj dg cwjlzwegr jfg`jyj g}tgr`j.

Gf~rsteth Mjrtfh`t. Feg`trjs sg `gkhcejbj lj j`g}e` j lj ~htg`cej jfgrecj`j, Bgych`trjih j `hfbrg dg lj Rg~blecj Dhfeècj`j, g` :=?5, w` gf~rsteth dg 42>,>>> lebrjsgstgrle`js -cgrcj dg 2,>>>,>>> dg dljrgs% j w` ?' dg e`tgrs j`wjl ~hr w` ~ljyh dg 27 jhs.Gsth sekèoec lj e`fgdejtj me~htgcj j ojvhr dg Gd{jrd Mjrtfh`t gl oe`j`cegrh zwg ojcelet gl

~rstjfh dg lhs e`krgshs jdwj`jlgs, lhs beg`gs `jceh`jlgs, ljs fe`js dg cjrb`, lhs bhszwgsdgl Gstjdh, u lhs dg~seths dg kwj`h dg lj eslj Jltj _glj. G` rgjledjd, gl Khbegr`h dhfeècj`hslh rgcebe w`j ~jrtg dgl ~rstjfh jchrdjdh, j~jrtg dg zwg Mjrtfh`t jwthrey j w` bj`che`kls j gfeter bh`hs shbrg lj dgwdj ~hr w` vjlhr sw~grehr g` 33;,;>> lebrjs jl fh`thch`sek`jdh g` gl ch`trjth.

Gf~rsteth dg lj [gstg`dhr~ u Cj. G` hctwbrg dg :===, jl oe`jl dgl sgkw`dh ~grhdh dg~rgsedg`cej dgl kg`grjl Wlesgs Mgwrgjw}, gl khbegr`h dhfeècj`h ch`trjih w`j dgwdj dg;;>,>>> lebrjs gstgrle`js jl ?' dg e`tgrs j`wjl ~hr 3> jhs. Gl jcrggdhr, lj [gstg`dhr~ u Cj.,tg`j dgrgcmh j chbrjr mjstj w` 3>' dg lhs e`krgshs jdwj`jlgs, ~jrj lh cwjl `hfbr g` gl ~jsvjrehs jkg`tgs oescjlgs g`cjrkjdhs dg rgtg`gr g` ljs jdwj`js gl de`grh chrrgs~h`deg`tg ug`trgkjr gl rgsth j ljs jwthredjdgs dhfeècj`js.

Fgdej`tg gstg ~rstjfh sg ~jkjrh` :42,=?> lebrjs gstgrle`js rgcljfjdjs ~hr lj oerfj Mjrtfh`t,sg sjld ~jrtg dg lj dgwdj e`tgr`j zwg tg`j gl khbegr`h ch` lhs sgrvedhrgs ~blechs u lhs

~rgstjfestjs lhcjlgs, u sg g`krjs lj fjzwe`jrej ~hltecj zwg fj`tg`j j Wlesgs Mgwrgjw} g` gl


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~hdgr ch` lj chf~rj dg lgjltjdgs, jrfjfg`ths, wèohrfgs ~jrj gl girceth u lj jdzwesece` uch`strwcce` dg bjrchs dg kwgrrj.

^hch tegf~h dgs~ws, g` :=5>, Mgwrgjw} hbtwvh htrh ~rstjfh ch` lj [gstg`dhr~ u Cj. ~hr

vjlhr dg 5>>,>>> lebrjs gstgrle`js, jl ?' j`wjl u ~hr 7> jhs. ^rgsg`t chfh iwsteoecjce` ljch`strwcce` dg w`j vj dg ogrrhcjrrel g`trg Sj`tejkh u ^wgrth ^ljtj, jw`zwg g` rgjledjd bwg`j~jrtg dgl de`grh owg dgste`jdh jl shbhr`h u jl ~jkh dg ~rgbg`djs ~hltecjs.

Gl ch`trjbj`dh kg`grjleyjdh jws~ecejdh ~hr gl ~rh~eh Khbegr`h chfh ohrfj dg gvjder gl ~jkh jlhs jkg`tgs jdwj`jlgs dg lj [gstg`dhr~ meyh cjgr g` lj zwegbrj j decmj chf~jj g` :=53, zwg

~rgoere g`th`cgs j~rhvgcmjr ljs `gkhcejceh`gs g` thr`h jl jrrg`djfeg`th dg lj bjmj u~g``swlj dg Sjfj` j lhs Gstjdhs Wèdhs ~jrj vg`dgr sws jcrgg`cejs g` lj Rg~blecjDhfeècj`j j cj~etjlestjs `hrtgjfgrecj`hs. sths sg ch`stetwugrh` g` lj Sj th Dhfe`khEf~rhvgfg`t Chf~jù, u g`trg sws e`vgrsehèstjs ~re`ce~jlgs sg g`ch`trjbj` w` sgcrgtjreh dgGstjdh u htrhs ow`ceh`jrehs dgl khbegr`h gstjdhwèdg`sg.

Sj`th Dhfe`kh Ef~rhvgfg`t Chf~jù. W`j vgy ch`stetwedj gstj chf~jj, gl Khbegr`hdhfeècj`h rgzwere dhs `wgvhs ~rstjfhs ~hr vjlhr dg :,27>,>>> dljrgs u 2,>37,>>> lebrjsgstgrle`js, ch` lh zwg gl fh`th thtjl zwg jdgwdjbj lj Rg~blecj Dhfeècj`j jscg`dj g` :=53 j:; fellh`gs dg ~gshs.

Lj Sj`th Dhfe kh Ef~rhvgfg`t Chf~jù zwgd g` chf~lgth dhfe eh dg ljs jdwj`js`jceh`jlgs, u gllh cjtj~wlt lj eòlwg`cej `hrtgjfgrecj`j g` gl ~js j èvglgs `w`cj j`tgs

jlcj`yjdhs, uj zwg, jdgfs, gl trj`s~hrtg fjrtefh g`trg Sj`th Dhfe`kh u @wgvj Uhra gstjbjfh`h~hleyjdh ~hr lj L`gj dg _j~hrgs Cludg, dg cj~etjl gstjdhwèdg`sg, u w`j krj` ~jrtg dg lje`dwstrej jywcjrgrj dg e`vgrse` g}trj igrj zwg mjbj gf~gyjdh j ohfg tjrsg dwrj`tg glkhbegr`h dg Ek`jceh Fjrj Kh`ylgy dg :=;4 sg g`ch`trjbj g` fj`hs tjfbe` `hrtgjfgrecj`js.

Gl ch`jth dg h~hsece` j lhs e`tgrgsgs `hrtgjfgrecj`hs hrkjèyjdh ~hr ljs ~htg`cejs gwrh~gjsu gl cj`dedjth ~rgsedg`cejl h~hsethr jl kg`grjl Mgwrgjw}, Kg`grhsh dg Fjrcmg`j tgrfe` ch`gl j~rgsjfeg`th u owseljfeg`th dg Dg Fjrcmg`j u lj sjledj dgl ~js dgl Bj`ch @jceh`jl dgSj`th Dhfe`kh -:=53%, cg`trh oe`j`cegrh zwg dgsdg lhs djs dg lj [gstg`dhr~ jkrw~jbj lhsvjlhrgs gwrh~ghs.

Sg thfjrh` htrhs ~rstjfhs sgcrgths u orjwdwlg`ths g` ch`twbgrèh ch` lhs dergcthrgs dg ljSj`th Dhfe kh Ef~rhvgfg`t Chf~jù. G` :=5=, w` jh j tgs dgl jiwstecejfeg`th dgMgwrgjw}, sg lg dgbj` fs dg :7, >>>,>>> dg ~gshs, tgèg`dh stj gl ch`trhl thtjl dg ljsjdwj`js. ^hr htrj ~jrtg, jmhkjbj` jl khbegr`h ljs dgwdjs j lhs ow`ceh`jrehs ~blechs u j lhs

~rgstjfestjs `jceh`jlgs. Gl rgcwrsh j lj gfese` dg fh`gdj e`hrkècj -ljs lljfjdjs ~j~glgtjsdg Lels% u lj ch`cgrtjce` dg w` `wgvh gf~rsteth e`tgr`jceh`jl, jmhrj ch` oe`j`cestjsgwrh~ghs, jkrjvjbj` lj setwjce`.

^jrj gl jh :5>>, lj Rg~blecj Dhfeècj`j dgbj j lj gf~rgsj `hrtgjfgrecj`j, u ch` gllh jtg`gdhrgs dg bh`hs zwg gsj chf~jj mjbj vg`dedh g` Orj`cej, Blkecj, Jlgfjèj, Etjlej g


8/37

=

E`kljtgrrj, lj swfj dg 23,57;,>;= dljrgs1 g` tj`th zwg lj dgwdj e`tgr`j jscg`dj j :>,:2?,?2=dljrgs.

7. @wgstrjs oe`j`yjs j ~jrter dg :=55

Gl ~jsh dg ljs dgwdjs dg lj [gstg`dhr~, dg cj~etjl mhlj`ds, j lj Ef~rhvgfg`t, dg cj~etjl`hrtgjfgrecj`h, meyh zwg lhs Gstjdhs Wèdhs twvegrj` w`j g`hrfg eòlwg`cej g` lhs jsw`thsdhfeècj`hs. Lhs e`tgrgsgs `hrtgjfgrecj`hs g` `wgstrh ~js `h sg lefetjbj` j lhs gf~rsteths,se`h zwg tjfbe` sg g}tg`dj` j w`j crgceg`tg ~rgsg`cej g` lj e`dwstrej jywcjrgrj.

Trgs rjyh`gs ow`djfg`tjlgs ~jrj zwg Gstjdhs Wèdhs e`tgrveègrj fs dergctjfg`tg g`lhs jsw`ths dhfeècj`hs9

^hr sw ~hltecj ef~grejlestj dg ef~h`gr sw ~rgsg`cej g` lj fjuhrj dg lhs ~jsgs dglch`te`g`tg u sw chf~gtg`cej ch` lhs ~jsgs gwrh~ghs zwg fj`tg`j` sw ~rgsg`cej ~hltecj ugch`fecj g` Jfrecj.

^hr lj setwjce` dg dgshrdg` ~hltech dg `wgstrh ~js, zwg meyh fs krjvg lj creses u zwg `hsg kjrj`teyjrj` ljs rgcjwdjceh`gs g` ljs jdwj`js u lhs ~jkhs j ljs dgwdjs.

^hr lj setwjce` gch`fecj cwj`dh lhs deste`ths khbegr`hs dhfeècj`hs e ecejrh``gkhcejceh`gs ch` ljs ~htg`cejs gwrh~gjs u lgs ~grfetegrh` jf~lejr sw ~j~gl ~hltech ugch`fech g` `wgstrh ~js.

?. Ljs ch`vg`ceh`gs Gl ~refgr ~jsh djdh ~hr lhs `hrtgjfgrecj`hs ~jrj dhfe`jr lj ~hltecj e`tgr`j u gvetjr ljs`gkhcejceh`gs ch` ~jsgs gwrh~ghs owg lj dg lhkrjr gl ch`trhl dg ljs jdwj`js. ^jrj gllh, lhskhbgr`j`tgs dhfeècj`hs owgrh` shfgtedhs j ~rgseh`gs u ~grdegrh` cjdj vgy fs sws

~hsebeledjdgs dg jctwjr e`dg~g`deg`tgfg`tg.

G`trg :5>7 u :5>;, Rg~blecj Dhfeècj`j oerf ch`vg`ceh`gs ch` Gstjdhs Wèdhslgsevjs j lj shbgrj`j `jceh`jl. Fgdej`tg gstjs ch`vg`ceh`gs, gl khbegr`h ~grde thtjlfg`tg glch`trhl dg ljs jdwj`js u shlh rgcebe gl 47' dg ljs kj`j`cejs.


9/37Mhrjceh _szwgy

5

GIG TGFTECH EE. SETWJCE@ DG LJ RG^BLECJ DHFE@ECJ@JLWGKH DG LJ CJDJ DG LJ DECTJDWRJ LELES

Wlesgs Mgwrgjw} owg jsgse`jdh gl 2? dg iwleh dg :=55 g` lj cewdjd dg Fhcj. GE jtg`tjdh ch`trjLeles gstwvh g`cjbgyjdh ~hr Ijchbh dg Ljrj, Rjf` Ccgrgs u Mhrjceh _szwgy, ~grh gstjs

~grsh`js grj` slh ljs cjbgyjs veseblgs dg w`j ch`s~erjce` fs jf~lej zwg, dgs~ws dgl mgcmh,sg lgvj`t g` jrfjs ch`trj gl khbegr`h ~rhveseh`jl.

Ch` lj fwgrtg dgl dectjdhr Leles, tgrfe` lj gstjbeledjd ~hltecj u lj wèdjd zwg mjbj`fj`tgèdh lhs chfgrcej`tgs, feletjrgs u cjwdellhs rgkeh`jlgs jlrgdgdhr dg sw oekwrj+. Dgsdg gsg

fhfg`th, thdhs lhs sgcthrgs tg`j` gl e`tgrs dg sgr lhs mgrgdgrhs dg lj setwjce` ~hltecj. Se`gfbjrkh, gl lwkjr dg Leles, chfh lh gstjblgcj lj Ch`stetwce` dg :=5?, owg hcw~jdh ~hr glvecg~rgsedg`tg dg lj Rg~blecj, [g`cgsljh Oekwgrgh, zweg` hrdg` lj cj~twrj dg lhs jsgse`hs dgLeles.

Jw`zwg Oekwgrgh trjt dg fj`tg`grsg g` gl ~hdgr, `h ~wdh llg`jr gl vjch ~hltech dgijdh ~hrMgwrgjw} è org`jr lj h~hsece` fjsevj j sw khbegr`h, è j~ljcjr lj rgvwgltj dgl Cebjhg`cjbgyjdj ~hr Rjf` Ccgrgs u Mhrjceh _szwgy, zweg`gs lh vgj` chfh w`j ch`te`wjce` dglj dectjdwrj. Js, j`tg lj ~rgse` u jketjce` ~hltecj g` gl ~js, Oekwgrgh rg`w`ce jl ~hdgr gl 3>dg jkhsth dgl fesfh jh. Trjs lj rg`w`cej dg Oekwgrgh, gl ~hdgr zwgd g` fj`hs dg w`j Iw`tj^h~wljr Kwbgr`jtevj chf~wgstj ~hr h~hsethrgs dgl rkefg` lelesestj.

Lj rgvwgltj, derekedj ~hrCcgrgs u _szwgy, sg g}tg`de ~hr thdj lj rgke` @hrtg dgl ~js,shbrg thdh g` Sj` Orj`cesch u Sj`tejkh, u rgcebe lhs rgowgryhs dg ceg`ths dg g}elejdhsh~hsethrgs j lj dectjdwrj dg Leles, lh zwg ~grfete lj crgjce` dg w` khbegr`h ~rhveseh`jl g` ljrgke` Cebjh, ch` sgdg g` Sj`tejkh u ~rgsededh ~hrMhrjceh _szwgy. Ljs trh~js dg _szwgydgrrhtjrh` j lhs zwg zwgdjbj` dgl girceth dg Oekwgrgh u sg trjsljdjrh` j lj cewdjd cj~etjl gl dj4 dg sg~tegfbrg dg :=55.

^refgrjs fgdedjs dg Mhrjceh _szwgy9 Rgterjr dg cercwljce` ljs dgvjlwjdjs ~j~glgtjs gfetedjs ~hr Leles.

^JRJ FJS E@OHRFJCEH@ CLEC JZW9mtt~9(({{{.dhfeècj`jh`le`g.hrk(~hrtjl(gs~j`hl(c~h wsj.js
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10/37

:>

E`cg`tevjr gl rgthr`h dg lhs g}elejdhs ~hltechs. Rgstjblgcgr lj lebgrtjd dg g}~rgse`. Ch`vhcjr j glgcceh`gs ~rgsedg`cejlgs. ^gder lj rgwè` dgl Ch`krgsh ch` ferjs j rgjleyjr ljs rgohrfjs ch`stetwceh`jlgs zwg

ch`sedgrjrj` gcgsjrejs.W`j vgy ch`vhcjdjs ljs glgcceh`gs, _szwgy j~hu lj cj`dedjtwrj dg Iwj` Esedrh Iefg`gs,zweg` ~jrj gsj ~hcj grj w`h dg lhs chfgrcej`tgs dhfeècj`hs fs ef~hrtj`tgs, dwgh dg ljCjsj Iefg`gs. Jdgfs, mjbj sedh w` tg`jy h~hsethr dg lj dectjdwrj dg Mgwrgjw}. Gl j~huhdg _szwgy j Iefg`gs owg rgchf~g`sjdh ~hr gstg ltefh, ch` sw `hfe`jce` j ljvecg~rgsedg`cej dg lj Rg~blecj

:. Khbegr`h dg Iefg`gs

Iefg`gs u _szwgy thfjrh` ~hsgse` chfh ~rgsedg`tg u vecg~rgsedg`tg dg lj Rg~blecj gl :7

dg `hvegfbrg dg :=55, ~jrj w` ~grhdh gstjblgcedh dg cwjtrh jhs. Gstg `wgvh khbegr`hgòrg`t lj deocel setwjce` gch`fecj dgl ~js dgbedh jl ch`trhl zwg gigrcj lj Sj` Dhfe`khEf~rhvgfg`t shbrg ljs jdwj`js u j lj dgwdj zwg gstjbj ~hr g`cefj dg lhs 3> fellh`gs dgdljrgs.( G`trg ljs ~re`ce~jlgs fgdedjs dgl khbegr`h dg Iefg`gs gstjbj` ljs sekweg`tgs9 Fj`tg`gr lj vekg`cej dg lj Ch`stetwce` dg :=5?. @gkhcejr, dergctjfg`tg, ch` lj Sj` Dhfe`kh Ef~rhvgfg`t u ch` lhs tg`gdhrgs dg bh`hs

`hrtgjfgrecj`hs u gwrh~ghs, chfh Etjlej, Jlgfjèj, Blkecj g E`kljtgrrj, ~jrj rgscjtjr ljsjdwj`js dhfeècj`js u sjldjr lj dgwdj.

Thfjr gl ch`trhl dg ljs rgcjwdjceh`gs jl des~h`gr zwg thdjs ljs rg`tjs oescjlgs owgrj`

~grcebedjs ~hr lhs jdfeèstrjdhrgs dg mjceg`dj.

Ljs deogrg`cejs g trg Iefg`gs u _szwgy gf~gyjrh` ~rh`th j fjèogstjrsg, uj zwg lhssgkwedhrgs dg Leles sg jcgrcjrh` j Iefg`gs ~jrj e`tg`tjr sw e`tgkrjce` g` gl khbegr`h u lhsj`telelesestjs sg jshcejrh` j _szwgy

2. Oe` dgl khbegr`h dg Fj`wgl Iefg`gs

Orj`cej g}eke jl khbegr`h dhfeècj`h gl ~jkh dg w`j dgwdj dg 2=> fel orj`chs ~g`deg`tgs

dgsdg lhs tegf~hs dg Leles. J`tg gstj setwjce`, gl khbegr`h dg Iefg`gs ~rh~wsh rgjleyjr ~jkhs~jrcejlgs dg lj dgwdj. Se` gfbjrkh, Orj`cej, j trjvs dg sw c`swl, sg `gk j jcg~tjr lj~rh~wgstj u, g` w`j jctetwd dgsjoej`tg, g`ve bwzwgs dg sw jrfjdj jl ~wgrth dg Sj`th Dhfe`khu jfg`jy ch` gfbjrkjr lhs e`krgshs dg ljs jdwj`js zwg gstjbj` bjih gl ch`trhl dg ljEf~rhvgfg`t.

Lhs `hrtgjfgrecj`hs, veg`dh g` ~glekrh sws e`tgrgsgs g` ljs jdwj`js dhfeècj`js, g`vejrh` w`bwzwg dg kwgrrj j Sj`th Dhfe`kh ch` gl zwg lhkrjrh` e`tefedjr j lhs orj`cgsgs, zweg`gsfhdgrjrh` sws dgfj`djs. Lj dgwdj ch` lhs orj`cgsgs owg ~jkjdj :ch` lj juwdj dg lhs

:


11/37

::

dhfeècj`hs zwg, ~rghcw~jdhs, rgjleyjrh` chlgctjs ~jrj rgcjwdjr gl de`grh `gcgsjreh. Jw` js,lhs ~rhblgfjs ch` lhs tg`gdhrgs dg bh`hs ch`te`wjrh`. 0

Gl :> dg g`grh dg :5>:, gl ~rgsedg`tg Iefg`gs twvh zwg glefe`jr gl ch`trhl dg ljEf~rhvgfg`t

shbrg `wgstrjs jdwj`js ~jrj wteleyjr sws rgcwrshs ~jrj ~jkjr j lhs tg`gdhrgs dg bh`hs. Ljrgjcce` dgl Dg~jrtjfg`th dg Gstjdh `hrtgjfgrecj`h `h sg meyh gs~grjr u g`vejrh` w`rg~rgsg`tj`tg j ~rgseh`jr jl khbegr`h.

Lj setwjce` gch`fecj u ~hltecj dgl khbegr`h dg Iefg`gs grj fwu chf~lecjdj ~wgs, jdgfsdg ljs ~rgseh`gs `hrtgjfgrecj`js, lhs ~rgcehs e`tgr`jceh`jlgs dg lhs ~re`ce~jlgs ~rhdwcthsmjbj` bjijdh drstecjfg`tg, lh zwg rgdwih ljs kj`j`cejs ~hr ljs g}~hrtjceh`gs u trjih, g`ch`sgcwg`cej, w`j krj` creses gch`fecj. ^hr htrh ljdh, gl vecg~rgsedg`tg Mhrjceh _szwgy,zweg` dgsdg lhs eècehs dgl fj`djth dg Iefg`gs, sg ch`verte g` gl Dglgkjdh kwbgr`jfg`tjl g`gl Cebjh, sg dgcljr g`gfekh dgl khbegr`h g eèce, g` jbrel dg :5>2, w`j ch`s~erjce` ~jrjdgrrhcjrj Iefg`gs.

_szwgy hrkjèy u g`cjbgy w`j rgvwgltj zwg lhkr gl j~huh dg lj fjuhrj dg lhskhbgr`jdhrgs ~rhve`cejlgs u dgsch`hce gl khbegr`h ch`stetwceh`jl dg Iwj` Esedrh Iefg`gs.Iefg`gs `h rgseste, ~hr lh zwg rg`w`ce j lj ~rgsedg`cej, sg jsel g` gl ch`swljdh orj`cs u

~jrte mjcej gl g}eleh. Dg gstg fhdh, _szwgy jswfe lj ~rgsedg`cej.

3. Lhs khbegr`hs dg _szwgy u dg [hss u Kel_szwgy twvh zwg ledejr ch` ljs fesfjs ~rgseh`gs dg lhs `hrtgjfgrecj`hs mgrgdjdjs dglkhbegr`h dg Iefg`gs. Gl `wgvh khbegr`h oerf, g` g`grh dg :5>3, w` ~rhthchlh fgdej`tg gl cwjlsg chf~rhfgtj j ~jkjr 4 fellh`gs u fgdeh dg dljrgs j lj Ef~rhvgfg`t, jdgfs dg zwg, j

LHS BHLHS U LHS CHLWDHS

^jrj ~rgcehs dg seklh ljs ~glgjs dg kjllhs grj lj joece` fs ef~hrtj`tgG` gl :5>2 swrkegrh` dhs krw~hs j lhs cwjlgs sg lgs lljfh Bhlhs uChlwdhs. Gl ~refgrh ohrfjdh ~hr lhs sgkwedhrgs dg Iwj` EsedrhIef`gy -~rgsedg`tg dg Rg~. Dhf.% u cwuh sfbhlh grj w` kjllh se`chlj h bhlh. Gl sgkw`dh tgèj chfh cjbgcellj j Mhrjceh _szwgy -vecg&~rgsedg`tg dg Rg~. Dhf.% u sg mjcej rg~rgsg`tjr ~hr w` kjllh ch` chljjbw`dj`tg. Gsths ch`stetwugrh` dhs owgryjs ~hltecjs j`tjkècjs, sws

gfblgfjs grj` rg~rgsg`tjdhs ~hr kjllhs dg ~glgj u g` des~hsece` dg


12/37

:2

~jrter dg gsg fhfg`th, ljs `gkhcejceh`gs sg mjrj` dergctjfg`tg ch` gl khbegr`h dg lhs GstjdhsWèdhs.

Lhs trfe`hs dgl jcwgrdh ch` Gstjdhs Wèdhs owgrh` jcg~tjdhs ~hr _szwgy, ~grh jwfg`tjrh`

gl dgsch`tg`th dg lj fjuhrj dg lj ~hbljce` ch` gl khbegr`h. _szwgy gòrg`t ~hchs fgsgsdgs~ws dg gstjr g` gl ~hdgr w`j rgbgle` zwg sg eèce g` Fh`tgcreste u zwg sg g}tg`de ~hrthdh gl Cebjh. Lhs jlyjdhs grj` g` sw fjuhrj iefgèstjs. ^grh gstjbj` g`cjbgyjdhs ~hr glj`tekwh lelesestj Jlgij`drh [hss u Kel. Lj rgvwgltj dgrrhc j _szwgy u ~wsh g` sw lwkjr j[hss u Kel u Gwkgèh Dgscmjf~s, chfh ~rgsedg`tg u vecg~rgsedg`tg, rgs~gctevjfg`tg, gl : dgjkhsth dg :5>3.

Gl khbegr`h dg [hss u Kel gstwvh chf~wgsth ~hr ~jrtedjrehs iefgèstjs u j`tekwhs sgkwedhrgsdg Leles. Gstg khbegr h sg `gk j jcg~tjr gl jcwgrdh oerfjdh ~hr _szwgy ch` lj Ef~rhvgfg`t

~hr g`tg`dgr zwg mjbj sedh w` jcwgrdh oerfjdh ~hr w` khbegr`h elgktefh.

Ljs ~rgseh`gs dg Gstjdhs Wèdhs, bjih lj ~rgsedg`cej dg Tghdhrh Rhhsgvglt, jwfg`tjrh`. Jlfesfh tegf~h, g` ^wgrth ^ljtj sg eèce w`j rgvwgltj ch`hcedj chfh Lj Wè`, bjih glledgrjykh dg Cjrlhs Fhrjlgs Lj`kwjsch. Jl lgvj`tjfeg`th sg wègrh` iefgèstjs u mhrjcestjs

~hr lh zwg ~rh`th sg g}tg`de j thdh gl ~js. [hss u Kel sg g`ch`tr jchrrjljdh ~hr ljrgvhlwce` dg Fhrjlgs Lj`kwjsch u ~hr ljs tgseh`gs dg Gstjdhs Wèdhs u dg lhs tg`gdhrgs dg

bh`hs gwrh~ghs j trjvs dg sws c`swlgs. G` gstjs ch`deceh`gs gl khbegr`h `h tg`j owgryjs ~jrjfj`tg`grsg u gl 24 dg `hvegfbrg dg :5>3, [hss u Kel rg`w`ce j lj ~rgsedg`cej.

4. Gl khbegr`h wèhèstjLj rgvwgltj g`cjbgyjdj ~hr Fhrjlgs Lj`kwjsch owg ch`hcedj chfh lj Rgvhlwce` dg LjWèstj ~hrzwg mjbj wèoecjdh j fegfbrhs dg deogrg`tgs tg`dg`cejs ~hltecjs1 ~hr gsh, swkhbegr`h tjfbe` owg lljfjdh khbegr`h wèhèstj. Gl 2; dg hctwbrg dg :5>3, lj rgvhlwce`wèhèstj dgcljr j Sj`tejkh dg lhs Cjbjllgrhs chfh cj~etjl dg lj Rg~blecj.

Lj wèdjd dgl `wgvh khbegr`h grj fwu orkel, ~wgs tj`th lhs mhrjcestjs chfh lhs iefgèstjstg`j` sws e`tgrgsgs u ~wk`js e`tgr`js. Eècejlfg`tg, Fhrjlgs Lj`kwjsch sg ~rh~wsh llgvjr jIwj` Esedrh Iefg`gs j lj ~rgsedg`cej, ~grh lj h~hsece` dg lhs mhrjcestjs meyh zwg gstg lj`yjrj sw

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15/37

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17/37

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Gf~rsteth, sw dgwdj ~blecj `h ~hdr sgr jwfg`tjdj se`h fgdej`tg w` jcwgrdh ~rgveh g`trg glKhbegr`h Dhfeècj`h u lhs Gstjdhs Wèdhs...

CH@SEDGRJ@DH9 gl Khbegr`h Dhfeècj`h mj vehljdh gl decmh jrtcwlh EEE g` fs dg w`jhcjse`1 u,

CH@SEDGRJ@DHS Khbegr`h Dhfe ecj`h dg cwj`dh g` cwj`dh, mj djdh chfhg}~lecjce` dg decmj vehljce` lj `gcgsedjd dg e`cwrrer g` kjsths g}trjhrde`jrehs e`cedg`tjlgs jlj sw~rgse` dg ljs rgvhlwceh`gs1 u,

CH@SEDGRJ@DH9 gl Khbegr`h dg lhs Gstjdhs Wèdhs, ch` fwcmj ~jceg`cej, u ch` dgsghjfesthsh dg juwdjr u ~grfeter j lj Rg~blecj Dhfeècj`j fj`tg`gr lj trj`zweledjd dhfstecjcwf~ler ch` ljs gste~wljceh`gs dg lj Ch`vg`ce` cetjdj, mj j~rgtjdh jl Khbegr`h Dhfeècj`hcegrtjs fgdedjs `gcgsjrejs zwg gl Khbegr`h Dhfeècj`h `h mj sedh e`cle`jdh jcg~tjr h mj sedhcj~jcetjdh jcg~tjr1 u,

CH@SEDGRJ@DH9 g` ch`sgcwg`cej, lj trj`zweledjd dhfstecj mj sedh ~grtwrbjdj u j` `hgst rgstjblgcedj, è jsgkwrjdh gl cwf~lefeg`th owtwrh dg lj Ch`vg`ce` dg ~jrtg dgl"Khbegr`h Dhfeècj`h....

DGCLJRH U ^RHCLJFH j thdhs lhs zwg lgs e`tgrgsg, zwg lj Rg~blecj Dhfeècj`j &+zwgdj~hr lj ~rgsg`tg ~wgstj g` w` gstjdh dg hcw~jce` feletjr ~hr ljs owgryjs bjih fe fj`dh, u"zwgdj shfgtedj jl Khbegr`h Feletjr u jl gigrceceh dg lj Lgu Feletjr, j~lecjblg j tjlhcw~jce`..."

2. CH@TGSTJ LJS SEKWEG@TGS ^RGKW@TJS

Cwlgs grj` lhs fhtevhs ~jrj lj hcw~jce` feletjr gstjdhwèdg`sg sgk` gstg dhcwfg`th8


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_ehl gl Khbegr`h Dhfe ecj`h lj Ch`vg`ce` dg :5>;, sgk` sg g}~rgsj g` gldhcwfg`th8

Mjbj g` `hvegfbrg w` gstjdh dg kwgrrj g` gl ~js8

Cwlgs sh` ljs ch`trjdecceh`gs zwg g`cwg`trjs g`trg ljs rjyh`gs zwg deh Cj~grth` gìwèh g` lhs dhcwfg`ths j`jleyjdhs g` gl Cj~twlh 4 dg lj Wèdjd : u ljs dg &A`j~~~rgsg`tjdjs g` gstg dhcwfg`th8

3. Lj h~hsece` j lj hcw~jce`

^rhtgstjs g` ljs cewdjdgs


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23

Dgsdg gl eèceh dg lj hcw~jce` feletjr, lhs `jceh`jlestjs sg fhstrjrh` g` dgsjcwgrdh ch` ljfesfj. Lhs dhfeècj`hs sg jfjrrjbj` ~jwglhs `gkrhs u lj bj`dgrj dhfeècj`j owg chlhcjdjg` ljs ~wgrtjs dg ljs veveg`djs. Lj fjuhrj dg lhs gf~lgjdhs ~blechs llgkjrh` jl g}trgfh dg

rgterjrsg dg sws ~wgsths dg trjbjih j lj llgkjdj dg lhs fjre`gs. Tjfbe`, lhs ~rh~egtjrehs dg lhschlfjdhs `h lgs vg`dj` j lhs shldjdhs gstjdhwèdg`sgs.

G` gl g}trjìgrh, lhs e`tglgctwjlgs dhfeècj`hs j~rhvgcmjbj` thdjs ljs h~hrtwèdjdgs ~jrjgscreber dg fj`grj ~grfj`g`tg g` lhs ~gredechs u jsestj` j deogrg`tgs jctevedjdgs, dh`dgg}~h`j` lj setwjce` zwg gstjbj ~jdgceg`dh `wgstrh ~js.

Lhs cjwdellhs trjdeceh`jlgs ch`te`wjrh` g` sws lwcmjs e`tgr`js, dgij`dh j w` ljdh gl mgcmh dg ljhcw~jce`. Lhs chfgrcej`tgs lj j~hujrh`, ~wgs ~g`sjrh` zwg stj ch`trebwerj j jlcj`yjr gl

~rhkrgsh u dgsjrrhllh dgl sgcthr. G` gl :52> thdh gf~gy j cjfbejr, j ~jrter dg jzw sg

ohrfjrh` ljs iw`tjs `jceh`jlestjs g` deogrg`tgs ~w`ths dgl ~js.

Hrkjèyjrh` lj Sgfj`j ^jtretecj zwg tg`j chfh ~rh~seth lgvj`tjr gl sg`tefeg`th `jceh`jlestjg`trg lhs dhfeècj`hs. Fs tjrdg sg ohrf lj Wè` @jceh`jl Dhfeècj`j, lj cwjl chhrde`jbjthdh gl fhvefeg`th `jceh`jlestj dhfeècj`h.

4. Bjtjllj dgs lj Bjrrj`zwetj

G` lj L`gj @hrhgstg sg fjèogst w` krw~h dg h~hsece` j lj e`tgrvg`ce` feletjr gstj&

dhwèdg`sg. G` ljs chstjs dg Fh`tg Creste dgsgfbjrcjrh` lhs fjre`gs g}trjìgrhs. Dgsdg gsglwkjr sg dgs~ljyjrh` mjstj llgkjr j Sj`tejkh, ~grh dwrj`tg gl trjugcth owgrh` jtjcjdhs g`deogrg`tgs ~w`ths ~hr lhs sgkwedhrgs dg Dgsedgreh Jrejs, ~wgs gl fesfh dgsdg gl eèceh sg h~wshj lj ~rgsg`cej dg lhs g}trjìgrhs g` gl tgrrethreh dhfeècj`h.

G`trg lhs chfbjtgs gogctwjdhs ~hr dhfeècj`hs g eòj`tgs dg lj fjre`j gstjdhwèdg`sg, gl fsef~hrtj`tg owg gl dg lj Bjrrj`zwetj. G` stg sg dgstjc gl chfj`dj`tg Cjrlhs Djègl. Lhsdhfeècj`hs rgsestegrh` ~grh, oe`jlfg`tg, lj sw~grehredjd feletjr dg lhs hcw~j`tgs sg ef~wsh,lhkrj`dh sw ~rh~seth dg llgkjr j lj cewdjd dg Sj`tejkh dg lhs Cjbjllgrhs.

G` stj ~jrtece~jrh` vjrehs e`tglgctwjlgs u ~grsh`jledjdgs dg lj shcegdjd dhfeècj`j, g`trggllhs9 Jfrech Lwkh, Ojbeh Oejllh, Orj`cesch Mg`rzwgy u Cjrvjijl, Lwes C. dgl Cjstellh.Lhs `jceh`jlestjs tg`j` chfh fgtj lj dgshcw~jce` ~wrj u sef~lg, fs beg`, lj sjledj dg lhsFjre`g dgl tgrrethreh dhfeècj`h, ~wgsth zwg `h zwgrj` zwg sw sjledj gstwvegrj ch`deceh`jdj

~hr lhs hcw~j`tgs.


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7. Lj yh`j rwrjl

Lhs mjbetj`tgs dg lj yh`j rwrjl gòrg`tjrh` g` gl ~lj`h feletjr j lhs fjre`gs, zweg`gs mjbj`jcwfwljdh bjstj`tg g}~greg`cej g` gsg ~lj`h, ~jrtece~j`dh g` ljs lwcmjs cjwdellestjs. Gstjfjèogstjce` dg rgsestg`cej rwrjl jlcj`y w` fjuhr dgsjrrhllh g` lj rgke` Gstg dgl tgrrethrehdhfeècj`h1 j sws e`tgkrj`tgs, lhs fjre`gs lgs dg`hfe`jrh` "kjvellgrhs".

G` Sj` Orj`cesch dg Fjchrs u g` Sjlcgdh tjfbe` sg ~rhdwigrh` fjèogstjceh`gs g` ch`trjdg lhs fjre`gs. Dg ekwjl fj`grj, g` Sj` Iwj` dg lj Fjkwj`j, g`cjbgyjdj ~hr Hlevhreh Fjtgh.

Gl ~rh~seth dg lj lwcmj cjf~gse`j owg lj dgog`sj dg lj shbgrj`j `jceh`jl.W`h dg lhs ~re`ce~jlgs derekg`tgs dgl fhvefeg`th kjvellgrh owg _ecg`tg Gvj`kglestj, zweg` tg`jsws sgkwedhrgs g` gl Gstg. G` gl :5:; lhkr ~rgsg`tjrlg w`j rgsestg`cej j lhs fjre`gsgstjdhwèdg`sgs. ^grh, dgbedh j zwg `h gstjbj fwu cljrj lj dgrrhtj dg lhs fjre`gs sg re`de,seg`dh owseljdh ~hr lhs e`vjshrgs. Swrkegrh` htrhs derekg`tgs dg trh dg lhs dg`hfe jdhskjvellgrhs. Sg dgstjcjrh`Rjf` @jtgrj.u Fjrt` ^gkwgrh. Lhs kjvellgrhs jctwjbj` jl fjrkg`dg lj lwcmj cvecj zwg lebrjbj` lhs `jceh`jlestjs g` ljs cewdjdgs, g`trg jfbhs sgcthrgs `hg}estegrh` èvglgs dg chljbhrjce`.


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KRW^H DG KJ_ELLGRHS H^HSETHRGS J LJ E@_JSEH@ G@ GL GSTG

Gl fhvefeg`th kjvellgrh sg dgsjcrgdet. Dgbedh j lj `gcgsedjd dg shbrgvever, vjrehs cjugrh` g`~rctecjs dg bj`dhlgresfh, lh zwg lg rgst sef~jtj ~hr ~jrtg dg lj ~hbljce`. Uj g` gl :522, glfhvefeg th jrfjdh dg lhs kjvellgrhs gstjbj ~rctecjfg`tg rg`dedh org`tg j lhs fjre`gshcw~j`tgs.

?. Fgdedjs dgl Khbegr`h dg Hcw~jce` :5:?&:524

:. Deswglvg gl Ch`krgsh

2. @hfbr hoecejlgs `hrtgjfgrecj`hs g` lhs jlths cjrkhs dgl khbegr`h.3. Rggf~ljy j lhs feletjrgs dhfeècj`hs4. Rgohrfj jl Gstjdh Dhfeècj`h7. Dgcrgt gl dgsjrfg thtjl dg lj ~hbljce`?. Cg`swrj j lj ^rg`sj;. Cg`swrj ~jrj ljs chfwècjceh`gs tglgkroecjs=. Crgjce` dg lj Dergcce` dg Rg`tjs E`tgr`js5. Lgu Hrkècj dg Gdwcjce`:>. Crgjce` dg Sjlwd ^blecj

::. Crgjce` dgl Trebw`jl dg Tegrrjs:2. Rgjleyjce` dgl ~refgr cg`sh:3. Ch`strwcce` dg _js tgrrgstrgs:4. ^jkh dg swgldhs jtrjsjdhs:7. Jiwstecejfeg`ths

;. Ch`sgcwg`cejs dg lj hcw~jce`

Dgsjrrhllh dg lj e`dwstrej jywcjrgrj, ojcthr dgtgrfe`j`tg ~jrj gl gstjblgcefeg`th dg w`j

gch`hfj jkrh&g}~hrtjdhrj. ^rhdwcce` jkrchlj hreg`tjdj jl fgrcjdh g}tgrehr udgsve`cwljdh dgl fgrcjdh e`tgr`h.

^JRJ FJS E@OHRFJCEH@ CLEC JZW9mtt~9(({{{.jk`.khv.dh(~wblecjceh`gs(lebrh(kjvellgrhs&:5>4&:5:?

kjvellgrhs.mtfl
http://www.agn.gov.do/publicaciones/libro/gavilleros-1904-1916http://www.historiadominicana.com.do/historia/contemporanea/328-los-gavilleros.htmlhttp://www.agn.gov.do/publicaciones/libro/gavilleros-1904-1916http://www.historiadominicana.com.do/historia/contemporanea/328-los-gavilleros.html


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Ch`stetwce` dg w`j gch`hfj dg g`cljvg, g}~rgsjdj g` gl ch`trhl fh`h~lech dg lj~rh~egdjd jkrchlj g` ljs yh`js ~rhdwcthrjs dg cjj dg jycjr. Ljs gf~rgsjs jywcjrgrjstg`j` gl ch`trhl gch`fech u ~hltech dg ljs rgjs bjih lj eòlwg`cej dg sws e`kgèhs jyw&cjrgrhs. Ljs chf~jjs sg j~rh~ejbj` dg lhs tgrrg`hs g` dgsfgdrh dg lhs cjf~gse`hs u lhstgrrjtgèg`tgs trjdeceh`jlgs.

Fj`tgèfeg`th dg lj dgwdj g}tgr`j u dg jrj`cglgs ojvhrjblgs j lhs jrtcwlhsgstjdhwèdg`sgs.

Glefe`jce` dg lhs rgfj`g`tgs dgl cjwdellesfh.

Hrkjèyjce` dgl Gstjdh g` chrrgs~h`dg`cej ch` lhs e tgrgsgs dg lhs e`vgrsehèstjsgstjdhwèdg`sgs.

Gl Gstjdh jswfe ow`ceh`gs fhdgr`js ch` rgljce` j ~rhdwcce`, gdwcjce`, sjlwd, hbrjs~blecjs. ^rhdwce`dhsg fgihrj g` lhs sgrvecehs dg sjlwd u gdwcjce`.

Crgjce` dg w` girceth, dg`hfe`jdh Kwjrdej @jceh`jl, ~jrj ch trhljr ljs rgjcceh`gscjwdellestjs u ~rhtgkgr ljs e`vgrseh`gs.

Gstjblgcefeg`th dg khbegr`hs zwg rgs~h`degrj` j lhs e`tgrgsgs gstjdhwèdg`sgs.

J~huh j lj dectjdwrj dg Rjojgl Lgèdjs Trwiellh.

Rg`jcefeg`th dgl `jceh`jlesfh dhfe ecj`h, u lj fjèogstjce` dg h~hsece` j ljhcw~jce`.

=. Rgsestg`cej cvecj

Twvh w` cjrctgr wrbj`h u sg gstrwctwr shbrg lj bjsg dg ljs deste`tjs eècejtevjs dg lj cljsge`tglgctwjl dhfeècj`j zwg g}~rgsjbj sw ~rgogrg`cej ~hr w` ~js lebrg ch` rgvhlwceh`gs j w`

~js hcw~jdh ch` w`j ~jy ef~wgstj.

Cjf~jj rgjleyjdj ~hr gl g} ~rgsedg`tg dg lj Rg~blecj Orj`cesch Mg`rzwgy uCjrvjijl. _eji ~hr vjrehs ~jsgs dg Jfrecj Ljte`j dg`w`cej`dh lj hcw~jce`, lj ojltj dglebgrtjdgs, lj cg`swrj, ljs chrtgs feletjrgs dg iwstecej u ljs thrtwrjs zwg sworj` lhsdhfeècj`hs. G` :5:5 ow`d w`j Chfese` @jceh`jlestj Dhfeècj`j zwg h~grjbj g`[jsme`kth` u zwg ~rgtg`dj zwg gl Dg~jrtjfg`th dg Gstjdh dg lhs Gstjdhs Wèdhsfhdeoecjrj sw ~hltecj g` gl ~js u `hfbrjrj w` Iw`tj Ch`swltevj zwg ~rg~jrjrj ljs lgugs

~jrj jsgkwrjr lj trj`sece` j w` `wgvh khbegr`h cevel dhfeècj`h.

Cjf~jj dg lhs ldgrgs hbrgrhs dhfeècj`hs j`tg lj Ogdgrjce` Jfgrecj`j dglTrjbjih, lj cwjl g}eke jl ~rgsedg`tg dg lhs Gstjdhs Wèdhs w`j rgcteoecjce` dg sw

~hltecj g` Sj`th Dhfe`kh.


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Crgjce` dg lj Wè` @jceh`jl Dhfeècj`j g` :52>. ^rgsededj ~hr Dh` Gfelej`hTgigrj, g}ekj lj dgshcw~jce` ~wrj u sef~lg. Lj e`tgkrjbj` Jfrech Lwkh, OjbehOejllh, ^glgkr` Cjstellh, G`rezwg J~hle`jr Mg`rzwgy, Fj} Mg`rzwgy Wrgj, CsjrThlg`te`h u fwcmhs htrhs.

Lj dgog`sj dgl rgstjblgcefeg`th dg lj shbgrj`j dhfeècj`j sg g}~rgs j trjvs dgdeste`tjs fjèogstjceh`gs cwltwrjlgs9 descwrshs, lebrhs, cjrtjs, hbrjs dg tgjtrh, gdethrejlgs.Mjstj lhs iwgkhs dg besbhl cglgbrjdhs g`trg dhfeècj`hs u gzwe~hs ohrfjdhs ~hr lhsfjre`gs `hrtgjfgrecj`hs servegrh` ~jrj cj`jleyjr gl rgcmjyh j lj jwthredjd h~rgshrj.

5. Jcwgrdhs ~jrj gl rgterh dg ljs trh~jsGl rgterh dg ljs trh~js gstjdhwèdg`sgs sg rgjley lwgkh dg w` ~rhcgsh g` gl zwg sg e`vhlwcrjrh`lhs deogrg`tgs sgcthrgs shcejlgs. ^jrj tjl oe` edgjrh` vjrehs ~lj`gs chfh9

Gl ~lj` Mjrde`k, ~rh~wgsth g` iwèh dg :52: ~hr gl khbgr`jdhr feletjr Sjfwgl S.Rhbe`sh`, zwg cwf~lj e`strwcceh`gs dgl ~rgsedg`tg Mjrde`k1 owg rgcmjyjdh ~hr glfhvefeg`th `jceh`jlestj, ~wgs ~rh~h`j lj ~rgsg`cej dg w` ch`sgigrh oe`j`cegrh, hoecejlgsgstjdhwèdg`sgs jl org`tg dg lj kwjrdej `jceh`jl u htrhs ~w`ths zwg jtg`tjbj` ch`trj ljshbgrj`j `jceh`jl.

Gl ~jcth dg ^wgrth ^ljtj, ~rh~wgsth ~hr lhs `jceh`jlestjs Gfelej`h Tgigrj, G`rezwgMg`rzwgy, Jfrech Lwkh u htrhs e`tglgctwjlgs dhfeècj`hs zwg dgog`dj` lj dgshcw~jce`

~wrj u sef~lg.

^lj` Mwkmgs&^gu`jdh, :522. Lj creses gch`fecj dgsg`cjdg`jdj g` :52:, ljs cjf~jjs jgscjlj `jceh`jl g e`tgr`jceh`jl g` ch`trj dg lj e`tgrvg`ce`, u lj glgcce` dg w` `wgvh

~rgsedg`tg `hrtgjfgrecj`h ojvhrjblg j lj sjledj dg ljs trh~js dg hcw~jce`, ~rh~ecejrh` ljcglgbrjce` dg gstg jcwgrdh zwg sg`t ljs bjsgs ~jrj lj vwgltj j lj vedj e`dg~g`deg`tg dg ljRg~blecj Dhfeècj`j. Sg lljf js g` vertwd dg lhs `hfbrgs dg lhs `gkhcejdhrgs9

Orj`cesch I. ^gu`jdh, ~hr lj ~jrtg dhfeècj`j, u gl sgcrgtjreh dg Gstjdh CmjrlgsGvj`s Mwkmgs, ~hr lhs Gstjdh Wèdhs. Gl fesfh gste~wljbj9

E`stjljce` dg w` Khbegr`h ^rhveseh`jl glgcth ~hr lhs ~re`ce~jlgs ldgrgs ~hltechsdhfeècj`hs u gl Jryhbes~h dg Sj`th Dhfe`kh.

^rg~jrjce` u hrkjèyjce` dg glgcceh`gs ~hr ~jrtg dgl fg`ceh`jdh Khbegr`h^rhveseh`jl.

Rgch`hcefeg`th dg lhs jcths lgkjlgs dgl khbegr`h feletjr zwg mwbegsg` crgjdh dgrgcmh

j ojvhr dg tgrcgrhs.


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Rgch`hcefeg`th dg lj vjledgy dg ljs gfeseh`gs dg bh`hs dg lhs gf~rsteths ch trjtjdhsdwrj`tg lhs jhs dg hcw~jce`.

Rgch`hcefeg`th dg ljs tjreojs jdwj`grjs gstjblgcedjs ~hr gl khbegr`h feletjr g` :5:5 uzwg ojvhrgcj` j fs dg 547 ~rhdwcths gstjdhwèdg`sgs.

_ekg`cej dg lj Ch`vg`ce` Dhfèch&Jfgrecj`j dg :5>; mjstj zwg lj Rg~blecjDhfeècj`j tgrfe`jrj dg ~jkjr sw dgwdj g}tgr`j, zwgdj`dh ~hr tj`th lhs`hrtgjfgrecj`hs g` ch`trhl dg ljs jdwj`js u ch` gl dgrgcmh dg jwthreyjr h `h cwjlzwegrowtwrh g`dgwdjfeg`th ~blech dgl ~js.

Iwj` Bjwtestj _eceè Bwrkhs jswfe chfh ~rgsedg`tg ~rhveseh`jl g` gl fgs dg hctwbrgdg :522, u ljs glgcceh`gs ch`stetwceh`jlgs owgrh` cglgbrjdjs gl :7 dg fjryh dg :524,rgswltj`dh glgcth gl cj`dedjth Mhrjceh _szwgy ~hr gl ^jrtedh @jceh`jl. G` jkhsth dg gsgfesfh jh ch`clwu lj gvjcwjce` dgl girceth dg hcw~jce`.

Dgshcw~jce` dg gstjdhs Wèdhs


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:>. E`vjse` dg Gstjdhs Wèdhs g` Mjet:5:7&:537

::.Cjwsjs dg lj e`tgrvg`ce`

Trh~js gstjdhwèdg`sgs g` Mjet, :5:5

Lj tg`g`cej dg lj tegrrj ~hr ~jrtg dg lhs blj`chs gstjbj ~rhmebedj g` Mjet dgsdg lhs tegf~hs dglj e`dg~g`dg`cej. Se` gfbjrkh, gsj des~hsece` `h owg hbstcwlh ~jrj zwg lj gch`hfj mjetej`jowgrj cjug`dh g` fj`hs dg e`vgrseh estjs g}trj igrhs, orj`cgsgs, jlgfj`gs u oe`jlfg tg,gstjdhwèdg`sgs. Gllhs sg cjsjbj` ch` fwigrgs `gkrjs h e`vgrtj`, j trjvs dg chfgrcej`tgs`gkrhs u fwljths mjetej`hs.

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