daftar pustaka - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. acharya sd, ullal sd, padiyar s, rao yd, upadhyaya k,...

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46 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 1. Price AS, Wilson ML. Patofisiologi Konsep Klinis Proses-Proses Penyakit. Jakarta: EGC; 2006. 2. Mutschler E. Dinamika Obat, 5th ed. Bandung: ITB; 1991. 3. Tjay TH, Rahardja K. Obat-Obat Penting: Khasiat, Penggunaan, dan Efek- Efek Sampingnya, 6th ed. Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Komputindo; 2002. 4. Bakowsky VS, Hanly JG. Complications of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory drug gastropathy and use of gastric cytoprotection: Experience at a tertiary care health center: J Rheumatol; 1999. 5. Hargono D. Obat Tradisional dalm Zaman Teknologi’, Majalah Kesehata Masyarakat; 1997. 6. Anggraini W. Efek Anti Inflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guava Linn.) pada Tikus Putih Jantan Galur Wistar. Surakarta: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta; 2008. 7. Tachakittirungrod S, Chowwanapoonpohn S. Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobal activities of essential oil from Hyptis suaveolens and Alpinia galanga growing in northern Thailand. J Nat Sci; 2007: 6(1) : 31- 42. 8. Nadkarni KM. Nadkarni’s Indian materia medica (Volume 1). Mumbai: Poupular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.; 1995: 77-78. 9. Sudarsono, Gunawan D, Wahyuono S. Tumbuhan Obat II: Hasil Penelitian, Sifat- sifat dan Penggunaan. Yogyakarta: Pusat Studi Obat Tradisional UGM; 2002. 10. Evacusiany E, Santosa S, Irwan M. Analgesic Effect Of Ethanol Extract Of Long Pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl) On Mice Swiss-Webster Strain. Bandung: Fakultas kedokteran Universitas Maranatha; 2010. 11. Yamazaki M et al. Germacrone as Central Nervous System Depresant. Jpn. Kokai Tokyo Koho; Pat. No.: 89139527; 8pp.; in Japan. 12. Rahmawati J. Efek Analgesik Kombinasi Ekstrak Air Seduhan Daun Dewa (Gynura pseudochina L.) dan Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) pada Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) dengan Metode Paw Pressure Test;

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Page 1: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

46

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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3. Tjay TH, Rahardja K. Obat-Obat Penting: Khasiat, Penggunaan, dan Efek-

Efek Sampingnya, 6th ed. Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Komputindo; 2002.

4. Bakowsky VS, Hanly JG. Complications of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory

drug gastropathy and use of gastric cytoprotection: Experience at a

tertiary care health center: J Rheumatol; 1999.

5. Hargono D. Obat Tradisional dalm Zaman Teknologi’, Majalah Kesehata

Masyarakat; 1997.

6. Anggraini W. Efek Anti Inflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jambu Biji

(Psidium guava Linn.) pada Tikus Putih Jantan Galur Wistar. Surakarta:

Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta; 2008.

7. Tachakittirungrod S, Chowwanapoonpohn S. Comparison of antioxidant

and antimicrobal activities of essential oil from Hyptis suaveolens and

Alpinia galanga growing in northern Thailand. J Nat Sci; 2007: 6(1) : 31-

42.

8. Nadkarni KM. Nadkarni’s Indian materia medica (Volume 1). Mumbai:

Poupular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.; 1995: 77-78.

9. Sudarsono, Gunawan D, Wahyuono S. Tumbuhan Obat II: Hasil

Penelitian, Sifat- sifat dan Penggunaan. Yogyakarta: Pusat Studi Obat

Tradisional UGM; 2002.

10. Evacusiany E, Santosa S, Irwan M. Analgesic Effect Of Ethanol Extract Of

Long Pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl) On Mice Swiss-Webster Strain.

Bandung: Fakultas kedokteran Universitas Maranatha; 2010.

11. Yamazaki M et al. Germacrone as Central Nervous System Depresant. Jpn.

Kokai Tokyo Koho; Pat. No.: 89139527; 8pp.; in Japan.

12. Rahmawati J. Efek Analgesik Kombinasi Ekstrak Air Seduhan Daun Dewa

(Gynura pseudochina L.) dan Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.)

pada Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) dengan Metode Paw Pressure Test;

Page 2: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

47

2010.

13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V.

Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice. 2011.

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29. Robbins SL, Cotran RS, Kumar V. Buku Ajar Patologi, edisi ke-7. Jakarta:

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Komponen Antimikroba dari Rimpang Lengkuas (Alpinia galanga).

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35. Matsuda H, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Morikawa T, Ochi M, Yoshikawa M.

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36. Juntachote T, Berghofer E. Antioxidative Properties and Stability of

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Suppression of Tumor Promoter-Induced Oxidative Stress and

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Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan

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46 Januwati M, Yuhono JT. Budidaya cabe jawa (Piper retrofractum

Vahl).Bogor; 2003; 7:1-3.

47 Emmyzar, Rostiana O, Sofiana B. Standar Prosedur Operasional Budidaya

Cabe Jawa. Bogor: Circular; 2004.

48 Afifah E. Khasiat dan Manfaat Temulawak. Jakarta: Agro Media Pustaka;

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49 Ravindran PN, Babu KN. Ginger: The Genus Zingiber. Washington DC:

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Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2005.

54 International Programme on Chemical Safety. 5 June 2010.

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Disease Control and Prevention.

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57 Wuryaningsih L E et al. Uji Analgesik Ekstrak Etanol Kering Rimpang

Kencur Asal Purwodadi pada Mencit Dengan Metode Geliat (Writhing

Reflex Test), Warta Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia; 1996; hal. 24-25

58 Gupta M et al. Studies on Anti- inflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic

Properties of Methanol Extract of Caesalpinia bonducella leaves in

Experimental Animal Models, Iranian J. Pharmacology & Therapeutics.

Calcutta, India: Razi Institute for Drug Research; 2003

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LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1

Page 7: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

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Lampiran 2

Page 8: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

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Lampiran 3

Tabel Konversi Perhitungan Dosis

(Laurance & Bacharach, 1964)

Mencit 20 g

Tikus 200 g

Marmot 400 g

Kelinci 1,5 kg

Kucing 2 kg

Kera 4 kg

Anjing 12 kg

Manusia 70 kg

Mencit 20 g 1,0 7,0 12,25 27,8 29,7 64,1 124,2 387,9

Tikus 200 g 0,14 1,0 1,74 3,9 4,2 9,2 17,8 56,0

Marmot 400 g 0,08 0,57 1,0 2,25 2,4 5,2 10,2 31,5

Kelinci 1,5 kg 0,04 0,25 0,44 1,0 1,08 2,4 4,5 14,2

Kucing 2 kg 0,03 0,23 0,41 0,92 1,0 2,2 4,1 13,0

Kera 4 kg 0,016 0,11 0,19 0,42 0,45 1,0 1,9 6,1

Anjing 12 kg 0,008 0,06 0,1 0,22 0,24 0,52 1,0 3,1

Manusia 70 kg 0,0026 0,018 0,031 0,07 0,076 0,16 0,32 1,0

Page 9: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

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Lampiran 4 Perhitungan Dosis Aspirin Dosis lazim aspirin sekali adalah 325-650 mg pada manusia dewasa. Dikonversi ke mencit yang beratnya 20 gram menjadi: 0,0026 x 500 = 1,3 mg/20 gramBB Produk X Dosis lazim Produk X 15-30 ml pada manusia dewasa. Dikonversi ke mencit yang beratnya 20 gram menjadi: 1. 0,0026 x 30 = 0,078 ml/20 gramBB ≈ 0,1 ml/20 gramBB 2. 0,0026 x 4(30) = 0,312 ml/20 gramBB ≈ 0,35 ml/20 gramBB

Page 10: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

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Lampiran 5 Hasil Penelititan

Mencit Ke

Jumlah Geliat

15 Menit I 15 Menit II

K 1 K 2 P 1 P 2 K (-) K (+) P 1 P 2

1 5 8 3 1 8 6 0 0

2 6 3 5 0 3 0 2 0

3 11 1 4 0 7 1 3 0

4 4 2 7 0 6 1 9 0

5 8 1 3 0 7 0 0 0

6 4 3 3 0 2 2 1 0

Page 11: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

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Lampiran 6 Analisis Data

Explore

Kelompok

Page 12: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

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Jumlah geliat 15 menit I

Page 13: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

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Jumlah geliat 15 menit II

Page 14: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

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T-Test (K1)

Paired Samples Statistics

6.33 6 2.733 1.1165.50 6 2.429 .992

Jumlah geliat 15 menit IJumlah geliat 15 menit II

Pair1

Mean N Std. DeviationStd. Error

Mean

Paired Samples Correlations

6 .422 .405Jumlah geliat 15 menit I &Jumlah geliat 15 menit II

Pair1

N Correlation Sig.

Paired Samples Test

.8332.787

1.138

-2.0913.758

.7325

.497

MeanStd. DeviationStd. Error Mean

LowerUpper

95% Confidence Intervalof the Difference

Paired Differences

tdfSig. (2-tailed)

Jumlah geliat 15 menit I -Jumlah geliat 15 menit II

Pair 1

Page 15: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

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NPar Tests (K2)

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

Ranks

5a 3.00 15.000b .00 .001c

6

Negative RanksPositive RanksTiesTotal

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II -Jumlah geliat 15 menit I

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II < Jumlah geliat 15 menit Ia.

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II > Jumlah geliat 15 menit Ib.

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II = Jumlah geliat 15 menit Ic.

Test Statisticsb

-2.060a

.039ZAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

Jumlah geliat15 menit II -

Jumlah geliat15 menit I

Based on positive ranks.a.

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Testb.

Page 16: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

61

NPar Tests (P1)

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

Ranks

5a 3.70 18.501b 2.50 2.500c

6

Negative RanksPositive RanksTiesTotal

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II -Jumlah geliat 15 menit I

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II < Jumlah geliat 15 menit Ia.

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II > Jumlah geliat 15 menit Ib.

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II = Jumlah geliat 15 menit Ic.

Test Statisticsb

-1.701a

.089ZAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

Jumlah geliat15 menit II -

Jumlah geliat15 menit I

Based on positive ranks.a.

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Testb.

Page 17: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

62

NPar Tests (P2)

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

Ranks

1a 1.00 1.000b .00 .005c

6

Negative RanksPositive RanksTiesTotal

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II -Jumlah geliat 15 menit I

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II < Jumlah geliat 15 menit Ia.

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II > Jumlah geliat 15 menit Ib.

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II = Jumlah geliat 15 menit Ic.

Test Statisticsb

-1.000a

.317ZAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

Jumlah geliat15 menit II -

Jumlah geliat15 menit I

Based on positive ranks.a.

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Testb.

Page 18: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

63

NPar Tests

Kruskal-Wallis Test

Page 19: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

64

NPar Tests

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks

6 8.75 52.506 4.25 25.50

126 9.00 54.006 4.00 24.00

12

KelompokK1K2TotalK1K2Total

Jumlah geliat 15 menit I

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Test Statisticsb

4.500 3.00025.500 24.000-2.177 -2.423

.029 .015

.026a

.015a

Mann-Whitney UWilcoxon WZAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed)Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailedSig.)]

Jumlah geliat15 menit I

Jumlah geliat15 menit II

Not corrected for ties.a.

Grouping Variable: Kelompokb.

Page 20: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

65

NPar Tests

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks

6 8.25 49.506 4.75 28.50

126 8.17 49.006 4.83 29.00

12

KelompokK1P1TotalK1P1Total

Jumlah geliat 15 menit I

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Test Statisticsb

7.500 8.00028.500 29.000-1.708 -1.613

.088 .107

.093a

.132a

Mann-Whitney UWilcoxon WZAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed)Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailedSig.)]

Jumlah geliat15 menit I

Jumlah geliat15 menit II

Not corrected for ties.a.

Grouping Variable: Kelompokb.

Page 21: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

66

NPar Tests

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks

6 9.50 57.006 3.50 21.00

126 9.50 57.006 3.50 21.00

12

KelompokK1P2TotalK1P2Total

Jumlah geliat 15 menit I

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Test Statisticsb

.000 .00021.000 21.000-2.994 -3.083

.003 .002

.002a

.002a

Mann-Whitney UWilcoxon WZAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed)Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailedSig.)]

Jumlah geliat15 menit I

Jumlah geliat15 menit II

Not corrected for ties.a.

Grouping Variable: Kelompokb.

Page 22: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

67

NPar Tests

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks

6 5.00 30.006 8.00 48.00

126 6.08 36.506 6.92 41.50

12

KelompokK2P1TotalK2P1Total

Jumlah geliat 15 menit I

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Test Statisticsb

9.000 15.50030.000 36.500-1.497 -.411

.134 .681

.180a

.699a

Mann-Whitney UWilcoxon WZAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed)Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailedSig.)]

Jumlah geliat15 menit I

Jumlah geliat15 menit II

Not corrected for ties.a.

Grouping Variable: Kelompokb.

Page 23: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk · 47 2010. 13. Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V. Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice

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NPar Tests

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks

6 9.33 56.006 3.67 22.00

126 8.50 51.006 4.50 27.00

12

KelompokK2P2TotalK2P2Total

Jumlah geliat 15 menit I

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Test Statisticsb

1.000 6.00022.000 27.000-2.850 -2.292

.004 .022

.004a

.065a

Mann-Whitney UWilcoxon WZAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed)Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailedSig.)]

Jumlah geliat15 menit I

Jumlah geliat15 menit II

Not corrected for ties.a.

Grouping Variable: Kelompokb.

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69

NPar Tests

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks

6 9.50 57.006 3.50 21.00

126 8.50 51.006 4.50 27.00

12

KelompokP1P2TotalP1P2Total

Jumlah geliat 15 menit I

Jumlah geliat 15 menit II

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Test Statisticsb

.000 6.00021.000 27.000-3.011 -2.286

.003 .022

.002a

.065a

Mann-Whitney UWilcoxon WZAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed)Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailedSig.)]

Jumlah geliat15 menit I

Jumlah geliat15 menit II

Not corrected for ties.a.

Grouping Variable: Kelompokb.

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Lampiran 7

Dokumentasi Penelitian

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Lampiran 8

BIODATA MAHASISWA

Identitas

Nama : Hizkia Christian Wilianto

NIM : 22010112130079

Tempat/ tanggal lahir : Bekasi, 27 Oktober 1993

Jenis kelamin : Laki-laki

Alamat : Jl. Gondang Timur 4 No. 66B, Bulusan, Tembalang

Nomor telepon : -

Nomor HP : 08561921992

E-mail : [email protected]

Riwayat Pendidikan Formal

1) SD : SD Kasih Bunda

Lulus tahun : 2006

2) SMP : SMP Negeri 1 Bekasi

Lulus tahun : 2009

3) SMA : SMA Negeri 1 Bekasi

Lulus tahun : 2012

4) Universitas : Univ. Diponegoro Fakultas Kedokteran

Prodi Pendidikan Dokter

Masuk tahun : 2012