dn aidit dan percobaan kudeta 1965

7/21/2019 DN Aidit Dan Percobaan Kudeta 1965

1/43

M.C. Kfmft mkc R`renakkc Lum`tk ;6?0

Rkrk pìfipfc RLF eulup yklfc m`chkc pnsfsf pkrtkfcyk pkmk tkguc ;6?0.

I`r`lk p`rekyk akgwk hndnchkc kctflniucfs mf jkjkrkc p`rwfrk tfchhf chlktkc

!krkt i`rupklkc l`dnipnl ykch t`rfsndksf mkc rkpug. "kcykl p`rwfrk mkc prkjurft

mf tuaug chlktkc !krkt ykch prn#RLF. $fhk kchlktkc dkfccyk puc iìfdflf

akcykl p`rwfrk p`cmuluch RLF ykch afsk i`dfcmuchf pkrtkf ftu mkrf s`tfkp

s`rkchkc s`pfgkl ykch mfdkcekrlkc chlktkc !krkt. %uchhugpuc a`hftu& pkrk

kchhntk Rndftafrn gkrus iìp`rtfiakchlkc akgwk pkrk j`cm`rkd chlktkc !krkt

ftu and`g jkmf a`rupkyk i`dklulkc lum`tk mkc i`cy`rkch pkrtkf. I`r`lk t`rus#

i`c`rus a`rlncsudtksf m`chkc jkrfchkc lnc`lsf i`r`lk mf tuaug ifdft`r uctuli`chuipudlkc fc'nriksf t`ctkch kpk ykch s`mkch mfdklulkc nd`g jkjkrkc

pìfipfc chlktkc !krkt ftu. fmft iìfipfc sàukg akmkc rkgksfk mkdki pkrtkf

ykch mfa`rf ckik ( "frn Lgusus (& ykch mfrkcekch uctul i`cjkmf p`chguauch

m`chkc pkrk p`rwfrk ifdft`r. "kmkc fcfdkg ykch i`cjkmf skchkt p`ctfch pkmk tkguc

;6?0& tktlkdk uruskc ifdft`r sìklfc mfpkcmkch p`ctfch mkdki p`cyusuckc strkt`hf

pkrk pìfipfc RLF. "frn Lgusus fcf iucud mkc a`rlìakch sàkhkf klfakt mkrf

l`t`rdfaktkc pkrtkf ftu mkdki p`rjukchkc a`rs`cjktk uctul i`rkfg lì`rm`lkkc

Fcmnc`sfk pkmk tkguc ;6)0 * ;6)6. +ctul mkpkt t`tkp a`rguauchkc m`chkc pkrk

sfipktfskc pkrtkf ykch a`rgksfd iìp`rtkgkclkc pnsfsfcyk mf ifdft`r s`t dkgs rkchlkfkc prnhrki R,L ykch mfdklulkc pkmk kwkd tkguc ;60-. RLF

i`cefptklkc sàukg jkrfchkc rkgksfk. Fcf aulkcdkg s`suktu ykch afsk mfsàut

sàkhkf lùkchkc pkrtkf#pkrtkf pndftfl dkfccyk puc iìfdflf jkrfchkc s`rupk

mkdki ifdft`r.

Fc'nriksf mkrf "frn Lgusus fcf i`cjkmf p`ctfch uctul i`c`ctulkc kpklkg

pkrtkf gkrus i`cuchhu t`rjkmfcyk lum`tk ifdft`r ktku i`cmkguduf i`dklulkccyk.

%`t`dkg skch l`pkdk "frn& %jki /Lkikru22kikc& i`chkmklkc rkpkt#rkpkt kwkd

m`chkc suia`r lnc`lsfcyk mf chlktkc !krkt& mfk klgfrcyk yklfc akgwk

s`l`dnipnl p`rwfrk (prnhr sf'1 iku mkc ikipu i`dkcekrlkc klsf fcfsfktf'

sà`dui mfmkguduf dkwkc pfgkl /pr`#ìptf5` ketfnc. %jki iìa rftkgu fmft

akgwk pkrk p`rwfrk fcf sfkp uctul a`rh`rkl. Rkmk kwkd audkc %`ptìa`r ;6?0&

fmft dkdu iìa`rftkgu Rndftafrn akgwk pkrk p`rwfrk (prnhr`sf'1 a`r`cekck uctul

a`rtfcmkl& mkc akgwk pkrtkf gkrus iìutuslkc kpklkg klkc i`cmuluch i`r`lk

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2/43

ktku tfmkl. Rndftafrn iìutuslkc akgwk pkmk prfcsfpcyk i`cmuluch tfcmklkc pkrk

p`rwfrk (prnhr`sf'1 ftu i`rupklkc suktu hkhkskc ykch akfl& mkc i`cy`rkglkc

uruskccyk l`pkmk fmft uctul i`ckchkcf guauchkc kctkrk pkrtkf m`chkc pkrk

p`rwfrk ftu.

Lìumfkc& fmft iìa`ctul sàukg tfi lèfd ykch mfpfdfg sèkrk s`lskik

mkrf kctkrk pkrk kchhntk Rndftafrn uctul iìakgks gkd ykch skchkt rkgksfk fcf.

L`dnipnl km-gneykch t`rmfrf mkrf skgkakt#skgkakt fmft ykch pkdfch t`rp`rekyk

fcf fchfc i`cjkhk khkr l`t`rdfaktkc pkrtkf fcf t`tkp mfrkgksfklkc& s`gfchhk pkrk

p`rwfrk ftu mkpkt iuceud sàkhkf cksfnckdfs iurcf ykch i`dfcmuchf %n`lkrcn mkc

eftk#eftkcyk mkrf lum`tk ifdft`r. !`chkc mìflfkc& p`r`cekckkc mkrf kpk ykch

ckctfcyk mfsàut sàkhkf =`rklkc - %`ptìa`r fcf iìfdflf tfhk l`dnipnl ykch

a`rdkfckc mf a`dklkchcyk ; tfi lgusus fmft ykch a`rfsf pkrk kchhntk Rndftafrn

8 "frn Lgusus& mkc pkrk p`rsnc`d ifdft`r ykch klkc i`dkcekrlkc klsf. "frn

Lgusus a`rtfcmkl sàkhkf ucsur p`r`lkt ykch kikt p`ctfch uctul i`cjkmf

p`chguauch kctkrk muk l`dnipnl dkfccyk ykch a`rtìu fmft pkmk sktu sfsf& mkc

akhf pkrk p`rsnc`d ifdft r pkmk sfsf dkfc.

R`rsnc d ifdft`r ykch t`rdfakt mkdki i`r cekcklkc klsf ftu i`rupklkc

suia`r#suia`r lnc`lsf ykch mfifdflf "frn Lgusus mf mkdki ifdft`r. %àkhfkc mkrf

p`rsncfd fcf i`ckrfl mfrf mkrf rkpkt#rkpkt p`r`cekckkc kwkd& s`gfchhk ykch t`rsfsk

gkcykdkg i`r`lk ykch s`tfk#autk l`pkmk %jki mkc pkrtkf ykch mfwklfdfcyk.

I`r`lk kmkdkg Lndnc`d 7ktf`' / pkchdfik ifdft`r mf wfdkykg& 7`tckc Lndnc`d

+ctuch /pksulkc p`chkwkd pr`sfm`c Ikynr %n`jncn /chlktkc +mkrk. I`r`lk

s`cmfrf tfmkl iìfdflf akcykl pksulkc mkc akglkc tfmkl yklfc afsk i`rchkcmkdlkc

sìuk p`rsnc`d ykch kmk mf akwkg lnikcmncyk. %jki a`rgksfd i`ckiakg

s`juidkg pksulkc dkhf m`chkc i`chguauchf lnikcmkc mkrf muk aktkdync ykch

mktkch l` klkrtk mkrf dukr lntk . :kiuc&%jki i`rksk akgwk l`dnipnl fcf iksfg

l`lukrkchkc juidkg p`rsnc`d. Iklk& mfk iìfctk l`pkmk l`dnipnl fmft uctul

i`cyusuc s`l`dnipnl pksulkc sfpfd kchhntk RLF sàkhkf ifdfsf tkiakgkc uctul

iìakctu h`rklkc t`rsàut. chhntk pkrtkf ykch kmk mf klkrtk ykch t`dkg

i`cjkdkcf p`dktfgkc ifdft`r mkskr uctul i`chgkmkpf lnc'rnctksf& mfpkchhfd uctul

i`dkcekrlkc klsf ;


3/43

%`frfch m`chkc lìkjukc p`r`cekckkc klsf ftu& p`rkc %jki i`cjkmf jkug

dàfg a`skr mkrfpkmk s`lkmkr i`cjkmf skdurkc lniucflksf kctkrk l`dnipnl fmft

mkc p`rsnc`d ifdft`r mfk i`cjkmf nrhkcfsktnr utkik. %uchhugpuc mìflfkc& mfk

tfmkl mfs`rkgf tkchhuch jkwka uctul iìfipfc pksulkc ifdft`r ikupuc kchhntk

pkrtkf. %trultur trfpktft ykch kc`g pkmk jkjkrkc l`pìfipfckc h`rklkc fcf

i`rupklkc p`cyàka sàkhfkc a`skr l`hkhkdkccyk. L`dnipnl fmft iìutuslkc

flut mkdki klsf t`rsàut lkr`ck i`cykchlk akgwk pkrk p`rwfrk ifdft`r fcfdkg ykch

i`chnrhkcfsfr klsf ftu ktks fcfsfktf' i`r`lk s`cmfrf. %ì`ctkrk ftu& pkrk p`rwfrk

ifdft`r t`rsàut * i`chflutf %jki ykch i`wklfdf RLF * i`chfrk akgwk RLF#dkg

ykch i`chnrhkcfsfr klsf ftu. "kglkc l`tflk i`r`lk i`dfgkt p`r`cekckkc ftu a`dui

iktkch mkrf s`hf ksp`l#ksp`l ifdft`rcyk& i`r`lk i`cykchlk akgwk pkrtkf sumkg

iìflfrlkc s`hkdk s`suktucyk. R`rkc i`mfksf ykch mfjkdkclkc %jki iìaukt

l`muk a`dkg pfgkl skdkg pkgki / ngc 4nssk& 8-; 8)6 *808

7fgkt Ikjkdkg $ìpn * %`t`dkg 7kipu !`pkc !fiktflkc

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4/43

=`rklkc - %`pt`ia`r i`cyktklkc l`a`rkmkkc mfrfcyk uctul p`rtkik lkdf

i`dkduf sfkrkc 44F puskt pkmk pkhf gkrf ;


5/43

%ktu#sktucyk kchhntk =#-#% ykch ckikcyk mfuiuilkc mkdki p`rcyktkkc

p`rtkik ftu fkdkg 7`tckc Lndnc`d +ctuch. Fk i`cyktklkc mfrf sàkhkf lnikcmkc

aktkdync pksulkc lkwkd pr`sfm`c ykch a`riklsum i`ce`hkg ( lup lnctrk#

r`5ndusfnc`r ( nd`g sàukg l`dnipnl ykch mfl`ckd sàkhkf !`wkc `cm`rkd.

`cm`rkd#j`cm`rkd tkl a`rckik fcf ( a`riklsum ( jkgkt t`rgkmkp 4`puadfl Fcmnc`sfk

mkc Rr`sfm`c %n`lkrcn ( mkc a`r`cekck ( i`chkmklkc pki`rkc l`luktkc pkmk gkrf

chlktkc "`rs`cjktk 0


6/43

7kpkchkc I`rm`lk& ykch t`rd`tkl mf m`pkc stksfuc 44F. !f s`pkcjkch ìpkt sfsf

dkpkchkc ruiput ykch duks fcf a`rmfrf puskt#puskt l`lukskkc t`rp`ctfch c`hkrk

fstkck pr`sfm`c& ikrlks "4F& lì`ct rfkc p`rtkgkckc& ikrlks Lnstrkm& mkc

L`mutkkkc "`skr i`rflk %`rflkt. !f t`chkg dkpkchkc a`rmfrf incui`c

p`rjukchkc lì`rm`lkkc& Incui`c :ksfnckd& s`tfchhf ;9 i`t`r. pkafdk

a`ctkchkc l`pudkukc Fcmnc`sfk iìfdflf dneus l`lukskkc pndftfl& 7kpkchkc

I`rm`lk fcfdkg tìpktcyk. %àkhfkc a`skr mkrf s`lftkr s`rfau prkjurft ykch a`rkmk

mf dkpkchkc fcf a`rkskd mkrf muk aktkdync chlktkc !krkt "ktkdync )0) mkrf kwk

$`chkg mkc "ktkdync 0- mkrf kwk $fiur. Rksulkc#pksulkc fcf mftìpktlkc mf

sfsf utkrk dkpkchkc mf m`pkc fstkck& mf sfsf akrkt mf m`pkc 44F& mkc mf sfsf s`dktkc

m`lkt h`much t`d`lniucflksf ykch juhk i`r`lk mumulf mkc i`r`lk tutup. krfchkc

t`d`'nc mf klkrtk i`r`lk putus.

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7/43

!`chkc i`chkiafd pnsfsf mf dkpkchkc puskt fcf& sktu akhfkc mkrf pksulkc =#

-#% iìaukt mfrfcyk t`rtkipkl. 3kch dàfg t`rsìaucyf kmkdkg l`sktukc dkfc

ykch a`rnp`rksf mkrf 7uakch "ukyk& lkwkskc làuc lkr`t tkl a`rp`chgucf s`lftkr

tujug ifd mf s`dktkc 7kpkchkc I`rm`lk. Rkmk skkt sfkrkc rkmfn ykch p`rtkik

i`chucmkrk pksulkc#pksulkc fcf sumkg i`dklskcklkc tuhks i`r`lk mf akdfl

s`duauch l`h`dkpkc. I`r`lk a`rluipud mf 7uakch "ukyk s`pkcjkch - %`ptìa`r

ikdki mkc i`cmkpkt p`rfctkg uctul i`ceudfl tujug j`cm`rkd ykch mfmuhk kchhntk

!`wkc `cm`rkd. Rksulkc mfakhf i`cjkmf tujug l`dnipnl& mkc s`tfkp l`dnipnl

mfp`rfctkglkc uctul i`ckchlkp s`nrkch j`cm`rkd mkrf ruikgcyk mkc iìakwkcyk

l` 7uakch "ukyk. "`rakhkf l`dnipnl fcf ckfl trul s`lftkr pulud .;0 pkhf autk

mkc i`cm`rui i`cuju puskt lntk ykch a`rjkrkl wkltu tfhk pudug skipkf ìpkt

pudug dfik i`cft. %àkhfkc a`skr l`dnipnl i`cuju mk`rkg I`ct`ch& tìpkt

l`mfkikc akcykl p`jkakt tfchhf pì`rfctkg. %kskrkc i`r`lk fkdkg `cm`rkd .,.

:ksutfnc& I`ct`rf R`rtkgkckc& 7`tckc `cm`rkd gikm kcf& Rkchdfik chlktkc

!krkt& dfik %tk' +iui chlktkc !krkt Ikynr `cm`rkd % Rkrikc& Ikynr

`cm`rkd Iks $frtnmkrin ,krjncn& Ikynr `cm`rkd 4 %n`prkptn& "rfhkmfr `cm`rkd

%n`tnjn %fswnifgkrmjn& mkc "rfhkmfr `cm`rkd !nckdm Fsgkl Rkcmjkftkc.

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8/43

Rksulkc#pksulkc a`rh`rkl i`dkduf jkdkc#jkdkc sucyf mkc sfchhkg mf ruikg#

ruikg ykch sumkg t`rd`dkp. >cki l`dnipnl a`rgksfd i`ckchlkp skskrkc i`r`lk

mkc s`h`rk lìakdf l` 7uakch "ukyk. L dnipnl l tujug& ykch mftuhksf

i`ckchlkp skskrkc pkdfch p`ctfch& `cm`rkd :ksutfnc& lìakdf m`chkc kjumkccyk

skjk. !f t`chkg l`lkdutkc p`chhrà`lkc& pksulkc i`cìakl kckl p`rìpukc

:ksutfnc ykch a`ruiur dfik tkguc mkc s`nrkch prkjurft lkwkd ykch a`rkmk mf

m`pkc ruikg sà`dkgcyk& ykftu ruikg Bklfd R`rmkck I`ct`rf FF /Bkp`rmki FF

ngkcc`s 7`fi`ck. :ksutfnc a`rgksfd i`dnipktf tìanl a`dklkch l`mfkikccyk

mkc a`rsìaucyf mf ruikg t`tkchhk& ykftu !utk "`skr Frkl. Bkdkupuc t`rjkmf

l`hìpkrkc mf I`ct`ch klfakt aucyf tìakl#i`cìakl& tujug l`dnipnl p`ceudfl

a`rgksfd m`chkc e`pkt lìakdf l` 7uakch "ukyk tkcpk mfl`ckdf ktku mfl`jkr.

%kipkf s`dkiakt#dkiaktcyk s`lftkr pulud 0.- pkhf =#-#% t`dkg i`ckgkc `cki

nrkch j`cm`rkd mkc sktu nrkch d`tckc mf suktu sumut t`rp`cefd mkc lurkch mf l`ckd mf

lntk klkrtk.

%ì`ctkrk ftu pfipfckc =#-#% a`rluipud mf pkchlkdkc +4F mf ,kdfi

t`pkt mf sà`dkg utkrk 7uakch "ukyk. %`nrkch lurfr mktkch iìa`rf tkgu i`r`lkakgwk p`rwfrk#p`rwfrk ykch mfeudfl t`dkg tfak. !`chkc s`d`skfcyk np`rksf

p`ceudflkc pfipfckc =#-#% i`chutus tfhk p`rwfrk i`r`lk * "rfhj`c %n`pkrmjn&

Lkpt`c %ulfrcn mkrf "ktkdync )0)& mkc Ikynr "kiakch %up`cn mkrf "ktkdync 0-

* l` fstkck uctul i`chgkmkp Rr`sfm`c %n`lkrcn. %n`pkrmjn& lnikcmkc pksulkc

tìpur mf Lkdfikctkc& mf s`pkcjkch p`raktkskc m`chkc Ikdkysfk& t`dkg tfak mf

klkrtk tfhk gkrf sà`duicyk /8K %`ptìa`r ;6?0& %ulfrcn mkc %up`cn iìfipfc

aktkdync ykch mftìpktlkc mf 7kpkchkc I`rm`lk. %`lftkr pulud ? pkhf trfn p`rwfrk

ftu& m`chkc a`rl`cmkrkkc jfp i`dkju l` krkg utkrk& i`cuju fstkck pr`sfm`c."`rskik i`r`lk kmk muk p`rsncfd dkfc& s`nrkch p`rwfrk +4F& 7`tckc Lndnc`d

,`ru tinmjn& mkc s`nrkch prkjurft ykch a`rtuhks sàkhkf p`chìumf jfp.

L`tflk %n`pkrmjn mkc tr`lkc#r`lkccyk tfak mf fstkck& pkrk p`chkwkd mf pfctu

iksul iìa`rf tkgu akgwk Rr`sfm`c %n`lkrcn tfmkl kmk mf fstkck. $fmkl j`dks kpk

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9/43

lfrkcyk ykch klkc mfdklulkc l`tfhk p`rwfrk ftu kcmkflktk pr`sfm`c kmk. Rkmk

sfmkch p`chkmfdkccyk tkguc ;6?9 %n`pkrmjn i`cyktklkc fk a`riklsum iìa`rf

tkgu %n`lkrcn t`ctkch =#-#% mkc iìfctk l`pkmkcyk khkr i`chkiafd tfcmklkc

t`rgkmkp !`wkc `cm`rkd. "krkchlkdf r`cekck =#-#% kmkdkg iìakwk j`cm`rkd#

j`cm`rkd ykch mfeudfl l` fstkck mkc iìfctk pr`sfm`c khkr i`cskglkc p`ckgkckc

t`rgkmkp i`r`lk& s`rtk iì`rfctkglkc p`chkmfdkc t`rgkmkp i`r`lk ktks tfcmklkc

iklkr. tku =#-#% iuchlfc g`cmkl iìakwk %n`lkrcn l` ,kdfi uctul a`rtìu

m`chkc j`cm`rkd#j`cm`rkd ftu mf skck. !kdki pìa`rftkkc p`rtkik i`r`lk& ykch

mfsfkrlkc pkmk s`lftkr pulud 9.;0 pkhf& =#-#% i`cyktklkc akgwk Rr`sfm`c

%n`lkrcn ( s`dkikt mkdki dfcmuchkc =`rklkc - %`ptìa`r.1 hklcyk =#-#%

a`rcfkt iìa`rflkc p`rdfcmuchkc t`rgkmkp pr`sfm`c `ctkg mf fstkck ktku mf ,kdfi.

%ì`ctkrk %n`pkrmjn a`rskik muk lnikcmkc aktkdync s`mkch

i`cuchhucyk& %n`lkrcn mfakwk lìakdf l` fstkck mkrf ruikg fst`rf l`tfhkcyk&

!`wf& tìpkt fk a`rikdki. R`jkakt lnikcmkc pksulkc lkwkd fstkck& Lndnc`d ,

Ikudwf %k`dkc& i`dkduf rkmfn i`chguauchf pksulkc lkwkd %n`lkrcn mkc iìfctk

khkr i`r`lk i`cjkugf fstkck lkr`ck akcykl pksulkc tkl mfl`ckd ykch mftìpktlkc

mf m`pkc fstkck. %k`dkc i`chfrfi p`skc rkmfn mkrf ruikg fstrf l`ìpkt %n`lkrcn&

,krjktf& mf lkwkskc =rnhnd. %`jkl pkhf fk t`dkg p`rhf l` ruikg ,krjktf uctul

i`cekrf %n`lkrcn. tks skrkc %k`dkc pr`sfm`c mkc pkrk p`chkwkdcyk dkchsuch

i`cuju ruikg ,kryktf. I`r`lk tfak mf skck s`lftkr pulud 9.-- pkhf.

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10/43

L tfmklikipukc =#-#% i`cìpktlkc %n`lkrcn ( mf akwkg

p`rdfcmuchkccyk ( t`rksk kc`g& i`chfchkt akgwk tuhks mkrf nrkch ykch mfkchhkp

sàkhkf lnikcmkc =#-#%& 7`tlnd +ctuch& fkdkg i`ch`tkguf tìpkt pr`sfm`c

a`rkmk. +ctuch iìfipfc sktu aktkdync p`chkwkd fstkck. Rkmk - %`ptìa`r

ikdki fk i`cjkmf akhfkc mkrf l`dnipnl l`kikckc %n`lkrcn l`tflk fk a`rafekrk mf

m`pkc Lnc'`r`csf gdf $`lcfl mf stkmfnc %`ckykc klkrtk skipkf s`lftkr pulud

8.---. "kglkc l`tflk +ctuch sumkg pfcmkg l` Rkchlkdkc +mkrk ,kdfi s`sumkg

lnc'`r`csf uskf& s`gkruscyk fk m`chkc iumkg s`dkdu mkpkt i`dkekl là`rkmkkc

%n`lkrcn m`chkc i`chguauchf p`rwfrk#p`rwfrk dkfc mkdki pksulkc lkwkd fstkck.

$uhks i`cjkhk fstkck mf wkltu ikdki a`rhfdfr mf kctkrk ìpkt sktukc lkwkd

iksfch#iksfch mkrf ìpkt kchlktkc * chlktkc !krkt& chlktkc 7kut& chlktkc

+mkrk& mkc chlktkc L`pndfsfkc * iìpucykf sktu m`tksì`c ykch mfp`rakctulkc

uctul fstkck. Rkmk ikdki ftu hfdfrkc jktug pkmk sktukc mkrf chlktkc !krkt& ykftu

+ctuch mkc kckl aukgcyk. I`r`lk s`gkruscyk sumkg i`ch`tkguf pkmk s`lftkr

t`chkg ikdki akgwk pr`sfm`c tfmkl a`rikdki mf fstkck. +ctuch& s`p`rtf juhk

%k`dkc& mkrf p`chkdkikc t`ctu sumkg i`ch`tkguf akgwk pr`sfm`c s`rfch tfmur mf

ruikg pkrk fstrfcyk. !`chkc p`ch`tkgukc a`rskik mkrf s`lftkr `cki pudug nrkch

prkjurft p`chkwkd pr`sfm`c ykch kmk mf mkdki =#-#%& akhkfikck iuchlfc +ctuch

tfmkl i`dkekl là`rkmkkc %n`lkrcn A Fcf i`rupklkc l`hkcjfdkc ykch jkrkch

i`cmkpkt p`rgktfkc s`nrkch p`rwfrk tfchhf mkdki pksulkc lkwkd pr`sfm`c&

iìfipfc klsf uctul i`cy`dkiktlkc pr`sfm`c& tfmkl i`ch`tkguf akgwk dnlksf

skch pr`sfm`c& pkmkgkd p`ch`tkgukc t`ctkchcyk i`rupklkc ucsur ykch skchkt

p`ctfch mkdki s`durug r`cekck. !`chkc mìflfkc =#-#% a`l`rjk m`chkc tujukc

ykch skdfch a`rs`dfsfg s`lftkr pulud ).-- pkhf =#-#% i`cìpktlkc pksulkc mf

m`pkc fstkck ykch lnsnch& iìaukt %n`lkrcn i`cjkugf fstkck& s`gfchhk

i`chklgfrf gkrkpkc akgwk ifsf %n`pkrmjn klkc a`rgksfd.

;2


11/43

%n`pkrmjn mkc muk nrkch lnikcmkc aktkdync gfdfr iumfl mf pfctu iksul

fstkck. I`r`lk tfmkl iìfdflf skrkck uctul i`chnctkl pfipfckc fctf =#-#% mf

,kdfi mkc iìa`rf tkgu i`r`lk t`ctkch tfmkl kmkcyk %n`lkrcn mf fstkck. I`r`lk

gkcyk i`cuchhu. %ì`ctkrk ftu p`rwfrk +4F ykch a`rskik i`r`lk mkdki sktu

jfp mkrf ,kdfi& 7`tlnd ,`ru tinmjn& iìutuslkc p`rhf i`cekrf Rkchdfik

chlktkc +mkrk& 7klskikck Ikmyk


12/43

a`reklkp#eklkp m`chkc !gkcf& sì`ctkrk tinmjn i`cuchhu mf dukr lkctnr.

%`sumkg muk tnlng ftu l`dukr mkrf lkctnr& tinmjn iìakwk %n`pkrmjn m`chkc

inafd l` l`mfkikc %`rskc cfs %ujktcn& iksfg mf mk`rkg pkchlkdkc umkrk& ykch

mfhucklkc sàkhkf tìpkt p`rsìaucyfkc =#-#%. %n`pkrmjn i`ch`tkguf jkdkc l`

krkg ruikg ftu. tinmjn i`cytklkc a`dui p`rckg i`ch`tkguf d`tkl ruikg ftu

sà`duicyk. !`chkc i`ch`cmkrf jfp i`r`lk i`cyusurf jkdkc a`rdflu#dflu kr`k

pkchlkdkc umkrk skipkf klgfrcyk i`cìulklkc ruikg tìpkt pkrk pfipfckc fctf

=#-#% a`rluipud. $fmkl dkik lìumfkc tinmjn i`chkctkr %n`pkrmjn& m`chkc

l`cmkrkc jfp ftu pudk& lìakdf l` lkctnr lnikcmkc pkchlkdkc umkrk. !f sfcfdkg

klgfrcyk %n`pkrmjn a`rtìu m`chkc %n`lkrcn& ykch sì`ctkrk ftu t`dkg tfak.

%n`lkrcn tkipklcyk tfak mf ,kdfi kctkrk s`lftkr pulud 6.-- mkc 6.- pkhf.

Rkmk skkt %n`pkrmjn a`rtìu iulk m`chkc %n`lkrcn mf lkctnr lnikcmkc

,kdfi& s`lftkr pulud ;-.-- pkhf& l``cki j`cm`rkd chlktkc !krkt ykch mfeudfl

iuchlfc sumkg mfaucug. %n`pkrmjn akrkchlkdf sumkg i`ch`tkguf p`rfgkd fcf mkrf

pìafekrkkc ykch akru skjk mfdklulkc m`chkc pkrk pìfipfc fctf =#-#%.

%n`lkrcn sì`stfcyk sumkg eurfhk akg`wk s`tfmkl#tfmklcyk kmk aà`rkpk mf

kcktkrk `cki j`cm`rkd ftu mfaucug. "`rftk ykch a`r`mkr mkrf iudut l` iudut

i`chktklkc& muk j`cm`rkd& kcf mkc Rkcmjkftkc& lìuchlfckc sumkg t`wks.

$`tkchhk i`r`lk i`cm`chkr aucyf tìakl#i`cìakl mkc lìumfkc i`cmkpktf

mkrkg mf dkctkf ruikg i`r`lk. Lìuchlfc a`skr kcf mkc Rkcmjkftkc t`wks s`l`tflk

mf ruikg i`r`lk klfakt dulk tìakl. `cm`rkd dkfccyk& ,krjncn& iuchlfc juhk

sumkg t`wks mf ruikgcyk nd`g dulk tusulkc mkdki mf p`rut klfakt gucjkikc

akync`t pkrk p`ceudfl. $fhk j`cm`rkd dkfccyk / Rkrikc& %uprkptn& mkc %n`tnjn mkc

d`tckc ykch t`dkg skdkg kiafd mkrf ruikg :ksutfnc /Rf`rr` $`cm`kc iksfg gfmup

l`tflk mfeudfl& t`tkpf mfaucug mf 7uakch "ukyk. %`l`dnipnl pksulkc =#-#%

i`cìakl iksfch#iksfch p`rwfrk a`rlkdf#lkdf. +ctul i`cyìaucyflkc pkrk

lnrakc mkc i`chgfdkchlkc j`jkl i`r`lk& pksulkc i`dìpkrlkc l`tujug j`ck2kg

ftu l`mkdki suiur s`mkdki tfhk pudug `cki lklf mkc lìumfkc i`churul suiur

ftu m`chkc aàktukc& tkckg mkc m`mkuckc.

%èkrk l`s`durugkc& pkrk p`s`rtk =#-#% i`dklulkc ìpkt np`rksf mf klkrtk

pkmk pkhf gkrf ftu. I`r`lk i`ràut stktsfuc 44F mkc i`cyfkrlkc p`rcyktkkc

;1


13/43

p`rtkik i`r`lk i`cmumulf 7kpkchkc I`r`lk& t`riksul h`much t`d`lniucflksf

sèkrk t`rs`duauch i`ceudfl mkc iìaucug `cki nrkch j`cm`rkd mkc sktu nrkch

d`tckc mkc i`chfrfi tfhk p`rwfrk i`r`lk l` fstkck pr`sfm`c& s`nrkch mf kctkrk

i`r`lk "rfhkmfr `cm`rkd %n`pkrmjn& a`rgksfd i`cìuf pr`sfm`c mf pkchlkdkc

+4F ,kdfi. / ngc 4nssk& 8--K 08 * ?-

R`chuiuikc fcf mfflutf nd`g p`cyfkrkc m`lrft pkmk jkdi ;;.-- pkhf ykch

i`cyktklkc s`durug l`lukskkc mkdki wfdkykg 4`puadfl Fcmnc`sfk ( t`dkg

mfkdfglkc l`pkmk suktu !`wkc 4`5ndusf ykch klkc iì`hkch pì`rfctkgkc

skipkf pìfdfgkc uiui mkpkt mfs`d`chhkrklkc. %ì`ctkrk ftu lkafc`t mfcyktklkc

a`rkmk mkdki l`kmkkc (mìnsfnc`r1& ykch a`rkrtf akgwk pkrk i`ct`rf gkcyk

mfp`rl`cklkc i`dklulkc l`hfktkc#l`hfktkc rutfc. !`lrft ftu mfl`dukrlkc ktks ckik

7`tckc Lndnc d +ctuch sàkhkf lnikcmkc =`rklkc - %`ptìa`r& "rfhkmfr

`cm`rkd %n`pkrmjn& 7`tckc Lndnc`d /+mkrk ,`ru& Lndnc`d /7kut 4kcu %uckrmf

mkc juc Lnifskrfs "`skr "`skr Rndfsf cwks $kcukifmjkjk. ki muk sfkch&

l`putuskc mkrf h`rklkc ftu mfsfkrlkc. 3kch p`rtkik a`rfsf p`chuiuikc ckik#

ckik )0 nrkch kchhntk puskt !`wkc 4`5ndusf. Rr`s`mfui t`rmfrf mkrf +ctuch

sàkhkf l`tuk& m`chkc %n`pkrmjn& ,`ru& %uckrmf mkc cwks sàkhkf wklfd#wklfd

l`tuk. !f kctkrk pkrk kchhntk m`wkc ftu t`rmkpkt 88 p`rwfrk tfchhf kchlktkc

a`rs`cjktk& t`riksul pkrk lnikcmkc chlktkc +mkrk& 7kut& mkc L`pndfsfkc s`rtk

dfik pkchdfik mk`rkg ifdft`r chlktkc !krkt& !uk mkrf tfhk wklfd p`rmkck i`ct`rf

/%nàkcmrfn mkc 7`fi`ck& t`tkpf Egk`rud %kd`g tfmkl t`riksul& juhk pkrtkf#pkrtkf

a`skr t`rwklfdf& mfkctkrkcyk tfhk mkrf RLF. :kik ykch pkdfch i`cyndnl lkr`ck

tfmkl t`riksul mkdki mk'tkr ftu kmkdkg ckik Rr`sfm`c %n`lkrcn. L`putuskc l`muk

ykch mfuiuilkc kmkdkg akgwk sìuk pkchlkt lìfdft`rkc mf ktks d`tckc lndnc`d

mfgkpus mkc pkrk p`rwfrk s`rtk sfpfd ykch i`dfaktlkc mfrf l`mkdki h`rklkc t`rsàut

klkc mfprninsflkc. / ,krndm Ernueg& ;6K? ;-K * ;-6

;5


14/43

>ipkt p`chuiuikc ykch mfl`dukrlkc nd`g =#-#% t`rsàut i`rupklkc

s`durug p`ckipfdkc =#-#% mf m`pkc iksykrklkt Fcmnc`sfk. flk mfsfipudlkc

a`rskik& l`ìpkt p`chuiuikc ftu skchkt s`mflft i`chuchlkplkc sf'kt =#-#%.

3kch pkdfch j`dks& p`chuiuikc ftu tfmkl iìa`rflkc pìa`ckrkc t`rgkmkp

tfcmklkc i`cmìfsfnc`rlkc lkafc`t mkc p`c`tkpkc a`ctul pì`rfctkgkc ykch

skik s`lkdf akru. R`chuiuikc#p`chuiuikc ftu juhk tfmkl i`chuchlkplkc

p`rt`ctkchkc fm`ndnhfs kpk puc m`chkc pì`rfctkgkc %n`lkrcn. %ìuk prfcsfp

ykch m`chkc t`hks mfjucjuch =#-#% fkdkg prfcsfp#prfcsfp ykch mfkcjurlkc ktku

mft`ctulkc nd`g %n`lkrcn& ykftu ++! ;6)0& pndftfl dukr c`h`rf ykch i`c`ctkch

lndncfkdfsi` mkc c`nlndncfkdfsi`& Rkceksfdk& ikckt R`cm`rftkkc 4klykt

/ip`rk& Rkcek 2fikt 4`5ndusf. =`rklkc - %`pt ia`r i`cy`ruglkc

pìa`ctulkc m`wkc#m`wkc r`5ndusf mf tfchlkt prn5fcsf mkc lkaupkt`c& mkc

i`c`tkplkc juidkg kchhntk ykch klkc mumul mf m`wkc#m`wkc ftu. $kpf =#-#%

tfmkl i`cj`dkslkc akhkfikck kchhntk m`wkc klkc mfpfdfg mkc kpk w`w`ckch

m`wkc mkdki guauchkccyk m`chkc dìakhk#dìakhk c`hkrk ykch kmk& s`dkfc

gkcyk i`chktklkc akgwk m`wkc iìpucykf ( s`h`ckp l`lukskkc (. =`rklkc -

%`ptìa`r i`cyktklkc l`s`tfkkccyk l`pkmk lncsftusf Fcmnc`sfk& dkdu i`cefptklkc

dìakhk ykch tfmkl mfruiuslkc m`chkc j`dks mkc skik s`lkdf akru& ykch klkc

i`dkipuf dìakhk#dìakhk ykch t`dkg mfa`ctul nd`g lncsftusf / ngc 4nssk& 8--K

9;

%ktu#sktucyk klsf#klsf p`ctfch ykch i`cmuluch =#-#% t`rjkmf mf prn5fcsf

kwk $`chkg mkc mk`rkg 3nhyklkrtk. Rìa`rnctklkc i`duks mf muk wfdkykg ftu.

Rkrk p`rwfrk iumk iìa`rnctkl t`rgkmkp p`rwfrk t`rfchhf mf prn5fcsf t`riklsum&

"rfhkmfr `cm`rkd %uryksuip`cn mkc tfhk lnikcmkc mfstrfl ifdft`r. !f fau lntk

kwk $`chkg& %ìkrkch& s`nrkch lndnc d mkrf stk' %uryksuip`cn i`cmumulf

stksfuc rkmfn& 44F %ìkrkch& m`chkc s`l`dnipnl pksulkc pìa`rnctkl mkc

;=


15/43

i`cyktklkc mfrf sàkhkf pkchdfik akru pkmk s`lftkr pulud ;.--. Fk kmkdkg Lndnc`d

%ug`rikc& l`pkdk fct`dj`c mk`rkg ifdft`r tfchlkt prn5fcsf.

!f 3nhyklkrtk Ikynr Iudjncn iìfipfc pksulkc pìa`rnctkl

i`chh`rà`l ruikg lnikcmkc i`r`lk& Lndnc`d Lktkisn. I`r`lk i`ceudflcyk

mkc juhk l`pkdk stk'cyk& 7`tckc Lndnc`d %uhfjncn& ykch là`tudkc kmk mf ruikg ftu

l`tflk pkrk pìa`rnctkl mktkch. I`r`lk iìakwkmuk p`rwfrk ftu l` sàukg lntk

lèfd mf utkrk 3nhyklkrtk& L`ctuchkc& mkc i`ckgkc i`r`lk mf tkchsf aktkdync

ifdft`r mf skck. Lìumfkc i`r`lk iìaucug l`muk p`rwfrk t`rsàut.

Rkrk p`rwfrk ifdft`r ykch a`rkmk mf a`dklkch h`rklkc mf 3nhyklkrtk&

a`ra`mk mkrf lkwkc#lkwkc i`r`lk mf %ìkrkch& a`l`rjk mkdki lnnrmfcksf m`chkc

p`cmumul sfpfd s`tìpkt. Ikssk l`dukr mf jkdkc#jkdkc i`cmuluch =#-#%. Ikynr

Iudjncn& sàkhkf p`rwfrk ykch a`rtkchhuch jkwka ktks utuskc p`rtkgkc sfpfd& t`dkg

i`cjkdfc guauchkc `rkt m`chkc nrhkcfsksf#nrhkcfsksf sfpfd& s`p`rtf RLF. L`tflk

pkrk prkjurft i`ceudfl Lndnc`d Lktkisn& ikssk pìumk mkrf a`rakhkf nrhkcfsksf

ykch a`rk'fdfksf m`chkc RLF i`ch`puch lkctnr %udtkc 3nhyklkrtk& L`pktfgkc&

tìpkt l`mumulkc p`chuksk sfpfd. I`r`lk juhk i`chkiafd kdfg pìkcekr 44F

3nhyklkrtk mkc iudkf i`cyfkrlkc p`rcyktkkc#p`rcyktkkc muluchkc t`rgkmkp =#

-#% pkmk s`lftkr pulud 8-.--.

R`rfstfwk#p`rfstfwk s`rupk t`rjkmf mf %ndn& lntk t`ra`skr l`muk mf kwk

$ chkg. %`nrkch p`rwfrk iumk iìfipfc =#-#%.


16/43

lnikcmkccyk& 7`tckc Lndnc`d >2y %ugkrtn& l`pkdk stk' Lnrì /Lnikcmkc 4`snr

Ifdft`r %ndn& Lkpt`c Rkrikc& mkc s`nrkch p`rwfrk dkfc& 7`tckc Lndnc`d sgkrf.

Ikynr Fslkcmkr i`cy`ruglkc l`pkmk wklfd#wklfd pkrtkf pndftfl uctul a`rluipud

mkc m`chkc akctukccyk i`chkmklkc rkpkt pìa`ctulkc !`wkc 4`5ndusf lntk

%ndn. Bkdflntk %ndn& +tnin 4ki`dkc& s`nrkch kchhntk RLF& i`ch`dukrlkc

p`rcyktkkc i`cmuluch =#-#%.

!f lntk dkfc mf kwk $`chkg& %kdktfhk& pkrk p`rwfrk pìa`rnctkl a`rtfcmkl

tkcpk muluchkc sfpfd skik s`lkdf. 7`tckc Lndnc`d Fmrfs& l`pdk stk' Lnrì %kdktfhk&

i`ch`rkglkc pksulkc i`c`ctkch p`rwfrk lnikcmkccyk& Lndnc`d %ulkrmf& mkc

s`nrkch p`rwfrk ifdft`r p`ctfch dkfc mf lntk fcf& 7`tckc Lndnc`d %uhfikc. $fmkl

kmk tnlng mkc nrhkcfsksf sfpfd ykch i`ch`dukrlkc p`rcyktkkc muluchkc ktku

l`fluts`rtkkc mkdki mìnctrksf#mìnctrksf. Bkdflntk %kdktfhk& "klrf Bkgka&

kmkdkg kchhntk RLF ckiuc fk tfmkl i`cyktklkc muluchkccyk l`pkmk =#-#%

sèkrk t`raulk.

!`chkc mìflfkc mf kwk $`chkg& pkmk ;


17/43

Lìakdf mf klkrtk& s`nrkch j`cm`rkd s`cfnr chlktkc !krkt ykch tfmkl

i`cjkmf skskrkc p`ceudflkc fkdkg Ikynr `cm`rkd %n`gkrtn& Lnikcmkc Lnikcmn

%trkt`hf Ekmkchkc chlktkc !krkt ktku dàfg mfl`ckd sàkhkf Lnstrkm. Rksulkc

ykch i`cmumulf 7kpkchkc I`rm`lk /"ktkdync )0) mkc 0- tfmkl mfp`rfctkglkc

uctul iìadnlkm` ikrlks Lnstrkm ktku s`tfmklcyk i`c`trkdfsfrcyk. Rksulkc

i`cmumulf sfsf utkrk& akrkt& mkc s`dktkc dkpkchkc t`rsàut mkc iìafkrlkc sfsf

tfiur& tìpkt ikrlks Lnstrkm a`rmfrf& lnsnch. Rkrk p`rwfrk %n`gkrtn l`dukr iksul

h`much m`chkc d`duksk s`pkcjkch gkrf ftu skkt i`r`lk i`cyusuc r`cekck s`rkchkc

t`rgkmkp =#-#%. %kdkg sktu l`hkcjfdkc a`skr mkrf l`jkmfkc#l`jkmfkc ;


18/43

lìumfkc l` ikrlks Lnstrkm mkc mkrf skck mkpkt i`dfgkt kmkcyk muk aktkdync

ykch mftìpktlkc mf 7kpkchkc I`rm`lk nd`g =`rklkc - %`ptìa`r. !kdki pkmk

ftu& p`chuiuikc p`rtkik h`rklkc t`rsàut t`dkg mfsfkrlkc. Lkr`ck kcf tfmkl kmk&

%n`gkrtn i`chkiafd l`putuskc uctul i`chkiafd l`pìfipfckc chlktkc !krkt.

Rkrk j`cm`rkd s`cfnr ykch mkpkt mfguauchf i`cy`tujuf mkc uctul i`ckiakg

l`luktkc& aà`rkpk sktukc chlktkc 7kut mkc Lnpndfsfkc mf klkrtk mf tìpktlkc

mf akwkg l`lukskkc %n`gkrtn. Lìumfkc& mfp`rfctkglkccyk s`durug pksulkc uctul

t`tkp tfchhkd mf tkchsf mkc tfmkl and`g a`rh`rkl tkcpk p`rfctkg ykch j`dks mkrfcyk.

lkc t`tkpf chlktkc +mkrk tfmkl i`c`rfik l`lukskkccyk& s`gfchhk fk iudkf

eurfhk s`mflftcyk chlktkc +mkrk t`rdfakt mkdki p`ceudflkc pkrk j`cm`rkd.

%n`gkrtn a`ruskgk s`lukt iuchlfc i`chgfcmkrlkc t`rjkmfcyk lnc'dfl 'fsfl.

!f skipfch l``chhkckc ykch wkjkr mkrf s`nrkch j`cm`rkd uctul iì`rfctkglkc

suktu pksulkc chlktkc !krkt i`cy`rkch pksulkc s`skik kchlktkc mkc l`cyktkkc

akgwk iuchlfc i`mkc p`rtìpurkc kmkdkg 7kpkchkc I`rm`lk mf puskt lntk& fk

puc i`cykmkrf akgwk suktu tfcmklkc t`rh`sk#h`sk afsk skjk i`cyàkalkc kmkcyk

tfcmklkc akdkskc mkrf chlktkc +mkrk. Fk juhk fchfc i`chgfcmkrf klsf ifdft`r

sì`ctkrk %n`lkrcn iksfg a`rkmk mf tkchkc pkrk pìa`rnctkl& lkr`ck gkd ftu mkpkt

mfpkcmkch s`mìflfkc rupk s`gfchhk i`cfiaudlkc p`rlfrkkc akgwk %n`gkrtndkg

ykch iìa`rnctkl. Lkr`ck ftu& fk iudkf iìaujul mkc a`rgksfd i`cmkpktlkc muk

aktkdync ykch a`rkmk mf 7kpkchkc I`rm`lk.

"à`rkpk lurfr mflfrfi uctul i`cenak i`yklfclkc pksulkc mf dkpkchkc ftu

khkr pfcmkg l` p`lkrkchkc Lnstrkm. %uktu 'kltnr ykch iuchlfc iìp`riumkg

l`lkdkgkc i`r`lk kmkdkg l`skdkgkuruskc mkdki l`dnipnl ykch i`chkmklkc

lum`tk ykch tfmkl i`cy`mfklkc iklkckc mkc ifcuikc akhf pksulkc ykch

mft ipktlkc mf dkpkchkc. Lkr`ck l`d dkgkc& l`dkpkrkc mkc l`gkuskc s`t dkg

a`rjki#jki mf akwkg t`rfl iktkgkrf klkrtk& pksulkc mkrf aktkdync "rkwfjkyk

mkpkt mfaujul m`chkc jkcjf i`cmkpktlkc iklkckc& s`gfchhk a`hftu i`r`lk

i`cfchhkdlkc dkpkch s`t`dkg jki ) snr` dkchsuch i`cìpktlkc mfrf l` akwkg

l`lukskkc %n`gkrtn. $`tkpf lnikcmkc aktkdync mkrf !fpnc`hnrn& Ikynr %ulfrcn&

dàfg s`tfk l`pkmk h`rklkc ykch mfpfipfc nd`g a`lks lnikcmkc mkc tìkccyk&

+ctuch. lgfrcyk sàkhfkc a`skr mkrf pksulkccyk ykch t`dkg kikt l`dkpkrkc mkc

;7


19/43

i`cyklsflkc aktkdync "rkwfjkyk i`cfchhkdlkc pnsfsf mf dkpkch& i`ckrfl mfrf l`

,kdfi s`lftkr jki ? snr`. kmf& tkcpk sktu tìaklkc puc %n`gkrtn a`rgksfd

iì`hkch l`cmkdf p`chkwkskc ktks 7kpkchkc I`rm`lk s`rtk fstkck& stksfuc rkmfn

mkc puskt t`d`lniucflksf mf s`putkr dkpkch.

%ì`ctkrk ftu %n`lkrcn iì`rfctkglkc kjumkccyk Lndnc d "kiakch

Bfmjkckrln uctul iìkchhfd Rrkcntn mf Ikrlks Lnstrkm. $`tkpf %n`gkrtn mkc

:ksutfnc ykch t`dkg tfak mf Lnstrkm i`cj`dkch snr` s`sumkg s`sumkg s`gkrfkc

a`rsìaucyf& iìutuslkc uctul i`chutus lìakdf "kiakch Bfmjkckrln l`

,kdfi m`chkc jkwkakc akgwk p`rfctkg pr`sfm`c tfmkl mkpkt mfdklskcklkc

sì`ctkrk np`rksf#np`rksf s`mkch a`rdkchsuch mkc cksfa pkrk j`cm`rkd ykch gfdkch

a`dui mkpkt mfl`tkguf. Bfmjkckrln mfa`rf p`rfctkg tkiakgkc akgwk %n`lkrcn

gkrus mf akwk p`rhf mkrf ,kdfi lkr`ck sktukc#sktukc Lnstrkm s`mkch a`rsfkp#sfkpiksul l` skck. R`cndklkc %n`gkrtn uctul i`d`pkslkc Rrkcntn p`rhf l` ,kdfi

j`dks uctul mfi`ch`rtf mkc s`lkdfhus tfmkl i`c`rfik p`cucjullkc Rrkcntn sàkhkf

p`cjkakt Rkchdfik chlktkc !krkt. %`dkcjutcyk& sàkhkf hkctf p`chuiuikc mkrf

%n`lkrcn * ykch mfakwk nd`g 7klskikck Ikrtkmfcktk * ykch i`cucjul Rrkcntn

mkc iì`rfctkglkc s`durug pksulkc uctul tfchhkd mf pns iksfch#iksfch &

%n`gkrtn i`cykipkflkc pfmktn rkmfncyk ykch i`chuiuilkc akgwk fk t`dkg

i`chkiafd kdfg l`pìfipfckc chlktkc !krkt mkc t`dkg i`h`rkglkc l`luktkc

uctul i`cfcmkl =`rklkc - %`ptìa`r. !kdki pfmktn rkmfn s`lftkr jki 6 ikdki

ftu mfhkiakrlkccyk =`rklkc - %`ptìa`r sàkhkf suktu lum`tk

lnctrkr`5ndusfnc`r i`dkwkc %n`lkrcn mkc i`cyktklkc akgwk 1 lfcf lftk t`dkg

a`rgksfd i`chukskf sftuksf& akfl mf puskt ikupuc mf mk`rkg#mk`rkg.1

%ì`ctkrk ftu "kiakch Bfmjkckrln lìakdf l` ,kdfi. Fk i`dkpnr akgwk

pksulkc akgwk pksulkc Lnstrkm s`mkch a`rsfkp#sfkp i`cmumulf ,kdfi mkc

pr`sfm`c gkrus s`h`rk i`cfchhkdlkc tìpkt ftu. %n`pkrmjn lìumfkc i`chusudlkc

khkr %n`lkrcn mft`rakchlkc l` "kdf wkdkupuc


20/43

L`hkdkc p`renakkc lum`tk i`cyàkalkc pkrk kchhntk lnipdntkc mkc

tìkc#tìkc i`r`lk mf ,kdfi putus ksk. I`cj`dkch snr` %n`pkrmjn i`chusudlkc

l`pkmk


21/43

t`dkg jktug l` akwkg l`lukskkc `'`ltf' chlktkc !krkt. %ì`ctkrk ftu& fmft

t`rakch l` 3nhylkrtk mkc pkrk pìfipfc =`rklkc - %`ptìa`r i`chgfdkch mkrf

pkchlkdkc. / ,krndm Ernueg& ;6K? ;6 * ;)8

R`renakkc lum`tk ftu t dkg mftk'sfrlkc a`rkc`lk rkhki mkc skdfch

a`rt`ctkchkc. @ rsf chlktkc !krkt ykch mft`rfik sèkrk uiui mf Fcmnc`sfk

i`cucjul RLF sàkhkf mkdkch. !f dkfc pfgkl& "`c`mfet cm`rsnc mkc 4utg Ie@`y

mkdki audkc kcukrf ;6?? i`chkjulkc iklkdkg /akru mft`raftlkc pkmktkguc ;69;

mf ikck i`r`lk i`chìulklkc p`ck'sfrkc sì`ctkrk ykch i`chktklkc akgwk

RLF tfmkl iìkfclkc p`rkc kpk puc mkdki mfslusf#mfslusf uiui& tfiaud

p`rmàktkc s`ru mf kctkrk pkrk skrjkck "krkt mf kctkrk i`r`lk ykch i`c`rfik

p`ck'sfrkc mkdki iklkdkg ykch mfckiklkc ( Iklkdkg Enrc`dd ( mkc i`r`lk ykch

a`rpkcmkchkc akgwk RLF skchkt t`rdfakt. L`sklsfkc pkrk pìfipfc RLF mf

Ikglkikg Ifdft`r 7ukr "fksk lìumfkc gkrf mkc p`cmkpkt#p`cmkpkt ykch

mfcyktklkc nd`g l`dnipnl#l`dnipnl prn#RLF mf >rnpk mkc tìpkt#tìpkt dkfc

iìaukt t`sfs ( Enrc`dd ( kikt sudft mfp`rtkgkclkc mkdki a`ctul ksdfcyk.

Bkdkupuc tkipkl j`dks akgwk RLF a`ckr t`rdfakt& ckiuc sftuksfcyk mkc s`jkug

ikck l`t`rdfaktkc ftu iksfg lkaur.

1;


22/43

%`iudk RLF mfguauchlkc m`chkc p`renakkc lum`tk i`dkduf a`rakhkf

l`kmkkc. $`dkg uiui mfl tkguf akgwk fmft gkmfr mf pkchlkdkc ,kdfi

R`rmkcklusuik pkmk tkchhkd ;


23/43

Rkrk p`cudfs (Iklkdkg Enrc`dd( i`chìulklkc suktu gfpnt`sfs kdt`rcktf'

ykch mfrksklkc s`jkdkc m`chkc 'kltk#'kltk ykch t`dkg mfuiuilkc i`ch`ckf

p`renakkc lum`tk skipkf kwkd tkguc ;6??. I`r`lk iìp`rtkgkclkc p`cmkpkt

akgwk gkd ftu i`rupklkc ( ikskdkg fct`rc chlktkc !krkt (& mf ikck aà`rkpk

lndnc`d kwk ykch tfmkl puks mkc lè`wk iìa`rnctkl i`dkwkc pkrk j`cm`rkd

mkdki l`p`fipfckc chlktkc !krkt ykch t`dkg mfruskl nd`g l`hì`rdkpkc klkrtk

mkc tfmkl mkpkt iìa`rflkc muluchkc ykch dàfg gkchkt l`pkmk lkipkcy`

lnc'rnctksf. Iklkdkg ftu i`cucjullkc akgwk RLF tfmkl pucyk intf' uctul

i`dklulkc lum`tk. Rkrtkf ftu t`dkg i`cmkpktlkc lùctuchkc a`skr mf akwkg sfstì

ykch kmk s`gfchhk strkt`hf t`rakfl akhf RLF kmkdkg iìp`rtkgkclkc stktus qun&

aulkccyk i`chkekulkc muluchkc l`pkmk suktu lum`tk. kmf& l`t`rdfaktkc RLF

gkcykdkg là`tudkc a`dklk. Rkrk p`cudfs iklkdkg t`rsàut i`chìulklkc

gfpnt`sfs akgwk fmft mfakwk l` ,kdfi p`rtkik#tkik uctul i`ce`hkg RLF jkchkc

skipkf i`ch`lspdnftksf sftuksf& mkc l`muk& uctul i`c`lkc pr`sfm`c khkr

i`cmuluch h`rklkc ftu. Rkrk kchhntk Rìumk 4klykt mkc =`rwkcf& mfhucklkc

uctul iìp`ra`skr l`luktkc ykch kikt lèfd ykch mfifdflf nd`g pkrk pìfipfc

h`rklkc mf klkrtk. Rkrk p`cmuluch RLF mfdktfg mf ,kdfi pkmk skkt ftu sàkhkf

akhfkc mkrf p`rsfkpkc chlktkc +mkrk uctul iìa`ctul chlktkc L`#0& jkmf.

aulkc RLF ykch i`chktur l`fluts`rtkkc i`r`lk t`tkpf pkrk p`rwfrk chlktkc

+mkrk. !uluchkc RLF t`rgkmkp =`rklkc - %`ptìa`r mf kwk $`chkg mfGkrfkc

Qklykttfmkl mkpkt mfjkmflkc aultf& kpkdkhf uctul i`cucjullkc l`t`rdfaktkc RLF

mkdki pìaucugkc pkrk j`cm`rkd. Là`ckrkc mkrf (p`chklukc( :yncn ykch

lìumfkc mftkrfl lìakdf nd`gcyk mkdki p`chkmfdkc pkmk audkc Oàrukrf ;6??

mfrkhulkc lkr`ck kmkcyk aà`rkpk gkd ykch j`dks tfmkl a`ckr& s`p`rtf p`cucjullkc

l`pkmk rkpkt pndftafrn ykch mfgkmfrf nd`g fmft mkc :yntn mkdki audkc udf pkmkgkd

i`r`lk l`tflk ftu s`mkch a`rkmk mf dukr c`h`rf mkc làfchuchkc :yncn t`ctkch

fm`ctftks pkrk kchhntk Rndftafrn. (R`chklukc1 fmft ykch mft raftlkc s`t dkg

15


24/43

kmkcyk ( Iklkdkg Enrc`dd1 j`dks tkl mkpkt mft`rfik nd`g pkrk p`cudfs ftu sàkhkf

suktu là`ckrkc.

R`cmkpkt akgwk RLF tfmkl i`chkiafd akhfkc mkdki p`r`cekckkc p`renakkc

lum`tk i`cmkpkt t`ctkchkc s`rfus l`tflk pkrk pìfipfc p`ctfch RLF mfsfmkchlkc

nd`g Ikgifddua ykch mfkmklkc uctul i`chkmfdf i`r`lk ykch mftumug t`rdfakt

mkdki lum`tk. %àkhkf suia`r& aultf#aultf ykch mflìulklkc mf mkdki sfmkch ftu

gkrus mfp`rdklulkc m`chkc gktf#gktf lkr`ck akcykl mf kctkrk sklsf#sklsf iuchlfc

pucyk kdkskc uctul i`cy`sktlkc p`chkmfdkc. R`chkmfdkc ykch mfs`d`chhkrklkc

nd`g chlktkc !krkt t`dkg i`cykdkglkc RLF sàkhkf mkdkch& sì`ctkrk pfgkl

p`cuctut mkc gklfi tfmkl a`ruskgk uctul i`ckrfl lìakdf gkd fcf. %`dkcjutcyk&

aà`rkpk sklsf mfa`rftklkc t`dkg i`chkdkif pìuludkc#pìuludkc s`dkik

pì`rflskkkc sà`dui p`chkmfdkc. :kiuc mìflfkc& kiktdkg ckH' jflk aultf#aultf

ykch mflìulklkc mkdki p`chkmfdkc ftu mfr i`glkc. R`chklukc#p`chklukc

p`ctfch t`dkg mfa`rflkc nd`g i`r`lk ykch t`rdfakt dkchsuch& akfl t`ctkrk ikupuc

ykch lniucfs wkdkupuc i`r`lk s`rfch i`cndkl tk'sfrkc ykch mfaukt nd`g jklsk.

Lgususcyk l`sklsfkc pkrk kchhntk Rndftafrn& s`p`rtf %umfsikc mkc :yncn s`rtk

ekdnc kchhntk& R`rfs Rkrm`m`& ykch i`chkluf l`t`rdfaktkc i`r`lk m`chkc a`rakhkf

ekrk& sìuk ftu iìp`rlukt 5`rsf chlktkc !krkt. Rkrk t`rmklwk fcf tfmkl skjk

i`chudkch (p`chklukc#p`chklukc( ykch mfaukt sà`duicyk mkc fcf t`rcyktk mkrf

s`rfchcyk i`r`lk iìaukt p`rcyktkkc#p`rcyktkkc ykch tfmkl mfskiaut akfl nd`g

p`chkmfdkc& s`p`rtf pkmk p`chklukc ksdf :yncn& s`rtk ekrk i`r`lk uctul t`tkp

iìa`ckrlkc tfcmklkc i`r`lk a`rmkskrlkc kchhkpkc akgwk !`wkc `cm`rkd

iìkch a`ckr#a`ckr kmk.

1=


25/43

Bkdkupuc l`sklsfkc pkrk pìfipfc RLF ftu s`mflftcyk i`dfaktlkc RLF&

ckiuc 5`rsf chlktkc !krkt iksfg dàfg jkug mkrf l`sklsfkc i`r`lk. I`curut

5`rsf fcf. RLF#dkg sktu#sktucyk mkdkch ykch iìudkf r`cekck mkc p`chnrhkcfsksfkc

p`renakkc lum`tk. $nlng p`ctfch ykch i`cucjullkc kmkcyk guauchkc kctkrk RLF

mkc =`rklkc - %`ptìa`r kmkdkg l`pkdk "frn Lgusus rkgksfk ykch mfl`ckd

m`chkc s`juidkg ckik skikrkc t tkpf afkskcyk mfsàut %jki. Fk gkcyk

a`rtkchhuch jkwka l`pkmk fmft mkc m`tfd mkrf lnctkl#lnctkl ykch mfkmklkc nd`g

"frn Lgusus m`chkc pkrk kchhntk kchlktkc a`rs`cjktk tfmkl mfl`tkguf nd`g

sàkhfkc a`skr pìfipfc RLF. L`tflk %n`lkrcn tfak#tfak jktug sklft mkdki audkc

hustus ;6?0 fmft lgkwktfr akgwk fk iuchlfc klkc i`cfchhkd ktku duipug mkc

jflk ftu t`rjkmf& pfipfckc chlktkc !krkt iuchlfc a`rh`rkl i`chlncsndfmksflkc

mfrf mkc RLF klkc i`cjkmf lnrakc. +ctul i`cmkguduf t`rjkmfcyk lìuchlfckc

t`rsàut fmft iì`rfctkglkc %jki uctul iìandfsksf p`cmulufch#p`cmuluch

RLF mkdki kchlktkc a`rs`cjktk uctul a`rtfcmkl i`dkwkc pfipfckc chlktkc

!krkt. kmf& RLF a`rtkchhuch jkwka tks lum`tk t`rsàut. Rkrk p`s`rtk t`ctkrk

gkcykdkg anc`lk mf tkchkc RLF. %àkhfkc a`skr aultf ykch i`rupklkc mkskr 5`rsf

fcf mktkch mkrf %jki s`cmfrf.

10


26/43

"à`rkpk l`skchsfkc ktks là`ckrkc 5`rsf t`rsàut t`dkg mflìulklkc

m`chkc kdkskc akgwk 5`rsf ftu tfmkl iuchlfc t`rjkmf. Bkdkupuc RLF mfkluf t`rdfakt

mkdki sktu mkc dkfc gkd& ckiuc p`cmkpkt akgwk RLF kmkdkg sktu#sktucyk akglkc

mkdkch t`rp`ctfch mfrkhulkc là`ckrkccyk mkc t`nrf akgwk pkrk p`dklu t`ctkrk

a`rtfcmkl ktks p`rfctkg#p`rfctkg mkrf RLF i`dkduf %jki mfpkcmkch tfmkl

i`yklfclkc. Okltk#'kltk p`chkmfdkc gkipfr tfmkl p`rckg iìaultflkc akgwk

+ctuch& %n`pkrmjn mkc dkfc#dkfc kmkdkg kh`c#kh`c RLF ykch skmkr& sì`ctkrk

p`dklu#p`dklu p`ctfch s`p`rtf pkrk kchhntk l`dnipnl kwk $ chkg ykch mfpfipfc

nd`g Lndnc`d %ug`rikc t`raucug sà`dui dktkr a`dklkch i`r`lk mkpkt mft`dftf

s`mkchlkc s`nrkch kchhntk lnipdntkc p`ctfch mkrf klkrtk& Lndnc`d 7ktf`'& tfmkl

p`rckg mfkmfdf. %kchkt iuchlfc akgwk p`rwfrk#p`rwfrk fcf t`dkg turut s`rtk mkdki

p`renakkc lum`tk a`rmkskrlkc kdkskc iksfch#iksfch ykch tfmkl pucyk guauchkc

m`chkc RLF. $`nrf fcf s`dkcjutcyk i`chìulklkc akgwk iuchlfc h`rklkc ftu

t`dkg a`rdkchsuch sà`dui RLF i`dfaktlkc mfrf. "krkchlkdf fmft i`cm`chkr mkrf

%jki t`ctkch r`cekck mkrf (pkrk p`rwfrk prnhr`sf'( dkdu iìutuslkc muluchkc

i`r`lk& lkr`ck iuchlfc RLF klkc mfskdkglkc jflk i`r`lk hkhkd s`lkdfpuc RLF

tfmkl flut s`rtk. kmf& skchkt iuchlfc akgwk pìrklkrsk utkik kmkdkg ( p`rwfrk#

p`rwfrk prnhr`sf' ( ftu mkc aulkc RLF ktku i`r`lk lurkch dàfg mkpkt mfcfdkf

sàkhkf tìkc s`h`rklkc m`chkc p`rkckc ykch skik a`skr.

%uktu t`nrf dkfc ykch mflìulklkc kmkdkg akgwk p`rwfrk ykch a`rpkgki

dkfc ftu ktkupuc RLF& lèfd lìuchlfckc i`dklulkc tfcmklkc ykch mrktfs

i`c`ctkch l`pìfipfckc chlktkc !krkt tkcpk jkifikc a`rupk p`rs`tujukc mkrf

pr`sfm`c mkc a`rp`cmkpkt akgwk a`rpfgklcyk %n`lkrcn l`pkmk RLF s`dkik tkguc

;6?0 s`rtk sflkp lklu pfipfckc chlktkc !krkt mkdki p`cndklkc t`rgkmkp

làfjklkc pr`sfm`c t`dkg i`cfiaudlkc lnc'rnctksf ykch tkl mkpkt mfgfcmkrlkc.

Lkr`ck lgkwktfr akgwk pìèktkc t`rgkmkp 3kcf mkc :ksutfnc sèkrk i`cmkmkl

mkpkt i`cfiaudlkc tfcmklkc#tfcmklkc akdkskc& %n`lkrcn i`cmnrnch ykch dkfc

1?


27/43

i`dklulkc tuhks#tuhks ftu uctulcyk. !f sktu pfgkl rcndm "rkelikc a`rp`cmkpkt

akgwk %n`lkrcn iìa`rflkc p`rs`tujukccyk t`rgkmkp r`cekck RLF uctul a`rh`rkl

i`dkwkc pkrk j`cm`rkd& mf pfgkl dkfc .E. !kl` iìp`rtkgkclkc p`cmkpkt

a`rmkskrlkc pì`rflskkc t`rgkmkp "kiakch Bfmjkckrln pkmk tkguc ;69-& akgwk

l`fchfckc pr`sfm`c ftu mfskipkflkc gkcyk l`pkmk 7`tkckc Lndnc`d +ctuch mkc

RLF gkcyk iìkfclkc p`rkckc ykch r`dktf' lèfd. Bkdkupuc pkmk sfmkch IR4%

tkguc ;6?9 %n`gkrtn iìaàkslkc %n`lkrcn mkrf tkchhuch jkwka dkchsuch ktks

lum`tk ftu& pkrk p`cudfs fcf a`rtkgkc akgwk iklsum %n`gkrtn tfmkl dkfc uctul

iì`cugf làuctukc pndftfl pkmk skkt ftu& aulkc uctul i`c`rkchlkc p`rkckc

pr`sfm`c lkr`ck pkrk pkrk p`cmuluch %n`lkrcn i`chkceki klkc a`rh`rkl

iìp`rtkgkclkccyk.

,fpnt`sk pkdfch klgfr ykch kikt sp`ludktf' kmkdkg ykch mflìulklkc nd`g

BO B`rtg`fi ykch s`pklkt m`chkc p`cmkpkt akgwk %jki t`dkg iìkfclkc p`rkc

ykch ruift mkdki i`chnrhkcfsksf p`renakkc lum`tk& t`tkpf i`chkchhkp akgwk

%jki kmkdkg s`nrkch kh`c chlktkc !krkt ykch mfsusuplkc l` mkdki tuaug RLF&

aulkc kh`c RLF ykch a`l`rjk mf chlktkc !krkt. I`dkduf %jki pkrk p`rwfrk

chlktkc !krkt i`chuipkcf fmft m`chkc m`sks#m`sus t`ctkch lum`tk ykch t`dkg

mfp`rsfkplkc mkc i`yklfclkccyk akgwk kmk p`rwfrk#p`rwfrk ykch a`rpkgki dkfc&

a`rjuidkg eulup a`skr uctul i`dklulkc lum`tk akdkskc. $ujukc p`chuipkckc fcf

kmkdkg uctul iìaklkr RLF s`gfchhk i`dklulkc h`rklkc ykch klkc iìa`rflkc

l`sìpktkc l`pkmk chlktkc !krkt uctul iìakdks m`cmki m`chkc i`chgkctki

pkrtkf t`rsàut. I`r`lk iìp`rgftuchlkc akgwk mkdki l`kmkkc ykch mìflfkc

pr`sfm`c klkc a`rkmk mkdki l`mumulkc ykch dìkg uctul i`dfcmuchf RLF. $ ctu

skjk là`rktkc t`rgkmkp t`nrf fcf kmkdkg& akgwk jflk ftu a`ckr a`tkpk tndndcyk pkrk

j`cm`rkd lkr`ck `cki mkrf i`r`lk t`wks mkdki i`rkchskch tfcmklkc t`rsàut.

B rtg`fi i`chktksf ekrk fcf m`chkc ekrk i`chflutf i`tnm` e`rftk m`t`ltf' mkc

i`ckcyklkc sfkpk ykch i`cmkpkt lùctuchkc mkrf l`jkgktkc ykch t`rjkmf.

kwkacyk t`ctu skjk %n`gkrtn& ykch iìpucykf guauchkc#guauchkc prfakmf

m`chkc tnlng#tnlng utkik lnipdntkc. :kiuc& t`nrf B`rtg`fi skik s`lkdf tfmkl

mfmuluch nd`g aultf#aultf pnsftf'. / ,krndm Ernueg& ;6K? ;;8 * ;;?

18


28/43

17


29/43

"`rakhkf kckdfsfs t`ctkch l`jkmfkc#l`jkmfkc s`putkr p`renakkc lum`tk mf ktks

iìkch iìfdflf l`dàfgkccyk iksfch#iksfch. :kiuc mìflfkc l`dfgktkccyk

mkrf s`durug kckdfsfs mf ktks ykch pkdfch iìkmkf kmkdkg ykch mflìulklkc nd`g

"`c cm`rsnc mkc 4utg Ie@ y m`chkc s`juidkg inmf'flksf. !krf sftudkg mkpktdkg

lftk l tkguf& sàkhkfikck mflktklkc R`t`r >mikc& akgwk hkhkskc kwkd

mfdklskcklkc lum`tk t`rsàut mfe`tuslkc nd`g s`l`dnipnl p`rwfrk i`c`chkg ykch

mfpfipfc nd`g 7`tckc Lndnc`d +ctuch ykch mìflfkc iìa`cef pkrk p`tfchhf

chlktkc !krkt mkc mfmnrnch nd`g l`fchfckc uctul iìa`rsfglkc prkltfl#prkltfl

lnrupsf ykch lfkc i`rkjkd`dk mf lkdkchkc `s`dnc t`rtfchhf ifdft`r. %`dkfc ftu

tfcmklkc t`rsàut juhk mfmnrnch nd`g l`fchfckc uctul iìp`rtkgkclkc l`kmkkc

pkmk skkt ftu ykch iìuchlfclkc %n`lkrcn i`cmkpktlkc l`sìpktkc uctul

iìa`ctul pì`rfctkgkc ykch skg dkfccyk. Ifskdcyk skjk "rfhkmfr `cm`rkd

%n`pkrmjn s`nrkch p`rwfrk ykch a`rkskd mkrf !f5fsf %fdfwkchf. Fk iìfdflf

s`juidkg kdkskc s`guauchkc m`chkc p`chkakfkc ktks mfrfcyk ykch mfdklulkc nd`g

pkrk p`tfchhf chlktkc !krkt lkr`ck sflkpcyk ykch iìa`rflkc sfipktf t`rgkmkp

lkdkchkc skykp lfrf. ,kd fcf lìumfkc i`chklfaktcyk mfrfcyk mfa`rf pnsfsf#pnsfsf

mf ikck gkcyk t`rmkpkt s`mflft l`lukskkc ktku akglkc tkcpk l`lukskkc skik

s`lkdf. Ifskdcyk& skjk& %n`pkrmjn mfkchlkt i`cjkmf Bklfd L`pkdk %tk' Lnikcmn

!k`rkg Ifdft`r /Bklksmki %fdfwkchf mkc mfkchlkt i`cjkmf Rkchdfik Lnikcmn

$ìpur / Lnpur l`#) mf Lkdkfikctkc "krkt& klkc t`tkpf fk tfmkl mfa`rf pksulkc

ykch mkpkt fk h`rkllkc s`cmfrf skipkf pkmk skktcyk l`tflk fk gkrus l`gfdkchkc

jkaktkc lnikcmncyk. I`slfpuc fk kmkdkg s`nrkch p`rwfrk ykch iìfdflf

l`dàfgkc ykch gkrus mfp`rgftuchlkc& ckiuc %n`pkrmjn kmkdkg s`nrkch p`rwfrk

%n`lkrcnfs mkc i`ce`dk gkafs#gkafskc ekrk gfmup ykch mfjkdkcf nd`g pkrk p`rwfrk

s`cfnrcyk sàukg 'kltk ykch i`cucjullkc akgwk fk tfmkl i`d`pkslkc

p`rgktfkccyk t`rgkmkp s`hkdk p`rfdklu pkrk ktkskccyk. !f skipfch ftu pkmk audkc

%`ptìa`r ;6?? pnsfsfcyk ykch r`dktf' fcm`p`cm`c mf Lkdfikctkc "krkt * mf ikck

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fk gkrus i`c`ruslkc p`rjukchkc i`dkwkc Ikdkysfk s`suktu ykch i`cmkpktlkc

p`c`ctkchkc mkrf pkrk ktkskccyk ykch a`rpkcmkchkc akgwk gkd t`rsàut t`dkg tfmkl

a`rkrtf dkhf sèkrk ifdft`r * gkrus i`chkdkif p`rnchrnchkc m`chkc mfkchlktcyk

Lndnc d Lìkd Fmrfs l` mkdki jkjkrkc Lnikcmn %trkt`hf Ikcmkdk %fkhk

/Lncstrkmkhk ykch iìfdflf l`w`ckchkc ykch i`ceklup s`durug pksulkc tìpur

ykch a`rkmk mf %uikt`rk mkc Lkdfikctkc. !fdfaktlkccyk %n`pkrmjn ykch

a`dklkchkc mfdklulkc nd`g pkrk kchhntk lnipdntkc tkipklcyk dàfg mkrf s`lkmkr

i`ce`rifclkc suktu l`fchfckc uctul iìksullkc s`nrkch j`cm`rkd mkdki rkchlk

i`cfchlktlkc d`hftfiksf ktks ldkfi i`r`lk. iafsf#kiafsf prfakmf +ctuch mkc

lkwkc#lkwkccyk tkipklcyk aulkcdkg s`suktu ykch a`rkrrtf t`rdkdu p`ctfch mkdki

gkd fcf& t`rd`pks mkrf t`rjkmfcyk p`cucmkkc#p`cucmkkc ktks prninsf l`pkchlktkc

i`r`lk ykch mfdklulkc nd`g strultur gfrkrlf ifdft`r. R`tucjul#p`tucjul ykch

i`cyktklkc akgwk l`dnipnl lum`tk t`rsàut t`dkg a`ruskgk iìa`ctul sàukg

pì`rfctkgkc akru ykch iksfg iìfdflf d`hftfiksf lìuchlfckc mfiuceudlkc

nd`g 'kltk#'kltk akgwk RLF iìkch t`dkg i`ch`tkguf klkc t`rjkmfcyk l`jkmfkc#

l`jkmfkc t`rsàut sà`duicyk. lkc t`tkpf gkd fcf tfmkldkg sèkrk ntniktfs

i`cucjullkc akgwk RLF t`rdfakt sèkrk 'fsfl mkdki p`rfstfwk t`rsàut t`rd`pks

mkrf mkrf l`gkmfrkc i`r`lk sèkrk ( là`tudkc ( mkrfpkmk nrhkcfsksf#nrhkcfsksf

ykch a`rkmk mf akwkg ckuchkc RLF& s`p`rtf Rìumk 4klykt mkc =`rwkcf /=`rklkc

Bkcftk Fcmnc`sfk & mf pkchlkdkc umkrk ,kdfi R`rmkcklusuik. ,kd fcf justru justru

i`cucjullkc akgwk +ctuch juhk a`ruskgk i`cmkpktlkc muluchkc puadfl uctul

i`cfchlktlkc d`hftfiksf ktks s`hkdk tfcmklkccyk s`t`dkg pkrk j`cm rkd a`rgksfd

mfkikclkc. Rìaucugkc#pìaucugkc ykch mfdklulkc t`rgkmkp pkrk j`cm`rkd ykch

mftkgkc t`rcyktk s`suchhugcyk aulkcdkg akhfkc mkrf r`cekck ykch sà`ckrcyk.

$fcmklkc p`ceudflkc t`rgkmkp pkrk tnlng p`ctfch uctul iìklsk mfdklulkccyk

aà`rkpk tfcmklkc pndftfl t`rsàut lìuchlfckc mffdgkif nd`g klsf p`ceudflkc

t`rgkmkp %n`lkrcn mkc ,kttk mkdki rkchlk iìklskcyk i`cyktklkc prnldkiksf

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lì`rm`lkkc pkmk tkguc ;6)0& mkc p`ceudflkc ykch mfdklulkc t`rgkmkp %jkgrfr

mkdki rkchlk iìklsk khkr %n`lkrcn i`chkiafd kdfg l`lukskkc * i`slfpuc

lìumfkc upkyk fcf mfhkhkdlkc nd`g %n`lkrcn ykch p`chkrugcyk ikipu

iìpnrkl#pnrkcmklkc r`cekck#r`cekck ykch t`dkg mfsusuc rkpf t`rsàut.

$`rtìakl iktfcyk tfhk nrkch j`cm`rkd mkdki prns`s p`ckchlkpkccyk * t`rutkik

m`chkc lìktfkc L`pkdk %tk' chlktkc !krkt `cm`rkd gikm kcf * t`rcyktk

i`chklfaktlkc tfiaudcyk l`hìafrkkc s`lkdfhus làfchuchkc#làfchuchkc mf

lkdkchkc prkjurft ykch pkmk hfdfrkccyk iìklsk mfkiafdcyk dkchlkg#dkchdkg ykch

tfmkl s`sukf m`chkc r`cekck sìudk * mkc klgfrcyk juhk i`cmnrnch pìaucugkc#

pìaucugkc s`dkcjutcyk t`rgkmkp pkrk lnrakc ykch t rsfsk mf ,kdfi. %ktu gkd ykch

i`ckrfl mkc i`chucmkch p`rtkcykkc kmkdkg kpklkg s`durug#s`durug l`jkmfkc#

l`jkmfkc t`rsàut klkc a`rjkdkc s`sukf m`chkc r`cekck ykch mfgkrkplkc kpkafdk

pìaucugkc#pìaucugkc t`rsàut tfmkl p`rckg t`rjkmf. L`cyktkccyk akgwk pkrk

kchhntk lnipdntkc i`cm`lktf RLF uctul i`cmuluch dkchlkg#dkchlkg i`r`lk

t`rcyktk aulkcdkg sàukg aultf klgfr ktks l`t rdfaktkc pkrtkf t`rsàut. ,kd fcf

lkr`ck mfdkpnrlkc akgwk t`rcyktk pkrtkf#pkrtkf dkfc puc juhk mfm`lktf& ckiuc

mìflfkc i`r`lk sìuk i`cndkl uctul i`dfaktlkc mfrf mkdki sàukg h`rklkc

ykch a`r`sfln tfchhf mkc ykch akhkfikckpuc i`rupklkc sàukg p`rikskdkgkc

fct rckd chlktkc !krkt. %ktu gkd ykch a`ckr#a`ckr skchkt i`rkhulkc kmkdkg

akgwk RLF * mkc lgususcyk fmft * klkc p`rckg iìafkrlkc mfrfcyk t`rdfakt

mkdki sàukg h`rklkc ykch gkcyk i`chuctuchlkc sàukg l`dncpnl dkfc mkdki

tuaug ifdft r i`r`lk t`ctucyk dàfg a`rgkrkp uctul i`dfgkt mfp`rtkgkclkccyk

pnsfsf %n`lkrcn sàkhkf Rr`sfm`c ykch ikck gkd t`rsàut klkc dàfg iìkstflkc

akgwk i`r`lk klkc t`tkp i`cmkpktlkc l`sìpktkc uctul iìp`rlukt mfrf.

!`chkc iìa`rflkc muluchkc t`rgkmkp sàukg h`rklkc ykch gkcyk a`rtujukc

uctul i`chhkctflkc p`tfchhf chlktkc !krkt m`chkc ykch dkfc& RLF j`dks tfmkl

klkc i`cmkpktlkc kpk puc s`dkfc lìuchlfckc klkc a`rlurkchcyk l`t`hkchkc mf

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kctkrk i`r`lk uctul sì`ctkrk wkltu. %`dkfc ftu pkrtkf fcf juhk tfmkl a`rkmk pkmk

pnsfsf (sfkp1 uctul i`chh`dkr sàukg lnc'rnctksf dkchsuch m`chkc pfgkl

chlktkc !krkt * akglkc jflk jflk i`r`lk klgfrcyk a`rgksfd i`ckchlkp pkrk

j`cm`rkd * i`r`lk iksfg a`dui klkc ikipu i`c`ctkch t`rjkmfcyk pìakctkfkc#

pìakctkfkc ykch i`rupklkc r`klsf ykch sèkrk ntniktfs klkc a`rdkchsuch

s`t`dkgcyk& sàkhkfikck m`chkc ykch a`dklkchkc a`ckr#a`ckr t`rjkmf s`t dkg

lum`tk t`rsàut. !kdki sfmkch p`chkmfdkccyk pkmk tkguc ;6?9& %umfsikc&

%`lr`tkrfs `cm`rkd RLF mkc i`rupklkc kchhntk ldfl fmft s jkl kwkd

l`pìfipfckccyk pkmk tkguc ;60;& i`cyktklkc akgwk i`chhks ktkupuc

i`r`cekcklkc sàukg h`rklkc s`p`rtf =`rklkc - %`ptìa`r ;6?0 t`rsàut skik

s`lkdf aulkcdkg sf'kt#sf'kt RLF pkmk p`rfnm` ;60; * ;6?0.

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L`putuskc fmft uctul iìa`rflkc muluchkc t`rgkmkp lnipdntkc lum`tk

t`rsàut lìumfkc& mkpktdkg mfdfgkt sàkhkf sàukg ( p`rtkrugkc ktku p`rjumfkc1

Iuchlfc fk i`dfgkt kmkcyk l`sìpktkc uctul iìp`rakflf pnsfsf pkrtkfcyk mf

gkmkpkc ifdft`r * t`ctucyk kpkafdk h`rklkc +ctuch a`rgksfd * mkc mkpkt

mfsfchlfrlkccyk pkrk iusug utkik RLF mf lkdkchkc pkrk j`cm`rkd * skipkf m`chkc

skkt ftu akfl :kgmdktud +dkik /:+ ikupuc Rkrtkf :ksfnckd Fcmnc`sfk /R:F

gkcyk i`wklfdf kcekikc#kcekikc mkrf lkdkchkc cnc#ifdft`r ykch tfmkl t`rdkdu

a`rakgkyk& s`mkchlkc Ikj`dfs %yurn Iusdfifc Fcmnc`sfk Fcmnc`sfk /Iksyuif

mkc Rkrtkf %nsfkdfs Fcmnc`sfk /R%F t`dkg mfgkceurlkc nd`g %n`lkrcn lkr ck

l`t`rdfaktkc i`r`lk mkdki pìa`rnctklkc Rì`rfctkgkc 4`5ndusfnc`r 4`puadfl

Fcmnc`sfk /R44F mkc pìa`rnctklkc Rfkhki R`rjukchkc %ì`stk /R`ri`stk.

Rnsfsf pkrtkf /RLF a`rskik %n`lkrcn juhk sìklfc i`chukt& t`rutkik kpkafdk

mfdfgkt mkrf sflkp#sflkp %n`lkrcn ykch sìklfc e`cm`ruch l` lfrf * i`slfpuc t`tkp

a`rkmk mkdki lnct`ls :ksklni. L`putuskc fmft uctul i`dfaktlkc pkrtkfcyk

m`chkc tkcpk iìa`rflkc muluchkc cyktk sèkrk 'fsfl * t`rd`pks mkrf l`cyktkkc

gkmfrcyk pkrk kchhntk Rìumk 4klykt iìuchlfclkc RLF uctul mkpkt

iìaàkslkc mfrfcyk mkc iusug#iusug utkikcyk tkcpk gkrus i`chntnrf

tkchkccyk. !`chkc mìflfkc gkd t`rsàut i`ce`rifclkc suktu lrfchfckc uctul

iìp`rtkgkclkc sfstì pndftfl ykch t`dkg mflìakchlkc mf akwkg l`lukskkc

Rr`sfm`c %n`lkrcn s`dkik p`rfnm` !ìnlrksf $`rpfipfc * i`slfpuc sfstì

t`rsàut mìflfkc iìaktksf pkrtkf pndftfl uctul i`cjkdkclkc a`rakhkf

kltf5ftkscyk gkcyk m`chkc a`rp`mnikc pkmk hkrfs#hkrfs :ksklni.

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lgfr mkrfpkmk l`jkmfkc#l`jkmfkc t`rsàut iìp`rdfgktlkc kmkcyk muluchkc

ykch mfa`rflkc RLF t`rgkmkp lnipdntkc lum`tk& i`slfpuc tfmkl a`rsf'kt r`sif mkc

tkcpk kmkcyk sktu pkrtfsfpksf ykch a`rsf'kt dkchsuch. "`rluipudcyk %n`lkrcn mkc

fmft mf Rkchlkdkc +cmkrk ,kdfi R`rmkcklusuik mkpkt mfj dkslkc m`chkc muk

aukg kdkskc. R`rtkik * mkc ykch kikt j`dks& akgwk i`r`lk sìuk mfakwk l`

,kdfi kmkdkg uctul kdkskc l`kikckc sìktk#iktk kpkafdk p`dklskckkc r`cekck

lum`tk t`rsàut t`rcyktk i`chkdkif l`hkhkdkc. L`muk& gkd fcf uctul i`ckiakg

l`p`rekykkc akhf pkrk kchhntk lnipdntkc mf gkmkpkc akchsk * i`slfpuc gkd fcf

pkmk l`cyktkcccyk t`rcnmkf m`chkc t`rjkmfcyk pìaucugkc t`rgkmkp pkrk

j`cm`rkd s`suktu ykch sà`ckrcyk i`cyfipkch mkrf r`cekck s`suchhugcyk.

L`gkmfrkc fmft * mkc l`cyktkkc akgwk fk tfmkl i`cndkl gkrus mftìkcf nd`g

pksulkc t`ctkrk ykch mflfrfi uctul iìakwkcyk l` ,kdfi * juhk i`cucjullkc

akgwk pkmk tfchlkt t`rt`ctu fk t`dkg i`ch`tkguf sà`duicyk& mkc l`p`rhfkccyk l`

kwk $`chkg juhk i`cucjullkc kmkcyk lìkukc mf pfgklcyk uctul iìa`rflkc

akctukc t`rgkmkp lnipdntkc lum`tk. >mftnrfkd Gkrfkc Qkljkt`mfsf 8


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l`s`durugkc * t`rd`pks mkrf aà`rkpk h`dfctfr nrkch mf pucekl l`pìfipfckc *

gkcykl iìfdflf p`ch`tkgukc ykch s`mflft ktku akglkc tkl iìfdflf skik s`lkdf

ktks l`jkmfkc#l`jkmfkc t`rsàut ktkupuc ktks l`t rdfaktkc pkrtkfcyk mf mkdki

l`jkmfkc#l`jkmfkc t`rsàut.

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36/43

"à`rkpk 'kltk dkfc iìkch t`dkg i`cfiaudlkc muhkkc klkc kmkcyk

l`t`rdfaktkc RLF sèkrk dkchsuch akglkc s`jkl mkdki tkrk' p`chhkskccyk& ykch

t`rp`ctfch * yklcf m`chkc là`rkmkkc sàukg "frn Lgusus ykch mfl`pkdkf nd`g muk

nrkch kchhntk rkgksfk RLF& yklcf %jki mkc Rncn. "frn Lgusus ykch mfmfrflkc pkmk

tkguc ;6?) ykch m`chkc tuhks iìncftnr ktks s`hkdk gkd ykch t`rjkmf fcf&

mfhkiakrlkc sàkhkf p`chhks utkik lum`tk t`rsàut. lkc t`tkpf gkd fcf s`p`rtfcyk

aulkc i`cjkmf sf'kt#sf'kt RLF * ykch akru skjk i`rkfg là`rgksfdkc mkdki

lkipkcy` dkcm rònri#cyk kpkafdk m`chkc s`chkjk i`chh`dkr sàukg klsf

pìa`rnctklkc ykch gkcyk a`rjkchlk p`cm`l. pkafdk mflkftlkc m`chkc sf'kt

fcg`r`c fmft ykch kikt a`rgktf#gktf. ,kd ykch dàfg iksul klkd kmkdkg akgwk jflk

RLF iìp`rtfiakchlkc uctul i`dklulkc klsf sìkeki ftu& iklk gkd ftu gkcyk

klkc mfdklulkc kpkafdk i`r`lk t`dkg iìfdflf sàukg aksfs a`rjkchlk pkcjkch *

lktklkcdkg kpkafdk h`rklkc t`rsàut mfdkcekrlkc pkmk tkguc ;69-. $`tkpf dkhf#dkhf

m`chkc iìp`rtfiakchlkc gkd#gkd dkfc ykch juhk mftklutlkc nd`g fmft& t`rmkpkt

aà`rkpk 'kltnr ykch a`l`rjk sèkrk kltf' mkdki i`chgkdkch#gkdkchf mfdklulkccyk

h`rklkc sìkeki ftu& t`rutkik l`wkspkmkkc pkmk lkdkchkc ifdft`r. %àkhkfikck

ykch mfp`rdfgktlkc lìumfkc& sktu gkd ykch p`rdu mfp`rgktflkc dkhf kmkdkg akgwk

"frn Lgusus t`rsàut t`dkg i`cjkdkclkc sìkeki np`rksf p`cyusupkc ykch

afkskcyk mfdklulkc nd`g nrhkcfsksf fct`dj`c ifdft`r. Là`rkmkkc pkrk pìfipfc

"frn Lgusus fcf& %jki mkc Rncn * ykch ckikcyk a`dklkchkc mfsàut#sàut sàkhkf

nrkch ykch ( a rtkchhuch jkwka sèkrk prfakmf l`pkmk fmft M1& juhk

mfp`rhucklkc sàkhkf akrkch aultf t`rs`cmfrf& lgususcyk a`rlkftkc m`chkc

l`kchhntkkc i`r`lk ykch a`rsf'kt rkgksfk. lkc t`tkpf '`cni`ck là`rkmkkc pkrk

kchhntk rkgksfk RLF fcf skik s`lkdf aulkc gkd ykch kc`g. O`cni`ck sìkeki fcf

juhk t`rmkpkt pkmk pkrtkf a`skr dkfccyk& ckiuc m`chkc m`rkjkt ykch dàfg r`cmkg.

Rkrk kchhntk (rkgksfk ( fcf s`rfch lkdf i`cjkmflkc stktuscyk mìf i`cmkpktlkc

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lùctuchkc#lùctuchkc i`r`lk prfakmf * mkc tfmkl gkrus a`rkmk pkmk sktu pkrtkf

pkmk skkt ykch skik.

L`t rdfaktkc "frn Lgusus ftu s`cmfrf i`chucmkch aà`rkpk p`rsnkdkc&sàkhkfikck ykch mfp`rsnkdlkc nd`g 4`G Inrtfi`r ykch i`chlrftfsfcyk mkdki

muk afmkch& ykftu t`ctkch p`rkckc mkc dktkr a`dklkch mkrfpkmk nrkch ykch mfsàut#

sàut sàkhkf l`pkdkcyk& %jki& mkc t`ctkch akhkfikck dìakhk fcf i`cjkdkclkc

tuhks#tuhkscyk mf mk`rkg#mk`rkg mf dukr klkrtk. Lrftfl#lrftfl 4`G Inrtfi`r ktks

afmkch ykch l`muk * yklcf p`dklskckkc tuhks#tuhks "frn Lgusus t`rsàut * pkmk

mkskrcyk kmkdkg ( m`chkc iìakykchlkc Msàukg ikckjì`c ykch l`tktM

kmkdkg skchkt sudft i`cj`dkslkc i`chkpk fcfsfktf' 3nhyklkrtk akru t`rlìulklkc *

akfl sèkrk fm`ndnhfs ikupuc sèkrk ifdft`r * pkmk tkgkp ykch mìflfkc t rdkiakt.

"`rakhkf p`cfdkfkc ykch i`chkjulkc s`putkr l`t`rdfaktkc RLF mkdki lum`tk

t`rsàut& ykch t`rutkik mfdklulkc nd`g p`cudfs#p`cudfs s`p`rttf =uy Rkul`r s`rtk

:uhrn :ntnsuskctn mkc Fsikfd %kdk`g& iìa`rflkc p`tucjul akgwk "frn Lgusus

t`rsàut kmkdkg sàukg nrhkcfsksf fct d j`c ykch skchkt `'fsfs`c& skchkt

t`rnrhkcfsksf mkc iìfdflf lìkipukc uctul i`cjkmf ujuch tniakl suktu h`rklkc

sàkhkfikck ykch mfpfipfc nd`g +ctuch t`rsàut. lsf#klsf mf 3nhyklkrtk fcf

mfkiafd m`chkc ekrk i`cutup#cutupf p`rlìakchkc ykch t`rjkmf s`gfchhk skik

s`lkdf tfmkl i`cucjullkc kmkcyk suktu tfcmklkc ykch t`rlnnrmfcksf m`chkc akfl

ykch mfdklulkc s`t dkg jki#jki p`rtkik l`tflk pkrk j`cm rkd t`rsàut a`rgksfd

mftkchlkp. !kdki kckdfsfscyk 4`G Inrtfi`r juhk i`cynrntf %jki ykchi`curutcyk tkl dàfg mkrfpkmk (Mskdkg s`nrkch mkrf s`lfkc akcykl tnlng ykch

tfmkl mfl`ckd mf dfchlkrkc klkrtk ykch gfmup m`chkc ekrk p`cjukd fc'nriksf fct`rc

sàukg nrhkcfsksf l`pkmk a`rakhkf l`dnipnl ykch a`rl`p`ctfchkcM1 7àfg jkug

dkhf& fk i`dkcjutlkc akgwk ( mkdkg eulup iksul klkd sìuk akmkc m`chkc sfkpk

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fk p`rckg a`ruruskc a`rcfkt uctul i`chhucklkccyk kmkdkg dàfg i`rkhulkc dkhf

akgwk fmft mf kctkrk i`r`lk kmk ykch iku i`chkchlktcyk sàkhkf nrkch ykch

i`ch`pkdkf kpkrktur rkgksfk i`r`lk.

"`rakhkf gkd ykch a`rlkftkc m`chkc iksk dkducyk juhk i`ckrfl uctul

mfektkt& mfkctkrkcyk dktkr a`dklkch %jki ykch sà`duicyk iìfdflf l`t`rdfaktkc

mkdki "$F /"krfskc $kcf Fcmnc`sfk& mkdki %


39/43

%flkpcyk ykch (t`rdkdu akcykl i`rchne`g1 t`rgkmkp pkrk p`cy`dfmfl ifdft`r

s`t`dkg p`ckgkckccyk& i`cusrft "`c cm`rsnc mkc 4utg Ie@`y kmkdkg (

Lìuchlfckc mfsàkalkc nd`g p`chkdkikccyk s`dkik s`pudug tkguc sàkhkf

s`nrkch fc'nrikc prn'`ssfnckd akhf pfgkl fct`dj`c ifdft`r ykch s`dkdu iìa`rflkc

dkpnrkccyk t`ctkch s`hkdk ykch mfdklulkccyk nd`g RLF mkc pkrtkf#pkrtkf pndftfl

dkfccyk. Rfgkl EF i`chhucklkc 'kltk#'kltk fcf uctul i`ch`jutlkc ykch

a`rlkftkc m`chkc p`c`trksf ykch mfkdlulkc nd`g RLF t`rgkmkp kpkrktur ifdft`r *

klkc t`tkpf t`ctu skjk akgwk gkd t`rsàut aulkcdkg sktu#sktucyk ekrk uctul

iìkgkif 'kltk#'kltk t`rsàut.

Rkcmkchkc#pkcmkchkc dkfccyk t`rgkmkp p`rkckc ykch mfikfclkc nd`g %jki

mkc "frnp Lgususcyk juhk t`rmkpkt a`rakhkf p`ra`mkkc. R`t`r !kd` %ennt * ykch

iuchlfc kmkdkg nrkch ykch pkdfch rkmflkd mkdki gkd fcf * a`rp`cmkpkt akgwk gkd

t`rsàut skchkt i`ce rifclkc fct`r5`csf ykch mfdklulkc nd`g i`rflk %`rflkt

t`rgkmkp Fcmnc`sfk ykch mfdklulkc i`dkduf jkdur `lncnif mkc jkdur ifdft`r.

I`curut Ikdendi Ekdmw`dd& %jki kmkdkg tnlng ykch s`chkjk mfsusuplkc l` mkdki

'klsf +ctuch akfl nd`g %n`gkrtn ikupuc nd`g EF. %`nrkch lni`ctktnr dkfc& +d'

%ucmgkuss`c * ykch i`cmkpktlkc pkcmkchkc#pkcmkchkc ( lkdkchkc mkdki ( ktks

a`rakhkf sftuksf ykch a`rlìakch mkrf sumut pkcmkch %`lndkg %tk' mkc Lnikcmn

chlktkc !krkt /%`slnkm * iìfdflf pkcmkchkc ykch tfmkl i`ch`jutlkc t`ctkch

%jki sàkhkf nrkch ykch s`jkl kwkd iìfdflf l`m`lktkc guauchkc m`chkc fmft

ikupuc m`chkc RLF. I`curut %ucmgkuss`c& fmft sà`duicyk t`dkg i`cykmkrf

là`rkmkkc ldfl +ctuch sà`dui fk klgfrcyk i`chfrfi %jki uctul iksul l`

mkdkicyk klkc t`tkpf RLF t`tkp skjk iksfg gkcyk sàkhkf pktc`r ykch tfmkl

akcykl i`c`ctulkc. ,kd fcf lkr`ck pkrk p`rwfrk ykch a`rkmk mf mfs`l`dfdfch

+ctuch uiuicyk (Mjkug dàfg fcm`p`cm`c t`rgkmkp nrkch#nrkch lniucfs ykch

i`cjkmf tìkc p`rs`lnchlndkc i`r`lk mkrfpkmk kpk ykch t`dkg mftucjullkc nd`g

56


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p`ck'sfrkc ykch mfdklulkc nd`g chlktkc !krkt ikupuc a`rakhkf p`chklukc

mkdki sfmkch#sfmkch p`chkmfdkc ktks lksus fcf. M1

%kipkf s`jkug ikck puc tfchlkt l`t`rdfaktkc RLF mkdki p`rfstfwk ;


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tkl t`rgfcmkrlkc kctkrk l`luktkc#l`luktkc ykch i`cmnifcksf pudftfl mf Fcmnc`sfk&

yklcf kctkrk nrkch#nrkch lniucfs mkc chlktkc !krkt. Là`rgksfdkc#là`rgksfdkc

ykch mfrkfg RLF t`dkg i`cfiaudlkc l`fchfckc uctul i`chh`chhki l`lukskkc

ykch pkmk hfdfrkccyk i`chklfaktlkc mfdklulkccyk p`ràutkc l`lukskkc mkc

lìumfkc s`t`dkgcyk mfdklulkc pìakctkfkc iksskd t`rgkmkp nrkch#nrkch cnc#

lniucfs.

,kd fcf s`ckmk m`chkc kckdfsfs t`ctkch p`rfstfwk lum`tk t`rsàut ykch

mfdklulkc nd`g "ksulf =uckwkc ykch a`rpkcmkchkc akgwk klkr p`rsndkc

t`rjkmfcyk p`renakkc lum`tk t`rsàut. ( %à`ckrcyk a`rkchlkt mkrf l`hkhkdkc

mkdki i`cjkdkclkc mìnlrskf lncsftusfnckd mf Fcmnc`sfk pkmk tkguc ;60-#kc mkc

sìklfc i`cfchlktcyk prkltfl#prkltfl l`lukskkc ykch ntnrft`rfkc akfl ykch

mfdklulkc nd`g %n`lkrcn ikupuc nd`g chlktkc !krkt ykch fchfc l`cmkdf pndftfl

akfl mf fau lntk ikupuc mf s`durug prn5fcsf. (

=;


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Fk iìkcmkch kmkcyk p`rlìakchkc sàukg !`wkc `cm`rkd * tkcpk

iìa`rflkc r`'`r`csf dkfc s`dkfc suia`r#suia`r mkrf RLF mkc t`d`hrki =fdsegrfst

sàkhkf aultfcyk * mkc p`renakkc lum tk ykch s`chkjk mfefptklkc uctul

i`dkwkccyk. ckdfsfscyk ykch i`cìpktlkc %n`lkrcn sktu luau m`chkc nrkch#

nrkch lniucfs skchkt a`rt`ctkchkc m`chkc gfpnt`sfs Rdu5f`r ykch i`cyktklkc

akgwk justru ifdft`rdkg ykch i`cjkmf s`lutu %n`lkrcn& # ckiuc dkhf#dkhf mkdki gkd

fcf juhk t`rmkpkt a`rakhkf l`lurkchkc. mikc& 8-;0

;K? * 8-9

=1


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dn aidit dan percobaan kudeta 1965

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