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DASAR DIAGNOSTIK LABORATORIUM PATOLOGI KLINIK DOSEN dr. ABDUL KARIM, SpPK

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DASAR DIAGNOSTIKLABORATORIUM

PATOLOGI KLINIK

DOSEN dr. ABDUL KARIM, SpPK

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ILMU PATOLOGI KLINIK:

Jembatan antara praklinik dan klinik

Melakukan pemeriksaan melalui tes darah,urin, tinja , cairan ota !L"S#, cairan

$%eura, s$er&a'

LABORATORIUM PATOLOGI KLINIK: Seksi Hematologi 

Seksi Kimia klinik

Seksi Mikrbil!i Seksi Or!anl!i

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" N# "$$% Seminar &'( Analis Kes UIT (

Tujuan dan (un)si Pe&erisaan

La*oratoriu&

)* Mene!akkan atau men+in!kirkan suatu

dia!nsis

"* Men,adi pedman didalam penatalaksanaanpasien

(* Menentukan pr!nsis

-* Skrinin! suatu pen+akit.* Pemantauan terapi

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" N# "$$% Seminar &'( Analis Kes UIT -

Ta/apan pemeriksaan

LAORATORIUM

   Pra+ana%iti

   Analitik

   Pas0a analitik

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SAMPLING &ARA1

2 Persiapan : pen,elasan kepada pasien3persiapan alat dan perlen!kapan

2 Psisi pasien dan lkasi pen!ambilan dara/

2 4e!a/ /emlisis :' per/atikan ukuran ,arum semprit

' lepas ,arum dari semprit 3 saat masukkan

sampel dara/ ke dalam tabun!

' 1indari terbentukn+a !elembun! udara krn

mempermuda/ ter,adi /emlisis

Jan ($3 "$)5 .

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P6N76BAB 16MOLISIS

)* Ukuran ,arum tidak sesuai d!n #l dara/

+a! diambil

"*Men!/isap dara/ terlalu 0epat3 dara/ber0ampur d!n !el udara

(* Semprit basa/

-* Btl penampun! basa/.* &ara/ dipinda/kan d!n 0ara

disemprtkan

Jan ($3 "$)5 5

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Sampel dara/

)* &ara/ #ena : 

pada 8ssa 0ubiti  #*mediana 0ubiti  palin! ideal krn dasar keras s/! tdkmuda/ ber!erak

"* &ara/ arteri : 

la9im utk pemeriksaan analisis !as

dara/ AG&;  biasan+a diambil daria*radialis3 dan a* 8emralis

Jan ($3 "$)5 <

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(*  A*8emralis  relati8 muda/ krn

diameter arteri besar ttp berba/a+a krn ,ika ter,adi perdara/an3 serin! tidak

se!era diketa/ui krn a*8emralis

terletak di daera/ tertutup selimut3pakaian;3 s/! /rs sll dilakukan

penekanan +! 0kp lama

-*  A* Radialis

 perlu dilakukan tes Allen

Jan ($3 "$)5 %

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 .* &ara/ kapiler :

' dilakukan punksi kulit

' mrpkn 0ampuran dara/ arteri dan

#ena d!n kmpnen arteri lb/ ban+ak

' Tempat pen!ambilan : u,un! ,ari "'-

' dilakukan pada anak* Gemuk3 luka

bakar dan t/rmbti0 tenden0ies

Jan ($3 "$)5 =

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DARA L-NGKAP !.OL- BLOOD# :

2 Kmpnen padat : sel" dara/ eritrsit3leksit dan trmbsit;

2 Kmpnen 0air : plasma> serum

&ara/ ,ika dibiarkan akan membeku  terbentuk bekuan !umpalan le/ 8ibrin;dan serum kunin!;* Permukaan bekuan :tdk rata

&ara/ ? antika!ulan  stl/ dibiarkan akanterbentuk endapan td sel" dr/; ? plasmakunin!;* Permukaan endapan : rata*

Jan ($3 "$)5 )$

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Jika sampel dara/ diberi antika!ulan3

 ,enis antika!ulan /arus disebutkan4nt/ : &ara/ 6&TA3 dara/

/eparin3 dara/ sitrat

dan Plasma 6&TA3 plasma/eparin3 plasma sitrat3 dll

Jan ($3 "$)5 ))

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Table S$eci/ied containers /or *%ood co%%ection

Indicator -//ect

e$arin

-DTA

"itrate

Sdium @alate

Gl+0l+sis in/ibitrs idine a0etatesdium; sdium 8luride;

In/ibitrs 8 prteinl+sis aprtinine;

 Antibiti0s

Gel separatrs

In/ibitin 8 0lttin!

In/ibitin 8 platelet a!!re!atin anden9+me a0ti#atin

In/ibitin 8 0lttin!

4al0ium bindin!3 in/ibitin 8 0lttin!

In/ibitin 8 !l+0l+ti0 en9+mes

In/ibitin 8 prteases

In/ibitin 8 ba0terial !rt/

Separatin 8 bld 0ells 8rm plasma

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Kmpsisi dara/

2 &ara/

  0air plasma;  kmpnen seluler er+3 lek3 trmb;*

2 Plasma  C =)D air E <'=D 9*padat

2 Fat padat prtein : Albumin3 Glbulin3ibrin!en;3

unsur anr!anik : Na3 K3 4a3s8r3 e3 I3unsur r!anik : nitr!en3 urea3 asam urat3

kreatinin3 asam amin3 lemak3 dll

Jan ($3 "$)5 )(

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P-M-RIKSAAN DARA RUTIN

2 &ara/ Rutin &R; adala/

pemeriksaan dara/ +! dilakukan

tanpa indikasi k/usus2 4ara Autmatik dan Manual

Jan ($3 "$)5 )-

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7an! termasuk tes &ara/ Rutin Otmatik; :

2 1em!lbin

2 1ematkrit

2 1itun! ,umla/ eritrsit

2 M4H

2 M41

2 M414

2 1itun! Jumla/ leksit

2 1itun! Jumla/ trmbsit

2 La,u endap dara/ Manual;

Jan ($3 "$)5 ).

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"ONTO NILAI NORMAL

DARA RUTIN

Complete blood cell count -

Nilai SATUANReferenceInterval

Hematokrit 49, ! ",#-"$,#

%ritro&itHemo'loin(C)

$,#*+*,9*9,9

+#*.l'dl/

4,9"-$,0$++,9-+0,9

**-$$

(CH

(CHC Trombo&it

14,#

4,$1

2'

'dl +#.l

1+,#-1*,1

1,#-*,1++-*1+

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"ONTO NILAI NORMAL

ITUNG 0-NIS L-KOSIT

NI3AI SATUAN

Reference Interval

3%5SIT Se'men

 6and 7batan'8

$,9*,1+4 7$9!8

#,+"0 71!8

+#.l +#.l

+#.l

",+-+,#1,9-+1,#

#,#-#,4"

3imfo&it(ono&it%o&inol

6a&ol

+,#1$ 7+!8#,9" 7"!8#,#$9 7+!8

#,# 7#!8

+#.l +#.l +#.l

+#.l

#,4-1,9#,+-+,4#,#-+,

#,#-#,+4

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"ONTO NILAI NORMAL

KIMIA DARA

6ioc:emical prole -

NI3AI SATUANReferenceInterval

6UN

Creatinin

+$

#,9

m'dl

m'dl

+#,#-#,#

#,"-+," Total proteinAlbumin

$,*,0

'dl'dl

",1-$,1,"-4,1

Alkaline phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase

0$+

"1"

U3

U3

+1-+11

#-94

Levamisole resistanceAlanine aminotransferaseGlucose

Sodium

*#+#14+#

+4

!U3

m'dl

mmoldl

+1-+#0$$-+1#

+4*-+"4

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P6RLU &IK6TA1UI> &ILAPORKAN

2 AKTOR'AKTOR 7ANG B6RP6NGARU1

T6R1A&AP 1ASIL T6S LABORATORIUM

  G6OGRAP1I4AL A4TORS

  $h1sica% e2ercise

  durin) $re)nanc1

  in/usion so%utions

  Dru)

  hae&o%1sis and h1$er%i$idae&ia

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G6OGRAP1I4AL A4TORS

Indicator "han)e

4RP

1em!lbin

1aemat0rit

Serum uri0 a0id

Up t 5.D at (5$$ m

Up t %D at )-$$ m

Up t %D at )-$$ m

Up t %D at )-$$ m

Table -//ect o/ a%titude on &eanconcentrations o/ %a*orator1 indicators

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Table -//ect o/ $h1sica% e2ercise on %a*orator1

indicators

Indicator Increase

4reatinine kinase

P+ru#ate kinase

 Aspartate amintrans8erase

Serum bilirubin

Serum urea

Urine RB4

-$$D

".$D

.$D

.$D

($D

ele#ated

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Table "han)es in &ean concentrations o/ %a*orator1

indicators durin) $re)nanc1

Indicator "han)e

Serum alkaline p/spatase

6r+t/r0+te sedimentatin rate

4RP

Serum albumin

Serum prteins

Serum irn

In0reased

In0reased

In0reased

&e0reased

&e0reased

&e0reased

T bl -// / i / i % i h

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Table -//ect o/ in/usion so%utions on the

&easure&ent o/ se%ected %a*orator1 indicators

In/usionA//ected %a*orator1

indicator 

-//ect

4itrate

6le0trl+tes

Glu0se

ru0tse

&e@tran

Immun!lbulins

4lttin! test

p1 8 bld

Plasma ele0trl+tes

Serum !lu0se

Serum putassium

Serum p/sp/ate

Serum am+lase

Uri0 a0id

T/rmbin time

Serum prtein

Serum urea

Bld !rup serl!+

Hiral test

Prln!ed

&e0reased

In0reased

In0reased

&e0reased

&e0reased

&e0reased

In0reased

Prln!ed

In0reased biuret met/d;

&e0reased

Pseud'a!!lutinatin

(a%se $ositi3e

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Table Dru) e//ects on concentrations o/ %a*orator1

indicators

Indicator "han)e

 A0etilsali0+li0 a0id

 Al0/l

 Anti'#itamin K

Barbiturates

4ep/alsprines

1erin

Mrp/ine

Redu0ed platelet a!!re!atin

In0reased AST &AN 'GT0/rni0 e88e0t;;

Prln!ed 0lttin! time

 Amintrans8erate in0reased

Prt/rmbin time prln!ed platelet a!!re!atinin/ibited

In0reased 0/lesterl3 serum ptassium

In0reased am+lase3 lipase3 ALT

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Table -//ect o/ hae&o%1sis and h1$er%i$idae&ia on

the &easure&ent o/ %a*orator1 indocator 

Indicator -//ectLa0tate de/+dr!enase L&1;

 Asparate amintans8erase

 Alanin amintans8erase

4reatinine kinase

Serum ptassium

 Alkaline p/sp/atase

'!lutam+l tran8erase;Serum uri0 a0id

Serum !lu0se

In0reased b+ /aeml+sis

In0reased b+ /aeml+sis

In0reased b+ /aeml+sis

In0reased b+ /aeml+sis

In0reased b+ /aeml+sis

&e0reased b+ /aeml+sis

&e0reased b+ /aeml+sisIn0reased b+ /+perlipidaemia

In0reased b+ /+perlipidaemia

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SIST-M INT-GUM-NT-R

U0I DIAGNOSTIK:'Bipsi'Sediaan KO'Kultur mikrbil!i'Tes oa)u%asi ! "T, BT, PT, aPTT#

2 Ski, !air, ails

it0/in!3 pain

ras/: distributin3 0lur3 t+pe3 sensatin

u0lers3 dis0/ar!e

bruisin!3*%eedin) !$erdarahan#

baldness

/air>nail 0/an!es: s/ape3 0lur 

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SIST-M RANGKA

U0I DIAGNOSTIK:'s8atase alkali

'4alsium3 8s8r 'Hitamin &'Ana%isis cairan sendi' Asam urat

"oits, m#s$les

 ,ints : pain3 sellin!3 redness3 /eat

de8rmit+

sti88ness

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SIST-M OTOT

U0I DIAGNOSTIK:' Antibdi autimun'Isen9im 4K

' Anti streptlisisn 'O'LAKTAT D-IDROG-NAS- !LD#' GLUKOSA &AN AST'Mi!lbin

'Kultur bipsi ,arin!an

OTOT JANTUNG'M7O4AR&IAL INAR4TION'M+0arditis

Ott pls

Ott lurik

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%EN&RAL NER'OUS S(S&EM /eada0/e3 #isual disturban0e3 p/tp/bia

dea8ness3 tinnituseakness 8 8a0e3 limbs espe0iall+ ne'sided;

di88i0ult+ in sallin!

numbness3 tin!lin! ne side3 !l#e and st0kin!

distributin;di88i0ult+ speakin! Ealkin!3 abnrmal !ait

0ntrl 8 urinatin r de8e0atin

Po%io&1e%itis !Po%io#

0ma U0I DIAGNOSTIK:' Antibdi reseptr a0etilklin'Ana%isis cairan ota !L"S#'Klinesterase'Kadar bat

RESPIRA&ION S(S&EM

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2 RESPIRA&ION S(S&EM 

0/est pain site3 it/ inspiratin;

s/rtness 8 breat/ at rest3 e@ertin;3 0u!/sputum 0lur3 0nsisten0+3 amunt;

/ee9in!* 6* Tuber0ulsis pulmnar+

U0I DIAGNOSTIK:'Pe&erisaan darah %en)a$ !DR, DI((, L-D#'Ana%isa )as darah arteri'Bilasan brnkus'Kadar bat

'Kultur mikrbil!i3 sputum3 sap ten!!rk'U,i tuberkulin kulit'Bipsi paru'P"R TB

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GENITOURINARY SYSTEM

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2   GENITOURINARY SYSTEM 

2 )eito#riar* s*stem + male

uret/ral dis0/ar!e : 0lur 

!enital ul0ers

testi0ular pain r sellin!

enlar!ed in!uinal l+mp/ ndes

2 )eito#riar* s*stem + emale

Pre!nan0ies : number3 0mpli0atins

Menstruatin : re!ular3 /ea#+3 pain8ul

Ha!inal dis0/ar!e : 0lur3 irritatin3 smell

Genital ul0ers

6nlar!ed in!uinal l+mp/ ndes

Pel#i0 pain

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SIST-M URINARI

U0I DIAGNOSTIK:' Albumin'Ureum EKreatinin U> GINJAL

'Kreatinin Klirens U> 8un!si Glmerulus'6lektrlit'Osmlalitas

'Urinalisa'Kultur urin untuk &IAGNOSTIK ISK

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SIST-M R-PRODUKSI

U0I DIAGNOSTIK:'Os8atase asam'-stro)en, (S, L, "G

'Prstat spesi8i0 anti!en PSA;'Teststern'RPR>H&RL'Kultur mikrbil!i'Pap smear ' Analisis ,arin!an

2 -NDO"RIN- S5ST-M

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2 -NDO"RIN- S5ST-M Sellin! 8 t/e ne0k 6* 1+pert/+ridism

T/+rt@i0sis;

Bd+ !rt/ 1air distributin

Pl+uria E pl+dipsia

6* suspe0 &iaebtes Mellitus &M;

U0I DIAGNOSTIK:'Gluksa puasa dan " ,am PP 'Insulin' 1b A)0 u> mnitrin! terapi &M   'Gluka!n

' Antidiuretik /rmn A&1; 'Renin'U,i Tleransi Gluksa GTT; 'Krtisl'Grt/ /rmn G1; '6ritrpietin'(un)si tiroid !TS, (T6, (T7, T7, T6#

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SIST-M LIM(ATIK

8' L1&$hadenitis

9' L1&$han)itis

7' L1&$ho)ranu%o&a enereu&

6' L1&$ho&a

U0I DIAGNOSTIK:' 4mplit bld 0unt 4B4;' Analisa sumsum tulan!'B%ood cu%ture,'L1&$h node *io$s1, S$eci&en

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2 %ARDIO'AS%ULAR S(S&EM 

0entral 0/est pain

palpitatin

s/rtness 8 breat/ n e@ertin3 at rest3 at ni!/t3 l+in!

8lat;3 0u!/

sputum 0lur3 0nsisten0+3 bld' stained;

sellin! 8 t/e ankles edema;

terderness 8 0al8 r #eins

h1$ertensionU0I DIAGNOSTIK:

'(rasi Li$id Klesterl Ttal3 L&L3 1&L3 TG;' Gluksa3 Ureum3 6lektrlit serum'Prtein dan dara/ dalam urin'Trpnin T' Aplipprtein

4AUS6S O 6H6R

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4AUS6S O 6H6R

2 La-orator* iestigatios

hae&o)%o*intota% an di//erentia% *%ood ce%% count

bld slide 8r parasites GOL& STAN&AR MALARIA

sputum 8r a0id'8ast ba0illi 3 GOL& STAN&AR TB

8res/ stl 8r pus 0ells3 red 0ells3 #a 8r GI In8e0tin

mindstream urine MSU; 8r pus 0ells3 ba0teria3 8un!ii

prt9a e@* Suspe0 ISK

mi0rs0pi0 e@aminatin 8 bd+ 8luids 8r /ite 0ells

ttal and di88erential;3 ba0teria3 8un!i 8r ISK

l+mp/ !land pn0ture 8r tr+pansmes3 a0id'8ast ba0illi

s+p/ilis s0reenin! test H&RL

Table Use o/ essentia% %a*orator1 test

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Table Use o/ essentia% %a*orator1 test

Clnical conditionInvestigationrequired

Specimen Technique

Anaemia

Chronic renal failure(GAGAL GINJALKRONIK

!aemo"lo#inestimation orhaematocrit

Peripheral blood film

Sickle$cell screen

%rinalisis& 'od fluid

!aematolo"& C'C

Chemistry profile

Capillar oranticoa"ulated venous#lood

%rine

'lood )*+A

,lasma )*+A

!aemo"lo#in

Reverse field stain

*ifferential #lood film

Sodium meta#isulfiteslide test

*ipstik& microscop

Automatik& manual

Automatik&semiautomati

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Clnical conditionInvestigationrequired

Specimen Technique

-ever. mentalconfusion. severe

headache. si"ns ofmerin"itis.unconciousness

-ever.arthritis&arthral"ia

Cere#rospinal fluid for#acteria. parasites.

viruses

'lood for #acteria.parasites

+otal and differential /hite #lood cell count

'lood film for malariaparasites

Sickle$cell anaemia

'acterial and viralinfections

Cerebrospinal fluid

-resh #lood

Capillar oranticoa"ulatedvenous #lood

0icroscop and culture

*ifferential #lood cell count

Cere#rospinal fluid #loodcell count

Special viral test

Improved Neu#auercham#er

Reverse field stain

'lood microscop.serolo"ical test. sickle celltest

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Clnical condition Investigation required Specimen Technique

,re$eclampsia

Chronic cou"h /ithe1pectorate

Antenatalscreenin"

)e infection theelderl

)e infection in thene/#orn

%rine for protein

Sputum. "astric /ashin"s foracid$fast #acilli. Paragonimuswestermani 

!aemo"lo#in estimation

Sphilis screenin" test

%rine for protein and "lucose

Chlamdia trachomatis

Con2un"tival s/a# forNeisseria "onorrhoeae.chlamdia. pus cells

Random urine

Sputum

Gastric /ashin"s

Capillar or anticoa"ulatedvenous #lood

Random urine

Con2un"tival s/a#

Con2un"tival s/a#

%rine dipstick

3iehl$Neelsen stainmicroscop

!aemo"lo#in

4*RL screenin" test

%rine dipstiks

Gram stain

Gram stain

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