armstrong hadapi pukulan keuangan akibat skandal doping

Upload: jatmika-herka-maya

Post on 02-Apr-2018

219 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    1/35

    Blood doping: Lance Armstrongs fall from grace explained

    Posted on August 24, 2012 ByHope GilletteHealth

    Seven-time Tour de France winner and cancer survivor, Lance Armstrong, hasissued a statement indicating he is giving up the battle against charges from theU.S. Anti-Doping Agency (Shutterstock photo)

    For years Lance Armstrong has been fighting allegations that he used blooddoping to gain an unfair advantage over competitors in the sport of cycling. Theseven-time Tour de France winner and cancer survivor has issued a statementindicating he is giving up the battle against charges from the U.S. Anti-Doping

    Agency (USADA), an act which has led many to question his innocence.

    Now, the USADA will likelystrip him of his seven wins, effectively marking himas guilty though it has never been proven that the cyclist was indeed involvedwith the use of banned substances or methods.

    In his statement released Thursday evening, Armstrong says, There comes apoint in every mans life when he has to say, Enough is enough. Forme, thattime is now. I have been dealing with claims that I cheated and had an unfairadvantage in winning my seven Tours since 1999.

    Armstrong says the toll the process has taken on his family and his professionallife, as well as the lack of assistance from the federal court, has made him realizefighting such a one-sided battle is not worth it.

    Today I turn the page. I will no longer address this issue, regardless of the

    circumstances. I will commit myself to the work I began before ever winning asingle Tour de France title: serving people and families affected by cancer,especially those in underserved communities, he concluded.

    Armstrongs announcement comes in the wake of another majorathletic doping

    scandal: that of Melky Cabrera, the baseball star found to be using anabolicsteroids.

    Are all doping cases the same?

    No. Melky Cabrera was banned for using testosterone to enhance hisperformance. According to reports on Armstrong, the cyclist is suspected ofblooddoping, a method of injecting drugs or oxygenated blood to enhance the oxygen-carrying ability of red blood cells.

    Elevated blood levels, gained by using EPO or other blood doping methods givea huge advantage because oxygen-rich blood cells allow the muscles to work for

    http://www.voxxi.com/lance-armstrong-blood-doping-ban/http://www.voxxi.com/lance-armstrong-blood-doping-ban/http://www.voxxi.com/author/hope-gillette/http://www.voxxi.com/author/hope-gillette/http://www.voxxi.com/health/http://www.voxxi.com/health/http://www.voxxi.com/health/http://www.voxxi.com/lance-armstrong-banned-for-life-career-vacated/http://www.voxxi.com/lance-armstrong-banned-for-life-career-vacated/http://www.voxxi.com/lance-armstrong-banned-for-life-career-vacated/http://www.tri-cityherald.com/2012/08/23/2072783/lance-armstrong-statement.htmlhttp://www.tri-cityherald.com/2012/08/23/2072783/lance-armstrong-statement.htmlhttp://www.voxxi.com/melky-cabrera-health-drug-test-testosterone/http://www.voxxi.com/melky-cabrera-health-drug-test-testosterone/http://www.voxxi.com/melky-cabrera-health-drug-test-testosterone/http://www.tri-cityherald.com/2012/08/23/2072783/lance-armstrong-statement.htmlhttp://www.voxxi.com/lance-armstrong-banned-for-life-career-vacated/http://www.voxxi.com/health/http://www.voxxi.com/author/hope-gillette/http://www.voxxi.com/lance-armstrong-blood-doping-ban/
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    2/35

    longer, and to recuperate better after an extreme effort, said former U.S. Postal

    Service Team doctor Prentice Steffen, who was interviewed back in 2010 whencyclist Alberto Contador tested positive for the muscle-booster clenbuterol, adrug linked to blood-doping.

    The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) defines blood doping as the use of

    certain techniques or substances that increase an athletes red blood cell

    count. This can be achieved by removing blood a few weeks before a competitionand re-injecting it shortly before the race to boost oxygen levels. The blood can

    be the athletes or come from another compatible healthy individual. Another

    method of blood doping consists in injecting artificial oxygen carriers into theathletes blood stream.

    What are the health effects of blood doping?

    According to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), blood doping revolvesmainly around synthetic oxygen carriers within the blood stream known aserythropoietin (EPO). The drugs are effective when used to treat legitimatemedical conditions such as anemia related to kidney disease.

    When used just as a performance enhancer, however, EPO can have someserious side-effects such as:

    Increased risk for heart disease Increased risk of stroke Increased risk of cerebral or pulmonary embolism Increased risk of developing an autoimmune disease Increased risk of infections

    Most of the medical complications come about as a result of EPO thickening theblood. Blood doping from blood transfusions is much more difficult to detectbut has the same negative side-effects.

    Can blood doping be detected by a test?

    Yes, in 2004,blood doping tests were developedfor testing during the OlympicGames, howevercontroversy still existsas to how effective these are.

    Does this mean Lance Armstrong is guilty of blood doping?

    No physical evidence of blood doping has ever been brought against LanceArmstrong, despite multiple tests. While many experts see his refusal to fight theallegations further as a sign of his guilty conscience, the fact remains that he hasnot tested positive on any blood doping test.

    http://www.wada-ama.org/en/Resources/Q-and-A/Blood-Doping/http://www.wada-ama.org/en/Resources/Q-and-A/Blood-Doping/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6456-blood-doping-test-cannot-be-cheated.htmlhttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6456-blood-doping-test-cannot-be-cheated.htmlhttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6456-blood-doping-test-cannot-be-cheated.htmlhttp://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/articles/2008/06/26/international-blood-doping-tests-may-miss-cheatershttp://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/articles/2008/06/26/international-blood-doping-tests-may-miss-cheatershttp://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/articles/2008/06/26/international-blood-doping-tests-may-miss-cheatershttp://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/articles/2008/06/26/international-blood-doping-tests-may-miss-cheatershttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6456-blood-doping-test-cannot-be-cheated.htmlhttp://www.wada-ama.org/en/Resources/Q-and-A/Blood-Doping/
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    3/35

    Blood-doping can be done through use of synthetic oxygen carriers or throughblood transfusions. (Shutterstock photo)

    He had a right to contest the charges. He chose not to, said World Anti-DopingAgency president John Fahey to ESPN. The simple fact is that his refusal toexamine the evidence means the charges had substance in them. Under the rules,

    penalties can now be imposed.

    Armstrong argues that, The only physical evidence here is the hundreds of

    controls I have passed with flying colors. I made myself available around theclock and around the world. In-competition. Out of competition. Blood. Urine.

    Whatever they asked for I provided. What is the point of all this testing if, in theend, USADA will not stand by it?

    Sumber:http://www.voxxi.com/lance-armstrong-blood-doping-ban/

    http://espn.go.com/olympics/cycling/story/_/id/8298135/usada-ban-lance-armstrong-life-strip-seven-tour-de-france-titles-charges-used-performance-enhancing-drugs-cycling-careerhttp://espn.go.com/olympics/cycling/story/_/id/8298135/usada-ban-lance-armstrong-life-strip-seven-tour-de-france-titles-charges-used-performance-enhancing-drugs-cycling-careerhttp://www.voxxi.com/lance-armstrong-blood-doping-ban/http://www.voxxi.com/lance-armstrong-blood-doping-ban/http://www.voxxi.com/lance-armstrong-blood-doping-ban/http://www.voxxi.com/lance-armstrong-blood-doping-ban/http://espn.go.com/olympics/cycling/story/_/id/8298135/usada-ban-lance-armstrong-life-strip-seven-tour-de-france-titles-charges-used-performance-enhancing-drugs-cycling-career
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    4/35

    Report Describes How Armstrong and

    His Team Eluded Doping Tests

    Peter Dejong/Associated Press

    Lance Armstrong exiting a doping control van during the 2001 Tour de France.Avoiding a drug test could be as simple as not answering a door, the report said.

    ByIAN AUSTEN

    Published: October 11, 2012386 Comments

    Throughout his career,Lance Armstrongalways responded to doping accusationsby saying he had been tested for banned substances hundreds of times and neverproduced a positive result. How could the worlds greatest cyclist, always in the

    cross hairs of doping officials, never fail a drug test if he was doping, Armstrongreasoned.

    Related

    For an Armstrong Insider, a Passion for Cycling Gave Way to Corruption(October 12, 2012)

    The Lede Blog: Can a Race Among Doped Cyclists Be Fair? One FormerArmstrong Teammate Says No.(October 12, 2012)

    http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/ian_austen/index.htmlhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/ian_austen/index.htmlhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/ian_austen/index.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?pagewanted=all#commentsContainerhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?pagewanted=all#commentsContainerhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?pagewanted=all#commentsContainerhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/lance_armstrong/index.html?inline=nyt-perhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/lance_armstrong/index.html?inline=nyt-perhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/lance_armstrong/index.html?inline=nyt-perhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/for-armstrong-teammate-vande-velde-cycling-passion-gave-way-to-corruption.html?ref=cyclinghttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/for-armstrong-teammate-vande-velde-cycling-passion-gave-way-to-corruption.html?ref=cyclinghttp://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/can-a-race-among-doped-cyclists-be-fair-one-former-armstrong-teammate-says-no/?ref=cyclinghttp://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/can-a-race-among-doped-cyclists-be-fair-one-former-armstrong-teammate-says-no/?ref=cyclinghttp://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/can-a-race-among-doped-cyclists-be-fair-one-former-armstrong-teammate-says-no/?ref=cyclinghttp://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/can-a-race-among-doped-cyclists-be-fair-one-former-armstrong-teammate-says-no/?ref=cyclinghttp://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/can-a-race-among-doped-cyclists-be-fair-one-former-armstrong-teammate-says-no/?ref=cyclinghttp://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/can-a-race-among-doped-cyclists-be-fair-one-former-armstrong-teammate-says-no/?ref=cyclinghttp://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/can-a-race-among-doped-cyclists-be-fair-one-former-armstrong-teammate-says-no/?ref=cyclinghttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/for-armstrong-teammate-vande-velde-cycling-passion-gave-way-to-corruption.html?ref=cyclinghttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/lance_armstrong/index.html?inline=nyt-perhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?pagewanted=all#commentsContainerhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/ian_austen/index.html
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    5/35

    Related in Opinion

    Op-Ed Contributor: A Drug to Quicken the Blood(October 12, 2012)Enlarge This Image

    Franck Fife/Agence France-PresseGetty Images

    Lance Armstrong undergoing a medical check-up before the start of the 2003Tour de France.

    Enlarge This Image

    Nico Casamassima/Agence France-Presse/Getty Images

    Dr. Michele Ferrari was a central figure in the doping scheme, according to thereport.

    Enlarge This Image

    http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/opinion/lance-armstrong-and-our-doping-nation.html?ref=cyclinghttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/opinion/lance-armstrong-and-our-doping-nation.html?ref=cyclinghttp://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/12testing1.html','12testing1_html','width=720,height=556,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/12testing1.html','12testing1_html','width=720,height=556,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/testing-3.html','testing_3_html','width=470,height=630,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/testing-3.html','testing_3_html','width=470,height=630,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/testing-2.html','testing_2_html','width=720,height=501,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/testing-2.html','testing_2_html','width=720,height=501,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/testing-2.html','testing_2_html','width=720,height=501,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/testing-3.html','testing_3_html','width=470,height=630,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/12testing1.html','12testing1_html','width=720,height=556,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/testing-2.html','testing_2_html','width=720,height=501,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/testing-3.html','testing_3_html','width=470,height=630,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/12testing1.html','12testing1_html','width=720,height=556,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/testing-2.html','testing_2_html','width=720,height=501,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/testing-3.html','testing_3_html','width=470,height=630,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/12testing1.html','12testing1_html','width=720,height=556,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/testing-2.html','testing_2_html','width=720,height=501,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/testing-3.html','testing_3_html','width=470,height=630,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/12/sports/12testing1.html','12testing1_html','width=720,height=556,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/opinion/lance-armstrong-and-our-doping-nation.html?ref=cycling
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    6/35

    Johan Bruyneel, left in 2004, was the director of Lance Armstrongs team.

    Readers Comments

    Readers shared their thoughts on this article.

    Read All Comments (386) An explanation emerged Wednesday, when the United States Anti-DopingAgency released its dossier on Armstrong, citing witness testimony, financialrecords and laboratory results. Armstrong was centrally involved in a sprawling,sophisticated doping program, the agency said, yet he employed both cunning andfarcical methods to beat the sports drug-testing system.

    The report also introduced new scientific evidence that the agency said suggested

    Armstrong was doping the last two times he competed in theTour de France.

    It has been a frequent refrain of Armstrong and his representatives over the yearsthat Lance Armstrong has never had a positive drug test, the report said. That

    does not mean, however, he did not dope. Nor has Armstrong apparently hadnearly as many doping tests as his representatives have claimed.

    As part of its investigation, Usada asked Christopher J. Gore, the head ofphysiology at the Australian Institute of Sport, to analyze test results from 38blood samples taken from Armstrong between February 2009 and the end of lastApril. Those taken during the 2009 and 2010 Tours, the report said, showed bloodvalues whose likelihood of occurring naturally was less than one in a million,

    and other indications of blood doping.

    While Gores analysis was not a conventional antidoping test, Usada concludedthat the findings build a compelling argument consistent with blood doping.

    The techniques Usada says were used by Armstrong and his teammates to eludepositive tests were used by many cyclists, and many believe those tactics are stillin use today. They often exploited weaknesses in the antidoping system, many ofwhich still persist.

    The most basic technique outlined in the report, based on affidavits from some ofArmstrongs former teammates, was simply running away or hiding.

    The most conventional way that the U.S. Postal riders beat what little out-of-competition testing there was, was to simply use their wits to avoid the testers,

    the report concluded.

    To facilitate out-of-competition testing, professional cyclists are required toinform their national antidoping agencies of their locations at all times. Riderswho receive three warnings in an 18-month period for either not providing their

    http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?pagewanted=all#commentshttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?pagewanted=all#commentshttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/u/united_states_anti-doping_agency/index.html?inline=nyt-orghttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/u/united_states_anti-doping_agency/index.html?inline=nyt-orghttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/u/united_states_anti-doping_agency/index.html?inline=nyt-orghttp://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/t/tour_de_france_bicycle_race/index.html?inline=nyt-classifierhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/t/tour_de_france_bicycle_race/index.html?inline=nyt-classifierhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/t/tour_de_france_bicycle_race/index.html?inline=nyt-classifierhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/t/tour_de_france_bicycle_race/index.html?inline=nyt-classifierhttp://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/u/united_states_anti-doping_agency/index.html?inline=nyt-orghttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/u/united_states_anti-doping_agency/index.html?inline=nyt-orghttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?pagewanted=all#comments
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    7/35

    whereabouts accurately or not filing the information at all can be punished as ifthey had had a positive drug test.

    Saying that the adequacy of unannounced, no-notice testing taking place in the

    sport of cycling remains a concern, Usada outlined several methods used byArmstrong and his teammates to circumvent the system.

    The simplest was pretending not to be home when the testers arrived. As long asthey were in the city they had reported as their locations, the riders found theywould not receive a warning for not answering the door.

    The agency compared the whereabouts information it received from Armstrongover the years with messages between Armstrong and Michele Ferrari, a sportsmedicine doctor who is also a target of the doping investigation. There wererevealing discrepancies, the report said.

    Travel plans that Armstrong conveyed months in advance to Ferrari throughtraining and racing diaries were submitted to Usada weeks later, sometimes theday he made the trip. While those last-minute changes did not break any rules,they frustrated the agencys testing plans. The doping agency also found thatArmstrong often stayed at a remote hotel in Spain where he was virtually certain

    not to be tested.

    According to the report, Armstrong abruptly dropped out of one race after histeammate George Hincapie warned him through a text message that drug testerswere at the teams hotel. Armstrong had, Hincapie said in an affidavit, just taken a

    solution containing olive oil and testosterone.

    Riders on Armstrongs team, the agency said, also kept a constant lookout for

    testers and relayed information about them to one another. Team officials oftenseemed to know when a supposedly unannounced drug test would occur.

    When the testers could not be avoided, Armstrong and his teammates turned todrug masking, the report said. It indicated that during the 1998 worldchampionships, testers were diverted to other riders on the United States teamwhile one of Armstrongs doctors smuggled a bag of saline under his raincoat,

    getting it past the tester and administering saline to Armstrong before Armstrongwas required to provide a blood sample.

    The saline infusion restored Armstrongs blood values to a level that would not

    attract attention.

    The report also described how Armstrong, often in conjunction with Ferrari andthe team director Johan Bruyneel, was careful to use techniques and drugs thatwere untraceable through tests.

    During his first Tour de France victory, in 1999, Armstrongs drug of choice,

    according to the sworn affidavits, was the blood-boosting hormone known as

  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    8/35

    EPO. At that time, there was no test for EPO, which is a cloned form of humanhormone rather than a synthetic product.

    But when rumors began circulating about the arrival of a test for EPO, Armstrong

    and some of his teammates switched to withdrawing and then reinfusing their ownblood. Again, it was a technique initially without a test.

    Ferrari discovered that when regular, if small, doses of EPO were injected directlyinto veins rather than under the skin, Armstrong and others could continue usingthe hormone without fear of a positive test result, the report said.

    Armstrong and his teammates also learned from Ferrari that the test fortestosterone was not highly sensitive and caught only those who consumed largeamounts of it or carelessly used it at times of the day when testing was likely. Atest for human growth hormone, another banned substance with a following

    among members of the United States Postal Service team, was introduced onlythis year, at the London Olympics.

    According to the report, the drugs used by Armstrong and his teammates weregenerally supplied by Jos Mart, often at clandestine meetings. Better known asPepe, Mart ostensibly worked as a trainer for Armstrongs United States Postal

    Service and Discovery Channel teams. But several riders told Usada that Marts

    training largely involved relaying information from Ferrari, who was apparentlycareful to give only advice rather than administer or supply drugs. Mart, who alsohelped with the teams blood transfusions, according to the report, sometimes sold

    drugs to riders on other teams.

    Contrary to Armstrongs repeated claim that he never tested positive, it was

    widely reported at the time that he tested positive for a corticosteroid during the1999 Tour. But he was not sanctioned because the team produced a prescriptionfrom one of its doctors indicating that Armstrong had received it in a cream usedto treat a saddle sore.

    Usada contends in the report that the prescription and its explanation were bothshams. In his affidavit to Usada, Tyler Hamilton, the disgraced former Olympicchampion and Armstrong teammate, said the positive test prompted a great deal

    of swearing from Lance and Johan. A backdated prescription, a former teamemployee told Usada, was created to resolve the problem.

    As part of its investigation, Usada said it recently obtained additional data fromFrench officials who had retested Armstrongs samples from the 1999 Tour. For

    procedural reasons, those samples cannot be used to sanction Armstrong. But theUsada report indicated that advances in EPO testing since then conclusivelyshowed that he used the hormone. The report said the retesting producedresoundingly positive values from six samples.

  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    9/35

    Armstrongs account of how often he has been tested has varied. His lawyers,

    according to the report, have indicated that he provided samples 500 to 600 timesover 14 years.

    Usada said it tested Armstrong only 60 times, and it cited reports indicating thatthe International Cycling Union had tested him about 200 times, although Usadasaid many of the cycling unions tests were for a health program rather than for

    prohibited substances.

    The number of actual controls on Mr. Armstrong over the years appears to have

    been considerably fewer than the number claimed by Armstrong and his lawyers,

    Usada said.

    Sumber: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?pagewanted=all

    Details of Doping Scheme Paint

    Armstrong as Leader

    ByJULIET MACUR

    Published: October 10, 20121335 Comments

    To start what was deemed a new and better doping strategy,Lance Armstrongandtwo of his teammates on the United States Postal Service cycling squad flew on a

    private jet to Valencia, Spain, in June 2000, have blood extracted. In a hotel roomthere, two doctors and the teams manager stood by to see their plan unfold,

    watching the blood of their best riders drip into plastic bags.

    Peter Dejong/Associated Press

    In 2005, Lance Armstrong held up seven fingers to indicate his seventh straightwin in the Tour de France.

    Should Doping Be Allowed?

    It's a constant scandal in cycling, baseball and at the Olympics. Testing doesn't

    eliminate the drugs. Should we just accept them?

    Enlarge This Image

    http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?pagewanted=allhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?pagewanted=allhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?pagewanted=allhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/juliet_macur/index.htmlhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/juliet_macur/index.htmlhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/juliet_macur/index.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?_r=0#commentsContainerhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?_r=0#commentsContainerhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?_r=0#commentsContainerhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/lance_armstrong/index.html?inline=nyt-perhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/lance_armstrong/index.html?inline=nyt-perhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/lance_armstrong/index.html?inline=nyt-perhttp://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/08/07/should-doping-be-allowed-in-sports/?ref=cyclinghttp://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/08/07/should-doping-be-allowed-in-sports/?ref=cyclinghttp://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/11armstrong3.html','11armstrong3_html','width=430,height=630,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/11armstrong3.html','11armstrong3_html','width=430,height=630,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/11armstrong3.html','11armstrong3_html','width=430,height=630,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/08/07/should-doping-be-allowed-in-sports/?ref=cyclinghttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/lance_armstrong/index.html?inline=nyt-perhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?_r=0#commentsContainerhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/juliet_macur/index.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?pagewanted=allhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?pagewanted=all
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    10/35

    Timothy A. Clary/Agence France-PresseGetty Images

    Lance Armstrong at the Clinton Global Initiative in 2010.

    Readers Comments

    Readers shared their thoughts on this article.

    Read All Comments (1335) The next month, during the Tour de France, the cyclists lay on beds with those

    blood bags affixed to the wall. They shivered as the cool blood re-entered theirbodies. The reinfused blood would boost the riders oxygen-carrying capacity andimprove stamina during the second of Armstrongs seven Tour wins.

    The following day, Armstrong extended his overall lead with a swift ascent of theunforgiving and seemingly unending route up Mont Ventoux.

    At a race in Spain that same year, Armstrong told a teammate that he had takentestosterone, a banned substance he called oil. The teammate warned Armstrong

    that drug-testing officials were at the team hotel, prompting Armstrong to drop outof the race to avoid being caught.

    In 2002, Armstrong summoned a teammate to his apartment in Girona, Spain. Hetold his teammate that if he wanted to continue riding for the team he would have

    to follow the doping program outlined by Armstrongs doctor, a known proponentof doping.

    The rider said that the conversation confirmed that Lance called the shots on the

    team, and that what Lance said went.

    Those accounts were revealed Wednesday in hundreds of pages of eyewitnesstestimony from teammates, e-mail correspondence, financial records andlaboratory analyses released by the United States Anti-Doping Agency thequasi-governmental group charged with policing the use of performance-enhancing drugs in Olympic sports.

    During all that time, Armstrong was a hero on two wheels, a cancer survivor whowas making his mark as perhaps the most dominant cyclist in history. But theevidence put forth by the antidoping agency drew a picture of Armstrong as aninfamous cheat, a defiant liar and a bully who pushed others to cheat with him sohe could succeed, or be vanquished.

    The U.S.P.S. Team doping conspiracy was professionally designed to groom and

    pressure athletes to use dangerous drugs, to evade detection, to ensure its secrecyand ultimately gain an unfair competitive advantage through superior doping

    practices, the agency said. A program organized by individuals who thought

    http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?_r=0#commentshttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?_r=0#commentshttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/t/tour_de_france_bicycle_race/index.html?inline=nyt-classifierhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/t/tour_de_france_bicycle_race/index.html?inline=nyt-classifierhttp://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/u/united_states_anti-doping_agency/index.html?inline=nyt-orghttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/u/united_states_anti-doping_agency/index.html?inline=nyt-orghttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/u/united_states_anti-doping_agency/index.html?inline=nyt-orghttp://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/t/tour_de_france_bicycle_race/index.html?inline=nyt-classifierhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?_r=0#comments
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    11/35

    they were above the rules and who still play a major and active role in sporttoday.

    Armstrong, who retired from cycling last year, has repeatedly denied doping. On

    Wednesday, his spokesman said Armstrong had no comment.

    When Armstrong decided in August not to contest the agencys charges that he

    doped, administered doping products and encouraged doping on his Tour-winningteams, he agreed to forgo an arbitration hearing at which the evidence against himwould have been aired, possibly publicly. But that evidence, which the antidopingagency called overwhelming and proof of the most sophisticated sports doping

    program in history, came out anyway.

    Under the World Anti-Doping Code, the antidoping agency was required tosubmit its evidence against Armstrong to the International Cycling Union, which

    has 21 days from the receipt of the case file to appeal the matter to the Court ofArbitration for Sport. Once it makes its decision, the World Anti-Doping Agencyhas 21 days in which to appeal.

    The teammates who submitted sworn affidavitsadmitting their own doping anddetailing Armstrongs involvement in it included some of the best cyclists ofArmstrongs generation: Levi Leipheimer, Tyler Hamilton and George Hincapie,

    one of the most respected American riders in recent history. Other teammates whocame forward with information were Frankie Andreu, Michael Barry, TomDanielson, Floyd Landis, Stephen Swart, Christian Vande Velde, JonathanVaughters and David Zabriskie.

    Their accounts painted an eerie and complete picture of the doping onArmstrongs teams, squads that dominated the sport of cycling for nearly adecade.

    His goal led him to depend on EPO, testosterone and blood transfusions but also,

    more ruthlessly, to expect and to require that his teammates would likewise usedrugs to support his goals if not their own, the agency said in its 202-page report.

    Enlarge This Image

    http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/11/sports/jump-Armstrong.html','jump_Armstrong_html','width=720,height=563,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/11/sports/jump-Armstrong.html','jump_Armstrong_html','width=720,height=563,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/11/sports/jump-Armstrong.html','jump_Armstrong_html','width=720,height=563,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/11/sports/jump-Armstrong.html','jump_Armstrong_html','width=720,height=563,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    12/35

    Joel Saget/Agence France-PresseGetty Images

    Lance Armstrong, left, at a training session in 2010 for his final Tour de France.He placed 23rd in a race won by Alberto Contador, who was stripped of the title.

    Drug use was casual among the top riders, and some shared EPO the bannedblood booster erythropoietinas if borrowing cups of sugar from a neighbor. In2005, Hincapie on two occasions asked Armstrong, Any EPO I could borrow?

    and Armstrong obliged without question. In 2003, Armstrong showed up atHincapies apartment in Spain and had his blood drawn for a future banned blood

    transfusion, Hincapie said, adding that he was aware that Armstrong used bloodtransfusions from 2001 to 2005.

    Kristin Armstrong, Armstrongs former wife, handed out cortisone tablets

    wrapped tightly in foil to the team at the 1998 world championships.

    Riders were given water bottles containing EPO as if they were boxed lunches.Jonathan Vaughters said the bottles were carefully labeled for them: Jonathan5x2 meant five vials of 2,000 international units each of EPO were tucked inside.

    Once when Vaughters was in Armstrongs room borrowing his laptop, Armstrong

    injected himself with EPO and said, now that you are doing EPO too, you cant

    go write a book about it.

    Landis was asked to baby-sit the blood inside the refrigerator of Armstrongsapartment, just to make sure the electricity did not go out and the blood did not

    spoil.

    Zabriskie, a five-time national time-trial champion, recalled serenading JohanBruyneel, the longtime team manager, with a song about EPO, to the tune of JimiHendrixs Purple Haze.

    EPO all in my veins; Lately things just dont seem the same; Actin funny, but I

    dont know why; Scuse me while I pass this guy.

    Tyler Hamilton, another teammate, said Armstrong squirted a mixture oftestosterone and olive oil into Hamiltons mouth after one stage of the 1999 Tour.

    At the same time the drug use was nonchalant, it was also carefully orchestratedby Armstrong, team management and team staff, the antidoping agency said.

    Mr. Armstrong did not act alone, the agency said in its report. He acted with

    the help of a small army of enablers, including doping doctors, drug smugglers,and others within and outside the sport and on his team.

    Armstrong relied on the Italian doctor Michele Ferrari for training and dopingplans, several riders said. Armstrong continued to use Ferrari even after hepublicly claimed in 2004 and testified under oath in an insurance claims casethat he had severed all business ties with Ferrari.

  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    13/35

    The antidoping agency noted that Armstrong had sent payments of more than $1million to Ferrari from 1996 through 2006, based on financial documentsdiscovered in an Italian doping investigation.

    Ferrari was a master at reducing the riders chances of testing positive, severalcyclists said, so much so that Hincapie said he was not fearful he would test

    positive at the 2000 Tour because of Ferraris tricks.

    As an example of the extreme care the team would take to avoid positive tests, thedoctor suggested that the riders inject EPO directly into their veins instead ofunder their skin, which would lessen the possibility that the drug would be pickedup by tests. He pushed the use of hypoxic chambers, which he said also reducedthe effectiveness of the EPO test.

    Bruyneel, Armstrongs longtime team manager, and team doctors played a key

    role in the doping scheme. They would often indoctrinate young riders into thedoping program, the riders said.

    In his affidavit, Vande Velde recalled Bruyneel took over as the team directorafter the 1998 season and brought in the new team doctor, Luis Garcia del Moral,who was fond of giving riders injections.

    He would run into the room and you would quickly find a needle in your arm,

    Vande Velde said, adding that when he would ask questions about the treatment,del Moral would say things like I was bloated or blocked and needed

    vitamins. Vande Velde added that whatever he injected was always describedas vitamins.

    In 1999, del Moral offered Vande Velde testosterone, and Vande Veldeknowingly doped for the first time, using testosterone mixed in olive oil. Thecyclist then discussed the program with Bruyneel because he was nervous about it.He said not to worry if I felt bad at first, that I would feel good at the end,

    Vande Velde said.

    Eventually, Armstrong confronted Vande Velde for not closely followingFerraris training program. Armstrong said his good standing on the team would

    be jeopardized, Vande Velde said. Feeling threatened, Vande Velde stepped uphis drug use.

    Zabriskie was also anxious about using drugs and asked Bruyneel how safe it wasto use them.

    He barraged him with questions: Would he be able to have children? Would itcause any physical changes? Would he grow larger ears? Bruyneels response:

    Everyone is doing it.

    The teams doctors came up with fake maladies so that riders could receive an

    exemption to use drugs like cortisone, several riders said. When Armstrong tested

  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    14/35

    positive for cortisone during the 1999 Tour, Armstrong produced a backdatedprescription for it, for saddle sores. Hamilton said he knew that was a lie.

    Riders said they felt that they needed to dope to stay at the top of the sport and

    stay on the team. Armstrong was instrumental in the hiring and firing of teampersonnel and pressured riders to stay on a doping program, the antidoping agencysaid.

    The evidence made clear, the agency said, that Armstrongs drug use was

    extensive, and that he also was the linchpin holding the teams doping programtogether. It said that is why it barred him from Olympic sports for life and strippedhim of his record seven Tour victories.

    It was not enough that his teammates give maximum effort on the bike, he alsorequired that they adhere to the doping program outlined for them or be replaced,

    the antidoping agency said in its report. He was not just a part of the dopingculture on his team, he enforced and reinforced it.

    Sumber: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?pagewanted=3&_r=0

    Why Evolution Is True

    Pharoahs snake in a vivarium

    The Argument from Tabbies

    Lance Armstrong masterminds blood-doping scheme

    At one time Lance Armstrong was my hero. Having beaten testicular cancer thatmetastasized to his brain, he came back to win the Tour de France seven times.What an inspiring story!

    And now its fallen apart. As most of us know from extensive reports in The NewYork Times and other places (seehereandhere, for instance), Armstrong was themastermind of a scheme of illegal blood-doping and drug use (includingtestosterone), forcing his teammates to participate as well. The U.S. Anti-Dopingagency has released 1000 pages of evidence and testimony against Armstrong,andthe CEO of that Agency released a statement that includes the following:

    The evidence of the US Postal Service Pro Cycling Team-run scheme isoverwhelming and is in excess of 1000 pages, and includes sworn testimony from26 people, including 15 riders with knowledge of the US Postal Service Team(USPS Team) and its participants doping activities. The evidence also includes

    direct documentary evidence including financial payments, emails, scientific data

    http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?pagewanted=3&_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?pagewanted=3&_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?pagewanted=3&_r=0http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/10/11/pharoahs-snake-in-a-vivarium/http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/10/11/pharoahs-snake-in-a-vivarium/http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/10/11/pharoahs-snake-in-a-vivarium/http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/10/11/pharoahs-snake-in-a-vivarium/http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/10/11/the-argument-from-tabbies/http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/10/11/the-argument-from-tabbies/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?hp&gwh=02822F5943D075598E71D3BF71870354http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?hp&gwh=02822F5943D075598E71D3BF71870354http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?hp&gwh=02822F5943D075598E71D3BF71870354http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/sports/cycling/lance-armstrong-ends-fight-against-doping-charges-losing-his-7-tour-de-france-titles.html?pagewanted=all&gwh=6EF1AE9105E31AD2E955861CD14ED321http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/sports/cycling/lance-armstrong-ends-fight-against-doping-charges-losing-his-7-tour-de-france-titles.html?pagewanted=all&gwh=6EF1AE9105E31AD2E955861CD14ED321http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/sports/cycling/lance-armstrong-ends-fight-against-doping-charges-losing-his-7-tour-de-france-titles.html?pagewanted=all&gwh=6EF1AE9105E31AD2E955861CD14ED321http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/sports/cycling/lance-armstrong-ends-fight-against-doping-charges-losing-his-7-tour-de-france-titles.html?pagewanted=all&gwh=6EF1AE9105E31AD2E955861CD14ED321http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?hp&gwh=02822F5943D075598E71D3BF71870354http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/10/11/the-argument-from-tabbies/http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/10/11/pharoahs-snake-in-a-vivarium/http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?pagewanted=3&_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/sports/cycling/agency-details-doping-case-against-lance-armstrong.html?pagewanted=3&_r=0
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    15/35

    and laboratory test results that further prove the use, possession and distribution ofperformance enhancing drugs by Lance Armstrong and confirm the disappointingtruth about the deceptive activities of the USPS Team, a team that received tens ofmillions of American taxpayer dollars in funding.

    Together these different categories of eyewitness, documentary, first-hand,scientific, direct and circumstantial evidence reveal conclusive and undeniable

    proof that brings to the light of day for the first time this systemic, sustained andhighly professionalized team-run doping conspiracy. All of the material will bemade available later this afternoon on the USADA website at www.usada.org.

    The New York Times quotes the USADA report:

    [Armstrong's] goal led him to depend on EPO, testosterone and blood transfusionsbut also, more ruthlessly, to expect and to require that his teammates would

    likewise use drugs to support his goals if not their own, the agency said in its202-page report. . .

    At the same time the drug use was nonchalant, it was also carefully orchestratedby Armstrong, team management and team staff, the antidoping agency said.

    Mr. Armstrong did not act alone, the agencysaid in its report. He acted withthe help of a small army of enablers, including doping doctors, drug smugglers,and others within and outside the sport and on his team.

    TheNYTgives a lot of gory details, which include the following:

    Kristin Armstrong, Armstrongs former wife, handed out cortisone tabletswrapped tightly in foil to the team at the 1998 world championships.

    Riders were given water bottles containing EPO [the blood booster erythropoietin]as if they were boxed lunches. Jonathan Vaughters said the bottles were carefullylabeled for them: Jonathan 52 meant five vials of 2,000 international unitseach of EPO were tucked inside. Once when Vaughters was in Armstrongs room

    borrowing his laptop, Armstrong injected himself with EPO and said, now that

    you are doing EPO too, you cant go write a book about it.

    And last night theNYTpublisheda piece about how Armstrong managed to avoidgetting caught, including getting tipped off about impending drug testing andusing saline infusions to dilute the drugs he took.

    Theres no Schadenfreude here, as there would be with people who, after a time inthe public eye, have fallen low without having achieved anything (Paris Hiltonand the Kardashians come to mind). Armstrong did work hard, and wasimmensely dedicated. Its a pity that his dedication led him to the conclusion that

    any means justified his winning the Tour de France.

    http://www.rise.duke.edu/phr150/Performance/howitworks.htmlhttp://www.rise.duke.edu/phr150/Performance/howitworks.htmlhttp://www.rise.duke.edu/phr150/Performance/howitworks.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?hp&gwh=9C7561F9615D6412A7D4F124F93311FBhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?hp&gwh=9C7561F9615D6412A7D4F124F93311FBhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?hp&gwh=9C7561F9615D6412A7D4F124F93311FBhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?hp&gwh=9C7561F9615D6412A7D4F124F93311FBhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?hp&gwh=9C7561F9615D6412A7D4F124F93311FBhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/sports/cycling/how-lance-armstrong-beat-cyclings-drug-tests.html?hp&gwh=9C7561F9615D6412A7D4F124F93311FBhttp://www.rise.duke.edu/phr150/Performance/howitworks.html
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    16/35

    Whats immensely sadder is that Armstrong, despite all the evidence, st ill refusesto admit guilt. Hes forever disgraced, and has been stripped of his Tour de France

    titles and Olympic gold medal. Unaccountably, criminal charges against him havenot proceeded, despite his actions having violated several U.S. laws.

    Illegal performance-enhancing use of drugs is pervasive in professional sports,especially in America. Football players take them, baseball players take them, andeven racehorses are injected with them. It hasnt been a level playing field for along time, and drug use spurs on arms races in sports in which one must goalong to remain competitive.

    The 1000-page report on Armstrongs illegal activities has now been put up, alongwith supporting materials. Gohereto see it if you have the stomach.

    Sumber:http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/10/11/lance-

    armstrong-masterminds-blood-doping-scheme/

    Blood Doping: Here are the answers

    for Ron Corning (and the rest of you)

    Byjane sadler

    [email protected]

    1:01 pm on October 19, 2012 | Permalink

    The blood doping scandal involving famous Tour deFrance cyclist Lance Armstrong has become front page news in the last fewweeks. There is a lot of confusion circulating (Sorry. Doctor humor) around the

    topic of blood doping. In fact, the other day, I heard the morning news anchor,Ron Corning ask: What is blood doping?

    Well, Ron Corning is not the only person confused about the subject of blooddoping. Many other people are understandably confused about the athleticadvantage of blood doping and the charges linked to Lance Armstrong.

    First, I will let you know that I continue to admire Lance Armstrong for his fight

    against testicular cancer and the wonderful contributions Livestrong Foundation

    http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/10/11/lance-armstrong-masterminds-blood-doping-scheme/http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/10/11/lance-armstrong-masterminds-blood-doping-scheme/http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/10/11/lance-armstrong-masterminds-blood-doping-scheme/http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/10/11/lance-armstrong-masterminds-blood-doping-scheme/http://healthblog.dallasnews.com/author/jsadler/http://healthblog.dallasnews.com/author/jsadler/http://healthblog.dallasnews.com/author/jsadler/mailto:%[email protected]%22mailto:%[email protected]%22http://healthblog.dallasnews.com/2012/10/blood-doping-here-are-the-answers-for-ron-corning-and-the-rest-of-you.html/http://healthblog.dallasnews.com/2012/10/blood-doping-here-are-the-answers-for-ron-corning-and-the-rest-of-you.html/http://healthblog.dallasnews.com/2012/10/blood-doping-here-are-the-answers-for-ron-corning-and-the-rest-of-you.html/http://healthblog.dallasnews.com/2012/10/blood-doping-here-are-the-answers-for-ron-corning-and-the-rest-of-you.html/http://healthblog.dallasnews.com/2012/10/blood-doping-here-are-the-answers-for-ron-corning-and-the-rest-of-you.html/jane-picture-17/http://healthblog.dallasnews.com/2012/10/blood-doping-here-are-the-answers-for-ron-corning-and-the-rest-of-you.html/http://healthblog.dallasnews.com/2012/10/blood-doping-here-are-the-answers-for-ron-corning-and-the-rest-of-you.html/mailto:%[email protected]%22http://healthblog.dallasnews.com/author/jsadler/http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/10/11/lance-armstrong-masterminds-blood-doping-scheme/http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/10/11/lance-armstrong-masterminds-blood-doping-scheme/http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    17/35

    (his non-profit organization) has made towards cancer research. In the past fewyears, total contributions have exceeded several hundred million dollars towardsfighting cancer. The Livestrong Foundation web site is also a great health sourcefor all individuals.

    Back to work:

    In general terms, blood doping is illegally improving athletic performance byincreasing the bloods ability to deliver more oxygen to muscles. Blood carriesoxygen to the rest of the body. With more blood, comes more oxygen. Moreoxygen delivered to the muscles including the heart, improves physical

    performance.

    Blood doping can take place with blood transfusionsthru the athletes own bloodor the use of someone elses blood (with the same blood type). Blood

    transfusions increase the bodys ability to improve energy because there is moreavailable oxygen to the muscles.

    EPO injections (erythropoietin) can also increase red blood cell production and isanother form of blood doping. EPO is a hormone produced by the kidneys and isused in medicine to treat patient with anemia related to severe kidney disease. Byusing EPO, athletes can produce larger than normal amounts of red blood cells.

    Newer techniques of blood doping involve chemicals that have the ability toincrease the bodys ability to carry oxygen. These synthetic oxygen carriers aregenerally used in emergencies if human blood is not available or if there is notenough time to find the perfect blood type match when someone has sufferedsignificant blood loss.

    Unfortunately, no test exists for blood transfusions other than a particular test thatcan compare differences in blood cell profiles at testing time to previous eventtimes. In other words, similar levels of red blood cells at different test timesensure there is not too much of a variation. Stable blood profiles can be reassuringthat no blood doping took place (but are not exact).

    Testing for EPO and synthetic oxygen carriers can be performed, but

    unfortunately, these chemicals quickly leaves the body, so false negatives arepossible.

    Natural increases in red blood cells can occur when training at high altitudes butphysical efforts are limited in high altitudes and training benefits are notconsistent.

    There are dangers involved with blood doping that all athletes should be aware.

    Because the blood is thicker (there is more of it in the vessels), the dopingindividual is at risk for heart attack, stroke and blood clots. In fact, an estimated

  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    18/35

    20 European cyclists may have died as a result of blood doping over a recent 4year period (Sports Med2007).

    Many years ago, when Lance was suffering from testicular cancer, one of my

    patients had shared a space in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with him. Lance wason life support at the time and my patient was informed that Lance was not going

    to live to leave the hospital. What a miracle that Lance survived and whatsteadfast determination he had in order to return to cycling competition; but, whatdesperationthere must be to feel you must abuse your body with unnaturaladditives in order to gain unfair physical advantage.

    Sumber: http://healthblog.dallasnews.com/2012/10/blood-doping-here-are-the-answers-for-ron-corning-and-the-rest-of-you.html/

    Expert: Lance Armstrong's BloodData Shows Signs of Doping

    The readings show that during the race, LanceArmstrongs body

    produced fewer young blood cells than would be expected.

    ByLance WilliamsandMatt Smith

    | Monday, Oct 8, 2012 | Updated 6:25 AM PST

    AP

    ADVANCE FOR WEEKEND EDITIONS, JUNE 25-26 - FILE - This July 26,2009, file photo shows Tour de France winner Alberto Contador, of Spain, andthird-placed overall American seven-time Tour de France winner LanceArmstrong, right, react on the podium after the 21st stage of the Tour de Francecycling race, in Paris, France. When Armstrong came out of retirement to returnto the Tour de France, organizers called the seven-time champion's decision anembarrassment for the race. Contador's decision to defend his title in the gruelingthree-week event despite the doping case that hangs over him could become aneven bigger embarrassment for the cycling world. (AP Photo/Christophe Ena,File)

    advertiseme

    Cyclist Lance Armstrongs recent fall from grace has been portrayed in books andnews accounts as a thriller featuring teammate betrayals, motorcycle drug couriersand secret blood transfusions.

    http://healthblog.dallasnews.com/2012/10/blood-doping-here-are-the-answers-for-ron-corning-and-the-rest-of-you.html/http://healthblog.dallasnews.com/2012/10/blood-doping-here-are-the-answers-for-ron-corning-and-the-rest-of-you.html/http://healthblog.dallasnews.com/2012/10/blood-doping-here-are-the-answers-for-ron-corning-and-the-rest-of-you.html/http://www.nbcbayarea.com/results/?keywords=%22Lance+Williams%22&byline=y&sort=datehttp://www.nbcbayarea.com/results/?keywords=%22Lance+Williams%22&byline=y&sort=datehttp://www.nbcbayarea.com/results/?keywords=%22Lance+Williams%22&byline=y&sort=datehttp://www.nbcbayarea.com/results/?keywords=%22Matt+Smith%22&byline=y&sort=datehttp://www.nbcbayarea.com/results/?keywords=%22Matt+Smith%22&byline=y&sort=datehttp://www.nbcbayarea.com/results/?keywords=%22Matt+Smith%22&byline=y&sort=datehttp://www.nbcbayarea.com/results/?keywords=%22Matt+Smith%22&byline=y&sort=datehttp://www.nbcbayarea.com/results/?keywords=%22Lance+Williams%22&byline=y&sort=datehttp://healthblog.dallasnews.com/2012/10/blood-doping-here-are-the-answers-for-ron-corning-and-the-rest-of-you.html/http://healthblog.dallasnews.com/2012/10/blood-doping-here-are-the-answers-for-ron-corning-and-the-rest-of-you.html/
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    19/35

  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    20/35

    The absence of a natural decline in blood concentration during a three -week raceis also consistent with blood doping, Ashenden said.

    In February, the U.S. attorneys office in Los Angeles halted a 20-month

    investigation into allegations that Armstrong had used drugs to win the Tour deFrance.

    Anti-doping agency chief Travis Tygart pledged to pick up where the JusticeDepartment left off. The nonprofit agency later released allegations thatArmstrong led a doping conspiracy involving team riders and staff. The result: arecommended lifetime ban and nullification of seven Tour de France titles.

    The anti-doping agency is expected to produce a dossier by this week. Already,accounts such as former Armstrong teammate Tyler Hamiltons recent book, TheSecret Race: Inside the Hidden World of the Tour de France , have spurred

    speculation about the contents of the dossier.

    Hamilton described a painstakingly secretive doping program that included amotorcycle drug courier and clandestine transfusions.

    But in his careers twilight, Armstrong might not have been careful enough.

    Allowing testers to collect telltale signs of blood transfusions fails the so-calleddoping IQ test, Ashenden said.

    In a follow-up email, Fabiani, Armstrongs lawyer, contended that Ashenden wasfatally biased because he had been an expert witness for a Texas sports

    promoter embroiled in a multi-million dollar dispute with the cyclist.

    SCA Promotions had sought to avoid paying Armstrong a $5 million bonus for his2004 Tour de France win, arguing that the cyclist violated his contract by using

    banned drugs. Ashenden testified he believed that Armstrong had used EPO.An arbitrator ruled in Armstrongs favor. The company paid Armstrong themoney, plus $2.5 million legal fees in 2007, but it may seek repayment in light ofUSADAs recent findings, the New York Daily News has reported.

    View this story onCalifornia Watch

    This story was produced by California Watch, a part of the nonprofit Center for

    Investigative Reporting. Learn more atwww.californiawatch.org.

    Sumber:http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Armstrong_s_blood_data_shows_sig

    ns_of_doping__expert_says-173071991.html

    http://www.amazon.com/The-Secret-Race-Cover-ups-Winning/dp/0345530411http://www.amazon.com/The-Secret-Race-Cover-ups-Winning/dp/0345530411http://www.amazon.com/The-Secret-Race-Cover-ups-Winning/dp/0345530411http://www.amazon.com/The-Secret-Race-Cover-ups-Winning/dp/0345530411http://californiawatch.org/dailyreport/armstrongs-blood-data-shows-signs-doping-expert-says-18322http://californiawatch.org/dailyreport/armstrongs-blood-data-shows-signs-doping-expert-says-18322http://californiawatch.org/dailyreport/armstrongs-blood-data-shows-signs-doping-expert-says-18322http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/www.californiawatch.orghttp://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/www.californiawatch.orghttp://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/www.californiawatch.orghttp://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Armstrong_s_blood_data_shows_signs_of_doping__expert_says-173071991.htmlhttp://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Armstrong_s_blood_data_shows_signs_of_doping__expert_says-173071991.htmlhttp://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Armstrong_s_blood_data_shows_signs_of_doping__expert_says-173071991.htmlhttp://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Armstrong_s_blood_data_shows_signs_of_doping__expert_says-173071991.htmlhttp://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Armstrong_s_blood_data_shows_signs_of_doping__expert_says-173071991.htmlhttp://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/www.californiawatch.orghttp://californiawatch.org/dailyreport/armstrongs-blood-data-shows-signs-doping-expert-says-18322http://www.amazon.com/The-Secret-Race-Cover-ups-Winning/dp/0345530411http://www.amazon.com/The-Secret-Race-Cover-ups-Winning/dp/0345530411
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    21/35

    Tricks of the trade: How athletes

    blood dope

    The science and history of an illicit process

    By Daniel Schwartz,CBC News

    Posted: Aug 24, 2012 6:35 PM ET

    Last Updated: Aug 25, 2012 9:02 AM ET

    Read 146 comments146

    Related Stories

    The life and times of Lance Armstrong

    Columnists, fans divided after Lance Armstrong drops drug defence

    Lance Armstrong doping charges have 'substance': WADA

    External Li nks

    World Anti-doping Agency: Questions & answers on blood doping

    Science and Industry Against Blood Doping: What is blood doping?

    (Note:CBC does not endorse and is not responsible for the content of external

    links.)

    More Lance Armstrong

    IOC opens probe into Lance Armstrong's Olympic medal

    UCI bans Armstrong from cycling for life

    Armstrong out as Livestrong chairman

    Nike dumps Armstrong 'with great sadness'

    Armstrong stripped of Tour de France titles by USADA

    Laying claim to Armstrong's Tour de France titles

    UCI demands details in Armstrong case

    Armstrong doping charges have 'substance': WADA

    TIMELINE: Lance Armstrong

    TRADE SECRETS: How athletes blood dope

    http://www.cbc.ca/news/credit.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/credit.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/credit.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2012/08/24/f-blood-doping.html#socialcommentshttp://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2012/08/24/f-blood-doping.html#socialcommentshttp://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/08/24/f-lance-armstrong-timeline.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/08/24/f-lance-armstrong-timeline.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/yourcommunity/2012/08/columnists-fans-divided-after-lance-armstrong-drops-drug-defence.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/yourcommunity/2012/08/columnists-fans-divided-after-lance-armstrong-drops-drug-defence.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/08/24/sp-usada-cycling-lance-armstrong-wada-reax.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/08/24/sp-usada-cycling-lance-armstrong-wada-reax.htmlhttp://www.wada-ama.org/en/Resources/Q-and-A/Blood-Doping/http://www.wada-ama.org/en/Resources/Q-and-A/Blood-Doping/http://siab.org.au/what-is-blood-doping/what-is-blood-doping.phphttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/11/01/sp-ioc-uci-usada-cycling-olympics-lance-armstrong.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/11/01/sp-ioc-uci-usada-cycling-olympics-lance-armstrong.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/10/22/lance-armstrong-doping-titles-decision.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/10/17/sp-uci-usada-cycling-livestrong-lance-armstrong.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/10/17/sp-uci-usada-cycling-livestrong-lance-armstrong.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/10/17/sp-uci-usada-cycling-nike-lance-armstrong.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/10/17/sp-uci-usada-cycling-nike-lance-armstrong.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/08/24/sp-usada-cycling-lance-armstrong.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/08/24/sp-usada-cycling-lance-armstrong.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/08/24/sp-uci-cycling-lance-armstrong-tour-de-france.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/08/24/sp-uci-cycling-lance-armstrong-tour-de-france.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/08/24/sp-usada-cycling-lance-armstrong-uci-reax.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/08/24/sp-usada-cycling-lance-armstrong-wada-reax.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2012/08/24/f-lance-armstrong-timeline.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2012/08/24/f-lance-armstrong-timeline.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2012/08/24/f-blood-doping.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2012/08/24/f-blood-doping.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2012/08/24/f-blood-doping.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2012/08/24/f-lance-armstrong-timeline.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/08/24/sp-usada-cycling-lance-armstrong-wada-reax.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/08/24/sp-usada-cycling-lance-armstrong-uci-reax.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/08/24/sp-uci-cycling-lance-armstrong-tour-de-france.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/08/24/sp-usada-cycling-lance-armstrong.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/10/17/sp-uci-usada-cycling-nike-lance-armstrong.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/10/17/sp-uci-usada-cycling-livestrong-lance-armstrong.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/10/22/lance-armstrong-doping-titles-decision.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/11/01/sp-ioc-uci-usada-cycling-olympics-lance-armstrong.htmlhttp://siab.org.au/what-is-blood-doping/what-is-blood-doping.phphttp://www.wada-ama.org/en/Resources/Q-and-A/Blood-Doping/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/08/24/sp-usada-cycling-lance-armstrong-wada-reax.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/yourcommunity/2012/08/columnists-fans-divided-after-lance-armstrong-drops-drug-defence.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/08/24/f-lance-armstrong-timeline.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2012/08/24/f-blood-doping.html#socialcommentshttp://www.cbc.ca/news/credit.html
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    22/35

    Run, Swim, Throw, Cheat-qq5-Jun 23, 201216:43

    Blood doping the illicit process of increasing the amount of oxygen in thebloodstream to enhance athletic performancehas a decades-long history in theathletic world but the methods for using it to cheat have changed over the years.

    The issue was in the news Friday after the United States Anti-Doping Agency(USADA) banned cyclist Lance Armstrong for life and requested that he bestripped of his seven Tour de France titles. The USADA's decision came afterArmstrong dropped his challenges to their allegations that he took performance-enhancing drugs and engaged in blood doping.

    The science about blood doping is pretty straight-forward. The body uses more

    oxygen during exercise, perhaps 20 times the rate, during intense exercisecompared to when at rest.

    Blood moves oxygen from the lungs to the muscles. Since oxygen doesn't dissolvereadily in blood, it is carried by a protein called hemoglobin inside red blood cells.

    The purpose of blood doping is to increase the quantity of hemoglobin, whichcarries the energy-fueling oxygen, into the athlete's bloodstream.

    Blood doping began in the 1970s

    Christiane Ayotte talks about the

    anti-doping lab set up at the Olympic Oval in Richmond, B.C. Oct. 21, 2009. The

    state-of-the-art lab was set up for the 2010 Olympic Winter Games. (Andy

    Clark/Reuters)

    A takeaway from the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, 2,240 metres abovesea level, was that increasing the number of red blood cells would enhanceathletic performance. Training at higher altitudes will boost the red blood cellcount but hardly by Olympian amounts.

    A few years after the Mexico Games, and through the 1970s and 1980s athletes

    used transfusions to blood dope.

    http://www.cbc.ca/player/Shows/ID/2249182347/http://www.cbc.ca/player/Shows/ID/2249182347/http://www.cbc.ca/player/Shows/ID/2249182347/http://www.cbc.ca/player/Shows/ID/2249182347/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/08/24/sp-usada-cycling-lance-armstrong.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/08/24/sp-usada-cycling-lance-armstrong.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/08/24/sp-usada-cycling-lance-armstrong.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/player/Shows/ID/2249182347/http://www.cbc.ca/player/Shows/ID/2249182347/
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    23/35

    That method wasn't banned until 1986, after the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics,where the U.S. cycling team boasted about their use of transfusions.

    There are two methods of using transfusions for blood doping, plus other methods

    that use substitutes and hormones.

    For transfusions, there's the standard method, using blood from someone of thesame blood type. The hemoglobin in the transfused blood increases the amount ofhemoglobin in the recipient's bloodstream. That's called homologous transfusion.

    Another method used by athletes is transfusing their own blood, which is calledautologous transfusion. Hospital patients awaiting elective surgery sometimeschoose this method to avoid infections and blood type match errors.

    Difficulties in detection

    Athletes have their own blood withdrawn, preferably when their hemoglobin levelis high, stores and then re-infused before a competition. The athlete's blood couldalso be run through a centrifuge to isolate red blood cells from blood plasma.

    Russia's Viatcheslav Ekimov holds

    his silver medal, left, with gold medalist Tyler Hamilton, right, of the U.S., on the

    podium after the men's road individual time trial of the 2004 Olympic Games in

    Athens. The IOC stripped the medal from Hamilton in August and gave it to

    Ekimov. (Laurent Rebours/Associated Press)

    In 2006, Spanish police raided a cycling team doctor's office in Madrid anddiscovered 99 bags of athletes' blood allegedly being stored for later transfusion.

    American cyclist Tyler Hamilton, an Armstrong teammate was investigated by theIOC during the 2004 Athens Games, after his initial doping sample indicated hehad tested positive for a blood transfusion but the case was dropped after his

    backup "B" sample was mistakenly frozen and couldn't be properly tested.

    TheIOC stripped him of the medalin August.

    http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2012/08/09/olympics-cyclist-tyler-hamilton-doping.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2012/08/09/olympics-cyclist-tyler-hamilton-doping.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2012/08/09/olympics-cyclist-tyler-hamilton-doping.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2012/08/09/olympics-cyclist-tyler-hamilton-doping.html
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    24/35

    It took 20 years until a successful test was developed in 2004 for homologoustransfusions, which involves using another person's blood, but experts are stillconfounded by the use of an athlete's own blood.

    "No test exists to detect when an athlete has used autologous blood transfusion,"according to Dr. Michael Ashenden, one of the world's top blood doping expertswho played a key role in the Armstrong blood doping case.

    EPO becomes favored method

    On Aug. 24, cycling icon Lance

    Armstrong was stripped of his seven Tour de France wins by the United States

    Anti-Doping Agency. (Mike Hutchings/Reuters)

    In the 1990s blood transfusions took a back seat as cheating athletes turned to anew method of blood doping. A genetically-engineered hormone that could

    stimulate bone marrow to produce more red blood cells was for sale.

    The kidneys naturally produce a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO) to do that.In the 1980s, scientists figured out how to engineer the hormone. By 2002,according to a New York Times story, EPO had become "the best-sellinggenetically engineered drug ever, and one of the largest-selling drugs of any kindin the world."

    EPO's primary medical use is for patients with anemia. It's standard for patients ondialysis to take EPO.

    "Athletes quickly realized that EPO injections were a quicker, neater and moreconvenient means to blood dope than either homologous or autologoustransfusions," wrote Ashenden, who heads the Australia-based researchconsortium Science and Industry Against Blood Doping.

    "EPO tipped the sporting world upside down so that cynical doctors and druggurus, rather than talent and training, came to dominate results," Ashenden added.

  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    25/35

    Italian Alex Schwazer, a gold

    medalist at the Beijing Olympics, tested positive for EPO at the London Olympics.

    Schwazer cools himself during the 50 km race walk at the 2007 world

    championships in Japan.(David Guttenfelder/Associated Press)

    Not until the Sydney Olympics in 2000 did officials have a method to detectathletes using the engineered hormone EPO to cheat.

    Italy's Alex Schwazer, a race walking gold medalist in 2008, was kicked off theteam at the 2012 Olympics after testing positive for EPO.

    Another method of blood doping is using blood substitutes, called hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) and Perfluorocarbons.

    HBOCs were developed for use in emergencies or on the battlefield when blood is

    not available for transfusion, or testing for blood type is not an option.

    The World Anti-Doping Agency implemented a test for synthetic oxygen in 2004.

    Sumber: http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2012/08/24/f-blood-doping.html

    http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2012/08/06/sp-olympics-judo-nicholas-delpopolo-expelled.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2012/08/06/sp-olympics-judo-nicholas-delpopolo-expelled.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2012/08/24/f-blood-doping.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2012/08/24/f-blood-doping.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2012/08/24/f-blood-doping.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2012/08/24/f-blood-doping.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2012/08/24/f-blood-doping.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2012/08/06/sp-olympics-judo-nicholas-delpopolo-expelled.html
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    26/35

    Body Work: The science of blood

    doping

    Red blood cells carry oxygen through the bloodstream, so increasing

    their numbers ups the amount of oxygen delivered to the muscles.

    BY STEPHEN PRESCOTT AND ADAM COHEN | Published: October 23, 2012

    Adam's journal

    Earlier this month, the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency released a report laying outevidence that Lance Armstrong was at the center of a sophisticated cheating ringthat helped him win seven Tour de France cycling titles.

    Blood doping refers to any illicit method of boosting the levels of red blood cells

    in an athlete's bloodstream. Top cyclists have been accused of blood doping in the

    past and again recently. Thinkstock photo. Photos.com

    Armstrong was cast out Monday by his sport, formally stripped of his seven titlesand banned for life for his involvement.

    According to the report, the key to this performance-enhancing conspiracy wasblood doping. This is a term that the media throws around a lot, but what does itactually mean? How does it help enhance athletes' performances? And is itdangerous?

    Dr. Prescott prescribes

    Blood doping refers to any illicit method of boosting the levels of red blood

    cells in an athlete's bloodstream. This process allows muscles to work more

    http://newsok.com/photo/pid/1863898
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    27/35

    efficiently, giving dopers an advantage over non-doping competitors, but it carriescardiovascular health risks.

    Red blood cells carry oxygen through the bloodstream, so increasing their

    numbers ups the amount of oxygen delivered to the muscles. This results in lessfatigue and more efficient performances, particularly in endurance events such aslong-distance running and cycling.

    Endurance athletes can naturally boost their bodies' red blood cell counts bytraining at high altitude. The lower air pressure and diminished oxygen content ofthe air cause the body to generate extra red blood cells, bumping up the hematocrit(the percentage of blood composed of red blood cells) up a few percentage points.Athletes, though, can get a bigger boost through two other prohibited methods,

    both of which Armstrong purportedly used.

    Injections with erythropoietin (EPO), a naturally occurring hormone that biotechcompanies have made in large amounts for treatment of anemia in cancer andAIDS, stimulate the body to produce more red blood cells. The body metabolizesthe hormone in four days, making it difficult to detect via testing. But thehormones' performance-boosting effects last for weeks.

    Transfusions with a person's own blood can also bump up red blood cell counts.Using this approach, athletes draw and store their own blood during training, thenre-inject red blood cells taken from the blood (they can be separated out using acentrifuge) before the competition. In the interim, the body has produced more red

    blood cells, so that the re-injected red cells create a higher volume of these oxygencarriers.

    Other than looking for unnaturally high hematocrit, there currently is no acceptedtest to detect for transfusions with an athlete's own blood. But other circumstantialevidence such as the presence in blood of plastic additives found in I.V. bags

    has helped authorities sniff out this method of blood doping in the past.

    The effects of blood doping are short-lived; when the body senses the unnaturallevels of red cells in the blood, it attempts to return things to normal by notreplacing the extra cells as they die. So that means that athletes who want to

    maintain the benefits of doping will engage in repeated cycles.

    Ethics aside, doping carries health risks. The hard work of pushing unnaturallythickened blood through the veins increases the probability of cardiovascularevents such as strokes or heart attacks, as well as kidney damage. Althoughdoping may cut a few minutes from athletes' race times, it can also cut years fromtheir lives.

    Prescott, a physician and medical researcher, is president of the OklahomaMedical Research Foundation. Cohen is a marathoner and OMRF's senior vice

    president and general counsel.

  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    28/35

    Sumber: http://newsok.com/body-work-the-science-of-blood-

    doping/article/3721402

    Here's The 'Insurmountable Evidence'That Made Nike Cut Ties With Lance

    Armstrong

    Tony Manfred| Oct. 17, 2012, 8:59 AM | 17,134 |13

    Spencer Platt/Getty Images

    Nikehassevered ties with Lance Armstronga week after the USADA releasedadamning report alleging that he doped his way through seven Tour de France

    victories.

    The report called the doping operationwhich involved blood doping, EPO use,and testosterone use the most sophisticated in the history of the sport. Inaddition, it painted Armstrong as the driving force behind the program.

    Nike is typically loyal to its athletes, but it called this USADA evidence"seemingly insurmountable" in a statement this morning.

    Below is a year-by-year breakdown of the USADA's report against Armstrong.Along with general doping allegations, the witnesses in the report allege thatArmstrong lied his way out of a failed test at the 1999 Tour de France, pressuredhis teammate to engage in more intense blood doping in 2002, and had a long-standing relationship with an Italian doctor who has since been banned from thesport for life.

    1998

    The report starts with a 1998 race in Spain where Armstrong's teammate JonathanVaughters alleges that Armstrong injected himself with EPO (a type ofperformance-enhancing drug) in front of him and was open about his performanceenhancing drug use.

    In all, seven witnesses testified about performance-enhancing drug use onArmstrong's US Postal Service team, including four riders and a team employeeadmitting to using EPO, testosterone, human growth hormone and cortisone.

    1999

    http://newsok.com/body-work-the-science-of-blood-doping/article/3721402http://newsok.com/body-work-the-science-of-blood-doping/article/3721402http://newsok.com/body-work-the-science-of-blood-doping/article/3721402http://www.businessinsider.com/author/tony-manfredhttp://www.businessinsider.com/author/tony-manfredhttp://www.businessinsider.com/nike-fired-lance-armstrong-evidence-2012-10#commentshttp://www.businessinsider.com/nike-fired-lance-armstrong-evidence-2012-10#commentshttp://www.businessinsider.com/nike-fired-lance-armstrong-evidence-2012-10#commentshttp://www.businessinsider.com/blackboard/nikehttp://www.businessinsider.com/blackboard/nikehttp://www.businessinsider.com/nike-ends-contract-with-lance-armstrong-2012-10http://www.businessinsider.com/nike-ends-contract-with-lance-armstrong-2012-10http://www.businessinsider.com/nike-ends-contract-with-lance-armstrong-2012-10http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest/533828/usada-issues-lifetime-bans-to-del-moral-ferrari-and-marti.htmlhttp://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest/533828/usada-issues-lifetime-bans-to-del-moral-ferrari-and-marti.htmlhttp://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest/533828/usada-issues-lifetime-bans-to-del-moral-ferrari-and-marti.htmlhttp://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest/533828/usada-issues-lifetime-bans-to-del-moral-ferrari-and-marti.htmlhttp://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest/533828/usada-issues-lifetime-bans-to-del-moral-ferrari-and-marti.htmlhttp://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/http://www.businessinsider.com/nike-ends-contract-with-lance-armstrong-2012-10http://www.businessinsider.com/blackboard/nikehttp://www.businessinsider.com/nike-fired-lance-armstrong-evidence-2012-10#commentshttp://www.businessinsider.com/author/tony-manfredhttp://newsok.com/body-work-the-science-of-blood-doping/article/3721402http://newsok.com/body-work-the-science-of-blood-doping/article/3721402
  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    29/35

    In 1999, the report alleges that Armstrong's US Postal Service team ousted theteam doctor Pedro Celaya because he "had not been aggressive enough forArmstrong in providing banned products." That year, Armstrong allegedly "gotserious" with Italian doping doctor Michele Ferrari.

    In one instance, the wife of USPS rider Frankie Andreau says she, Armstrong, andArmstrong's wife met Ferrari on the side of the road outside Milan, andArmstrong met with Ferrari alone for an hour.

    Tyler Hamilton, Armstrong's training partner in 1999, told the USADA thatFerrari injected him with EPO that year.

    During the 1999 Tour de France, Armstrong tested positive for a cortisone that hedidn't have medical authorization to use. A cover-up allegedly ensued:

    "Emma OReilly was in the room giving Armstrong a massage when Armstrongand team officials fabricated a story to cover the positive test. Armstrong and theteam officials agreed to have Dr. del Moral backdate a prescription for cortisonecream for Armstrong which they would claim had been prescribed in advance ofthe Tour to treat a saddle sore. OReilly understood from Armstrong, however,

    that the positive had not come from a topical cream but had really come aboutfrom a cortisone injection Armstrong received around the time of the Route duSud a few weeks earlier. After the meeting between Armstrong and the teamofficials concluded, Armstrong told OReilly, 'Now, Emma, you know enough to

    bring me down.'"

    The report alleges that the team was delivered EPO during the 1999 Tour by askilled, drug-smuggling motorcyclist that they called "Motoman." Tyler Hamiltonsays riders took testosterone via a olive-oil based solution that was sprayed intheir mouths in 1999 as well.

    2000

    When they started testing for EPO in 2000, the team moved on to blood doping,Hamilton alleges. He says he, Armstrong, and Livingston went to Valencia, Spainand had blood extracted and later re-infused to boost their performance.

    Armstrong's teammate George Hincapie alleges that Armstrong also usedtestosterone in 2000, and dropped out of an unnamed race in Spain after Hincapiewarned him that there would be drug testing.

    Hamilton says the riders were re-infused with blood during the 2000 Tour at ahotel room, and they joked about whose body was absorbing the blood the fastest.

    2001

  • 7/27/2019 Armstrong Hadapi Pukulan Keuangan Akibat Skandal Doping

    30/35

    Michele Ferrari visited the USPS camp at the beginning of 2001, and his serviceswere offered to any rider who wanted them for $15,000, says rider GeorgeHincapie.

    Also in 2001, Vaughters went out on a bike ride with Armstrong where Lance"demonstrated a detailed knowledge of the EPO test" and told him how to skirt a

    positive test. He added that he