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ANCESTRALDEUTEROSTOME
Notochord
Commonancestor ofchordates
Head
Vertebral column
Jaws, mineralized skeleton
Lungs or lung derivatives
Lobed fins
Limbs with digits
Amniotic egg
Milk
Echinodermata
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Myxini
Petromyzontida
Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii
Actinistia
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
Mammalia
Ch
ord
ates
Cran
iates
Ve
rteb
rates
Gn
atho
stom
es
Oste
ichth
yans
Lob
e-fin
s
Tetrapo
ds
Am
nio
tes
FILOGENI KORDATA YANG MASIH ADA
What do you notice that is odd?
• Mammals, class Mammalia, are represented by more than 5,300 species
• Derived characters of mammals:
– Mammary glands, which produce milk
– Hair
– A high metabolic rate, due to endothermy
– A larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size
– Differentiated teeth
•© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
KARAKTER TURUNAN MAMMALIA
Key
Articular
Quadrate
Dentary
Squamosal
Biarmosuchus,a synapsid
Temporalfenestra
Jaw joint
(a) Articular and quadrate bones in the jaw
Eardrum
Middle ear
StapesInnerear
Sound
Present-day reptile
(b) Articular and quadrate bones in the middle ear
Sound
Present-day mammal
Eardrum Middle ear
Inner ear
Stapes
Incus (quadrate)
Malleus (articular)
Figure 34.37
Figure 34.38
• Monotremes are a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus
Monotremes
• Vid
• vid
Marsupials
• Marsupials include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas
• The embryo develops within a placenta in the mother’s uterus
• A marsupial is born very early in its development
• It completes its embryonic development while nursing in a maternal pouch called a marsupium
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Vid
• Vid
• Vid
• Vid
• Vid
EUTERIAMAMALIA BERPLASENTA
• PLASENTA LEBIH KOMPLEKS DARI MARSUPIALIA
• MEMILIKI MASA KEHAMILAN YANG LEBIH LAMA DARI MARSUPIALIA
• ANAK MENYELESAIKAN PERKEMBANGAN EMBRIONIKNYA DALAM UTERUS
Figure 34.40
Convergent evolution of
marsupials and eutherians (placental
mammals).
Plantigale
Marsupialmammals
Eutherianmammals
Marsupial mole
Sugar glider
Wombat
Tasmanian devil
Kangaroo
Deer mouse
Mole
Flyingsquirrel
Woodchuck
Wolverine
Patagonian cavy
ANCESTRALMAMMAL
Mo
no
trem
es(5
spe
cies)
Marsu
pials
(32
4 sp
ecie
s)Eu
the
rians
(5,0
10
spe
cies)
Monotremata
Marsupialia
ProboscideaSireniaTubulidentataHyracoideaAfrosoricidaMacroscelidea
Xenarthra
RodentiaLagomorphaPrimatesDermopteraScandentia
CarnivoraCetartiodactylaPerissodactylaChiropteraEulipotyphiaPholidota
Figure 34.41a
– Hands, feet for grasping
– Flat nails
– A large brain and short jaws
– Forward-looking eyes close together on the face, providing depth perception
– Complex social behavior and parental care
– A fully opposable thumb (in monkeys and apes)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Derived Characters of Primates
• There are three main groups of living primates
– Lemurs, lorises, and pottos
– Tarsiers
– Anthropoids (monkeys and apes)
Living Primates
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.43
ANCESTRALPRIMATE
Time (millions of years ago)
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Lemurs, lorises,and bush babies
Tarsiers
New World monkeys
Old World monkeys
Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzeesand bonobos
Humans
An
thro
po
ids
vidvidvidvidvidvidvidvidvidvidvid
Monotremata
Orders and Examples Main Characteristics Orders and Examples Main Characteristics
Platypuses,echidnas
Echidna
ProboscideaElephants
African elephant
SireniaManatees,dugongs
Manatee
Lay eggs; no nipples;young suck milk fromfur of mother
Long, muscular trunk;thick, loose skin; upperincisors elongatedas tusks
Aquatic; finlike fore-limbs and no hindlimbs; herbivorous
XenarthraSloths,anteaters,armadillos
Tamandua
LagomorphaRabbits, hares,picas
Jackrabbit
Reduced teeth or noteeth; herbivorous(sloths) or carnivorous(anteaters, armadillos)
Chisel-like incisors;hind legs longer thanforelegs and adaptedfor running and jumping;herbivorous
Sharp, pointed canineteeth and molars forshearing; carnivorous
Hooves with an evennumber of toes on eachfoot; herbivorous
Aquatic; streamlined body; paddle-like fore-limbs and no hind limbs; thick layer of insulating blubber;carnivorous
CarnivoraDogs, wolves,bears, cats,weasels, otters,seals, walruses Coyote
CetartiodactylaArtiodactylsSheep, pigs,cattle, deer,giraffes
CetaceansWhales,dolphins,porpoises
MarsupialiaKangaroos,opossums,koalas
Koala
Completes embryonicdevelopment in pouchon mother’s body
TubulidentataAardvarks
Aardvark
Teeth consisting ofmany thin tubescemented together;eats ants and termites
HyracoideaHyraxes
Rock hyrax
Short legs; stumpytail; herbivorous;complex, multi-chambered stomach
RodentiaSquirrels,beavers, rats,porcupines,mice Red squirrel
Chisel-like, continuouslygrowing incisors worndown by gnawing;herbivorous
PrimatesLemurs, monkeys,chimpanzees,gorillas, humans Golden lion
tamarin
Opposable thumbs;forward-facing eyes;well-developed cerebralcortex; omnivorous
PerissodactylaHorses, zebras,tapirs,rhinoceroses
Indian rhinoceros
Hooves with an oddnumber of toes oneach foot; herbivorous
ChiropteraBats
Frog-eating bat
Eulipotyphla“Coreinsectivores”:some moles,some shrews
Star-nosedmole
Eat mainly insectsand other smallinvertebrates
Adapted for flight;broad skinfold thatextends from elongatedfingers to body andlegs; carnivorous orherbivorousBighorn sheep
Pacific white-sided porpoise
Figure 34.41b