52

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Darmadi. Infeksi Nosokomial: Problematika Dan Pengendaliannya. Jakarta:

Penerbit Salemba Medika; 2008; 2-4 p.

2. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (DEPKES RI). Pedoman

manajerial pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi di Rumah sakit dan

pelayanan kesehatan lainnya(katalog).DEPKES RI 2007.

3. Peraturan menteri kesehatan republik Indonesia nomor

1691/MENKES/PER/VIII/2011 tentang keselamatan pasien rumah sakit.

4. Group TCCCT.A Randomized Trial of Diagnostic Techniques for Ventilator-

associated Pneumonia. The new England Journal of Medicine. 2006 Dec, 21

2006;355(2006):11.

5. Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards C, Jr, et al. Estimating health care-

associated infections and deaths in U.S. Hospitals, 2002. Public Health

Reports. 2007;122:160–6.

6. Shorr AF, Kollef MH. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Insight From Recent

Clinical Trials. CHEST Journal. 2005;128(5 Suppl 2):583S-91S.

7. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Ventilator Bundle(Internet).c2010

(update 2013 Maret 15; cited 2013 November 11) Available from:

http://www.ihi.org/Engage/Memberships/MentorHospitalRegistry/Pages/Vent

ilatorBundle.aspx

53

8. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Implement the IHI Ventilator

Bundle(internet).c2011(updated 2011 Februari 8; cited 2013 November 11).

Available

from:http://www.ihi.org/IHIofferings/MembershipsandNetworks/MentorHosp

italRegistry/VentilatorBundle.aspx.

9. World Health Organization.Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections: A

practical guide 2nd edition(Internet).2002(cited 2013 Desember 27).Available

from:

http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/WHO_CDS_CSR_E

PH_2002_12/en/

10. Stubblefield, Heaven.Hospital-Acquired (Nosocomial)

Infections(Internet).c2014(Reviewed 2014 Januari 2014; cited 2014 Januari

27). Available from: http://www.healthline.com/health/hospital-acquired-

nosocomial-infections.

11. Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Pollock DA,

et al. Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in US hospitals,

2002. Public health reports. 2007;122(2):160.

12. Depuydt P, Myny D, Blot S. Nosocomial Pneumonia: aetiology, diagnosis and

treatment. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine. 2006;12(3):192-197

13. Behrendt CE. Acute respiratory failure in the United States: incidence and 31-

day survival. Chest 2000;118:1100-5.

54

14. Jones J, Rowan K. Is there a relationship between the volume of work carried

out in intensive care and its outcome?.Int J Technol Assess Health Care

1995;11:762-9.

15. American Thoracic Society. Withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining

therapy. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:478-85.

16. Amitai, Allon. Ventilator Management (Internet).2013[update 2013 jun

7;cited 2013 Nov 23].Available from: http://www.medscape.

com/article/810126.

17. Hunter JD. Ventilator Associated pneumoni.Postgraduate Medical

Journal.2006;82(965);172-8.

18. Ibrahim EH, Tracy L, Hill C, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. The occuranceof

ventilator associated pneumonia in a community hospital. Chest

2001;120:555-61.

19. Garrouste OM, Chevret S, Arlet G, et al. Oropharyngeal or gastric

colonization and nosocomial pneumonia in adult intensive care unit patients.

A prospective study based on genomic DNA analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care

Med 1997;156:1647–55.

20. O'Neal PV, Grap MJ, Munro C, Minick P, Sessler C. Factors associated with

subglottic secretion accumulation and removal among mechanically ventilated

adults. Am J Crit Care 2002;11:290.

21. Cook DJ, Reeve BK, Guyatt GH, et al. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill

patients. Resolving discordant meta-analyses. JAMA 1996;275:308–14.

55

22. Berton DC, Kalil AC, Cavalcanti M,Teixeira PJ. Quantitative versus

qualitative cultures of respiratory secretions for clinical outcomes in patients

with ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev

2008;4:CD006482.

23. Anton Y. Peleg, M.B., B.S., M.P.H., and David C. Hooper, M.D.Hospital-

Acquired Infections Dueto Gram-Negative Bacteria. N Engl J Med

2010;362:1804-13.

24. The Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. A randomized trial of diagnostic

techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia.N Engl J Med 2006;355:2619-

30.

25. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired,

ventilatorassociated, and healthcare-associate pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit

Care Med 2005;171:388-416.

26. Institute for Healthcare Improvement Web site. Implement the IHI ventilator

bundle. http://www.ihi.org/ Home/Knowledge Center/Changes/Implement the

IHI Ventilator Bundle.aspx.Accessed November 11, 2013.

27. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Getting started kit: prevent ventilator-

associated pneumonia. How-toguide. 2008.Available at :

http://www.premierinc.com/safety/topics/bundling/downloads/03-vap-how-to-

guide.pdf. Accessed November,23 2013

56

28. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospitalacquired, ventilator-

associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.

2005;171(4):388–416.

29. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Ventilator bundle compliance.

2011(updated 2011 April 26; cited 2013 November 25). Available from:

http://www.ihi.org/knowledge/Pages/Changes/ImplementtheVentilatorBundle

.aspx..

30. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. How-to Guide: Prevent Ventilator-

Associated Pneumonia. Cambridge: Institute for Healthcare

Improvement.2012

31. O’Keefe GE, Caldwell E, Cuschieri J, Wurfel MM, Evans HL. Ventilator

associated pneumonia: bacteremia and death after traumatic injury. JTrauma

Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(3):713-719.

32. Venkatram S, Nayak J, Kanna B.Safety of daily sedation interruptions in

mechanically ventilated inner city patients – an alternative approach. Journal

of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2010;Vol. 1(6). 242-247.

33. Metheny NA, Clouse RE, Chang YH, Stewart BJ, Oliver DA, Kollef

MH.Tracheobronchial aspiration of gastric contents in critically ill tube-fed

patients: frequency, outcomes, and risk factors. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(4):1-

9.

34. Metheny NA, Frantz RA. Head-of-Bed Elevation in Critically Ill Patients: A

Review. Critical Care Nurse. 2013;33(3):53-67.

57

35. John F. McConville, M.D., and John P. Kress, M.D. Weaning Patients from

the Ventilator. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2233-9.

36. Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, Riker RR, Fontaine D, Wittbrodt ET.

Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in

the critically ill adult. Critical care Medicine. 2002; 30(1).

37. Soliman H, Melot C, Vincent J. Sedative and analgesic practice in the

intensive care unit: the result of European survey. British Journal of

Anaesthesia. 2001; 87(2).

38. Acang,Nuzirwan. Deep Vein Trombosis.Majalah Kedokteran Andalas.2001;

2(25):46 – 55.

39. Michael J. Armahizer, PharmD; Neal J. Benedict, PharmD. FAST HUG : ICU

Prophylaxis. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 301-657-3000.

40. Samama MM. A comparison of enoxaparin with placebo for the prevention of

venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. Prophylaxis medical

patients with enoxaparin study group. N.Eng.J.Med. 1999; 341:793-800.

41. Wicaksono, Satrio A., Listianto, Jati.,Leksana, Ery. Pengaruh Profilaksis

Trombosis Vena Dalam dengan Heparin subkutan dan Intravena terhadap Aptt

dan Jumlah Trombosit pada Pasien Kritis di ICU RSUP Dr.Kariadi Semarang.

Jurnal Anestiologi Indonesia. 2012;IV(3) : 171.

42. Pogorzelska,M., Stone,W., et al 2011 Impact of the ventilator bundle on

ventilator associated pneumonia in intensive care unit, International Journal

for quality in Health Care, 23, 538-544.

58

43. Ozurt, Sungkurtekin, Adyemir, Atalay, et al 2007. Ventilator Associated

Pneumonia. Retrospective Result in Intensive Care unit.The Internet Journal

of gastroenterology,5.

44. Clark, Lam LT, Gibson S, Currow D (2009). The effect of Ranitidine versus

Proton Pump Inhibitors on Gastric Secretions : a meta-analysis of randomized

control trials.Anasthesia. Jun;64(6) Pp: 652-7.

45. Weinstein, R A, Bonten, M J, Kollef, M H, & HALL, J B.2004. Risk factors

for ventilator-associated pneumonia from epidiemology to patient

management clinicical infectious disease, 38, 1141-1149.

59

Lampiran 1.

LEMBAR PENELITIAN

Ruang perawatan Intensive Care Unit (ICU)

No Kriteria Data

1. No. CM RSDK

2. No. CM penelitian

3. Nama L/P

5. Tanggal Lahir

6. Alamat

7. Indikasi penggunaan

ventilator mekanik

Gagal Napas

Penurunan kesadaran

Frekuensi napas > 35x/menit

Hipoksemia

Komplikasi kardiovaskuler

Komplikasi lain

Telah menggunakan NIPPV

lainnya

8. Tanggal masuk ICU / / Jam

9. Mulai penggunaan Ventilator

mekanik

/ / Jam

Berakhir penggunaan

Ventilator mekanik

/ / jam

10. Ventilator bundle

Elevasi tempat tidur Kontraindikasi :

60

(Head Of the Bed) 30 º

sampai 45 º, kecuali

kontraindikasi medis

frakturspinal,

frakturpelvis,

Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP

ulkus parah akibat tekanan pada daerah

sacrum

Penghentian secara berkala

agen sedasi dan penilaian

kesiapan ekstubasi

Obat sedasi :

midazolam

lorazepam

dexmedetomidine atau propofol

Lainnya

profilaksis trombosis vena

dalam (kecuali

kontraindikasi medis)

Obat Profilaksis TVD

Heparin

Enoxaparin (Lovenox)

Nandroparin Fraxiparin

Lainnya

Profilaksis ulkus

peptikum

Obat yang digunakan :

PPI

Sukralfat

Antagonis H2

Lainnya

Oral care secara berkala

dengan chlorhexidine

0,12%

0,2%

61

Lainnya

Kontraindikasi lainnya Pasien on pressors (vasopressor)

Pasien dengan ciri-ciri kematian

Pasien dengan blokade neuromuscular

Pasien dengan resiko perdarahan

62

Lampiran 2

63

Lampiran 4

DOKUMENTASI

Lampiran 3

Biodata Mahasiswa

64

Identitas

Nama : Dea Aulia Futaci

NIM : 22010110120106

Tempat tanggal lahir : Majalengka,16 Maret 1992

Jenis Kelamin : Perempuan

Alamat : Ds.sindang no.61 Rt/Rw 01/004 Blok.Salasa

kec.Cikijing Kab.Majalengka.Jawa barat

No. HP : 083838071100

Email : dea.aulia16@yahoo.com

Riwayat Pendidikan Formal :

1. SD : SDN SINDANG 1 Lulus tahun: 2004

2. SMP : SMP N 1 KUNINGAN Lulus tahun: 2007

3. SMA : SMA N 2 KUNINGAN Lulus tahun: 2010

4. SI : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro Masuk : 2010