bab ii solar angga
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BAB II Tugas Akhir, Teknik Kimia Untirta, Produksi biosolar dari minyak goreng bekasTRANSCRIPT
5/10/2018 BAB II Solar Angga - slidepdf.com
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Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
BKB OO
TOI@K\KI ^\STKGK
2); Foiykg Marlim Blgks
Foiykg flr|~kgki tromjoslrodk ykim tlrs|s|i ktks tomk |iot kskf jlfkg
blr}|`|d ckor ~kdk tlf~lrkt|r gkfkr (2<¾C/ dki jlboh bkiykg flimkid|im kskf
jlfkg todkg `li|h slhoimmk f|dkh flimkjkfo agsodkso) Foiykg ykim blrblit|g
~kdkt boksk doslb|t dlimki jlfkg) Foiykg dk~kt blrs|fblr dkro tkikfki
foskjiyk foiykg pkot|i foiykg `km|im foiykg gljk~k dki foiykg b|imk
fktkhkro) Foiykg dk~kt `|mk blrs|fblr dkro hl}ki foskjiyk foiykg ogki
skrdoi foiykg ogki ~k|s dki jkoi&jkoi (Gltkrli ;?85/)
Foiykg marlim flr|~kgki skjkh skt| glb|t|hki ~agag fki|sok slbkmko
kjkt ~limajkh bkhki – bkhki fkgkiki) Foiykg marlim blre|imso slbkmko fldok
~limmarlim skimkt ~litoim dki glb|t|hkiiyk slfkgoi flioimgkt) Do Oidailsok
foiykg marlim do~rad|gso dkro foiykg gljk~k sk}ot dkjkf sgkjk blskr) Hoimmk
tkh|i 2>;> do~lrgorkgki ~rad|gso foiykg sk}ot flick~ko jlboh dkro 3 `|tk tai ~lrtkh|i) (Dlraf Bkim|i ;??8/)
^limm|ikki foiykg marlim blr|jkim gkjo skimkt flfbkhkykgki
glslhktki) Hkj oio dogkrlikgki sljkoi slfkgoi bkiykgiyk gatarki ykim
tlrgkid|im dkjkf foiykg marlim kgobkt ~limmarlimki bkhki fkgkiki
slblj|fiyk dki slfkgoi bkiykgiyk sliyk}k&sliyk}k kskf gkrbagsojkt blbks do
dkjkf foiykg slrtk }krik foiykg marlim ykim slfkgoi todkg `lrioh `ogk do~kgko
blr|jkim gkjo) Sljkfk ~rasls ~limmarlimki ~lfkikski flfb|kt foiykg blr|bkh
fli`kdo blr}krik mljk~ gkrlik tlr`kdoiyk rlkgso gofok ykim dk~kt flimhksojgki
slgotkr 4>> sliyk}k gofok ykim |f|fiyk blrsoekt gkrsoiamliog (Bayd dki
Fkrmkrlt ;??5/) ^lr|bkhki soekt oio fli`kdogki foiykg marlim tlrslb|t todkg
jkykg jkmo dom|ikgki slbkmko bkhki ~limajkh fkgkiki) @ogk foiykg marlim blgks
tlrslb|t fksoh tltk~ dom|ikgki fkgk dk~kt fliofb|jgki ~lrfkskjkhki ykim
slro|s sl~lrto flimkgobktgki glrkc|iki dkjkf t|b|h dki blrbkmko fkckf
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Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
~liykgot foskjiyk dokrhlk ~limlidk~ki jlfkg dkjkf ~lfb|j|h dkrkh gkiglr
dki fli|r|igki iojko clrik jlfkg (Gltkrli ;?85/)
Foiykg marlim blgks ykot| t|r|iki dkro C^A ykim slbkmoki blskr tlrdoro
dkro tromjoslrodk flr|~kgki sliyk}k hodagkrbai rkitko ~ki`kim sl~lrto ~kdk
foiykg b|fo) Foiykg marlim blgks okjkh sosk dkro hksoj oid|stro ~limmarlimki
dki flfojogo soekt iai&ldoblj* slhoimmk ~limm|ikki foiykg marlim blgks todkg
flimmkimm| glb|t|hki ~kimki sl~lrto C^A)
^lrbkidoimki gaf~asoso foiykg marlim blgks dki C^A dosk`ogki dkjkf
Tkblj 2); do bk}kh oio 0
Tkblj 2); ^lrbkidoimki Gkrkgtlrostog C^A dki Foiykg Marlim Blgks
Ektty KcodC^A
(M|botp Fottljbkch % Trkbo ;???/Foiykg Marlim Blgks
(Sod`kbkt 2>>4/
Forostoc >? – ;< &
^kjfotkt 3?2 – 4<8 ;4?3?
Tlkroc 3= – <; &
Krkchodoc > – >)>4 2<8<
Blhlioc IK &
^kjfotajloc > – >4 &
Ajlkt 3=4 – 44; 32;?2
Fkrmkrkt & 3?<?
Stlkrkt & ;3;2;
Joiajlkt 8= – ;2< <>22
Joiajlioc > – >5 &
Dkro Tkblj 2); do ktks dk~kt dogltkh|o bkh}k gkid|imki kskf jlfkg ykim
tlrblskr ~kdk foiykg marlim blgks kdkjkh kskf Ajlkt dki kskf ^kjfotkt)
Blrdkskrgki ~liljotoki slblj|fiyk ykim tljkh dojkg|gki ajlh Kiaidha
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Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
]o`kikrga dgg (2>>5/ bkh}k C^A dlimki gkid|imki kskf jlfkg tlrblskr
kdkjkh kskf ^kjfotkt dki kskf Ajlkt dk~kt dorlimgkh fljkj|o ~rasls ~lrlimgkhki
gktkjotog flimhksojgki hodragkrbai sltkrk erkgso blisoi slhoimmk ~rasls oio dk~kt
dojkg|gki ̀ |mk ~kdk foiykg marlim blgks)
^liljotoki oio flimm|ikgki foiykg marlim blgks slbkmko s|fblr
tromjoslrodk fljkj|o ~lrlimgkhki gktkjotog ykim gltlrsldokkiiyk slfkgoi
flioimgkt slhoimmk ~lioimgktki iojko m|ik foiykg marlim blgks oio dk~kt
fli`kdo s|fblr kjtlriktoe dkjkf ~lrkikiiyk slbkmko s|bstot|li foiykg b|fo)
Str|gt|r fajlg|j dkro tromjoslrodk kdkjkh slbkmko blrog|t 0
Mkfbkr 2);) Str|gt|r dkro tromjoslrodk
Rkitko gkrbai kskf jlfkg domkfbkrgki ajlh R; R2 dki R3) Kdk blblrk~k
to~l Kskf jlfkg dkjkf foiykg marlim blgks foskjiyk0
;5 gkrbai
tlrfks|g R (;50>/
;8 gkrbai > ogktki
rkimgk~ (;80>/
;8 gkrbai ; ogktki
rkimgk~ (;80;/
;8 gkrbai 2 ogktki
rkimgk~ (;802/
Mkfbkr 2)2) Blblrk~k to~l rkitko gkrbai dkjkf Foiykg marlim blgks
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Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
2)2 Gktkjos Plajot Kjkf Bkykh
Ikfk plajot blrkskj dkro d|k gktk dkjkf Bkhksk _|ikio ykot| pla
(flidodoh/ dki jothas (bkt|/) Ikfk oio flimmkfbkrgki ~lrojkg| foilrkj oio ykim
dlimki cl~kt fljl~ksgki kor bojk do~kiksgki slhoimmk gljohktki slajkh&ajkh
flidodoh sl~lrto ~limkfktki Craistld khjo foilrkj S}ldok tlrhkdk~ foilrkj
stojbotl ykim dotlf|gkiiyk ~kdk tkh|i ;=<5 (Bkrrlr ;?82/)
Plajot blrblit|g grostkj kj|foiasojogkt tlrhodrkso ykim flimkid|im
f|ktki ~asotoe dkro oai&oai jamkf kjgkjo dki kjgkjo tkikh dkjkf glrkimgk grostkj
tomk dofliso (Hky ;?55/ dlimki sltok~ agsomli flfbktkso kitkrk d|ktltrkhldrkj)
Mkfbkr 2)3) Rkimgk plajot ykim tlrblit|g dkro ogktki 4 ktaf A dlimki ; ktaf So
Plajot Kjkf Bkykh oio flf~|iyko gaf~asoso foilrkj blrdkskrgki hksoj
kikjosk g|kitotktoe dkro doerkgso soikr&X (XRD/ do~lrajlh `lios foilrkj fardliot
(32=> ,/ gjo~ia~tajatot (3>8? ,/ foilrkj&foilrkj jkoiiyk tlrdoro dkro fogk
~jkmoagjks dki g|krsk) Sldkimgki gaf~asoso gofok dkro plajot kjkf Bkykh dk~kt
dojohkt dkjkf tkblj blrog|t0
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Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
Tkblj 2)2) Gaf~asoso gofok plajot Bkykh (Kroeoi F) dki Hkrsada ;??;/
Kikjosk gofok @|fjkh (,/
SoA2 54<<
Kj2A ;283
El2A3 ;38
CkA ;54
FmA >=;
G2A 28;
Ik2A >33
To2A >22
Jkoiiyk ykim hojkim dobkgkr ;<;8
Mkfbkr 2)4) Str|gt|r plajot fardliot ykim tlrgkid|im ~kdk plajot Kjkf Bkykh
Tkblj 2)3) Gkid|imki foilrkj tlrblskr plajot Kjkf Bkykh
Ikfk Foilrkj R|f|s Gofok
Fardliot Ik8(Kj8So4>A?5/)24H2A
Gjo~ia~tajatot (Ik4G4/(Kj8So4A?5/)24H2A
Glfkf~|ki plajot slbkmko gktkjos blrgkotki dlimki tlrsldokiyk ~|skt&~|skt
kgtoe dkjkf skj|rki kitkr plajot) ^|skt&~|skt kgtoe tlrslb|t tlrblit|g gkrlik kdkiyk
m|m|s e|imso kskf to~l Braistld fk|~|i Jl}os) ^lrbkidoimki gld|k `lios kskf
oio tlrmkit|im ~kdk ~rasls kgtoukso plajot dki gaidoso rlkgso) ^|skt&~|skt kgtoe
ykim blrsoekt kskf oio sljki`|tiyk dk~kt flimogkt fajlg|j&fajlg|j bksk slckrk
gofok}o)
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Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
Soekt&soekt gktkjos plajotl 0
;/ Sljlgtouotks
Blrog|t oio kdkjkh ~lrbldkki sljlgtouotks gktkjos ykim do~limkr|ho blit|g
ajlh Hkkm (;??4/ 0
;) Sljlgtouotks do~limkr|ho doe|so 0 Sljlgtoeotks do~limkr|ho ajlh jk`| rljktoe
doe|so ajlh rlkgtki ktk| ~rad|g dlimki gktk jkoi goiltog dkro trkiselr fkssk
~kdk rlkgso)
2) Sljlgtoeotks do~limkr|ho ~liylrk~ki 0 ^roiso~ dkro gktkjos `lios oio kdkjkh
~lrbldkki gaistkitk glsltofbkimki ~liylrk~ki dkro rlkgtki&rlkgtki
bokskiyk slckrk thlrfadoikfog b|gki slckrk goiltog)
2/ Glkskfki
Blit|g kskf dkro plajot flr|~kgki ekgtar ~litoim dkro k~jogkso gktkjotog
plajot) @ogk oai kj|f|io|f ykim troukjli dos|bstot|so slckrk osafar~ha|s
dlimki oai sojocai ykim {|kdroukjli dkjkf s|s|iki grostkj sojock ykim
flfblit|g tltrkhldrkj tatkj f|ktki ilmktoe ykim kdk ~lrj| dostkbojoskso
dlimki oai ~asotoe sl~lrto ~ratai) Oai ~asotoe oio dk~kt do~lrajlh dkro dosasokso
fajlg|j kor flfblit|g m|m|s hodragsoj ~kdk ktaf kj|f|io|f) Str|gt|r ykim
tlrblit|g dofkik oai kj|foio|f dki sojocai tlrgaardoikso slckrk tltrkhldrkj
flr|~kgki kskf braistld) @ogk str|gt|r oio do~kiksgki fajlg|j kor ~kdk
s|s|iki kgki hojkim dki jagkso kskf braistld kgki tlrgaiulrso fli`kdo kskf
jl}os)
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;>
Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
Blrog|t oio kdkjkh caitah str|gt|r kskf braistld dki jl}os ~kdk plajot 0
Mkfbkr 2)<) Str|gt|r Kskf Braistlkd dki Kskf Jl}os (Skttlreoljd;??;/
^rasls ~limajkhki gktkjos plajot Kjkf Bkykh
^rasls gaflrsokj ykim ~lrtkfk dojkg|gki blrdkskr ktks soitlsos
jkbarktaro|f ykim ksjo flimm|ikgki hodramlj ykim kfare) ^limajkhki plajot
slckrk mkros blskr dk~kt dobkmo dkjkf d|k tkhk~ ykot| ~rl~krkso dki kgtoukso0
Tkhk~ki ~rl~krkso plajot do~lrjkg|gki sldlfogoki r|~k kmkr flidk~ktgki
plajot ykim sok~ ajkh) Tkhk~ oio blr|~k ~limlcojki |g|rki dki ~limkykgki)
Tkhk~ki oio dk~kt flimm|ikgki flsoi slckrk glslj|r|hki ktk| dlimki ckrk
sldogot gaiulisoaikj) Kgtoukso plajot dk~kt dojkg|gki dlimki ckrk ~lfkikski ktk|
~likfbkhki ~lrlkgso gofok bkog kskf fk|~|i bksk0
;) Kgtoukso ~lfkikski dojkg|gki plajot dkjkf ~limlroim ~|tkr flimm|ikgki
bkhki |f~ki ykim flf~|iyko gkdkr kor slgotkr 4>, dlimki tlf~lrkt|r tltk~
23>¾C dki }kgt| ~lfkikski sljkfk tomk `kf)
2) ^likfbkhki ~lrlkgso gofok dojkg|gki do dkjkf bkg ~limkgtoeki dlimki
IkAH dki H2SA4 dofkgs|dgki |it|g flf~lrajlh tlf~lrkt|r ykim
dob|t|hgki dkjkf kgtoukso) Plajot ykim tljkh dokgtoukso ~lrj| doglroimgki
tlrjlboh dkh|j| ~limlroimki oio dk~kt dojkg|gki dlimki ckrk fli`lf|riyk do
bk}kh soikr fktkhkro)
2)3 Flgkiosfl ^lrlimgkhki Gktkjotog
Dkjkf ojf| gofok ~lrlimgkhki kdkjkh ~rasls gaiulrso fajlg|j&fajlg|j
armkiog gaf~jlgs fli`kdo fajlg|j&fajlg|j ykim jlboh sldlrhkik dlimki
~|t|siyk ogktki gkbai&gkrbai dkjkf rkitko fajlg|j tlrslb|t) Jk`| ~lrlimgkhki
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Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
dki ~rad|g kghoriyk skimkt g|kt blrmkit|im tlrhkdk~ tlf~lrkt|r dki glblrkdkki
gktkjos)
^lrlimgkhki gktkjotog flr|~kgki ~rasls ~lf|t|ski rkitko hêdragkrbai
~ki`kim dlimki flimm|ikgki bkit|ki gktkjos (S~lomht ;??;/) Dkjkf
glbkiykgki rlkgso ~lrlimgkhki slb|kh ~krkeeoi rlkgso |tkfk kdkjkh rlkgso
dlkjgojkso sls|ko dlimki ~lrskfkki blrog|t0
Rlkgso ~lrlimgkhki flimkrkhgki tlrblit|giyk slb|kh ajleoi dki ~krkeoi
ykim jlboh ~lidlg) Dkjkf rlkgso ~lrlimgkhki ajleoi jlboh f|dkh |it|g
dorlimgkh dkro ~kdk ~krkeoi dki `|mk jlboh cl~kt flimkjkfo osaflroskso dki
~lfblit|gki cagl) Doajleoi dki ajleoi krafktog bkhgki jlboh cl~kt flimkjkfo
~lrlimgkhki * ~li`li|hki tlr~ajoflroskso dki tlrgaiulrso fli`kdo cagl)
]kjk|~|i ~lrlimgkhki dk~kt tlr`kdo gkrlik flgkiosfl rkdogkj blbks ~kdk
glikogki tlf~lrkt|r dki dk~kt dokgsljkrkso ajlh ~lrf|gkki iai kskf sl~lrto
krkim kgoeotks tlrbkog tki~k mks roimki dki cagl dk~kt tlr`kdo dlimki bkit|ki
gktkjos ykim flfojogo glfkf~|ki trkiselr ~ratai) ^limm|ikki gktkjos kgki
fli|r|igki lilrmo kgtoukso rlkgso slhoimmk lilrmo gkjar ykim dob|t|hgki jlboh
sldogot) ^lrlimgkhki slckrk gktkjotog dkro s|kt| ~krkeeoi dk~kt < skf~ko 5> gkjo
jlboh cl~kt dobkidoimgki dlimki ~lrlimgkhki slckrk thlrfkj) Hkj oio
fliylbkbgki rlkgso ~lrlimgkhki gktkjotog dk~kt dojkims|imgki ~kdk tlf~lrkt|r
a~lrkso jlboh rlidkh dobkidoimgki dlimki ~lrlimgkhki thlrfkj slhoimmk jlboh
lgaiafos dki kfki)
2)3);) ^rasls ^lrlimgkhki Foiykg B|fo
^lrlimgkhki foiykg b|fo flr|~kgki ~rasls ~lf|t|ski ogktki hodragkrbai
~ki`kim ykim tlr|tkfk blrt|`|ki |it|g flimhksojgki ~rad|g t|r|ikiiyk sl~lrto
blisoi dki sajkr) ^kdk ~raslsiyk dohksojgki ~|jk hodragkrbai roimki blr|~k erkgso
mks C; & C4 dki rlsod|) ^kdk dkskriyk ~rasls ~lrlimgkhki dk~kt dojkg|gki dlimki
fltadl ~lrlimgkhki tlrfkj ktk| ~lrlimgkhki gktkjotog (S~lomht ;??;/)
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;2
Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
2)3););) ̂ lrlimgkhki Tlrfkj
^lrlimgkhki tlrfkj kdkjkh ~rasls ~lf|t|ski rkitko hodragkrbai ~ki`kim
dlimki flimm|ikgki lilrmo gkjar dkro ~rasls ~lfkikski)
S|kt| ogktki dkjkf rkitko hodragkrbai ykim tljkh do~|t|sgki ajlh lilrmo
gkjar kgki flfblit|g d|k b|kh rkdogkj blbks ykim flr|~kgki slb|kh ktk|
slg|f~|jki ktaf dlimki ljlgtrai blbks ykim todkg blr~kskimki) Rkdogkj blbks
oio glf|doki kgki fliylrkim ktaf hodramli ~kdk hodragkrbai jkoi |it|g
flfblit|g sliyk}k ykim jlboh stkboj) ^kdk rlkgso ~lrlimgkhki tlrfkj oio todkg
tlrblit|g sliyk}k dlimki rkitko blrckbkim gkrlik rlkgso ykim fljobktgki rkdogkj
blbks todkg dk~kt flfblit|g sliyk}k osaflr ktk| todkg tlr`kdo osaflroskso rlkgso
~lrlimkgkhki tlrfkj ykim fljobktgki ~lfblit|gki rkdogkj blbks kdkjkh 0
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 CH3 – CH2 – •CH2 ' •CH3
•CH3 ' CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 CH4 ' CH3 – •CH2 – CH2 – CH3
CH3 – •CH2 – CH2 – CH3 CH26CH2 ' CH2 – •CH2
CH – •CH2 ' •CH3 CH3 – CH3 – CH3
Gljlfkhki dkro ~rasls ~lrlimgkhki thlrfkj kdkjkh dob|t|hgkiiyk lilrmo
gkjar ykim blskr |it|g flf|t|sgki ogktki hodragkrbai) ^kdk ~lrlimgkhki
foiykg b|fo slidoro bokskiyk do~lrj|gki tlf~lrkt|r a~lrkso hoimmk 4<<&<4>¾C
(S~lomht ;??;/) Sljkoi ot| ~lf|t|ski ogktki gkrbai todkg dk~kt dogaitraj
slhoimmk todkg dk~kt dotlit|gki `lios rlkgso ykim tlr`kdo dki ogktki fkik ykim
kgki do~|t|s) Oiojkh slbkbiyk todkg kdk jkmo gojkim foiykg ykim flimm|ikgki
fltadl ~lrlimgkhki thlrfkj) Skkt oio ~lrlimgkhki thlrfkj hkiyk dom|ikgki
~kdk oid|stro ~ltragofok ~kdk ~rasls ~lfb|ktki ltojli dki ~ra~ojli (Os}krk
2>>5/)
2)3);)2) ̂ lrlimgkhki Gktkjotog
^lrlimgkhki gktkjotog flr|~kgki ~rasls ~lf|t|ski rkitko hêdragkrbai
~ki`kim dlimki flimm|ikgki bkit|ki gktkjos (S~lomht ;??;/) ^limm|ikki
gktkjos kgki fli|r|igki lilrmo kgtoukso rlkgso slhoimmk lilrmo gkjar ykim
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;3
Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
dob|t|hgki jlboh sldogot) Hkj oio fliylbkbgki rlkgso ~lrlimgkhki gktkjotog dk~kt
dojkims|imgki ~kdk tlf~lrkt|r a~lrkso jlboh rlidkh dobkidoimgki dlimki
~lrlimgkhki tlrfkj slhoimmk jlboh lgaiafos dki kfki)
^kdk ~lrlimgkhki gktkjotog dom|ikgki gktkjos kskf ykim kgki fliylbkbgki
~lfblit|gki gkrbagktoai) Gkrbagktoai flr|~kgki ktaf gkrbai ykim blrf|ktki
~asotoe ~kdk s|kt| rkitko hêdragkrbai) Gkrbagktoai oio glf|doki kgki flfblit|g
sliyk}k ykim jlboh stkboj) ^rasls ~lfblit|gki gkrbagktoai dk~kt blrjkims|im
fljkj|o flgkiosfl slbkmko blrog|t (Os}krk 2>>5/ 0
k) ^likfbkhki ~ratai (H'/ dkro gktkjos kskf sl~lrto rlkgso blrog|t 0
R – CH6CH – CH2 – R ' H' R – CH2 – C
'H – R
^kdk rlkgso do ktks gktkjos kskf blrtoidkg slbkmko ~liy|fbkim ~ratai
gl~kdk hodragkrbai dki doslb|t slbkmkê kskf Braistld)
b) ^limhojkimki oai hêdrodk (H&/ dkro hodragkrbai ajlh gktkjos kskf
CH3&CH2&CH2&CH2&CH2&CH2&R CH3&CH'&CH2&CH2&CH2&CH2&R
^kdk rlkgso do ktks gktkjos kskf blrtoidkg slbkmkê ~lilrofk ~ratai dkro
hodragkrbai dki doslb|t slbkmko kskf Jl}os)
Gkrbagktoai ykim tlrblit|g ~kdk ~lrlimgkhki gktkjotog fliylbkbgki
tlr`kdoiyk rlkgso osaflroskso (~lfblit|gki rkitko ckbkim/ dki ljofoikso
(~lfblit|gki ogktki rkimgk~/ slhoimmk ~rad|giyk jlboh blrukrokso dobkidoimgki
~kdk ~lrlimgkhki tlrfkj) Sljkoi ot| gljlbohki ~lrlimgkhki gktkjotog kdkjkh
~lf|t|ski ogktki hodragkrbai tlr`kdo ~kdk s|kt| jagkso tlrtlit| todkg slckrk kckg
sl~lrto ~kdk ~lrlimgkhki tlrfkj (S~lomht ;??;/)
^kdk ~limajkhki rioiykg b|fo ~lrlimgkhki gktkjotog jlboh dos|gko gkrlik
flimhksojgki jlboh sldogot rlsod| dki jlboh bkiykg erkgso mksajoil dki erkgso
roimki C; – C4) ^kdk ~rasls ~lrlimgkhki gktkjotog foiykg b|fo gktkjos ykim
slroim dom|ikgki kdkjkh plajot ykim tljkh dofadoeogkso ykim dk~kt dokt|r toimgkt
glkskfkiiyk blrdkskrgki rksoa gkid|imki So!Kj) Toimgkt glkskfki gktkjos
blr~lrki ~litoim dkjkf flimaitraj rlkgso ykim tlr`kdo) ^limm|ikki gktkjos
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;4
Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
dlimki glkskfki rlidkh kgki flimhksojgki rlkgso ~lf|t|ski ogktki tkg `li|h
ykim jlboh jlfkh) Sldkimgki ~limm|ikki gktkjos dlimki glkskfki toimmo kgki
fkf~| flf|t|sgki ogktki ̀ li|h hodragkrbai)
Dlimki blrdkskrgki ~kdk flgkiosfl ~lrlimgkhki ~kdk foiykg b|fo oio
f|jko doglfbkimgki lilrmo kjtlriktoe ykim blrbkhki dkskr foiykg ikbkto) Foiykg
ikbkto do~ojoh gkrlik tlrs|s|i dkro tromjoslrodk ykim foro~ dlimki gaf~aili ~liy|s|i
foiykg b|fo) Skjkh skt| caitah dkro foiykg ikbkto kdkjkh foiykg gljk~k sk}ot
(C^A/ dki dkjkf ~liljotoki oio flimm|ikgki foiykg marlim blgks ykim flr|~kgki
t|r|iki dkro C^A)
2)3)2 Flgkiosfl ^lrlimgkhki Gktkjotog ^kdk Foiykg Gljk~k Sk}ot
Skjkh skt| foiykg ikbkto ykim slroim dom|ikgki slbkmko bkhki bkg|
~liljotoki kdkjkh foiykg gljk~k sk}ot gkrlik gkid|imki hodragkrbai ~ki`kim
dkjkf foiykg gljk~k sk}ot fliylr|~ko foiykg b|fo) Ajlh gkrlik ot| bkiykg
~liljotoki dojkg|gki |it|g flimkdk~tkso ~rasls ~lrlimgkhki gktkjotog foiykg
b|fo gl~kdk foiykg gljk~k sk}ot) Skfk hkjiyk sl~lrto ~kdk foiykg b|fo
~lrlimgkhki gktkjotog foiykg gljk~k sk}ot flr|~kgki ~rasls ~lfataimki ogktki
rkitko hodragkrbai ~ki`kim ~kdk kskf jlfkg ykim tlrogkt ~kdk str|gt|r tromjoslrodk
foiykg gljk~k sk}ot dlimki bkit|ki gktkjos)
Slckrk roimgks ~rasls ~lrlimgkhki foiykg gljk~k sk}ot oio tlrdoro ktks
blblrk~k tkhk~ (Hodkykt dgg 2>>=/ ykot|0
;) ^limhojkimki m|m|s CA2 ~kdk tromjoslrodk dki ~lfblit|gki hodragkrbai
dlimki gk
tkjos kskf
Mkfbkr 2)5) Rlkgso ~limhojkimki CA2
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;<
Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
Sl~lrto tlrjohkt ~kdk mkfbkr 2)5 oai H'
dkro gktkjos kgki fliylrkim
ktaf A ~kdk C6A slhoimmk tlrblit|g gkrbagktoai (sliyk}k gkrbai blrf|ktki
~asotoe/ dki flf|t|sgki rkitko ogktki CA2 – C ~kdk lstlr slhoimmk
flimhksojgki CA2 dki sliyk}k hodragkrbai ykim blrkskj dkro kskf jlfkg)
2) Rlkgso ^lrlimgkhki dlimki gktkjos kskf
Mkfbkr 2)=) Rlkgso ~lrlimgkhki Hodragkrbai
^kdk Mkfbkr 2)= tlrjohkt bkh}k ogktki ~kdk hodragkrbai kgki doslrkim
ajlh oai H'
~kdk gktkjos kskf slhoimmk ogktki gkrbai tlrlimgkh flfblit|g
rkitko gkrbai ykim jlboh ~lidlg)
Blrdkskrgki ~lfk~krki do ktks dk~kt dosof~|jgki bkh}k erkgso boamksajoil
dk~kt dohksojgki dkro foiykg gljk~k sk}ot fljkj|o rlkgso ~lrlimgkhki gktkjotog)
^kdk ~liljotoki oio foiykg marlim blgks dom|ikgki slbkmko ~limmkito dkro
foiykg gljk~k sk}ot gkrlik gaf~asoso gld|kiyk ykim hkf~or skfk ykot|
slbkmoki blskr tlrdoro dkro tromjoslrodk) ^kdk rlkgso ~lrlimgkhki gktkjotog rkitko
lstlr ~kdk tromjoslrodk kgki tlrgaiulrso fli`kdo hodragkrbai dlimki rkitko ykim
jlboh ~lidlg)
2)4 Bkhki Bkgkr Flsoi Dolslj
Bkhki bkgkr flsoi dolslj ykim boksk dom|ikgki slgkrkim oio flr|~kgki ~rad|g
dkro foiykg b|fo ykim flr|~kgki erkgso foiykg ykim rljktoe roimki ykim
do~lrajlh dkro erkgsoikso foiykg flitkh dofkik foiykg flitkh oio slbkmoki
blskr tlrdoro dkro sliyk}k hodragkrbai) Sliyk}k hodragkrbai ykim dk~kt
dotlf|gki dkjkf foiykg dolslj kdkjkh hodragkrbai ~krkeoiog iketliog ajleoiog
dki krafktog) ^|tkrki flsoi ykim blrbldk fliylbkbgki bkhki bkgkr ykim
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;5
Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
do~lrj|gki flfojogo gkrkgtlrostog tlrtlit| ~|jk) Kdk d|k majaimki bkhki bkgkr
dolslj bojk domajaimgki blrdkskrgki ̀ lios ~|tkrki flsoi dolslj ykot| 0
;) Oid|strokj Dolslj Aoj(ODA/)
Bkhki bkgkr dolslj `lios oio dom|ikgki |it|g flsoi dolslj dlimki glcl~ktki
~|tkrki flsoi dobk}kh ;>>> r~f ktk| ja} s~lld dolslj ( JSD/ foskjiyk flsoi
oid|stro) Bkhki bkgkr dolslj oio boksk doslb|t foiykg dolslj)
2) K|tafatoe Dolslj Aoj (KDA/
Bkhki bkgkr dolslj `lios oio dom|ikgki |it|g flsoi dolslj dlimki glcl~ktki
~|tkrki flsoi doktks ;>>> r~f ktk| Homh s~lld dolslj ( HSD/ foskjiyk flsoi
glidkrkki blrfatar) Bkhki bkgkr dolslj oio boksk doslb|t foiykg sajkr)
Gkrkgtlrostog bkhki bkgkr dolslj ykim do~lrj|gki blrdkskrgki ~|tkrki
flsoi blrh|b|imki dlimki k|ta omiotoai glf|dkhki bkhki bkgkr flimkjor
dkjkf skj|rki bkhki bkgkr glfkf~|ki |it|g tlrktafoskso)
Bkhki bkgkr dolslj f|t|iyk dotlit|gki ajlh kimgk cltkik) Fkgoi toimmo
kimgk cltkik fkgoi toimmo |i`|g glr`k ykim doblrogki ajlh bkhki bkgkr dolslj)
Kimgk cltkik kdkjkh blskriyk gkdkr uaj|fl cltkik dkjkf ckf~|rkiiyk dlimki
fltojik~htkjli) Cltki f|rio flf~|iyko kimgk cltkik 6 ;>> sldkim krafktog
flf~|iyko kimgk cltkik 6 >) \i`|g glr`k kdkjkh ~lrslitksl rktk&rktk dkyk ykim
dk~kt do~lrajlh dkro flsoi dlimki bkhki bkgkr tlrtlit| dobkidoimgki dlimki
dkyk ykim do~lrajlh dkro bkhki bkgkr ykim flf~|iyko kimgk cltkik 6 ;>>)
^lrbldkki gkrkgtlrostog dkro gld|k majaimki bkhki bkgkr dlslj doktks dk~kt
dojohkt ~kdk Tkblj 2)4 dobk}kh oio0
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;=
Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
Tkblj)2)4 ̂ lrbldkki Gkrkgtlrostog Foiykg Sajkr ( K|tafatoul Dolslj Aoj/ dki
foiykg dolslj
SoektFoiykg sajkr Foiykg Doslj
Foi Fkx Foi Fkx
S~lsoeog Mrkeoty 5>!5>aE >)82 >)8= >)84 >)?2
Caja|r KSTF 3)> 5)>
^a|r ~aoitaE 5< 5<
Ejksh ^aoitaE ;<> ;<>
S|je|rl Caitlit ,}t >)< ;)<
Uoscasoty ;)5
(goilfktog/
<)8
(cSt);>>aE/
3<
(Rld}aad/
4<
(cSt);>>aE/
Sldoflit ,}t >)>; >)>2
Ksh Caitlit ,}t >)>; >)>2
]ktlr Caitlit ,uaj >); ;)>
Carkdsai Ckrbai
Rlsod|l ,}t
>)>< >)2<
2)<) Gkrkgtlrostog Bkhki Bkgkr
Gkrkgtlrostog bkhki bkgkr ykim dk~kt flf~limkr|ho glr`k flsoi dolslj
slbkmko blrog|t0
2)<);) Dlisotks
Dlisotks flr|~kgki ~lrbkidoimki kitkrk fkssk ~lr skt|ki uaj|fl bkhki)
\it|g s|kt| foiykg dolslj dlisotks do|g|r dlimki flimm|ikgki fltadl KSTF
D 28= ktk| KSTF D ;2?8) Dlisotks s|kt| foiykg dolslj do|g|r gkrlik
gkrkgtlrostog oio blrh|b|imki lrkt dlimki iojko gkjar dki dkyk ykim dohksojgki
ajlh s|kt| flsoi dolslj ~lrskt|ki bkhki bkgkr ykim dom|ikgki)
2)<)2) Uosgasotks
Uosgasotks kdkjkh tkhkiki s|kt| ej|odk tlrhkdk~ ~limkjorki ykim |f|fiyk
fliyktkgki }kgt| ykim do~lrj|gki ajlh sl`|fjkh ej|odk tlrtlit| |it|g flimkjor
dkjkf ~limkr|h mkyk mrkuotkso b|fo ~kdk slb|kh ~o~k gk~ojlr) Fkgoi blskr
uoscasotks fkgk fkgoi blskr tkhkikiiyk |it|g flimkjor ykim blrkto fkgoi blskr
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;8
Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
glglitkjkiiyk dki dlfogoki ~|jk slbkjogiyk) Glcl~ktki kjor bkhki bkgkr fljkj|o
oi`lgtar kgki flf~limkr|ho dlrk`kd ktafoskso bkhki bkgkr do dkjkf r|kim bkgkr)
\it|g bkhki bkgkr flsoi dolslj uosgasotks do|g|r dlimki flimm|ikgki fltadl
KSTF D 44< dlimki skt|ki cSt) Sljkoi ot| uosgasotks bkhki bkgkr `|mk
blr~limkr|h slckrk jkims|im tlrhkdk~ glfkf~|ki bkhki bkgkr tlrslb|t
blrckf~|r dlimki |dkrk) Dlimki dlfogoki uosgasotks bkhki bkgkr ykim toimmo
todkg dohkrk~gki ~kdk bkhki bkgkr flsoi dolslj)
2)<)3) Kimgk Sltkik (KSTF D 5;3&?</
Kimgk sltkil fli|i`|ggki slblrk~k cl~kt bkhki bkgkr flsoi dolslj ykim
dooi`lgsogki gl r|kim bkgkr bosk tlrbkgkr slckrk s~aitki (k|ta omiotoai/ ) Kimgk
sltkik ~kdk bkhki bkgkr flsoi dolslj flfojogo ~limlrtoki ykim blrglbkjogki
dlimki kimgk agtki ~kdk bkhki bkgkr flsoi blisoi gkrlik kimgk agtki
fli|i`|ggki glfkf~|ki ckf~|rki blisoi&|dkrk fli|imm| rkfbktki k~o dkro
b|so (s~krg omiotoai/)
Kimgk sltkik slfkgoi toimmo fli|i`|ggki bkh}k foiykg sajkr tlrslb|t
dk~kt fliykjk ~kdk tlf~lrkt|r ykim rljktoe rlidkh) ^lim|g|rki kimgk sltkil dkro
bkhki bkgkr flsoi dolslj flimm|ikgkiKSTF D 5;3&5< ktk| OSA <;5< stkidkrt
~lim|g|rki flimm|ikgki hlxkdlckil (C;5H34 ykim flfojogo ikfk jkoi cltkil/
slbkmko ~ktagki tlrtoimmo (kimgk sltkik CI6;>>/ dki 2244588
hl~tkflthyjiaikil (HFI ykim `|mk flfojogo gaf~asoso C;5H34 slbkmko ~ktagki
tlrlidkh (CI6;</) Dkro stkidkrd tlrslb|t bosk dojohkt bkh}k hodragkrbai dlimki
rkitko j|r|s (strkomht chkoi/ jlboh f|dkh tlrbkgkr dobkidoimgki dlimkihodragkrbai ykim flfojogo bkiykg ckbkim (brkich/)
2)5) Foiykg Sajkr
Sajkr slckrk r|f|s fajlg|j gkrbaiiyk blrkdk ~kdk rlitkim tlrtlit| ykot|
C;2&C3>) Sldkimgki |it|g gkrkgtlrostog dkro sajkr dk~kt dojohkt dkjkf tkblj blrog|t
oio)
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;?
Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
Tkblj 2)<) Soekt Eosogk Foiykg Sajkr ( K|tafatoul Dolslj Aoj/
Ia Gkrkgtlrostog Skt|ki
Bktks
FltadlFoi Fkx
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Bojkimki Cltkik
Kimgk Sltkik ktk|
Oidlx Sltkik
Fkssk @lios ~kdk ;<aC
Uosc) goilfktog ~kdk tlf~lrkt|r 4>aC
Gkid|imki S|je|r
Dostojjks Tlf~)?<aC
Totog Iykjk
Totog T|kim
Rlsod| Gkrbai
Gkid|imki Kor
Boajamockj Mra} */
Gkid|imki EKFL */
Gkid|imki Fltkiaj dki Ltkiaj
Garaso Jlf~lim Jamkf
Gkid|imki Kb|
Gkid|imki Sldofli
Bojkimki Kskf G|kt
Bojkimki Kskf Tatkj
^krtog|jkt
^likf~ojki Uos|kj
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ff2 !slc
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D ;<>>
*/ Gh|s|s foiykg sajkr ykim flimkid|im boadlslj `lios dki s~lsoeogkso boadolsljiyk flimkc|
gl~kdk ~lflroitkh
;/ Bktkski >)3<, f!f sltkrk dlimki 3<>> ~~f
Iohoj
Tkg tlrdltlgso
@lrioh % Tlrki
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2>
Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
2)=) MC&FS
Grafktamrkeo Mks S~lgtrasga~o Fkssk (MC&FS/
MC&FS kdkjkh fltadl ykim flimmkb|imgki grafktamrkeo mks dki
s~lgtrasga~o fkssk |it|g flimodlitoeogkso pkt dkjkf skf~lj (gaf~aili
~liy|s|i/) Sglfk Kjkt MC&FS dk~kt dojohkt ~kdk Mkfbkr 2)8)
Mkfbkr 2)8) Sglfk Kjkt MC&FS
^roiso~ glr`k MC&FS dof|jko dkro sliyk}k skf~lj ykim kgki dotlfbkg ajlh kr|s ljlgtrai dki fliylbkbgki sliyk}k tlr~oskh fli`kdo erkmfli) Erkmfli
oio dk~kt jlboh blskr ktk| jlboh glcoj dkro fajlg|j ksjoiyk) Erkmfli slblikriyk
kdkjkh f|ktki oai dlimki fkssk tlrtlit|) Fkssk erkmfli `ogk dobkmo f|ktki
doslb|t ~lrbkidoimki fkssk ~lr f|ktki (F!P/) F!P bokskiyk fl}kgojo blrkt
fajlg|j erkmfli) Lf~kt ljlgtrafkmilt ({|kdra~jl/ kgki flfeag|sgki erkmfli
fljl}kto cljkh fli|`| dltlgtar) [|kdra~ajl do~ramrkf ajlh gaf~|tlr |it|g
hkiyk flimkrkhgki erkmfli F!P tlrtlit| ykim fljl}kto cljkh) Soskiyk kgki
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2;
Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
tlr~litkj fli`k|h) Gaf~|tlr flfojogo sogj|s {|kdra~ajl |it|g F!P blrbldk
hoimmk slf|k dklrkh F!P tljkh tlrdltlgso) Sogj|s oio blrjkims|im blrgkjo&gkjo ~lr
dltog) Sltok~ sogj|s doslb|t scki) Gaf~|tlr flrlgkf mrkeog ~kdk sltok~ scki)
S|fb| x fl}kgojo rksoa ~lrbkidoimki F!P) S|fb| y fl}kgojo oitlisotks soiykj
|it|g sltok~ erkmfli tlrdltlgso sljkfk scki) Mrkeog oio doslb|t s~lgtr|f fkssk)
S~lgtr|f fkssk ykim dohksojgki ajlh sliyk}k gofok bokskiyk skfk |it|g sltok~
}kgt|) Ajlh gkrlik ot| s~lgtr|f fkssk skimkt ~litoim |it|g flimodlitoeogkso
sliyk}k) Gaf~|tlr MC&FS flfojogo jotlrkt|r s~lgtr|f ykim bosk dom|ikgki
|it|g flimodlitoeogkso sliyk}k gofok ykim todkg dogltkh|o) Jotlrkt|r kgki
flfbkidoimgki s~lgtr|f fkssk dkro gaf~aili skf~lj dki flfbkidoimgki
dlimki s~lgtr|f fkssk dkro jotlrkt|r) Hksojiyk blr|~k odlitoeogkso blrskfk
dlimki ~rabkbojotks glforo~ki slckrk stktostog)
2)8 BLT ( Br|ik|lr Lffltt Tljjlr/
J|ks ~lrf|gkki (s|rekcl krlk/ flr|~kgki soekt ykim ~litoim dkjkf
k~jogkso gktkjos) Ostojkh tlgst|r (tlxt|rl/ flr|`|g ~kdk str|gt|r ~aro ~krtoglj slckrk
|f|f fljo~|to j|ks ~lrf|gkki dostrob|so |g|rki ~aro dki blit|g ~aro) Dkro
blblrk~k soekt gkotkiiyk dlimki tlgst|r tlrslb|t j|ks ~lrf|gkki (s|rekcl krlk
Sm f2m&;/ flr|~kgki ~krkfltlr ykim ~kjoim ~litoim gkotkiiyk dlimki
~lrf|gkki gktkjos do dkjkf doskoi gktkjos hltlramli) J|ks ~lrf|gkki tatkj
flr|~kgki grotlrok gr|sokj |it|g gktkjos ~kdkt gkrlik skimkt flilit|gki `|fjkh
sot|s kgtoe do dkjkf gktkjos gkotkiiyk dlimki kgtoeotks gktkjos)
^lim|g|rki j|ks ~lrf|gkki flimm|ikgki tlgiog kdsar~so eosog flimm|ikgki ~roiso~ mkyk uki dlr ]kkjs) Osatlrf glslofbkimki dk~kt
domkfbkrgki dofkik uaj|fl ykim tlrkdsar~so do~jatgki tlrhkdk~ ~ ! ~> ( ~0
tlgkiki ~>0 tlgkiki `li|h ~kdk tlf~lrkt|rl ~lim|g|rki/) Fadlj tlarltos |it|g
fliyktkgki osatlrf glslofbkimki dkjkf kdsar~so kdkjkh fadlj Br|ik|lr
Lffltt Tljjlr ykim jlboh doglikj dlimki ~lrskfkki BLT0
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22
Kimmk Rlskjk ^lrdkik Tlgiog Gofok&\ITORTK
Dkjkf h|b|imki oio UF kdkjkh uaj|fl jk~os t|immkj dki c kdkjkh
~kiks kdsar~so dki ~lickorki (jo{|lekctoai/ ykim gaistkit |it|g blblrk~k bkhki
dlimki iojko g|rkim dkro ;>>) ^lrskfkki (3)3/ kdkjkh ukjod hkiyk |it|g ~ ! ~> ≤
>)3) Doktks hkrmk tlrslb|t gaidliskso ckorki tlr`kdo do fogra~aro hoimmk flsa~aro
hoimmk ~ ! ~> flidlgkto skt|) Dkjkf ~lim|g|rkiiyk bokskiyk flimm|ikgki mks
iotramli slbkmko kdsarbktiyk) ^lrskfkki (3)3/ do|bkh sldlfogoki r|~k slhoimmkdk~kt dob|kt ~jat kitkrk ~!~> us ~! WU ( ~&~>/V ykim ~kdk kghoriyk UF dki j|ks
~lrf|gkki (Sm/ bosk dotlit|gki0
Dostrob|so |g|rki ~aro ( ~arl sopl dostrob|toai/ `|mk flr|~kgki ~krkfltlr
~litoim do dkjkf gk`oki gkrkgtlroskso gktkjos) Soekt&soekt ~aro dkjkf gktkjos ~kdk
gliyktkkiiyk skimkt flimlidkjogki eliaflik ~lr~oidkhki dki blrh|b|imki
slgkjo dlimki sljlgtoeotks do dkjkf rlkgso gktkjotog) Soekt&soekt ~aro sl~lrto uaj|fl
~aro dki dostrob|so |g|rki ~aro sljki`|tiyk fli`kdo ~krkfltlr ~litoim tlr|tkfk
|it|g gktkjos ykim blrsoekt sljlgtoe tlrhkdk~ blit|g dki |g|rki ~aro (shk~l
sljlctoul cktkjysos/)
Fltadl ~liylrk~ki mks bokskiyk dom|ikgki |it|g flimgkrkgtlroskso
fktlrokj blr~aro ykim blr|g|rki flsa~aro (dokfltlr 2&<> if/ dki fogra~aro
(dokfltlr :2 if/) ^lrsakjki flimliko tkhkiki doe|so ~aro dki dlkgtoekso gktkjos
dk~kt do~ljk`kro dkro blit|g dki |g|rki ~aroiyk) G|ruk osatlrf ykm do~lrajlh dkro
~lrcabkki ~li`lrk~ki eosog dk~kt fli`ljksgki `lios ~arasotks do dkjkf skf~lj
gktkjos)