ANATOMI PERBANDINGANVERTEBRATANovi Febrianti

SEKILAS ANATOMI•Anatomi berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang

berarti memotong•Istilah-istilah anatomi berasal dari bahasa

Yunani dan Latin

Cabang –cabang Anatomi:•Microscopic anatomy/Anatomi

mikroskopis (Sitologi, Histologi)•Developmental anatomy/Anatomi

perkembangan (Embriologi)•Comparative anatomy/Anatomi

perbandingan

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY• Mempelajari susunan tubuh hewan vertebrata• Membandingkan susunan organ tubuh antar

kelas pada sub phylum vertebrata• Tubuh hewan terbagi menjadi :

- caput / chepala : kepala- collum / cervix : leher- trunchus : badan- cauda : ekor- extremitas : anggota badan bebas^ ant / pos

^ sup / inv

TERMINOLOGI

•Anterior – posterior (arah)•Superior – inferior (arah)•Dorsal : daerah punggung•Ventral : daerah perut•Lateral : daerah samping / sisi•Cranial : daerah kepala•Caudal : daerah ekor•Abdominal : daerah badan•Thoracal : daerah dada (dalam dada)

TERMINOLOGI

•Sinister : kiri•Dexter : kanan•Medial : daerah tengah•Linea mediana : garis tengah tubuh•Proximal : lebih kearah / dekat LM•Distal : lebih menjauhi LM•Origo : titik pangkal tidak

bergerak•Insersio : : menimbulkan gerak

TERMINOLOGI

•Organ analog•Mayor = besar•Minor = kecil•Pectoral : dada•Pelvis : punggung bawah•Bilateral simetri

Simetri tubuh

Simetri radial Simetri bilateral

Dorsal

Bidang simetri

Ventral AnteriorVentral

Dorsal

Bidang simetri Posterior

Tiga kelompok hewan triploblastik

Aselomata Pseudoselomata

Selomata

Cacing pipih

Ektoderm

Mesoderm (otot)

MesenkimEndoderm (usus)

Cacing gilig

Pseudoselom

Organ internal

Ektoderm

Endoderm (usus)

Mesoderm(otot)

Cacing tanah

Ektoderm

SelomEndoderm (usus)

Mesoderm(peritoneum)

Organ internal

Mesoderm (otot)

Sistem penyokong tubuh hewanCangkang luar

Endoskeleton

Eksoskeleton

Tubuh lintahdibentuk olehcairan di dalamtubuhnya

Sistem tubuh pada hewan

Saluran kelamin Testis Otak sederhana dengandua ganglion

Ovarium

Usus bagian dari sistemsaluran pencernaan Otak kecil

Lambung

Eksoskeleton

Kelenjar pencernaanNotokorda berada disepanjang tubuh bagian ventral

Otak besar

Paru-paruGinjal

Jantung

UsusPembuluh darah

PHYLUM CHORDATACiri – ciri :•Adanya dorsal tubular nerve cord, pada

keadaan embrio, larva atau seumur hidup.

• Mempunyai notochord, minimal pada fase embrio

•Pada dinding pharynx ada lubang-lubang/celah-celah pada keadaan larva atau seumur hidup (pharyngeal slits).

• Mempunyai ekor

Anatomy of a Chordate

Subphylum Urochordata• sea squirts or tunicates• notochord present only in free-swimming larvum• notochord does not extend into head• larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding• adult is sessile filter feeder

Subphylum Urochordata • sea squirts or tunicate• Campbell p 631

•Settle after brief free-swimming larvum existence. Attaches at anterior end. Metamorphosis begins. Body turns 1800. Tail, notochord, dorsal nerve cord, disappear.

Subphylum Cephalochordata• “head” cord• lancelet or Amphioxus• notochord present throughout life –

extends into head region• shallow marine waters• chordate characteristics developed

and apparent in adult• tail has blocks of muscles called

myotomes• adults resemble tunicate larvum

Anatomy

ofa lancelet

Cephalochordata: lancelet

Subphylum VertebrataGeneral Characteristics: • chordates with a backbone• exhibit cephalization• closed circulatory system• neural crest (p. 633)

Subphylum VertebrataAgnatha (without jaws)• lamprey – parasitic bloodsuckers w/

rasping tongue• hagfish – mainly scavengers• no paired appendages• larvum resembles lancelet

Agnatha: a sea lamprey

Lamprey mouth

Subphylum VertebrataChondrichthyes (cartilaginous

fishes)• flexible endoskeletons of cartilage

strengthened by calcium granules• sharks (internal fertilization)

▫ oviparous – egg laying▫ ovoviviparous – retain fertilized eggs hatch

within the uterus ▫ viviparous – young develop in the uterus

• suspension-feeders (plankton)

Cephalochordata: lancelet

Subphylum VertebrataChondrichthyes

(cartilaginous fishes)

• Bottom feeders – mollusks & crustaceans

• Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs (defense)

Subphylum VertebrataChondrichthyes

(cartilaginous fishes)

• Bottom feeders – mollusks & crustaceans

• Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs (defense)

Subphylum VertebrataOsteichthyes

(bony fishes)• Endoskeleton of hard calcium

phosphate matrix• Operculum- protective flap• Swim bladder – controls buoyancy

Seahorse

Subphylum VertebrataAmphibia

(“two lives”)• first tetrapods• transition to land – still tied to water

for respiration and reproduction• Gills lungs (metamorphosis)• Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts

Subphylum VertebrataReptilia (Campbell, p. 644)

(to creep)• lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, Gila

monsters, crocodiles, alligators• first true land animal• Scales, lungs, amniotic egg• no feathers• cold-blooded – ectotherms – (energy

conservation)

Hatching reptile

Subphylum VertebrataFossil links…………• Evolutionary link ?? between reptiles

and birds: Archaeopteryx , a Jurassuc bird-reptile

• Clawed forelimbs• Teeth• Long tail w/ vertebrae

Archaeopteryx

Subphylum VertebrataAves (bird)

• feathered• few flightless: ostrich, kiwi,

emu• breastbone with keel –

carina – permitting flight• jays, sparrows, warblers,

etc

Subphylum VertebrataMammalia (breast)• Hair or fur of keratin• Active metabolism = endothermic• Efficient respiration w/ diaphragm• Efficient circulation w/ 4-chambered

heart• Layer of fat• Mammary glands, tooth

differentiation

Subphylum VertebrataMammalia (breast)

• Monotremes – egg-laying mammals (Platypuses & echidnas – spiny anteaters)

• Placental mammals• Marsupial mammals – kangaroo,

opossum

Marsupial &PlacentalMammals

Marsupial Placental