artikel tumor otak (bahasa inggris)

8/9/2019 Artikel Tumor Otak (Bahasa Inggris)

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Brain tumor - children

Glioblastoma multiforme - children; Ependymoma - children; Glioma - children; Astrocytoma -

children; Medulloblastoma - children; Neuroglioma - children; Oligodendroglioma - children;

Meningioma - children; Cancer - brain tumor (children

Last reviewed: October 18, 2013.

A brain tumor is a group (mass) o abnorma! ce!!st"at start in t"e brain.

#"is artic!e ocuses on primar$ brain tumors in c"i!dren.

Causes

#"e cause o primar$ brain tumors is un%nown. &rimar$ brain tumors ma$ be:

'ot cancerous (benign)

nvasive (spread to nearb$ areas)

ancerous (ma!ignant)

*rain tumors are c!assiied based on:

#"e e+act site o t"e tumor

#"e t$pe o tissueinvo!ved

"et"er it is cancerous

*rain tumors can direct!$ destro$ braince!!s.#"e$ can a!so indirect!$ damage ce!!s b$ pus"ing on

ot"er parts o t"e brain. #"is !eads to swe!!ing and increased pressure inside t"es%u!!.

#umors can occur at an$ age. -an$ tumors are more common at a certain age. n genera!, brain

tumors in c"i!dren are ver$ rare.

O--O' #-O/ #&

Astroc$tomas are usua!!$ noncancerous, s!owgrowing tumors. #"e$ common!$ deve!op in c"i!dren

ages 4 t"roug" 8. A!so ca!!ed !owgrade g!iomas, t"ese are t"e most common brain tumors in c"i!dren.

-edu!!ob!astomas are t"e most common t$pe o c"i!d"ood brain cancer. -ost medu!!ob!astomas

occur beore age 10.

pend$momas are a t$pe o c"i!d"ood brain tumor t"at can be benign (noncancerous) or ma!ignant

(cancerous). #"e !ocation and t$pe o epend$moma determine t"e t$pe o t"erap$ needed to contro!

t"e tumor.

*rainstem g!iomas are ver$ rare tumors t"at occur a!most on!$ in c"i!dren. #"e average age at w"ic"

t"e$ deve!op is about 5. #"e tumor ma$ grow ver$ !arge beore causing s$mptoms.

!ymptoms

$mptoms ma$ be subt!e and on!$ gradua!!$ become worse. Or t"e$ ma$ occur ver$ 6uic%!$.

7eadac"es are oten t"e most common s$mptom. *ut on!$ ver$ rare!$ do c"i!dren wit" "eadac"es

"ave a tumor. 7eadac"e patterns t"at ma$ occur wit" brain tumors inc!ude:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022787http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022787http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022787http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040


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7eadac"es t"at are worse w"en wa%ing up in t"e morning and go awa$ wit"in a ew "ours

7eadac"es t"at get worse wit"coug"ingor e+ercise, or wit" a c"ange in bod$ position

7eadac"es t"at occur w"i!e s!eeping and wit" at !east one ot"er s$mptom suc" as vomiting or

conusion

ometimes t"e on!$ s$mptoms o brain tumors are menta! c"anges, w"ic" ma$ inc!ude:

"anges in persona!it$ and be"avior

nab!e to concentrate

ncreased s!eep

-emor$ !oss

&rob!ems wit" reasoning

Ot"er possib!e s$mptoms are:

radua! !oss o movement or ee!ing in an armor !eg

7earing !oss wit" or wit"out di99iness

peec" diicu!t$

ne+pected vision prob!em (especia!!$ i it occurs wit" a "eadac"e), inc!uding vision !oss

(usua!!$ operip"era! vision)in one or bot" e$es, or doub!e vision

&rob!ems wit" ba!ance

ea%ness or numbness

E"ams and #ests

#"e "ea!t" care provider wi!! perorm a p"$sica! e+am. nants ma$ "ave t"e o!!owing p"$sica! signs:

*u!ging ontane!!es

n!arged e$es

'o red re!e+ in t"e e$e

&ositive *abins%i re!e+

eparated sutures

#"e o!!owing tests ma$ be used to detect a brain tumor and identi$ its !ocation:

# scan o t"e "ead

-/ o t"e brain

+amination o t"e cerebra! spina! !uid()

#reatment

#reatment depends on t"e si9e and t$pe o tumor and t"e c"i!d;s genera! "ea!t". #"e goa!s o

treatment ma$ be to cure t"e tumor, re!ieve s$mptoms, and improve brain unction or t"e c"i!d;scomort.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022707http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022707http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023154http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023154http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023154http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003310/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003294/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003786/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003791/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003369/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022707http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023154http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003310/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003294/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003786/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003791/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003369/


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urger$ is needed or most primar$ brain tumors. ome tumors ma$ be comp!ete!$ removed. n cases

w"ere t"e tumor cannot be removed, surger$ ma$ "e!p reduce pressure and re!ieve

s$mptoms. "emot"erap$or radiation t"erap$ ma$ be used or certain tumors.

#"e o!!owing are treatments or speciic t$pes o tumors:

Astroc$toma urger$ to remove t"e tumor is t"e main treatment. "emot"erap$andoining a cancer support group. "aring wit" ot"ers w"o "ave

common e+periences and prob!ems can "e!p $ou and $our c"i!d not ee! a!one.

Outloo$ (%rognosis

7ow we!! t"e c"i!d does depends on man$ t"ings, inc!uding t"e e+act t$pe o tumor. n genera!, about

3 o ? c"i!dren survive at !east 4 $ears ater being diagnosed.

Longterm brain and nervous s$stem prob!ems ma$ resu!t rom t"e tumor itse! or rom treatment.

"i!dren ma$ "ave prob!ems wit" attention, concentration, or memor$. #"e$ ma$ a!so "ave prob!ems

processing inormation, p!anning, insig"t, or initiative or desire to do t"ings.

"i!dren $ounger t"an age @, especia!!$ $ounger t"an age 3, seem to be at greatest ris% o t"ese

comp!ications.

&arents need to ma%e sure t"at c"i!dren receive support services at "ome and at sc"oo!.

&hen to Contact a Medical %rofessional

a!! a "ea!t" care provider i a c"i!d deve!ops "eadac"es t"at do not go awa$ or ot"er s$mptoms o a

brain tumor.

o to t"e emergenc$ room i a c"i!d deve!ops an$ o t"e o!!owing:

&"$sica! wea%ness
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A002324/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A001918/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A002166/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A002324/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A001918/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A002166/


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5/13

Brain tumor - primary - adults

Glioblastoma multiforme - adults; Ependymoma - adults; Glioma - adults; Astrocytoma -

adults; Medulloblastoma - adults; Neuroglioma - adults; Oligodendroglioma - adults;

ymphoma - adults; )estibular sch*annoma (acoustic neuroma - adults; Meningioma - adults;

Cancer - brain tumor (adults

Last reviewed: October 30, 2013.

A primar$ brain tumor is a group (mass) o abnorma! ce!!st"at start in t"e brain.

Causes

&rimar$ brain tumors inc!ude an$ tumort"at starts in t"e brain. &rimar$ brain tumors can start rom

brain ce!!s, t"e membranes around t"e brain (meninges), nerves, or g!ands.

#umors can direct!$ destro$ brain ce!!s.#"e$ can a!so damage ce!!s b$ producingin!ammation,

p!acing pressure on ot"er parts o t"e brain, and increasing pressure wit"in t"e s%u!!.

#"e cause o primar$ brain tumors is un%nown. #"ere are man$ ris% actors t"at cou!d p!a$ a ro!e:

/adiation t"erap$ used to treat brain cancers increases t"e ris% o brain tumors up to 20 or 30

$ears !ater.

ome in"erited conditions increase t"e ris% o brain tumors, inc!uding neuroibromatosis, on

7ippe!Lindau s$ndrome, Liraumeni s$ndrome, and #urcot s$ndrome.

L$mp"omas t"at begin in t"e brain in peop!e wit" a wea%ened immune s$stem are sometimes

!in%ed to inectionb$ t"e pstein*arr virus.

+posure to radiation at wor% or to power !ines, as we!! as "ead in>uries, smo%ing, and

"ormone t"erap$ "ave not been proven to be ris% actors.

tudies "ave ound t"at ce!! p"ones, cord!ess p"ones, and wire!ess devices are sae and do

not increase t"e ris%.

& #-O/ #&

*rain tumors are c!assiied depending on:

Location o t"e tumor

#$pe otissueinvo!ved

"et"er t"e$ are noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (ma!ignant)

Ot"er actors

ometimes, tumors t"at start out !ess aggressive can c"ange t"eir bio!ogic be"avior and become

more aggressive.

#umors can occur at an$ age, but man$ t$pes are most common in a certain age group. n adu!ts,

g!iomas and meningiomas are t"e most common.

!iomas come rom g!ia! ce!!ssuc" as astroc$tes, o!igodendroc$tes, and epend$ma! ce!!s. !iomas

are divided into t"ree t$pes:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A001310/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A001310/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000793/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A001310/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000793/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040


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Astroc$tic tumors inc!ude astroc$tomas (can be noncancerous), anap!astic astroc$tomas, and

g!iob!astomas.

O!igodendrog!ia! tumors. ome primar$ brain tumors are made up o bot" astroc$tic and

o!igodendroc$tic tumors. #"ese are ca!!ed mi+ed g!iomas.

!iob!astomas are t"e most aggressive t$pe o primar$ brain tumor.

-eningiomas and sc"wannomas are two ot"er t$pes o brain tumors. #"ese tumors:

Occur most oten between ages ?0 and @0.

Are usua!!$ noncancerous, but can sti!! cause serious comp!ications and deat" rom t"eir si9e

or !ocation. ome are cancerous and aggressive.

Ot"er primar$ brain tumors in adu!ts are rare. #"ese inc!ude:

pend$momas

raniop"ar$ngiomas

&ituitar$tumors

&rimar$ (centra! nervous s$stem ') !$mp"oma

&inea! g!and tumors

&rimar$ germ ce!!tumors o t"e brain

!ymptoms

ome tumors do not cause s$mptoms unti! t"e$ are ver$ !arge. Ot"er tumors "ave s$mptoms t"at

deve!op s!ow!$.

$mptoms depend on t"e tumor;s si9e, !ocation, "ow ar it "as spread, and w"et"er t"ere is brain

swe!!ing. #"e most common s$mptoms are:

"anges in t"e person;s menta! unction

7eadac"es

ei9ures(especia!!$ in o!der adu!ts)

ea%ness in one part o t"e bod$

7eadac"es caused b$ brain tumors ma$:

*e worse w"en t"e person wa%es up in t"e morning, and c!ear up in a ew "ours

Occur during s!eep

Occur wit" vomiting, conusion, doub!e vision, wea%ness, or numbness

et worse wit" coug"ingor e+ercise, or wit" a c"ange in bod$ position

Ot"er s$mptoms can inc!ude:

"ange in a!ertness (inc!uding s!eepiness, unconsciousness, and coma)

"anges in "earing, taste, or sme!!
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022786http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022594http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022707http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022707http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022786http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022594http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022707


7/13

"anges t"at aect touc"and t"e abi!it$ to ee! pain, pressure, dierent temperatures, or

ot"er stimu!i

onusion or memor$ !oss

=iicu!t$ swa!!owing

=iicu!t$ writing or reading

=i99iness or abnorma! sensation o movement (vertigo)

$eprob!ems suc" as e$e!iddrooping, pupi!s o dierent si9es, uncontro!!ab!e e$e movement,

vision diicu!ties (inc!uding decreased vision, doub!e vision, or tota! !oss o vision)

7and tremor

Lac% o contro! over t"e b!adderor bowe!s

Loss o ba!ance or coordination, c!umsiness, troub!e wa!%ing

-usc!e wea%ness in t"e ace,arm, or !eg (usua!!$ on >ust one side)

'umbness or ting!ing on one side o t"e bod$

&ersona!it$, mood, be"avior, or emotiona! c"anges

#roub!e spea%ing or understanding ot"ers w"o are spea%ing

Ot"er s$mptoms t"at ma$ occur wit" apituitar$ tumor:

Abnorma! nipp!e disc"arge

Absent menstruation(periods)

*reast deve!opment in men

n!arged "ands, eet

+cessive bod$ "air

acia! c"anges

Low b!ood pressure

Obesit$

ensitivit$ to "eat or co!d

E"ams and #ests

#"e o!!owing tests ma$ conirm t"e presence o a brain tumor and ind its !ocation:

# scan o t"e "ead

+amination o tissueremoved rom t"e tumor during surger$ or #guidedbiops$(ma$

conirm t"e t$pe o tumor)

+amination o t"e cerebra! spina! !uid () (ma$ s"ow cancerous ce!!s)

-/ o t"e "ead
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023108http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022376http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022376http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003192/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000704/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000704/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A007278/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003786/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003931/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003416/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003416/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003416/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003791/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023108http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022376http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003192/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000704/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A007278/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003786/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003931/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003416/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003791/


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#reatment

#reatment can invo!ve surger$, radiation t"erap$, and c"emot"erap$. *rain tumors are best treated b$

a team t"at inc!udes:

'euroonco!ogist

'eurosurgeon

-edica! onco!ogist

/adiation onco!ogist

Ot"er "ea!t" care providers, suc" as neuro!ogists and socia! wor%ers

ar!$ treatment oten improves t"e c"ance o a good outcome. #reatment depends on t"e si9e and

t$pe o tumor and $our genera! "ea!t". oa!s o treatment ma$ be to cure t"e tumor, re!ieve

s$mptoms, and improve brain unction or comort.

urger$ is oten needed or most primar$ brain tumors. ome tumors ma$ be comp!ete!$ removed.#"ose t"at are deep inside t"e brain or t"at enter braintissuema$ be debu!%ed instead o removed.

=ebu!%ing is a procedure to reduce t"e tumor;s si9e.

#umors can be "ard to remove comp!ete!$ b$ surger$ a!one. #"is is because t"e tumor invades

surrounding brain tissuemuc" !i%e roots rom a p!ant spread t"roug" soi!. "en t"e tumor cannot be

removed, surger$ ma$ sti!! "e!p reduce pressure and re!ieve s$mptoms.

/adiation t"erap$is used or certain tumors.

"emot"erap$ ma$ be used wit" surger$ or radiation treatment.

Ot"er medicines used to treat primar$ brain tumors in c"i!dren ma$ inc!ude:

-edicines to reduce brain swe!!ing and pressure

Anticonvu!sants to reduce sei9ures

&ain medicines

omort measures, saet$ measures, p"$sica! t"erap$, and occupationa! t"erap$ ma$ be needed to

improve 6ua!it$ o !ie. ounse!ing, support groups, and simi!ar measures can "e!p peop!e cope wit"

t"e disorder.

ou ma$ consider enro!!ing in ac!inica! tria!ater ta!%ing wit" $our treatment team.

Lega! advice ma$ be "e!pu! or creating advance directives suc" as a power o attorne$.

%ossible Complications

*rain "erniation(oten ata!)

Loss o abi!it$ to interact or unction

&ermanent, worsening, and severe !oss o brain unction

/eturn o tumor growt"

ide eects o medications, inc!uding c"emot"erap$

ide eects o radiation treatments
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A001918/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A001918/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A001421/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A001918/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A001421/


9/13


a!! $our "ea!t" care provider i $ou deve!op an$ new, persistent "eadac"es or ot"er s$mptoms o a

brain tumor.

a!! $our provider or go to t"e emergenc$ room i $ou start "aving sei9ures, or sudden!$

deve!op stupor(reduced a!ertness), vision c"anges, or speec" c"anges.

'eferences

1. =orse$ C, 7o!!ander A*, A!onso*asanta -, et a!. ancer o t"e centra! nervous s$stem. n:

'ieder"uber C, Armitage CO, =oros"ow C7, et a!., eds.Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 4t" ed.

&"i!ade!p"ia, &a: !sevier "urc"i!! LivingstoneE 2013:c"ap 55.

2. 'ationa! ompre"ensive ancer 'etwor%. '' !inica! &ractice uide!ines in Onco!og$

('' uide!ines): entra! nervous s$stem cancers. ersion 2.2013. Avai!ab!e at:

"ttp:


10/13

Metastatic brain tumor

Brain tumor - metastatic (secondary; Cancer - brain tumor (metastatic

Last reviewed: -arc" 23, 201?.

A metastatic brain tumoris cancer t"at started in anot"er part o t"e bod$ and spread to t"e brain.

Causes

-an$ tumor or cancer t$pes can spread to t"e brain. #"e most common are:

*!addercancer

*reast cancer

ertain sarcomas

erm ce!! tumors

Bidne$ cancer

Leu%emia

Lung cancer

L$mp"oma

-e!anoma

ome t$pes o cancer rare!$ spread to t"e brain, suc" as co!oncancer and prostate cancer. n ot"er

rare cases, a tumor can spread to t"e brain rom an un%nown !ocation. #"is is ca!!ed cancer oun%nown primar$ (&) origin.

rowing brain tumors can p!ace pressure on nearb$ parts o t"e brain. *rain swe!!ing due to t"ese

tumors a!so causes increasedpressure wit"in t"e s%u!!.

*rain tumors t"at spread are c!assiied based on t"e !ocation o t"e tumor in t"e brain, t"e t$pe

o tissueinvo!ved, t"e origina! !ocation o t"e tumor, and ot"er actors. n rare cases, doctors do not

%now t"e origina! !ocation. #"is is ca!!ed cancer o un%nown primar$ (&) origin.

-etastatic brain tumors occur in about oneourt" (24J) o a!! cancers t"at spread t"roug" t"e bod$.

#"e$ are muc" more common t"anprimar$ brain tumors(tumors t"at start in t"e brain).

!ymptoms

$mptoms ma$ inc!ude an$ o t"e o!!owing:

=ecreased coordination, c!umsiness, a!!s

ever(sometimes)

enera! i!! ee!ingor !et"arg$

7eadac"e new or more severe t"an usua!

-emor$ !oss, poor >udgment, diicu!t$ so!ving prob!ems

'umbness, ting!ing, pain, and ot"er c"anges in sensation
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000768/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000913/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000516/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000122/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000850/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022229http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022229http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022229http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000793/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000768/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000768/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003198/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003090/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003089/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003089/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003088/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003024/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000768/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000913/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000516/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000122/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000850/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022229http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000793/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000768/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003198/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003090/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003089/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003088/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003024/


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&ersona!it$ c"anges

/apid emotiona! c"anges or strange be"aviors

ei9urest"at are new

peec" diicu!ties

ision c"anges doub!e vision, decreased vision

omiting wit" or wit"out nausea

ea%ness o a bod$ area

peciic s$mptoms var$. #"e s$mptoms common!$ seen wit" most t$pes o metastatic brain tumor are

t"ose caused b$ increased pressure in t"e brain.

E"ams and #ests

A neuro!ogic e+amination can s"ow brain and nervous s$stem c"anges based on w"ere t"e tumor isin t"e brain. igns o increased pressure in t"e s%u!!are a!so common. ome tumors ma$ not s"ow

signs unti! t"e$ are ver$ !arge. #"en, t"e$ can cause a ver$ 6uic% dec!ine in nervous s$stem unction.

#"e origina! (primar$) tumor ma$ be ound b$ e+amining tumor tissues rom t"e brain.

#ests ma$ inc!ude:

erebra! angiograp"$

"est +ra$E mammogramE # scanso t"e c"est,abdomen, and pe!visto ind t"e origina!

tumor site

# scan or-/ o t"e brainto conirm t"e diagnosis and identi$ t"e tumor !ocation (-/ isusua!!$ more sensitive or inding tumors in t"e brain)

+amination o tissueremoved rom t"e tumor during surger$ or # scanguided biops$to

conirm t"e t$pe o tumor

Lumbar puncture(spina! tap)

#reatment

#reatment depends on t"e si9e and t$pe o t"e tumor, rom w"ere in t"e bod$ it spread, and t"epatient;s genera! "ea!t". #"e goa!s o treatment ma$ be to re!ieve s$mptoms, improve unctioning, or

provide comort.

/adiationto t"e w"o!e brain is oten used to treat tumors t"at "ave spread to t"e brain, especia!!$ i

t"ere is more t"an one tumor.

urger$ ma$ be used w"en t"ere is a sing!e tumor and t"e cancer "as not spread to ot"er parts o t"e

bod$. ome tumors ma$ be comp!ete!$ removed. #umors t"at are deep or t"at e+tend into

brain tissuema$ be reduced in si9e (debu!%ed).

urger$ ma$ reduce pressure and re!ieve s$mptoms in cases w"en t"e tumor cannot be removed.

"emot"erap$ or metastatic brain tumors is usua!!$ not as "e!pu! as surger$ or radiation. omet$pes o tumors, t"oug", do respond to c"emot"erap$.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003200/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003029/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003117/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003117/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022787http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003799/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003804/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003380/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003330/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003330/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022614http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003791/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003791/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003931/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003416/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003428/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A001918/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A001918/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003200/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003029/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003117/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022787http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003799/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003804/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003380/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003330/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022614http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003791/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003931/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003416/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003428/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A001918/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306


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tereotactic radiosurger$ma$ a!so be used. #"is orm o radiation t"erap$ ocuses "ig"power +ra$s

on a sma!! area o t"e brain.

-edicines or brain tumor s$mptoms inc!ude:

Antacids or anti"istamines to contro! stress u!cers

Anticonvu!sants suc" as p"en$toinor !evetiracetamto reduce or preventsei9ures

orticosteroids suc" as de+amet"asoneto reduce brain swe!!ing

Osmotic diuretics suc" as ureaor mannito!to reduce brain swe!!ing

&ain medicines

"en t"e cancer "as spread, treatment ma$ ocus on re!ieving pain and ot"er s$mptoms. #"is is

ca!!ed pa!!iative or supportive care.

omort measures, saet$ measures, p"$sica! t"erap$, occupationa! t"erap$, and ot"er treatments

ma$ improve t"e patient;s 6ua!it$ o !ie. ome peop!e ma$ want to see% !ega! advice to "e!p t"emcreate an advance directive and power o attorne$ or "ea!t" care.

!upport Groups

ou can ease t"e stress o i!!ness b$ >oining a cancer support group. "aring wit" ot"ers w"o "ave

common e+periences and prob!ems can "e!p $ou not ee! a!one.

Outloo$ (%rognosis

or man$ peop!e wit" metastatic brain tumors, t"e cancer is not curab!e. t wi!! eventua!!$ spread to

ot"er areas o t"e bod$. &rognosis depends on t"e t$pe o tumor and "ow it responds to treatment.

%ossible Complications

*rain "erniation (ata!)

Loss o abi!it$ to unction or care or se!

Loss o abi!it$ to interact

&ermanent, severe !oss o nervous s$stem unction t"at gets worse over time


a!! $our "ea!t" care provider i $ou deve!op a persistent "eadac"e t"at is new or dierent or $ou.

a!! $our provider or go to t"e emergenc$ room i $ou or someone $ou %now sudden!$

deve!ops stupor, vision c"anges, or speec" impairment, or "as sei9urest"at are new or dierent.

'eferences

1. =orse$ C, 7o!!ander A*, A!onso*asanta -, et a!. ancer o t"e centra! nervous s$stem. n:

'ieder"uber C, Armitage CO, =oros"ow C7, et a!., eds.Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 4t" ed.

&"i!ade!p"ia, &a: !sevier "urc"i!! LivingstoneE 2013:c"ap 55.

2. 'ationa! ancer nstitute: &=FK Adu!t *rain #umors #reatment. *et"esda, -d: 'ationa!

ancer nstitute. =ate !ast modiied: eb. 28, 201?. Avai!ab!e at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A007274/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001418http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001418http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001045http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001045http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000542http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001880http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001107http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A002166/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003202/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003200/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003200/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A007274/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001418http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001045http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000542http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001880http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001107http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A002166/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003202/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003200/


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