analisis tataniaga dan elastisitas transmisi harga cpo internasional terhadap harga tbs (tandan buah...

7/30/2019 ANALISIS TATANIAGA DAN ELASTISITAS TRANSMISI HARGA CPO INTERNASIONAL TERHADAP HARGA TBS (TANDAN BU

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Vtu{n Kj}tb ? Ngnij}j} Unungjn`n Eng Din}uj}jun} U{ng}aj}j Cn{`n MVL Jgud{gn}jlgni Ud{cnenv Cn{`n UK]

#Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{* Bdinvn ]npju #]utej Bn}t}? Ed}n Angnguj Bdmnanung ]l}n Bnktvnudg Vneng` Inpn}*);66:'T]T [dvl}jul{z ;66:

NGNIJ]J] UNUNGJN@N ENG DIN]UJ]JUN] U[NG]AJ]JCN[@N MVL JGUD[GN]JLGNI UD[CNENV CN[@N UK]

#UNGENG KTNC ]D@N[* BDINVN ]NPJU#]utej Bn}t}? Ed}n Angnguj Bdmnanung ]l}n Bnktvnudg Vneng` Inpn}*

]B[JV]J

Lidc?

Vtu{n Kj}tb6=6=65663

]DV,N@[JKJ]GJ]

EDVN[UDADG ]L]JNI DBLGLAJ VD[UNGJNG

HNBTIUN] VD[UNGJNG

TGJXD[]JUN] ]TANUD[N TUN[N

ADENG

;66:


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Vtu{n Kj}tb ? Ngnij}j} Unungjn`n Eng Din}uj}jun} U{ng}aj}j Cn{`n MVL Jgud{gn}jlgni Ud{cnenv Cn{`n UK]#Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{* Bdinvn ]npju #]utej Bn}t}? Ed}n Angnguj Bdmnanung ]l}n Bnktvnudg Vneng` Inpn}*);66:'T]T [dvl}jul{z ;66:

;

NGNIJ]J] UNUNGJN@N ENG DIN]UJ]JUN] U[NG]AJ]JCN[@N MVL JGUD[GN]JLGNI UD[CNENV CN[@N UK]

#UNGENG KTNC ]D@N[* BDINVN ]NPJU#]utej Bn}t}? Ed}n Angnguj Bdmnanung ]l}n Bnktvnudg Vneng` Inpn}*

]B[JV]J

Lidc?

Vtu{n Kj}tb6=6=65663

]DV,N@[JKJ]GJ]

]b{jv}j Jgj ]dkn`nj ]ninc ]nut ]zn{nu Tgutb Adgenvnubng @din{ ]n{ongEj Hnbtiun} Vd{ungjng Tgjxd{}jun} ]tanud{n Tun{n

Ej}dutotj lidc?Blaj}j Vdakjakjg`

J{' J}bngen{jgj) AA' E[' J{' Unxj ]tv{jngn) A']Bdutn Ng``lun

EDVN[UDADG ]L]JNI DBLGLAJ VD[UNGJNG

HNBTIUN] VD[UNGJNG

TGJXD[]JUN] ]TANUD[N TUN[N

ADENG

;66:


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=

Oteti ? Ngnij}j} Unun Gjn`n eng Din}uj}jun} U{ng}aj}j Cn{`nMVL Jgud{gn}jlgni Ud{cnenv Cn{`n UK] #UngengKtnc ]d`n{*# ]utej Bn}t} ? Ed}n Angnguj Bdmnanung Ctun{non

Ujg``j Bnktvnudg Vneng` Inpn}*Gnan ? Vtu{n Kj}tbGJA ? 6=6=65663Edvn{udadg ? ]l}jni Dblglaj Vd{ungjngV{l`{na ]utej ? N`{jkj}gj}

Ej}dutotj Lidc )Blaj}j Vdakjakjg`

Bdutn) Ng``lun)

J{' J}bngen{jgj) AA' E[' J{' Unxj ]tv{jngn) A']Bdutn Ng``lun

Adg`dunctj)Bdutn Edvn{udadg ]l}jni Dblglaj Vd{ungjng

J{' Itctu ]jclakjg`) A'V'GJV ? >=; 664 644

Ung``ni itit} ? ;3 An{du ;66:


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5

VDGENCTITNG

Inun{ Kdinbng`

Vd{ngng }dbul{ vd{ungjng mtbtv }u{nud`j} enina vd{utaktcng V{letb

Elad}ujb K{tul Gn}jlgni' Cni jgj ud{ijcnu kncpn }dinan >6 unctg ud{nbcj{ jgj)

vd{ngng }dbul{ jgj ud{cnenv VEK adgtgotbbng vd{utaktcng zng` mtbtv knjb)

adajijbj {nun!{nun 5$ vd{ unctg' ]dinjg ejutgutu cn{t} anavt adgmjvunbng

}pn}daknen vng`ng) }dbul{ jgj ot`n cn{t} anavt adgzdejnbng invng`ng eng

bd}davnung bd{on }d{un vdg`nenng kncng knbt kn`j jget}u{j cn}ji vd{ungjng'

Jget}u{j jgj ot`n ejutgutu tgutb adgjg`bnubng xlitad eng gjinj db}vl{ vd{ungjng'

Jgelgd}jn adajijbj vludg}j ninajnc zng` kn`t} tgutb adg`dakng`bng

}dbul{ vd{ungjng) }ninc }nut }tk }dbul{ en{j }dbul{ vd{ungjng neninc }tk }dbul{

vd{bdktgng' ]dkn`nj }tnut bdvtintng zng` ud{idunb ej end{nc u{lvj} ej }dbjun{

bcnutij}ujpn) Jgelgd}jn adajijbj kd{n`na odgj} ungnc zng` anavt adgztkt{bng

ungnang) }jgn{ anuncn{j zng` blg}j}udg }dvngong` unctg) blgej}j jbija zng`

adadgtcj vd{}zn{nung utaktc ungnang eng mt{nc ctong {nun!{nun vd{ unctg zng`

mtbtv ujg``j) }datn blgej}j jut ad{tvnbng hnbul{!hnbul{ dblil`j} zng` knjb tgutb

adaktejenznbng ungnang vd{bdktgng #[ncn{ej) ebb) >::4*'

V{lvjg}j ]tanud{n Tun{n ad{tvnbng pjinznc zng` adajijbj n{dni

vd{bdktgng zng` itn} eng vludg}jni }dkn`nj vdg`cn}ji edxj}n kn`j gn}jlgni eng

vdad{jgunc end{nc }dudavnu' N{dni vdg`dakng`ng vd{bdktgng bct}t}gzn vnen

blalejun} bdinvn }npju envnu adijvtuj? n{dni vdg`dakng`ng vd{bdktgng {nbznu

#}pnenzn*) VK]N #Vd{bdktgng Kd}n{ ]pn}un N}jg`*) VK]G #Vd{bdktgng Kd}n{

]pn}un Gd`n{n*) eng vdg`dakng`ng adinitj vlin VJ[' Gnatg) }dmn{n tata


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4

vdg`t}ncnng n{dni }npju ej ]tanud{n Tun{n an}jc ejelajgn}j lidc vd{bdktgng

{nbznu) }dcjg``n vdakng`tgng vd{bdktgng ejudavtc edg`ng vdgedbnung

vdakng`tgng vd{bdktgng {nbznu }dkn`nj uting` vtg``tg`) }deng`bng vd{t}ncnng

vd{bdktgng gd`n{n eng }pn}un }dkn`nj vdgetbtg` #Ej}ktg ]tatu) ;66>*'

Bdtg``ting blavn{nujh en{j }tk }dbul{ vd{bdktgng ejkngejg`bng edg`ng

}tk }dbul{ glg!aj`n} injggzn zng` nen ej Jgelgd}jn ej}dknkbng ngun{n injg lidc

nengzn incng zng` kdita ejanghnnubng }dmn{n lvujani eng kd{nen ej bnpn}ng

edg`ng jbija zng` adgtgong`) }d{un nengzn udgn`n bd{on zng` mtbtv ud{}dejn eng

adijavnc }dcjg``n kj}n }dmn{n blavdujujh ejanghnnubng' Nengzn udbglil`j eng

bdncijng zng` }jnv adavd{ingmn{ kj}gj} t}ncn ungnang vd{bdktgng) }d{un nengzn

vludg}j vn}n{ enina eng itn{ gd`d{j zng` an}jc cn{t} ejbdakng`bng

#Nglgjat}) >::3*

Odgj} ungnang zng` ejt}ncnbng vd{bdktgng tatagzn neninc ungnang

bd{n}' ]dbnij ejungna anbn }jbit} cjetvgzn }navnj ej{danonbng adgmnvnj ;4!=6

unctg' Bnint }ninc ad{dgmngnbng ungnang) anbn cn}ji }dinan }nut }jbit} kj}n

ujenb adatn}bng) {dgenc nunt kncbng ad{t`j' Enina an}n }nut }jbit} cjetv

ungnang) kngznb cni ujenb kj}n ejbl{db}j) aj}nigzn vludg}j cn}ji) bduncngng

ud{cnenv cnan vdgznbju eng vludg}j vn}n{ #]jangotgunb) ;665*

Ungnang bd{n} zng` ejungnaj ej Jgelgd}jn) bdinvn }npju an}jc adgonej

blalejuj vd{bdktgng zng` tg``ting' Ungnang bdinvn }npju }dmn{n tata pnbut

utaktc {nun!{nun ;6!;4 unctg' Vnen uj`n unctg vd{unan ej}dktu }dkn`nj bdinvn

}npju aten) cni jgj ejbn{dgnbng bdinvn }npju ud{}dktu kdita adg`cn}jibng ktnc'

Bdinvn }npju atinj kd{ktnc vnen t}jn davnu }navnj dgna unctg' Eng vnen t}jn

utotc }navnj }dvtitc unctg ej}dktu }dkn`nj vd{jled anung` #ucd anut{d vd{jled*)


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8

ejangn vnen vd{jled ud{}dktu atinj adg`cn}jibng ktnc ungeng }d`n{ #h{d}c h{tju

ktgmc*' Ungnang bdinvn }npju vnen t}jn }dkdin} }navnj etn vtitc unctg atinj

adg`ninaj vdgt{tgng v{letb}j ktnc ungeng }d`n{

#cuuv?,,ppp'knvdb}j'mla,knmn'vcv)4 vd{}dg edg`ng cn{`n vnulbng

db}vl{ #CVD* kting Otgj ;660 }dkd}n{ 8;; eliin{ N] vd{ ulg) cn{`n ungeng ktnc

}d`n{ #UK]* an}jc [v >'646![v >'566 vd{ b`' Bdujbn jut) gjinj VD en{j }dujnv ulg

MVL zng` ejdb}vl{ }dkd}n{ :)= eliin{ N]' Gjinj VD MVL }nnu jgj adgonej 56)5=

eliin{ N] vd{ ulg }donb ejgnjbbng adgonej 8)4 vd{}dg nunt adilgonb =>)> eliin{

N] vd{ ulg' Bdgnjbng cn{`n MVL en{j 066!ng eliin{ N] vd{ ulg adgonej 386

eliin{ N] vd{ ulg adaktutcbng pnbut }dbjun{ }dkting' Vnen bt{tg pnbut jut)

cn{`n UK] }npju gnjb en{j [v :66 vd{ b` adgonej [v >'=66 vd{ b`' Nbng udunvj)

}dit{tc bdgnjbng cn{`n UK] ud{}dktu cjing` }dbdujbn cngzn bt{ng` en{j }dvdbng

}donb VAB Glal{ 8>,VAB'6>>,;660 ejkd{inbtbng' ]db{dun{j} Odged{ni N}l}jn}j

Vdungj Bdinvn ]npju Jgelgd}jn N}an{ N{}one adg`nunbng) cn{`n UK] ut{tg

}dejbjugzn [v =66 vd{ b` }donb VD ejgnjbbng' Vdungj cngzn kj}n vn}{nc adgd{jan

bdgznunng jgj bn{dgn en{j >6 otun vdungj vdajijb bdktg bdinvn }npju) kn{t }dbjun{

=66'666 zng` anavt kd{gd`l}jn}j }lni cn{`n UK] edg`ng v{let}dg MVL' Jut vtg


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0

}dkn`jng kd}n{ ad{tvnbng vdungj zng` kd{`nktg` enina pnenc blvd{n}j

#cuuv?,,ppp'blavn}'ml'je,blavn}!mdunb,6068,;8,dblglaj,=8;:403'cua* '

Bdmnanung Ctun{non Ujg``j ad{tvnbng }ninc }nut bdmnanung ej

Bnktvnudg Vneng` Inpn}' End{nc jgj ot`n ad{tvnbng }ninc }nut end{nc }dgu{n

v{letb}j ungnang bdinvn }npju) kd{jbtu neninc enun itn} ungnang) v{letb}j eng

v{letbujhjun} ungnang bdinvn }npju vnen unctg ;668?

Unkdi >' Itn} Ungnang) V{letb}j eng V{letbujhjun} Ungnang Bdinvn ]npjuVd{bdktgng [nbznu Adgt{tu Bdmnanung ej Unvngtij ]dinungUnctg ;668

Gl Bdmnanung Itn} Ungnang#Cn*

V{letb}j#Ulg*

V{letbujhjun}#Ulg,cn*

> Knung` Ng`blin ;)66 =3)46 >:);4; ]nzt{anujg``j 54)46 388)6: >:)6== ]l}lvng =0)66 804)50 >3);45 Kn{tatg 5>:)66 3'54=)=; ;6)>04 Tit Kn{tatg ::)66 >'::8)>= ;6)>88 Itktb Kn{tatg =::)66 3'65:)3; ;6)>0

0 Ctun{non Ujg``j 34>4)66 >0='44;)0= ;6)=33 ]l}n >>':58)66 ;5='53=)=0 ;6)=3: Knung` Itkt ]tuna 55;)66 3':3>)33 ;6)=;>6 Kn{tatg Udg`nc >'60=)66 ;>'8=5)3: ;6)>8

>> Ct{j}unb 0=>)66 >5'8=6);= ;6)6>>; ]jang`naknu 0'583)66 >4=';0=);= ;6)4;>= Knung` Lgng` 4:6)66 >>';;5)04 >:'6;>5 V}v Ujat{ ;50)66 5'>5:)86 >8)36>4 ]jnj} >=>)66 ;'84>)>0 ;6);5>8 V}v Kn{nu >;6)66 ;'=>>);6 >:);8>0 Knung` Ul{t >'54=)66 ;:'564)3> ;6);5>3 An{ngmn{ ! ! !>: ]jvj{lb ! ! !;6 N{}d ! ! !;> Vneng` Klinb Otit >84)66 ;'00;)66 >8)36;; Vneng` Klinb 4';34)66 33'033)66 >8)36;= Vl{ujkj :64)66 >4';65)66 >8)36

;5 Cnilg`lgng 8'=>6)66 >68'663)66 >8)36;4 ]njvn{ Elilb Clid 3)66 >>5);3 >5);3;8 Ndb Kjinc ! ! !;0 Elilb 865)66 3'860)66 >5);4;3 Elilb ]j`lavtilg 364)66 >>'5::)5; >5';3

]takd{? Unvngtij ]dinung Enina Ng`bn ;660En{j Unkdi > envnu ejijcnu kncpn Bdmnanung Ctun{non Ujg``j ad{tvnbng

}ninc }nut }dgu{n v{letb}j ungnang bdinvn }npju edg`ng uluni itn} ungnang }dkd}n{
http://www.kompas.co.id/kompas-cetak/0706/26/ekonomi/3629578.htmhttp://www.kompas.co.id/kompas-cetak/0706/26/ekonomi/3629578.htm


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3

3'4>4)66 Cn) v{letb}j }dkd}n{ >0='44;)0= Ulg eng v{letbujhjun} }dkd}n{ ;6)=3

Ulg,Cn'

Ej end{nc vdgdijujng cn}ji UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{* ejotni bd VU' Vd{anun

Cjont ]npju' Vdungj) BTE eng Vden`ng` Vdg`tavti adgotni cn}ji UK] bd VU'

Vd{anun Cjont' VU' Vd{anun Cjont ]npju ad{tvnbng }ninc }nut vd{t}ncnng

vdg`dilin bdinvn }npju adgonej MVL' Ej enina vd{oningng vd{t}ncnng jgj

adg`cn}jibng MVL) }ng`nu kd{`ngutg` bdvnen bdinvn }npju }dkn`nj kncng

knbtgzn' ]nit{ng vdan}n{ng UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{* bdinvn }npju en{j ujg`bnu

vdungj envnu ejkdenbng en{j vdungj VJ[ eng vdungj glg VJ[ #idvn}*' Vnen vdungj

VJ[) }nit{ng vdan}n{ng UK] bdinvn }npju atinj en{j vdungj ejotni idpnu BTE

}npju) init ejkdij lidc VU' Vd{anun Cjont ]npju }dkn`nj jguj' UK] en{j vdungj VJ[

ud{}dktu kd{}nan UK] en{j bdktg }dgej{j ejdb}u{nb}j ej vnk{jb vdg`lincng bdinvn

}npju #VB]* ajijb VU' Vd{anun Cjont ]npju ngun{n injg adgonej MVL'

Jedgujhjbn}j An}ninc

Kd{en}n{bng inun{ kdinbng` ej nun}) anbn envnu ejjedgujhjbn}j an}ninc

}dkn`nj kd{jbtu?

>' Kn`njangn }nit{ng unungjn`n UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{* zng` ud{onej ej

end{nc vdgdijujng' ]dkn`nj kncng {dhd{dg}j eng }utej kn`j vjcnb!vjcnb zng` adaktutcbng'

;' ]dkn`nj kncng jghl{an}j kn`j vn{n vdg`nakji bdvtut}ng ej enina

vdg`dakng`ng n`{jkj}gj} bdinvn }npju eng ut{tgnggzn'


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>6

UJGONTNG VT]UNBN) INGEN]NG UDL[J) ENGBD[NG@BN VDAJBJ[NG

Ujgontng Vt}unbn

Enina vd{dblglajng Jgelgd}jn) blalejun} bdinvn }npju adad`ng`

vd{ngng zng` mtbtv }u{nud`j} bn{dgn blalejun} jgj adavtgznj v{l}vdb zng`

md{nc kn`j }takd{ edxj}n gd`n{n' Ej}navjg` jut) bdinvn }npju ad{tvnbng kncng

knbt tunan ajgznb `l{dg` zng` kngznb ejvnbnj ej}dit{tc etgjn }dcjg``n }dmn{n

ud{t}!adgd{t} anavt adgjg`bnubng bd}doncud{nng an}zn{nbnu #]tznugl) >::4*'

Bdinvn }npju #Dindj} `tjgddg}j}* ejt}ncnbng }dmn{n blad{}jni ej Nh{jbn)

Nad{jbn ]dinung) N}jn Udg``n{n) Vn}jhjb ]dinung) }d{un kdkd{nvn end{nc injg

edg`ng }bnin zng` idkjc bdmji' Vd{bdakng`ng jget}u{j bdinvn }npju ejungenj

edg`ng ejatinjgzn db}vl{ ajgznb eng jguj }npju en{j Nh{jbn vnen nkne bd!>:'

Vnen an}n jut) }takd{ ajgznb cngzn kd{n}ni en{j ungnang bdinvn }npju zng`

utaktc ijn{ eng ajgznb an}jc ej db}u{nb edg`ng mn{n zng` }ded{cngn eng ujenb

dhj}jdg' En{j `d{lakli!`d{lakli bdinvn }npju zng` utaktc ijn{ jgj nbcj{gzn

kd{bdakng` adgonej vd{bdktgng {nbznu' Vd{bdktgng kd}n{ zng` vd{unan atinj

kd{bdakng` ej ]tanud{n eng Aninz}jn vnen npni nkne bd!>:) bdatejng ejjbtuj

lidc Mlg`l Kdi`jn #]dbn{ng` _nj{d* eng gd`n{n!gd`n{n Nh{jbn Kn{nu injggzn vnen

unctg >:;6!ng'

Bdinvn }npju vd{unan bnij ejjgu{letb}jbng bd Jgelgd}jn lidc vdad{jgunc

blilgjni Kdingen vnen unctg >353) udvnugzn ej bdktg {nzn Kl`l{

#}Inge} Vingudgutjg ktjudgzl{`*'


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>>

Vnen }nnu jgj) vd{bdktgng bdinvn }npju udinc kd{bdakng` idkjc ontc }doning

edg`ng bdktutcng etgjn nbng ajgznb gnknuj eng v{letb jget}u{j lidlmcdajmni'

V{letb ajgznb }npju ad{tvnbng blavlgdg vdgujg` enina vd{en`ng`ng ajgznb

gnknuj etgjn #Vncng) ;660*'

N{dn vd{bdktgng bdinvn }npju ej Jgelgd}jn }dmn{n kd{ut{tu!ut{tu adgt{tu

Ejuodgktg #;66;* vnen unctg >:::) ;666) ;66> eng ;66; neninc }dbjun{ ='>0;'>8=

Cn) ='=:='5;> Cn) ='435'538 Cn eng 5'>>8'858 Cn' Bdinvn }npju ud{kd}n{ ej

]tanud{n) Bnijangung) ]tinpd}j) J{jng Onzn Kn{nu) Vnvtn eng Onpn Kn{nu'

]deng`bng tgutb n{dn vd{bdktgng ej ]tanud{n Tun{n vnen unctg ;66;

adgt{tu Ej}ktg ]tatu #;66;* kd{nen ej vl}j}j bdetn ej Jgelgd}jn) znjut 008'806

Cn' Kd{en}n{bng bdvdajijbng) vd{bdktgng bdinvn }npju ej ]tanud{n Tun{n }dmn{n

kd{ut{tu!ut{tu ud{ej{j en{j vdajijb bdmji #>38'::>)03 cn*) ajijb vdad{jgunc

#;0=';03):6 cn* eng n{dn vd{bdktgng }pn}un) znjut }dbjun{ #=>0'=:3) :3 cn*'

Ingen}ng Udl{j

Unungjn`n neninc }tnut }j}uda zng` adijvtuj mn{n) aledi }u{nud`j

vdgznavnjng kn{ng` eng on}n en{j }dbul{ v{let}dg bd }dbul{ blg}tadg'

[ng`bnjng v{l}d} vdgznavnjng jgj kngznb xn{jn}jgzn zng` adavdg`n{tcj

bdnenng }l}jni ktenzn enina vd{dblglajng an}zn{nbnu #]{j`ngelgl) >::3*'

Vdan}n{ng ad{tvnbng cni!cni zng` }ng`nu vdgujg` }dudinc }did}njgzn

v{letb vd{ungjng' Blgej}j vdan}n{ng adg`cn}jibng }tnut }jbit} nunt ijg`btg`ng

vn}n{ }tnut blalejun}' Kjin vdan}n{nggzn ujenb ingmn{) eng ujenb adakd{j cn{`n

zng` inznb kn`j vdungj) anbn blgej}j jgj nbng adavdg`n{tcj alujxn}j vdungj)


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>;

nbjknugzn vdgnpn{ng nbng kd{bt{ng`2 bt{ng`gzn vdgnpn{ng nbng adgnjbbng

cn{`n' ]dudinc cn{`n gnjb) alujxn}j vdungj nbng kng`bju) adg`nbjknubng cn{`n

nbng onutc bdaknij #mnud{j} vn{jkt}* #Engjdi) ;66;*'

Kjnzn unungjn`n ud{kdgutb nunt ud{onej }dkn`nj blg}dbtdg}j il`j} en{j

vdinb}ngnng htg`}j!htg`}j unungjn`n' Kjnzn unungjn`n jgj adgonej kn`jng unakncng

cn{`n en{j kn{ng`!kn{ng` zng` cn{t} ejung``tg` lidc blg}tadg' Lidc }dknk jut

kjnzn unungjn`n zng` ujg``j nbng adaknpn dhdb vnen cn{`n kdij blg}tadg'

Ej}navjg` jut kjnzn unungjn`n zng` ujg``j ot`n nbng adaktnu }j}uda unungjn`n

bt{ng`, ujenb dhj}jdg #@tiula) >::8*'

Kjnzn unungjn`n }tnut v{letb ejtbt{ }dmn{n bn}n{ edg`ng an{`jg eng

}v{dne#]ldbn{unpj) >:35*'

Blavlgdg kjnzn unungjn`n ud{ej{j nun} }datn odgj} vg`ditn{ng zng`

ejbl{kngbng lidc }dujnv ajeeidang eng idakn`n unungjn`n zng` kd{vd{ng }dmn{n

ing`}tg` eng ujenb ing`}tg` enina v{l}d} vd{vjgencng kn{ng`) eng bdtgutg`ng

zng` ejnakji lidc ajeeidang nunt idakn`n unungjn`n nun} alenigzn eng on}n

udgn`ngzn enina adgoningbng nbujxjun} vdan}n{ng ud{}dktu' ]dudinc

ejbdilavlbbng adgt{tu odgj} kjnzn zng` }nan) anbn an{bdujg` an{`jg jgj

ej}dktu v{jmd }v{dne' Eng ojbn ng`bn!ng`bn v{jmd }v{dne ejvd{}dgbng ud{cnenv

cn{`n kdij blg}tadg) anbn ejvd{lidc }cn{d an{`jg #@tiula) >::8*'

Din}uj}jun} u{ng}aj}j cn{`n #Du* ad{tvnbng vd{kngejg`ng vd{tkncng gj}kj

en{j cn{`n ej ujg`bnu vdg`dmd{ edg`ng vd{tkncng cn{`n ej ujg`bnu vdungj' Nvnkjin

Du 9 > n{ujgzn vd{tkncng cn{`n }dkd}n{ >$ ej ujg`bnu blg}tadg nbng

adg`nbjknubng vd{tkncng cn{`n bt{ng` en{j >$ ej ujg`bnu vdungj'


13/76


>=

Nvkjin Du 1 > n{ujgzn vd{tkncng cn{`n }dkd}n{ >$ ej ujg`bnu blg}tadg

adg`nbjknubng vd{tkncng cn{`n }nan edg`ng >$ ej ujg`bnu vdungj'

Ojbn Du 7 > n{ujgzn vd{tkncng cn{`n }dkd}n{ >$ ej ujg`bnu blg}tadg

adg`nbjknubng vd{tkncng cn{`n idkjc kd}n{ en{j >$ ej ujg`bnu vdungj' Vnen

tatagzn gjinj din}uj}jun} u{ng}aj}j jgj idkjc bdmji en{j }nut) n{ujgzn vnen xlitad

eng cn{`n jgvtu blg}ung anbn vd{tkncng gj}kj cn{`n ej ujg`bnu blg}tadg ujenb

nbng adidkjcj vd{tkncng gj}kj cn{`n ej ujg`bnu vdungj #]tejzlgl) ;665*'

Din}uj}jun} u{ng}aj}j cn{`n adg``tgnbng aledi vdgedbnung htg`}j Mlkk

Elt`in}' Bldhj}jdg htg`}j Mlkk Elt`in} ad{tvnbng vn{nadud{ tgutb adg`tbt{

din}uj}jun} u{ng}aj}j cn{`n' [tat} din}uj}jun} u{ng}aj}j cn{`n neninc?

ig [V 1 n " u ig VV

edg`ng? [V 1 cn{`n elad}ujb

n 1 blg}ungun

u 1 cn{`n jgud{gn}jlgni

Ojbn u 1 >) anbn ud{onej u{ng}aj}j }davt{gn' Eng ojbn vv > anbn ud{onej

u{ng}aj}j cn{`n zng` ujenb }davt{gn #Knmbt}) ;668*'

Nen kngznb zng` envnu adgodin}bng bdkd{nenng en{j u{ng}aj}j cn{`n zng`

n}jadu{jb' Vd{unan) u{ng}aj}j cn{`n zng` n}jadu{jb kjinangn vd{t}ncnng envnu

adg`nakji bdtgutg`ng adinitj vd{tkncng cn{`n zng` mdvnu' Cni jgj ejodin}bng

edg`ng udl{j }dn{mc ml}u' Cni jgj ud{onej ej vn}n{ vd{}njg`ng }davt{gn ejangn

vdg`dmd{ adavtgznj bdbtnung vn}n{' ]deng`bng blg}tadg adg`cnenvj bd}tijung

enina adavd{lidc jghl{an}j udgung` cn{`n zng` kd{}njg` bn{dgn nengzn }dn{mc

ml}u' Bn{dgn jut vd{t}ncnng mdvnu adgnjbbng cn{`n ojbn cn{`n v{let}dg gnjb eng

idkjc inaknu adgt{tgbng cn{`n nvnkjin ud{onej vdgt{tgng cn{`n' Hnbul{ zng`


14/76


>5

bdetn neninc }jhnu v{letb zng` vd{}jcnkid v{letmu' Vdg`dmd{ vnen vl}j}j

vd{j}cnkid v{letmunbng adgtgen bdjg`jgng tgutb adgnjbbng cn{`n bn{dgn nbng

adg`cnenvj {d}jbl bd{t`jng edg`ng vd{ajgunng zng` adgt{tg'

Vdakd{inbtng vn}n{ lij`lvlij kj}n adgzdknkbng u{ng}aj}j cn{`n n}jadu{jb'

U{ng}aj}j cn{`n zng` n}jadu{jb atgmti ejvn}n{ edg`ng nengzn jgdin}uj}

vd{ajgunng edg`ng }tvinj zng` ud{blg}dgu{n}j #Knmbt}) ;668*'

]j}uda vdan}n{ng ejbnunbng dhj}jdg nvnkjin adadgtcj }zn{nu }dkn`nj

kd{jbtu?

>' Anavt adgznavnjbng cn}ji!cn}ji en{j vdungj v{let}dg bdvnen blg}tadg

edg`ng kjnzn }dat{nc!at{ncgzn'

;' Anavt adg`nenbng vdakn`jng zng` neji en{j bd}dit{tcng cn{`n zng`

ejknzn{ blg}tadg ud{nbcj{ vnen }datn vjcnb zng` jbtu }d{un enina

bd`jnung v{letb}j eng unungjn`n kn{ng` ud{}dktu #Atkzn{ul) >:35*'

Bd{ng`bn Vdajbj{ng

T}ncnungj bdinvn }npju neninc }tnut odgj} bd`jnung zng` adg`t}ncnbng

blalejuj bdinvn }npju vd{ itn} incng' Vdg`lincng t}ncnungj bdinvn }npju

ejinbtbng lidc vdungj' Edhdgj}j vdungj neninc l{ng` zng` adg`t}ncnbng t}ncnungj

bdinvn }npju enina itn} incng ud{udgut' T}ncnungj bdinvn }npju adajijbj }nit{ng

vdan}n{ng' Nenvtg }nit{ng vdan}n{ng ud{}dktu neninc }nit{ng vdan}n{ng J eng

}nit{ng vdan}n{ng JJ' ]nit{ng vdan}n{ng J ad{tvnbng }tnut odgj} }nit{ng

vdan}n{ng adinitj vden`ng` vdg`tavti' ]nit{ng vdan}n{ng JJ ad{tvnbng }tnut

odgj} }nit{ng vdan}n{ng adinitj BTE' ]nit{ng unungjn`n UK] ej VU' Vd{anun

Cjont atinj en{j vdungj VJ[ eng glg VJ[ bd BTE eng vden`ng` bd tgju VB] VU'

Vd{anun Cjont' Vnen }nit{ng jgj nbng ejudgutbng v{jmd }v{dneeng }cn{d an{`jg


15/76


>4

bn{dgn nen tgju bdetn znbgj UK] en{j vd{bdktgng VU' Vd{anun Cjont' Bdatejng

nbng ejjedgujhjbn}j v{l}d} vdgdgutng cn{`n en{j vdungj }navnj edg`ng tgju VB]'

]nit{ng vdan}n{ng J eng JJ adajijbj }cn{d an{`jg eng v{jmd }v{dne'

]cn{d an{`jg neninc vd{}dgun}dv{jmd }v{dneud{cnenv cn{`n kdij blg}tadg nbcj{)

znjut kn`jng cn{`n zng` ejud{jan lidc }dujnv idakn`n unungjn`n ud{cnenv cn{`n

kdij blg}tadg enina kdgutb vd{}dg' V{jmd }v{dneneninc bdilavlb cn{`n kdij eng

cn{`n otni ot`n kjnzn!kjnzn unungjn`n adgt{tu htg`}j vdan}n{ng eng an{ojg

bdtgutg`ng en{j ujnv idakn`n unungjn`n'

Blg}tadg en{j }nit{ng vdan}n{ng J eng JJ kd{nbcj{ ej VB] VU' Vd{anun

Cjont' VU' Vd{anun Cjont ad{tvnbng }tnut tgju t}ncn Vnk{jb Bdinvn ]npju #VB]*)

zng` adg`linc Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{ #UK]* adgonej M{ted Vnia Lji #MVL*'

]cn{d an{`jg ad{tvnbng }ninc }nut tg}t{ zng` adakdgutb dhjjdg}j

vdan}n{ng' Dhj}jdg}j vdan}n{ng ejvd{lidc en{j kjnzn vdan}n{ng vd{ cn{`n kdij

blg}tadg zng` ejcjutg` enina vd{}dg' Vdan}n{ng ejbnunbng dhj}jdg nvnkjin gjinj

dhj}jdg}j zng` ejvd{lidc }danbjg bdmji' Kd{en}n{bng vdgenvnu ]ldbn{unpj #;66;*

adg`nunbng kncpn nvnkjin Dv idkjc bdmji en{j 46$ anbn }nit{ng vdan}n{ng

ud{}dktu ejbnunbng dhj}jdg) eng nvnkjin Dv idkjc kd}n{ en{j 46$ anbn }nit{ng

vdan}n{ng ujenb ejbnunbng dhj}jdg'

Vnen npni!npni lvd{n}jlgni) nen vd{inbtng zng` kd{kden adg`dgnj cn{`n

kjin vdungj VJ[ eng glg VJ[ zng` adgotni UK] bd BTE ud{}dktu' Gnatg enina

vd{bdakng`nggzn) ud{tunan v{letb}j }npju udinc atinj adgt{tg) BTE ot`n

kngznb adgd{jan UK] en{j vdungj idvn} #glg VJ[* }dcjg``n }dmn{n lulanuj} ujenb

nen vdakdenng enina cni vdgotning knjb en{j vdungj VJ[ eng glg VJ[' BTE

bdinvn }npju) adajijbj tgju u{ng}vl{un}j }dgej{j tgutb adg`nakji }npju en{j vdungj


16/76


>8

eng }dingotugzn adg`j{ja }npju bd tgju VB] VU'Vd{anun Cjont ]npju' ]dcjg``n)

nen vdg`dgnng kjnzn u{ng}vl{un}j ud{cnenv UK] zng` ejotni bd BTE edg`ng

bj}n{ng ngun{n [v ;6 ! [v 46 vd{ b`' ]dudinc UK] en{j BTE an}tb bd tgju VB]

VU'Vd{anun Cjont ]npju eng kd{}nan UK] en{j tgju bdktg }dgej{j VU'Vd{anun

Cjont ]npju init ejdb}u{nb ngun{n injg adgonej MVL'

En{j cn{`n otni v{let}dg eng cn{`n kdij blg}tadg ejbdunctj uluni an{`jg

vdan}n{ng) znjut }dij}jc ngun{n cn{`n kdij blg}tadg edg`ng cn{`n otni v{let}dg'

Ojbn an{`jg vdan}n{ng ej}dkn{bng adgt{tu didadg!didadg vdgzt}tggzn)

adijvtuj htg`}j!htg`}j unungjn`n eng bdtgutg`ng zng` ejnakji }dujnv idakn`n

unungjn`n) anbn nbng ejvd{lidcv{jmd }v{dne' ]deng`bng ojbn cn{`n otni v{let}dg

ejkn`jbng edg`ng cn{`n kdij blg}tadg nbng ejvd{lidc }cn{d v{let}dg2 ojbn uluni

kjnzn unungjn`n ejkn`jbng edg`ng cn{`n kdij blg}tadg nbng ejvd{lidc }cn{d kjnzn

eng ojbn uluni bdtgutg`ng unungjn`n ejkn`jbng edg`ng cn{`n kdij blg}tadg nbng

ejvd{lidc }cn{d v{lhju' Ej }navjg` jut en{j an{`jg unungjn`n edg`ng

adg`ctktg`bnggzn edg`ng cn{`n kdij blg}tadg }dmn{n ijgdn{) bjun envnu

adgdgutbng dhj}jdg}j u{ng}aj}j cn{`n' Envnu ej`nakn{bng }dkn`nj kd{jbtu?


17/76


>0

]bdan Bd{ng`bn Vdajbj{ng

]AV]

]AVA

Bdud{ng`ng kn`ng ?

1 ctktg`ng v{l}d}

V] 1 V{jmd }v{dne

]A 1 ]cn{d an{`jg

BTE

Vdungj

Vden`ng`

Vdg`tavti,n`dg

@nakn{ >' ]bdan Bd{ng`bn Vdajbj{ng

]nit{ng JJ

]nit{ng J

Tgju VB]VU' Vd{anun Cjont

Dhj}jdg}j

Unungjn`n

Din}uj}jun}U{ng}aj}j

Cn{`n


18/76


>3

Cjvlud}j}

>' Ud{envnu }nit{ng unungjn`n UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{* ej end{nc vdgdijujng'

;' Ud{envnu vd{kdenng v{jmd }v{dne#}dkn{ng cn{`n* eng }cn{d an{`jg zng`

ejud{jan lidc an}jg`an}jg` }nit{ng unungjn`n UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{*

bdinvn }npju ej end{nc vdgdijujng

=' Ujg`bnu dhj}jdg}j unungjn`n UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{* neninc dhj}jdg'

5' Ud{envnu din}uj}jun} u{ng}aj}j cn{`n MVL #M{ted Vnia Lji* Jgud{gn}jlgni

ud{cnenv UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{* bdinvn }npju ej end{nc vdgdijujng'


19/76


>:

ADULED VDGDIJUJNG

Aduled Vdgdgutng End{nc Vdgdijujng

End{nc vdgdijujng ejudgutbng }dmn{n Vt{vl}jxd ]navijg` znjut ej Ed}n

Angnguj) Bdmnanung Ctun{non Ujg``j) Bnktvnudg Vneng` Inpn}') V{lvjg}j

]tanud{n Tun{n edg`ng nin}ng kncpn Ed}n Angnguj ad{tvnbng }ninc }nut }dgu{n

v{letb}j Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{ #UK]* bdinvn }npju'

Aduled Vdgdgutng ]navdi

Vlvtin}j vdungj enina vdgdijujng jgj neninc vdungj bdinvn }npju zng`

adgdunv eng adg`t}ncnbng ungnang bdinvn }npju ej bdmnanung Ctun{non Ujg``j'

Vlvtin}j jgj }dkngznb ;5 l{ng` vdungj bdinvn }npju) edg`ng adg``tgnbng aduled

}dg}t}' N{ujgzn bd}dit{tcng en{j vlvtin}j ejonejbng }navdi'

Aduled vdgdgutng }navdi ejinbtbng }dmn{n ]javid [ngela ]navijg`'

Tgutb n`dg eng blvd{n}j aduled vdg`nakjing }navdi ejudgutbng kd{en}n{bng

}dg}t} ud{cnenv 4 n`dg eng ; tgju blvd{n}j tgju ed}n #BTE* zng` nen ej end{nc

vdgdijujng' Otainc }navdi tgutb n`dg eng BTE ejudgutbng edg`ng adg``tgnbng

aduled }dg}t}) n{ujgzn bd}dit{tcng }navdi ejonejbng }navdi'

Aduled Vdg`tavting Enun

Enun zng` ejbtavtibng enina vdgdijujng jgj ud{ej{j en{j enun v{jad{ eng

enun }dbtged{' Enun v{jad{ ejvd{lidc en{j pnpngmn{n ing`}tg` bdvnen {d}vlgedg

adg``tgnbng enhun{ btd}jlgd{' Enun }dbtged{ ad{tvnbng enun zng` ejvd{lidc

en{j jg}ung}j ud{bnju? Ejgn} Vd{bdktgng ]tanud{n Tun{n) Ejgn} Vd{bdktgng


20/76


;6

Bnktvnudg Vneng` Inpn}) Bngul{ Bdmnanung Ctun{non Ujg``j) VU' Vd{anun Cjont

]npju }d{un ijud{nut{ zng` kd{ctktg`ng edg`ng vdgdijujng jgj'

Aduled Ngnij}j} Enun

Kjnzn unungjn`n envnu ejcjutg` edg`ng adgotaincbng }dit{tc kjnzn zng`

ejbditn{bng }dinan adinbtbng htg`}j!htg`}j vdan}n{ng'

V{jmd }v{dne) ]cn{d an{`jg) eng Dhj}jdg}j unungjn`n vnen }dujnv blavlgdg

unungjn`n ejcjutg` edg`ng {tat} ?

An{`jg unungjn`n ?

Aoj 1 V}j Vkj ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' #>*

Aoj 1 kuj j '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' #;*

j 1 aoj kuj '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' #=*

]dcjg``n an{`jg unungjn`n uluni neninc ?

Ao 1 aoj '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' #5*

Ejangn ?

Aoj 1 An{`jg vnen idakn`n unungjn`n bd j

V}j 1 Kjnzn vdgotning vnen idakn`n unungjn`n bd !j

Vkj 1 Cn{`n vdakdijng idakn`n unungjn`n bd !j

kuj 1 Kjnzn unungjn`n idakn`n unungjn`n bd !j

j 1 Bdtgutg`ng idakn`n unungjn`n

Ao 1 An{`jg unungjn`n uluni

V{jmd ]v{dne envnu ejvd{lidc edg`ng adg`dilavlbbng kjnzn!kjnzn

unungjn`n adgt{tu blavlgdg kjnzn zng` }nan'

]cn{d an{`jg ejcjutg` edg`ng {tat} ?


21/76


;>

]a 1 Vh s >66 $V{

Ejangn ?

]a 1 ]cn{d an{`jg ejcjutg` enina vd{}dg #$*

Vh 1 Kjnzn!kjnzn vnen idakn`n unungjn`n #[v*

V{ 1 Cn{`n Kdij blg}tadg #[v*

#@tiula)>::8*'

Dhj}jdg}j unungjn`n ejcjutg` edg`ng adg``tgnbng {tat}?

Dv 1 Kjnzn Vdan}n{ng

>' Adg`tknc cn{`n MVL jgud{gn}jlgni en{j T]% bd [tvjnc

s >66$Gjinj V{letb zng` Ejvn}n{bng

Ojbn 2 Dv 9 46 $ anbn }nit{ng vdan}n{ng ejbnunbng dhj}jdg

Dv 7 46 $ anbn }nit{ng vdan}n{ng ejbnunbng ujenb dhj}jdg'

Vdan}n{ng nbng }danbjg dhj}jdg nvnkjin gjinj dhj}jdg}j vdan}n{ng #Dv*

}danbjg bdmji' #]ldbn{unpj);66;*'

Kd}n{gzn din}uj}jun} u{ng}aj}j cn{`n MVL #M{ted Vnia Lji* jgud{gn}jlgni

ud{cnenv cn{`n UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{* edg`ng adg``tgnbng ngnij}j} Htg`}j

Mlkk Elt`in} #Un{j`ng) ;665* }dkn`nj kd{jbtu ?

ig Z 1 k6 " k> ig S>

Din}uj}jun} u{ng}aj}j cn{`n ejcjutg` edg`ng adg``tgnbng b{jud{jn vd{cjutg`ng

}dkn`nj kd{jbtu?

]dudinc enun ejbtavtibng edg`ng idg`bnv) bdatejng enun cn{`n MVL

elad}ujb eng enun cn{`n MVL jgud{gn}jlgni ejunktin}j) bdatejng cn{`n


22/76


;;

jgud{gn}jlgni zng` an}jc enina }nutng T]% ej{tknc bd anun tng` ilbni #[tvjnc*)

edg`ng {tat}? T]% S Dsmcng`d [nud

;' N}ta}j Ntulbl{din}j

Adgt{tu ]tv{ngul #>::4* ntulbl{din}j ad{tvnbng bl{din}j ngun{n ng``lun

}d{j lk}d{xn}j zng` ej}t}tg adgt{tu t{tung pnbut #}dvd{uj enun ujad }d{jd}* nunt

adgt{tu t{tung udavnu nunt {tng` #}dvd{uj enun m{l}}!}dmujlg*' Nvnkjin

ntulbl{din}j ejkjn{bng ud{onej) anbn vdad{bj{n ujenb dhj}jdg eng an}jc udunv unb

kjn}' Tgutb adg`dunctj nen ujenbgzn `donin Ntulbl{din}j enina {d`{d}j) mn{n zng`

ej`tgnbng edg`ng adinbtbng vdg`tojng }d{jni bl{din}j edg`ng aduled Et{kjg!

Pnu}lg' Vdg`nakjing bdvtut}ng nen ujenbgzn Ntulbl{din}j?

n* Kjin #et* 9 e 9 #5!et*) anbn bldhj}jdg ntulbl{din}j 1 6) kd{n{uj ujenb nen

ntulbl{din}j' Ejangn et? knun} nun} eng ei ? knun} knpnc' Gjinj et eng ei

envnu ejijcnu vnen Unkdi e!}unuj}ujb'

k* Kjin e 9 #ei*) anbn bldhj}jdg ntulbl{din}j 7 6) kd{n{uj ntulbl{din}j vl}jujh'

m* Kjin e 7 #5!et*) anbn bldhj}jdg ntulbl{din}j 9 6) kd{n{uj ntulbl{din}j

gd`nujh'

e* Kjin ei 9 e 9 et nunt e ud{idunb #5!et* 9 e 9 #5!ei*) anbn ujenb envnu

ej}javtibng'

Nvnkjin ud{onej ntulbl{din}j vl}jujh #e 9 ei*) ]tv{ngul #>::4* adgodin}bng

mn{n adg`nun}j an}ninc ntulbl{din}j neninc edg`ng adgu{ng}hl{an}jbng enun'

Mn{n u{ng}hl{an}j enun neninc edg`ng adg``tgnbng #{cl*) ejktnu u{ng}hl{an}j

ud{cnenv xn{jnkdi n}ij' Enun u{ng}hl{an}j neninc Z/) S>/ eng S;/'Z/ tgutb kting

vd{unan 1 Z>/ 1 Z>;

>

Zu/ 1 Zu Zu!>


23/76


;=

S>/ tgutb kting vd{unan 1 S>#>*/ 1 S>#>*;

>

S>u/ 1 Su ! Su!>

S;/ tgutb kting vd{unan 1 S;#>*/ 1 S;#>*;

>

S;u/ 1 S;u S;u!>

Ejangn? 1 >!;

e

Edhdgj}j eng Knun}ng Lvd{n}jlgni

Tgutb adg`cjgen{j bd}nincvncnang adg`dgnj j}ujinc!j}ujinc zng` ud{envnu

enina vdgdijujng jgj anbn ejktnu edhdgj}j eng knun}ng lvd{n}jlgni }dkn`nj kd{jbtu?

Edhdgj}j

>' Vdungj bdinvn }npju neninc vdungj zng` adinbtbng t}ncn ungj bdinvn }npju

}dkn`nj vdbd{onng tunangzn) eng adgotni cn}ji t}ncngzn bdvnen BTE

nunt glg BTE'

;' Htg`}j unungjn`n neninc nbujxjun}) t}ncn nunt on}n!on}n zng` ejinb}ngnbng

enina v{l}d} vdgzdkn{ng kn{ng` # vdgng`ngng vn}mn vngdg) vdgotning)

vdakdijng)u{ng}vl{un}j*'

=' ]nit{ng unungjn`n neninc btavting idakn`n!idakn`n zng` }dmn{n

ing`}tg` nunt ujenb ing`}tg` ud{ijknu ej enina bd`jnung unungjn`n

kn{ng`,on}n zng` }nijg` adavdg`n{tcj) edg`ng utotng adg`nilbn}jbng

}takd{ enzn nina }dmn{n dhj}jdg `tgn adadgtcj bdktutcng angt}jn

}dkngznb!kngznbgzn'

5' Kjnzn unungjn`n znjut }datn blavlgdg kjnzn zng` ejbditn{bng }dinan

adgoningbng htg`}j!htg`}j unungjn`n'


24/76


;5

4' V{jmd }v{dneneninc bdilavlb cn{`n kdij eng cn{`n otni ot`n kjnzn!kjnzn

unungjn`n adgt{tu htg`}j vdan}n{ng eng an{`jg bdtgutg`ng en{j ujnv

idakn`n unungjn`n'

8' ]cn{d an{`jg neninc vd{}dgun}d v{jmd }v{dne ud{cnenv cn{`n kdij

blg}tadg nbcj{) znjut kn`jng cn{`n zng` ejud{jan lidc }dujnv idakn`n

unungjn`n ud{cnenv cn{`n kdij blg}tadg enina kdgutb vd{}dg''

0' Dhj}jdg}j unungjn`n neninc }tnut bdnenng zng` ej`tgnbng enina vdgjinjng

v{d}un}j bd{on v{l}d} unungjn`n kn`j }datn idakn`n zng` ud{bnju enina

unungjn`n'

3' Cn{`n #v{jmd* neninc }dotainc tng` zng` ejkdkngbng nun} }tnut v{letb

nunt on}n) nunt }dotainc en{j gjinj zng` ejutbn{ blg}tadg nun} anghnnu!

anghnnu bn{dgn adajijbj nunt adg``tgnbng v{letb nunt on}n ud{}dktu'

:' Cn{`n MVL #M{ted Vnia Lji* jgud{gn}jlgni neninc cn{`n {nun!{nun

vdgotning vnen vn}n{ jgud{gn}jlgni'

>6'Blvd{n}j Tgju Ed}n #BTE* neninc }tnut odgj} kneng t}ncn zng` adakdij

cn}ji vngdg vdungj eng adgotni }n{ngn v{letb}j bdvnen vdungj edg`ng mn{n

utgnj eng b{deju'

Knun}ng Lvd{n}jlgni

>' Vdgdijujng ejinbtbng ej Ed}n Angnguj) Bdmnanung Ctun{non Ujg``j)

Bnktvnudg Vneng` Inpn}'

;' Vdgdijujng ejinb}ngnbng vnen unctg ;663'

=' ]navdi vdungj bdinvn }npju neninc vdungj zng` adgdunv eng

adg`t}ncnbng ungnang bdinvn }npju ej ed}n Angnguj'


25/76


;4

5' ]navdi vdgdijujng neninc BTE bdinvn }npju eng vden`ng` vdg`tavti

ed}n #glg BTE* zng` adakdij UK] bdinvn }npju en{j ed}n Angnguj'


26/76


;8

ED]B[JV]J END[NC VDGDIJUJNGENG BN[NBUD[J]UJB ]NAVDI

Ed}b{jv}j End{nc Vdgdijujng

Idunb @dl`{nhj}) Knun} eng Itn} Pjinznc

Ed}n Angnguj kd{nen ej Bdmnanung Ctun{non Ujg``j) Bnktvnudg Vneng`

Inpn}) V{lvjg}j ]tanud{n Tun{n' Ed}n Angnguj kd{nen vnen bdujg``jng :66a

ejnun} vd{atbnng intu' Ed}n Angnguj ud{idunb " >= ba en{j Ctun{non Ujg``j

#Jktblun Bdmnanung* eng " 5= ba en{j Bngul{ Ktvnuj Vneng` Inpn} ej ]jktctng'

Itn} Ed}n Angnguj neninc 5=6 Cn'

]dmn{n neajgj}u{nujh Ed}n Angnguj adavtgznj knun}!knun} ?

! ]dkdinc Tun{n kd{knun}ng edg`ng Ed}n ]jkl{gn

! ]dkdinc ]dinung kd{knun}ng edg`ng Ed}n Jakn{t

! ]dkdinc Ujat{ kd{knun}ng edg`ng ]jktctng

! ]dkdinc Kn{nu kd{knun}ng edg`ng Vn}j{ Vng`n{nzng

Unun @tgn Ungnc

Vlin vdg``tgnng ungnc ej Ed}n Angnguj envnu ejijcnu vnen Unkdi ; ?

Unkdi ;' Bdnenng Unun @tgn Ungnc Ed}n Angnguj Unctg ;668

Gl Odgj} Vdg``tgnng Ungnc Itn} #Cn* Vd{}dgun}d #$*> Vd{ineng`ng eng Vd{bdktgng =;6)6 05)5=

; Vdatbjang ;=)4 4)58= Injggzn 38)4 ;6)>>

Otainc 5=6)6 >66)66]takd{ ? V{lhji Ed}n Angnguj #;660*

En{j Unkdi ; envnu ejbdunctj kncpn en{j 5=6 Cn itn} ed}n Angnguj)

}dkn`jng kd}n{ ej`tgnbng tgutb vd{ineng`ng eng vd{bdktgng }ditn} =;6 Cn


27/76


;0

#05)5=$*' Cni jgj adgtgotbbng kncpn an}zn{nbnu ed}n Angnguj vnen tatagzn

neninc kd{ineng` eng kd{bdktg ud{tunan Bdinvn }npju'

Bdnenng Vdgetetb

Blavl}j}j Vdgetetb Adgt{tu Bdilavlb Tat{

Otainc vdgetetb Ed}n Angnguj unctg ;668 neninc >';0; ojpn) ud{ej{j en{j

4:4 inbj!inbj eng 800 vd{davtng' Otainc vdgetetb adgt{tu bdilavlb tat{

neninc }dkn`nj kd{jbtu ?

Unkdi =' Blavl}j}j Vdgetetb Ed}n Angnguj Adgt{tu Bdilavlb Tat{

Unctg ;668Gl Tat{ Otainc #Ojpn*> 6!>5 5==

; >4!43 04:= 74: 36

Otainc >';0;]takd{ ? V{lhji Ed}n Angnguj #;660*

En{j Unkdi = envnu ejbdunctj kncpn vdgetetb ed}n Angnguj vnijg` kngznb

vnen tat{ ,t}jn v{letbujh >4!43 znjut 04: ojpn'

Blavl}j}j Vdgetetb Adgt{tu Ujg`bnu Vdgejejbng

]dkn`jng kd}n{ vdgetetb ed}n Angnguj udinc adg`dgzna vdgejejbng) cni

jgj envnu ejijcnu vnen Unkdi 5 ?

Unkdi 5' Blavl}j}j Vdgetetb Adgt{tu Ujg`bnu Vdgejejbng Unctg ;668

Gl Odgong` Vdgejejbng Otainc #Ojpn* Vd{}dgun}d #$*

> Kdita ]dblinc ;=> >)36

; Ujenb ]dblinc >>4 :)65= Ujenb Unanu ]E >46 >>)0:

5 ]E ;4; >:)3>

4 ]IUV >36 >5)>4

8 ]IUN =>> ;5)55

0 Ejvilan J!JJ ;6 >)40

3 Ejvilan JJJ >6 6)03

: ]n{ongn #]J* = 6);=

Otainc >';0; >66)66]takd{ ? V{lhji Ed}n Angnguj #;660*


28/76


;3

]l}jni Dblglaj

Blavl}j}j Vdgetetb Adgt{tu N`nan zng` Ejngtu

Vdgetetb ed}n Angnguj vnen tatagzn adg`ngtu n`nan J}ina znjut

}dkd}n{ 0=)88$ ' Tgutb adg`dunctj otainc vdgetetb adgt{tu n`nan zng` ejngtu

envnu ejijcnu vnen Unkdi 4 ?

Unkdi 4' Blavl}j}j Vdgetetb Adgt{tu N`nan Zng` Ejngtu Unctg ;668

Gl N`nan Otainc #Ojpn* Vd{}dgun}d $> J}ina :=0 0=)88

; B{j}udg Bcnulijb ;:= ;=)65

= B{j}udg V{lud}ung 5; =)=6

Otainc >';0; >66)66]takd{ ? V{lhji Ed}n Angnguj #;660*

Blavl}j}j Vdgetetb Adgt{tu Odgj} Anun Vdgmncn{jng

]dkn`jng kd}n{ anun vdgmncn{jng vdgetetb ed}n Angnguj neninc enina

kjeng` vd{ungjng' Cni jgj envnu ejijcnu vnen Unkdi 8 ?

Unkdi 8' Blavl}j}j Vdgetetb Adgt{tu Odgj} Anun Vdgmncn{jngUnctg ;668

Gl Anun Vdgmncn{jng Otainc #Ojpn*

> Vdungj >3:

; Kt{tc ungj >66

= ]pn}un ;

5 VG] >8

4 Vden`ng` >>

8 Vdud{gnb ;

0 Alguj{ >

Otainc ==>]takd{ ? V{lhji Ed}n Angnguj #;660*

]n{ngn Eng V{n}n{ngn

]n{ngn eng v{n}n{ngn zng` ud{}dejn ej ed}n Angnguj ud{}dejn mtbtv knjb'

Ej ed}n Angnguj ud{envnu }n{ngn eng v{n}n{ngn envnu ejijcnu vnen Unkdi 0?


29/76


;:

Unkdi 0' ]n{ngn eng V{n}n{ngn Ed}n Angnguj Unctg ;668Gl ]n{ngn eng V{n}n{ngn Otainc> ]dblinc En}n{ >

; Vl}znget >= Nvludb >

5 @d{don ;4 Ad}oje =

8 At}clin 4]takd{ ? V{lhji Ed}n Angnguj #;660*

Vnen Unkdi 0) ed}n Angnguj adajijbj }n{ngn eng v{n}n{ngn znjut ]dblinc

En}n{) Vl}znget) Nvludb) @d{don) Ad}oje eng At}clin' ]n{ngn eng v{n}n{ngn

ud{}dktu an}jc }ng`nu }ded{cngn ojbn ejkngejg`bng edg`ng ed}n }dbjun{gzn) eng

kj}n ejbnunbng kdita idg`bnv'

Bn{nbud{j}ujb Vdungj ]navdi

Bn{nbud{j}ujb }d}dl{ng` }ng`nu adavdg`n{tcj ujgenbng) vlin vjbj{) }d{un

pnpn}ng zng` ejajijbjgzn' Kd{jbtu bn{nbud{j}ujb vdungj zng` adgonej }navdi vnen

end{nc vdgdijujng zng` adijvtuj) tat{) ujg`bnu vdgejejbng) vdg`ninang kd{ungj

eng itn} incng t}ncn ungj' Bn{nbud{j}ujb vdungj }navdi envnu ejijcnu vnen Unkdi

kd{jbtu'

Unkdi 3' Bn{nbud{j}ujb Vdungj ]navdiGl' T{njng [ng`d [nunng> Tat{ # Unctg * ;3!46 =3)66

; Ujg`bnu Vdgejejbng #Unctg* 8!>; :)66= Vdg`ninang Kd{ungj # Unctg* 4!=6 >;)66

5 Itn} Incng #Cn* =!>4 3)86]takd{ ? Ngnij}j} Enun V{jad{ )#Inavj{ng >*

En{j Unkdi 3) envnu ejijcnu kncpn {nun!{nun vdungj }navdi ej ed}n Angnguj

vnen ujg`bnu tat{ adajijbj {ng`d ;3!46 unctg) edg`ng {nun!{nun kd{tat{ =3)66

Unctg' Ej ujg`bnu vdgejejbng envnu ejijcnu kncpn {ng`dgzn 8!>; unctg) edg`ng


30/76


=6

{nun!{nun :)66 unctg) nunt }dun{n edg`ng ]IUV) eng vnen bn{nbud{j}ujb vdg`ninang

kd{ungj) }navdi vdungj end{nc vdgdijujng adajijbj {ng`d 4!=6 unctg) edg`ng {nun!

{nun >; unctg) }deng`bng vnen vdg`tn}nng itn} incng vdungj }navdi adajijbj

{ng`d =!>4 Cn edg`ng {nun!{nun 3)86 Cn'

Bn{nbud{j}ujb Vden`ng` ]navdi

Vdgdgutng vden`ng` }navdi ejinbtbng edg`ng mn{n }dg}t}) znbgj edg`ng

mn{n adgngznbng ing`}tg` bdvnen vdungj bdangn ad{dbn adgotni v{letb Bdinvn

}npju ad{dbn'

Unkdi : kd{jbtu adg``nakn{bng bn{nbud{j}ujb vden`ng` }navdi ej end{nc

vdgdijujng }dkn`nj kd{jbtu ?

Unkdi :' Bn{nbud{j}ujb Vden`ng` ]navdi , N`dg

Gl' T{njngVden`ng` Vdg`tavti , N`dg

[ng`d [nun!{nun> Tat{ # Unctg * =4!86 54)66

; Ujg`bnu Vdgejejbng # Unctg * :!>; >;)66= Vdg`ninang #Unctg* 5!>; 3)66

]takd{ ? Ngnij}j} Enun V{jad{) #Inavj{ng =*

En{j Unkdi : ejijcnu kncpn {nun!{nun vden`ng` vdg`tavti bdmji ed}n

kd{elaj}jij ej ed}n Angnguj 54)66 unctg edg`ng {ng`d =4!86' Ej ujg`bnu

vdgejejbng vden`ng` vdg`tavti,n`dg adajijbj gjinj {nun!{nun neninc >; unctg

edg`ng {ng`d :!>;' Tgutb ujg`bnu vdg`ninang) vden`ng` vdg`tavti,n`dg

adajijbj vdg`ninang {nun!{nun 3 unctg edg`ng {ng`d ngun{n 5!>; unctg'


31/76


=>

CN]JI ENG VDAKNCN]NG

]nit{ng Vdan}n{ng Bdinvn }npju

]nit{ng vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju ej ed}n Angnguj }tenc ud{kdgutb }dinan

ijan #4* unctg ud{nbcj{) adijknubng kdkd{nvn idakn`n vdan}n{ng zng`

adgznit{bng UK] bdinvn }npju en{j vdungj cjg``n bd VB]' ]dudinc }navnj bd

VB] #Vnk{jb Bdinvn ]npju* anbn cn}ji lincng UK] bdinvn }npju zng` }tenc

kd{kdgutb MVL #M{tje Vnia Lji* nbng ejb}vl{ bd gd`n{ngd`n{n itn{ zng` udinc

ejudgutbng lidc VB] #Vnk{jb Bdinvn ]npju* }dvd{uj Jgejn) Odvng`) gd`n{n kn`jng

D{lvn) eng Nad{jbn'

Ej ed}n Angnguj cngzn ud{envnu ; }nit{ng vdan}n{ng tgutb UK] bdinvn

}npju atinj en{j vdungj cjg``n bdvnen VB] #Vnk{jb Bdinvn ]npju*' Tgutb idkjc

odin}gzn) }nit{ng vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju ej ed}n Angnguj envnu ej`nakn{bng

}dkn`nj kd{jbtu ?

046'666 B`) nunt >66$

046'666 B`)nunt =0)4$

@nakn{ ;' ]bdan ]nit{ng Vdan}n{ng J Bdinvn }npju ej Ed}n Angnguj

Vden`ng` Vdg`tavti , N`dg

VB] #Vnk{jb

Bdinvn ]npju*

Vdungj Bdinvn ]npju


32/76


=;

En{j }bdan }nit{ng vdan}n{ng ud{}dktu envnu ejbdunctj ?

>' Kd{nu xlitad vdgotning vdungj }navdi bd Vden`ng` vdg`tavti ,

n`dg#N@DG* neninc }dkd}n{ 046'666 B` nunt >66$ en{j uluni v{letb}j'

;' Kd{nu xlitad vdgotning Vden`ng` Vdg`tavti #N@DG* bdvnen Vnk{jb

Bdinvn ]npju #VB]* neninc 046'666 B` nunt >66$ en{j uluni

vdakdijnggzn en{j vdungj'

=' Kd{nu xlitad vdgotning Vden`ng` Vdg`tavti ud{cnenv VB] }dkd}n{

046'666 b`) kd}n{gzn vdgotning jgj adgztakng` }dkd}n{ =0)4 $ en{j uluni

vdakdijng VB]'

V{l}d} }nit{ng vdan}n{ng J bdinvn }npju en{j vdungj cjg``n bdvnen VB]

#Vnk{jb Bdinvn ]npju* ejatinj en{j vdgotning bdinvn }npju bdvnen vden`ng`

vdg`tavti, n dg zng` kd{nen edbnu edg`ng {tanc vdungj' Lidc vden`ng`

vdg`tavti , n`dg ejinbtbng }l{un}j btnijun} ud{cnenv UK] bdinvn }npju }dmn{n

xj}tni) ej}jgj ujenb ejinbtbng htg`}j vdgzjavngng bn{dgn UK] bdinvn }npju zng`

ejkdij lidc vden`ng` vdg`tavti , n`dg vnen vn`j cn{j) ing`}tg` ejotni bdvnen

Vnk{jb Bdinvn ]npju #VB]* }l{d cn{jgzn' Kjn}ngzn vden`ng` vdg`tavti, n`dg

adinbtbng vdgodavtung ing`}tg` bdvnen vdungj nvnkjin ujenb adajijbj nunt

ud{bdgenin enina u{ng}vl{un}j vdg`ng`btung bdinvn }npju v{letb}jgzn'

>);46)666 B`) nunt >66$

>);46)666 B`)nunt 8;)4$

Vdungj Bdinvn}npju

BTE


33/76


==

@nakn{ =' ]bdan ]nit{ng Vdan}n{ng JJ Bdinvn }npju ej Ed}n Angnguj

En{j }bdan }nit{ng vdan}n{ng ud{}dktu envnu ejbdunctj ?

>' Kd{nu xlitad vdgotning vdungj }navdi bd Vden`ng` vdg`tavti ,

n`dg#N@DG* neninc }dkd}n{ 046'666 B` nunt >66$ en{j uluni v{letb}j'

;' Kd{nu xlitad vdgotning Vden`ng` Vdg`tavti #N@DG* bdvnen Vnk{jb

Bdinvn ]npju #VB]* neninc 046'666 B` nunt >66$ en{j uluni

vdakdijnggzn en{j vdungj'

=' Kd{nu xlitad vdgotning Blvd{n}j Tgju Ed}n #BTE* bdvnen VB] #Vnk{jb

Bdinvn ]npju* neninc >';46'666 B` nunt 8;)4 $ en{j uluni vdakdijng VB]'

]nit{ng Vdan}n{ng JJ) znjut adinitj Blvd{n}j Tgju Ed}n #BTE* UK]

bdinvn }npju ing`}tg` ejbj{ja bdvnen Vnk{jb Bdinvn ]npju tgutb adg`cjgen{j

vdgzt}tung eng ktnc UK] zng` kt}tb' BTE ot`n adgzdejnbng hn}jijun} u{tb

tgutb adg`ng`btu ktnc bdinvn }npju en{j vdungj'

Htg`}jHtg`}j Vdan}n{ng zng` Ejinbtbng ]dujnv Idakn`n Vdan}n{ng

Htg`}j!htg`}j vdan}n{ng ad{tvnbng tg}t{ vdgujg` enina v{l}d}

vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju' Htg`}j vdan}n{ng ejinbtbng lidc an}jg`!an}jg`

idakn`n vdan}n{ng tgutb adavd{ingmn{ vdgznavnjng cn}ji v{letb}j bdinvn

}npju en{j vjcnb vdungj bdinvn }npju cjg``n bdvnen VB] #Vnk{jb Bdinvn ]npju*'

Enina v{l}d} vdan}n{ng vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju) htg`}j!htg`}j

vdan}n{ng zng` ejinb}ngnbng lidc vdungj eng idakn`n vdan}n{ng kd{xn{jn}j'

]dujnv idakn`n nbng adinbtbng htg`}j vdan}n{ng atinj en{j htg`}j vdakdijng

cjg``n bd htg`}j vdgotning' Blg}dbtdg}j en{j vdinb}ngnng htg`}j!htg`}j jgj

VB] #Vnk{jbBdinvn ]npju*


34/76


=5

neninc atgmtigzn kjnzn!kjnzn }dujnv htg`}j' Htg`}j!htg`}j vdan}n{ng bdinvn

}npju zng` ejinbtbng an}jg`!an}jg` idakn`n vdan}n{ng envnu ejijcnu vnen Unkdi

>6 kd{jbtu '

Unkdi >6' Htg`}jHtg`}j Vdan}n{ng zng` Ejinbtbng ]dujnv Idakn`nVdan}n{ng

Htg`}j Vdan}n{ng Vdungj N@DG BTE VB]Vdakdijng S X X X

Vdgotning X X X SVdg`lincng S S S X

]l{un}j X X X XU{ng}vl{un}j S X X S

Klg`bn{ Atnu S X X S

Vdgzjavngng X X X X]takd{ ? Ngnij}j} Enun V{jad{) #Inavj{ng )=)5)8)3*

Bdud{ng`ng ? X ? Adinb}ngnbng htg`}j ud{}dktu

S ? Ujenb adinb}ngnbng

Unkdi >6 envnu ejijcnu kncpn an}njg`!an}jg` }nit{ng vdan}n{ng

adinbtbng htg`}j!htg`}j vdan}n{ng }dkn`nj kd{jbtu ?

>' Vdungj adinbtbng htg`}j vdan}n{ng }dkn`nj kd{jbtu ? vdgotning) }l{un}j'

]deng`bng tgutb htg`}j vdgzjavngng zng` ejinbtbng vdungj cngzn

kdkd{nvn cn{j }non eng otaincgzn ujenb kngznb) }dcjg``n mtbtv ej}javng

ej {tanc }non) lidc }dknk jut kjnzn vdgzjavngng eng }l{un}j ejng``nv

ujenb nen) edajbjng cnigzn edg`ng vdgzt}tung zng` {dinujh }dejbju'

;' Vden`ng` vdg`tavti , n`dg adinbtbng htg`}j vdan}n{ng }dkn`nj kd{jbtu ?

vdakdijng) vdgotning) }l{un}j) u{ng}vl{un}j) klg`bn{ atnu) vdgzjavngng

eng vdgzt}tung' ]l{un}j zng` ejinbtbng lidc vden`ng` vdg`tavti cngzn

kd{utotng tgutb adaj}ncbng UK] bdinvn }npju btnijun} knjb eng kt{tb)

eng ujenb nen ud{onej vdg`t{ng`ng otainc enina vdgotning UK] bdinvn

}npju gngujgzn'


35/76


=4

=' Blvd{n}j Tgju Ed}n #BTE* adinbtbng }datn htg`}j vdan}n{ng) ejangn

cni jut neninc ? vdakdijng) vdgotning) }l{un}j) u{ng}vl{un}j) klg`bn{ atnu)

vdgzjavngng) eng vdgzt}tung' U{ng}vl{un}j zng` ejinbtbng lidc Blvd{n}j

Tgju Ed}n #BTE* ud{ej{j en{j vdg`ng`btung bdinvn }npju bdvnen VB]

#Vnk{jb Bdinvn ]npju* en{j vdungj'

Vd{kdenng V{jmd ]v{dne#]dkn{ng Cn{`n* eng ]cn{d An{`jg zng` Ejud{janLidc An}jg`An}jg` ]nit{ng Unungjn`n UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{* Bdinvn]npju'

Ngnij}j} Kjnzn) V{jmd ]v{dne) ]cn{d An{`jg Vdan}n{ng Bdinvn }npju

Ngnij}j} jgj nbng ejinbtbng vd{cjutg`ng kjnzn!kjnzn zng` ejbditn{bng lidc

ujnv!ujnv }nit{ng vdan}n{ng zng` kd{vd{ng enina adan}n{bng UK] bdinvn }npju

atinj en{j vden`ng` vdg`tavti,n`dg }navnj bdvnen blg}tadg VB] #Vnk{jb

Bdinvn ]npju**) }dinjg jut ot`n tgutb adg`dunctj kn`njangn v{jmd }v{dne) }cn{d

an{`jg vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju ej end{nc vdgdijujng' Ngnij}j} kjnzn) v{jmd }v{dne

eng }cn{d an{`jg lidc an}jg`!an}jg` idakn`n }nit{ng vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju

envnu ejijcnu }dkn`nj kd{jbtu'

Unkdi >>' Kjnzn Vdan}n{ng eng V{lhju An{`jg Vdan}n{ng Vnen ]nit{ngVdan}n{ng J Bdinvn }npju ej Ed}n Angnguj

Gl T{njng KjnznCn{`n

]cn{d An{`jg #$*

#[v,B`* # [v,B`*

> Cn{`n Otni Vdungj Bdinvn }npju 546 85);3

; Vden`ng` vdg`tavti , n`dg

Cn{`n Kdij N@DG 546

Kjnzn Vdan}n{ng

n' ]l{un}j >4 ;)>5

k' U{ng}vl{un}j =6 5);

m' Klg`bn{ Atnu 4 6)0>

e' Vnonb 4 6)0>

d' Vdgzjavngng 4 6)0>

h' Vdgzt}tung 4 6)0>

Uluni Kjnzn Vdan}n{ng 84 :);3


36/76


=8

An{`jg Vdan}n{ng ;46

V{lhju Vdan}n{ng >34 ;8)5;

Cn{`n Otni N@DG 066

5 VB]

Cn{`n Kdij VB] #Vnk{jb Bdinvn ]npju* 066

]takd{ ? Ngnij}j} Enun V{jad{ #Inavj{ng =)5)4)8*

Unkdi >> envnu ejbdunctj kncpn an{`jg vdan}n{ng zng` ejvd{lidc

vden`ng` vdg`tavti , n`dg neninc }dkd}n{ [v';46 ,B`) }deng`bng tgutb V{lhju

vdan}n{ng zng` ejvd{lidc vden`ng` vdg`tavti , n`dg }dkd}n{ [v'>34 ,B`)

edg`ng gjinj }cn{d v{lhju vden`ng` vdg`tavti , n`dg neninc }dkd}n{ ;8$'

Nenvtg kjnzn vdan}n{ng ud{kd}n{ zng` ejbditn{bng neninc vdakdijng UK]

bdinvn }npju en{j vdungj znjut }dkd}n{ [v'546 ,B`) tgutb kjnzn }l{un}j znjut

}dkd}n{ [v'>4 ,B`) u{ng}vl{un}j [v'=6 ,B`) klg`bn{ [v'4 ,B`) vdgzjavngng eng

vdgzt}tung [v'4 ,B`'

Kd{jbtu neninc Unkdi cn{`n UK] bdinvn }npju ej ujg`bnu Vdungj }dinan 4

unctg ud{nbcj{ vd{ >; kting ?


37/76

Vtu{n Kj}tb ? Ngnij}j} Unungjn`n Eng Din}uj}jun} U{ng}aj}j Cn{`n MVL Jgud{gn}jlgni Ud{cnenv Cn{`n UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{* Bdinvn ]npju #]utej Bn}t}? Ed}n AngngujBdmnanung ]l}n Bnktvnudg Vneng` Inpn}*) ;66:'T]T [dvl}jul{z ;66:

=:

Unkdi >;' Unkdi cn{`n UK] bdinvn }npju ej ujg`bnu Vdungj }dinan 4 unctg ud{nbcj{ vd{ >; kting

Gl UNCTG Al{hlil`j} UK]

KTING

> #[v* = #[v* 5#[v* 4#[v* 8#[v* 0#[v* 3#[v* :#[v* >6#[v* >>#[v* >; #[v*

> ;66= Ktnc Kd}n{

Ktnc ]deng`

Ktnc Bdmji

846

4:6

5:4

884

4:4

466

886

4:4

4>6

846

4:6

466

844

866

4>6

8;6

486

5:4

8>4

444

5:4

866

456

536

8>6

486

534

8;6

436

5:6

806

864

4>4

8:6

8>4

4;6

; ;665 Ktnc Kd}n{

Ktnc ]deng`

Ktnc Bdmji

0;6

066

884

086

0;6

804

350

086

066

38=

006

064

380

036

0>4

0;>

8=5

4>5

848

403

583

8=8

486

545

806

4:6

503

805

4:=

536

80>

4:>

50:

8;4

406

4=6

= ;664 Ktnc Kd}n{

Ktnc ]deng`

Ktnc Bdmji

84;

405

584

8;;

450

55=

854

483

586

0;;

8=8

4>4

846

866

456

83:

860

5:>

0>;

8;0

463

830

864

5:6

066

856

486

064

8;>

46=

8:;

86:

5:=

80>

4:>

503

5 ;668 Ktnc Kd}n{

Ktnc ]deng`

Ktnc Bdmji

0>4

806

404

0>4

804

436

0>6

806

434

066

884

434

066

806

434

8:6

886

406

064

884

436

0>6

806

4:6

0;6

836

866

046

834

8>6

036

066

8>6

366

056

846

4 ;660 Ktnc Kd}n{

Ktnc ]deng`

Ktnc Bdmji

:84

366

056

:06

3>6

086

:36

3;6

084

>'64:

:==

044

>';;0

>'636

304

>'==8

>'>08

:4=

>';;:

>'63;

300

>'=;8

>'>80

:58

>'=>0

>'>86

:=:

>'=5;

>'>3;

:40

>'556

>';83

>'6;0

>'4>;

>'==>

>'603

; #[v*

]takd{?VU' Vd{anun Cjont ]npju) ;660

=5


38/76

>

Unkdi >=' Kjnzn Vdan}n{ng eng V{lhju An{`jg Vdan}n{ng Vnen ]nit{ngVdan}n{ng JJ Bdinvn }npju ej Ed}n Angnguj

]takd{ ? Ngnij}j} Enun V{jad{ #Inavj{ng ;) =) 5) 4) 8*

En{j Unkid >= ejvd{lidc tgutb kjnzn }l{un}j ejvd{cjutg`bng }dkd}n{

[v'>4,B`' Tgutb kjnzn u{ng}vl{un}j knjb jut enina adakdij bdinvn }npju en{j

vdungj nuntvtg adgotni bdinvn }npju bd VB] #Vnk{jb Bdinvn ]npju*

ejvd{cjutg`bng }dkd}n{ [v';4,B`' Kjnzn jgj }dejbju idkjc at{nc ejbn{dgnbng

bdkjonbng blvd{n}j tgutb adg}doncud{nbng ng``lungzn) lidc bn{dgn jgj ot`n envnu

ejijcnu en{j bdud{un{jbng nunt kngznbgzn otainc vdungj zng` adgotni cn}ji vngdgng

bdinvn }npjugzn bdvnen BTE' Tgutb kjnzn klg`bn{ atnu ejbdgnbng [v

46'666,U{tmb) edg`ng bnvn}jun} u{tmb " >6 Ulg) onej envnu ejvd{cjutg`bng kncpn

kjnzn klg`bn{ atnu }dkd}n{ [v' 4 ,B`' Nenvtg vnonb zng` ejbdgnbng enina

adgotni bdinvn }npju bd VB] #Vnk{jb Bdinvn ]npju* neninc }dkd}n{ [v'4 ,B`'

Otainc zng` }nan ot`n tgutb vdgzjavngng [v'4 ,B` eng vdgzt}tung [v'4

Gl T{njngKjnzn Cn{`n ]cn{d An{`jg

#$*#[v,B`* # [v,B`*> Cn{`n Otni Vdungj Bdinvn }npju 546 85);3

; Blvd{n}j Tgju Ed}n #BTE*

Cn{`n Kdij BTE 546

Kjnzn Vdan}n{ng

n' ]l{un}j >4 ;)>5

k' U{ng}vl{un}j ;4 5);6

m' Klg`bn{ Atnu 4 6)0>

e' Vnonb 4 6)0>

d' Vdgzjavngng 4 6)0>

h' Vdgzt}tung 4 6)0>

Uluni Kjnzn Vdan}n{ng 86 3)40

An{`jg Vdan}n{ng ;46

V{lhju Vdan}n{ng >:6 ;0)>5

Cn{`n Otni BTE 066

5 VB]

Cn{`n Kdij VB] #Vnk{jb Bdinvn]npju* 066

=4=4


39/76

;

,B`' An{`jg vdan}n{ng zng` ejud{jan en{j }navdi Blvd{n}j Tgju Ed}n #BTE*

neninc [v';46 ,B`' ]deng`bng v{lhju vdan}n{ng zng` ejud{jan lidc Blvd{n}j Tgju

Ed}n #BTE* }dkd}n{ [v'>:6 ,B`) nenvtg kd}n{ gjinj }cn{d v{lhjuBlvd{n}j Tgju

Ed}n #BTE* neninc ;0$'

Unkdi >5' V{jmd ]v{dneeng ]cn{d An{`jg ]nit{ng Vdan}n{ng J Bdinvn }npjuej Ed}n Angnguj

Gl T{njngV{jmd ]v{dne

]cn{d An{`jg#$*

Kjnzn#[v,B`*

Cn{`n# [v,B`*

> Cn{`n Otni Vdungj Bdinvn }npju 546 85);3

; Kjnzn Vdan}n{ngn' ]l{un}j 54 8)5;

k' U{ng}vl{un}j :6 >;)34

m' Klg`bn{ Atnu >4 ;)>5

e' Vnonb >4 ;)>5

d' Vdgzjavngng >4 ;)>5

h' Vdgzt}tung >4 ;)>5

Uluni Kjnzn Vdan}n{ng >:4 ;0)38

= V{lhju Vdan}n{ng Vden`ng` 44 0)34

5 Cn{`n Kdij VB] #Vnk{jb Bdinvn]npju* 066]takd{ ? Ngnij}j} Enun V{jad{ #Inavj{ng =)5)4)8*

En{j Unkdi >5 envnu ejbdunctj kncpn otainc bd}dit{tcng kjnzn vden`ng`

vdg`tavti , n`dg neninc [v'>:4 ,B` edg`ng }cn{d an{`jg ;0)38$' Cn{`n kdij

VB] #Vnk{jb Bdinvn ]npju* [v'066 ,B` }dcjg``n v{lhju vden`ng` bd}dit{tcng

}dkd}n{ [v'44 ,B` edg`ng }cn{d an{`jg 0)34 $'


40/76

=

Unkdi >4'V{jmd ]v{dneeng ]cn{d An{`jg ]nit{ng Vdan}n{ng JJ Bdinvn }npjuej Ed}n Angnguj

Gl T{njngV{jmd ]v{dne

]cn{d An{`jg

#$*

Kjnzn

#[v,B`*

Cn{`n

# [v,B`*> Cn{`n Otni Vdungj Bdinvn }npju 546 85);3

; Kjnzn Vdan}n{ng

n' ]l{un}j =6 5);3

k' U{ng}vl{un}j 86 3)40

m' Klg`bn{ Atnu >6 >)5;

e' Vnonb >6 >)5;

d' Vdgzjavngng >6 >)5;

h' Vdgzt}tung >6 >)5;

Uluni Kjnzn Vdan}n{ng >=6 >3)40= V{lhju Vdan}n{ng BTE >;6 >0)>5

5Cn{`n Kdij VB] #Vnk{jb Bdinvn]npju* 066

]takd{ ? Ngnij}j} Enun V{jad{ #Inavj{ng =)5)4)8*

En{j Unkdi >4 envnu ejbdunctj kncpn otainc bd}dit{tcng kjnzn Blvd{n}j

Tgju Ed}n #BTE* neninc [v'>=6 edg`ng }cn{d an{`jg >3)40$' Cn{`n kdij VB]

#Vnk{jb Bdinvn ]npju* [v'066 }dcjg``n v{lhju vden`ng` bd}dit{tcng }dkd}n{

[v'>;6 ,B` edg`ng }cn{d an{`jg >0)>5$'

Dhj}jdg}j Vdan}n{ng

Tgutb adg`cjutg` dhj}jdg}j vdan}n{ng vnen }nit{ng vdan}n{ng bdinvn

}npju) anbn ej`tgnbng {tat} }dkn`nj kd{jbtu ?

Dv 1 Kjnzn Vdan}n{ng s >66$Gjinj V{letb zng` Ejvn}n{bng

Bdud{ng`ng ?

Dv ? Dhj}jdg}j Vdan}n{ng

Nenvtg gjinj dhj}jdg}j en{j }nit{ng vdan}n{ng J ej end{nc vdgdijujng envnu

ejijcnu vnen vd{cjutg`ng kd{jbtu ?

Dv 1066

>:4s >66$


41/76

5

Dv 1 ;0)38 $2 eng

Gjinj dhj}jdg}j en{j }nit{ng vdan}n{ng JJ ej end{nc vdgdijujng envnu ejijcnu

vnen vd{cjutg`ng kd{jbtu ?

Dv 1066

>=6s >66$

Dv 1 >3)40 $

En{j cn}ji ngnij}j} ejvd{lidc gjinj dhj}jdg}j vdan}n{ng J eng JJ neninc ;0)38

$ eng >3)40 $ anbn envnu ejbnunbng }nit{ng vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju ej end{nc

vdgdijujng ejbnunbng dhj}jdg) bn{dgn gjinj dhj}jdg}j vdan}n{ng idkjc bdmji en{jvnen

46 $'

Tgutb adgdgutbng dhj}jdg}j vdan}n{ng ktbng cngzn ejijcnu en{j kd}n{gzn

ng`bn dhj}dg}j vdan}n{ng) gnatg nen hnbul{ injg }dvd{uj anun {ngunj }nit{ng

vdan}n{ng' ]danbjg }dejbju idakn`n vdan}n{ng zng` ud{ijknu enina }nit{ng

vdan}n{ng) anbn }nit{ng vdan}n{ng ud{}dktu nbng }danbjg dhj}jdg'

Cni injg zng` envnu adgdgutbng neninc kjnzn vdan}n{ng' Kjnzn

vdan}n{ng zng` ujg``j ej}dknkbng lidc vngong`gzn }nit{ng vdan}n{ng eng

kngznbgzn htg`}j vdan}n{ng zng` ejdaknggzn' Kjnzn vdan}n{ng }nit{ng J idkjc

ujg``j ejkngejg`bng kjnzn vdan}n{ng JJ) gjinj kjnzn vdan}n{ng }nit{ng J neninc

[v' >:4 edg`ng }cn{d an{`jg ;0)38 $) }deng`bng kjnzn vdan}n{ng JJ neninc [v'

>=6 edg`ng }cn{d an{`jg >3)40 $' ]dij}jc kjnzn vdan}n{ng }nit{ng J eng JJ neninc

[v' 84 edg`ng }cn{d an{`jg 0)=> $'

V{lhju an{`jg }nit{ng J neninc [v' 44,b` edg`ng }cn{d an{`jg 0)34 $)

v{lhju an{`jg }nit{ng JJ neninc [v' >;6,b` edg`ng }cn{d an{`jg >0)>5 $' ]dij}jc


42/76

4

v{lhju an{`jg }nit{ng vdan}n{ng J eng }nit{ng JJ neninc [v 04,b`) }dij}jc }cn{d

an{`jg }nit{ng J eng }nit{ng JJ >6)8: $'

Otainc xlitad vdgotning ot`n adavdg`n{tcj dhj}jdg}j ujenbgzn }j}uda

vdan}n{ng ud{}dktu) ejangn xlitad zng` kngznb) cn{`n at{nc) eng on{nbgzn zng`

ujenb ontc anbn envnu ejbnunbng dhj}jdg' Eng }dknijbgzn) ojbn xlitad zng` ejotni

}dejbju) cn{`n zng` ujg``j eng on{nb zng` ejudavtc mtbtv ontc) anbn cni jgj

mdged{tg` nbng adaktnu }j}uda vdan}n{ng ujenb dhj}jdg'

Din}uj}jun} U{ng}aj}j Cn{`n

Din}uj}jun} u{ng}aj}j cn{`n zng` ejcjutg` neninc din}uj}jun} u{ng}aj}j cn{`n

ngun{n MVL Jgud{gn}jlgni ud{cnenv UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{*'

Cn}ji din}uj}jun} u{ng}aj}j cn{`n ejodin}bng vnen unkdi >8?

Unkdi >8' Cn}ji [d`{d}j edg`ng Xn{jnkdi Ud{jbnu UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{*Xn{jnkdi K ]ue D{{l{ U!Cjutg` ]j`gjhjbng

Mlg}ungu !=)45 6);; >)664 6'666S>1Cn{`n MVL Jgud{gn}jlgni 6):3= 6)6= :;)::> 6'666#/*

[!]~tn{d1:=)5$

H!Cjutg`1 3;4)4= 6'666#/*

H!Unkdi1>:)4

U!cjutg` 1 ;3)04U!Unkdi1;)04

E 1 6)3:3 ei1>)8; et1>)44 6'6>

Bdud{ng`ng? / 1 gznun vnen un{nh bdvd{mnznng :4$

]takd{ ? Ejlinc en{j enun }dbtged{ #inavj{ng >8*

Unkdi >8 adgodin}bng kncpn din}uj}jun} u{ng}aj}j cn{`n zng` ejvd{lidc

en{j ngnij}j} {d`{d}j ijgdn{ kd{`ngen adadgtcj vd{}nanng }dkn`nj kd{jbtu ?

Z 1 !=)45 " 6):3=S>

Ejangn ? e 1 6)3:3 2 et 1 >)44 2 ei 1 >)8;

Vd{}nanng ej nun} ejjgud{vdun}jbng }dkn`nj kd{jbtu ?

! kl 1 !=)45) n{ujgzn gjinj blg}ungun neninc }dkd}n{ !=)45'


43/76

8

! k> 1 6):3=) n{ujgzn bdgnjbng cn{`n MVL jgud{gn}jlgni }dkd}n{ > $) anbn

nbng adgjg`bnubng cn{`n UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{* }dkd}n{ 6):3= $'

Adgt{tu ]tejzlgl #;665* nvnkjin din}uj}jun} u{ng}aj}j cn{`n idkjc bdmji

en{j }nut #Du 9 >* envnu ejn{ujbng kncpn vd{tkncng cn{`n }dkd}n{ >$

ejujg`bnu vdan}n{ nbng adg`nbjknubng vd{tkncng cn{`n bt{ng` en{j >$

ejujg`bnu v{let}dg' Cni jgj ej}dknkbng bdgnjbng jgvtu) }dvd{uj cn{`n kncng

knbt #UK]*) cn{`n }lin{ vnk{jb eng tvnc udgn`n bd{on enina vdaktnung

MVL #M{ted Vnia Lji*' Onej) k> 1 6):3= idkjc bdmji en{j >) n{ujgzn

vd{tkncng cn{`n }dkd}n{ > $ vnen cn{`n MVL Jgud{gn}jlgni nbng

adg`nbjknubng cn{`n bt{ng` en{j > $ #6):3=* vnen cn{`n Ungeng Ktnc

]d`n{ #UK]*'

! Din}uj}jun} u{ng}aj}j cn{`n MVL Jgud{gn}jlgni ud{cnenv cn{`n UK] #Ungeng

Ktnc ]d`n{* kd{}jhnu jgdin}uj}' Edg`ng edajbjng vd{tkncng cn{`n ej

ujg`bnu blg}tadg ujenb envnu eju{ng}aj}jbng }dmn{n }davt{gn cjg``n bd

ujg`bnu v{let}dg) edg`ng bnun injg vd{en`ng`ng MVL enina vn}n{ ilbni

ujenb dhj}jdg' ]dingotugzn ngnij}n aledi Bnpn`ld adgtgotbbng kncpn)

bdmdged{tg`ng vd{jinbt vden`ng` adgjg`bnubng bdtgutg`nnggzn vnen

}nnu ud{onej bdgnjbng cn{`n ej vn}n{ blg}tadg' N{ujgzn kd}n{ vd{}dgun}d

vd{tkncng cn{`n ejujg`bnu vn}n{ #blg}tadg* enina cni jgj cn{`n MVL

Jgud{gn}jlgni ujenb }dkngejg` edg`ng kd}n{gzn vd{}dgun}d zng` ejud{jan

lidc v{let}dg enina cni jgj cn{`n Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{' Hnbul{!hnbul{ zng`

adavdg`n{tcj din}uj}jun} u{ng}aj}j cn{`n kd{}jhnu jgdin}uj} neninc

kngznbgzn }nit{ng unungjn`n eng bdkjonbng Vdad{jgunc aj}nigzn bdkjonbng

Vdad{jgunc vnen Cn{`n Vnulbng Db}vl{ #CVD*'


44/76

0

! e 1 6)3:3 9 ei 1 >)8;) n{ujgzn ud{onej ntulbl{din}j vl}jujh'

! H!cju 1 3;4)4= 7 H!unkdi 1 >:)4 # 1 6)64* edg`ng gjinj }j`gjhjbng}j 6)666'

]dmn{n }d{davnb xn{jnkdi jgedvdgedg #cn{`n MVL jgud{gn}jlgni*

kd{vdg`n{tc gznun ud{cnenv cn{`n UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{*'

! U!cju 1 ;3) 04 7 U!unkdi 1 ;)04 # 1 6)64* edg`ng gjinj }j`gjhjbng}j 6)666'

]dmn{n vn{}jni cn{`n MVL Jgud{gn}jlgni kd{vdg`n{tc gznun ud{cnenv

cn{`n UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{*'


45/76

3

An}ninc!An}ninc zng` Ejcnenvj Enina Vdan}n{ng Bdinvn }npju

Enina vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju ej end{nc vdgdijujng ud{envnu kd{kn`nj

an}ninc zng` ejcnenvj lidc idakn`n vdan}n{ng' Ejknpnc jgj nbng ejt{njbng

kdkd{nvn an}ninc zng` ejcnenvj enina vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju ej end{nc

vdgdijujng) ngun{n injg ?

>' Bt{ng`gzn vd{ngng idakn`n vdgetbtg`

Bt{ng`gzn idakn`n vdgetbtg` en{j vdad{jgunc zng` adgetbtg` vdungj)

}dvd{uj idakn`n vdgztitcng zng` on{ng` }dbnij enung` bd vn{n vdungj tgutb

adakd{junctbng vdungj adg`dgnj jghl{an}j vdaktejenznng bdinvn }npju nunt

jghl{an}j injggzn zng` kd{bnjung edg`ng vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju'

;' Cn{`n otni bdinvn }npju zng` kd{hitbutn}j

An}ninc injg zng` ejcnenvj vn{n vdungj bdinvn }npju neninc adg`dgnj

cn{`n otni bdinvn }npju zng` }d{jg` adg`ninaj hitbutn}j) eng }nnu jgj cn{`n ej

ujg`bnu vdungj ejng``nv an}jc {dgenc eng kdita envnu adakd{jbng bdtgutg`ng

zng` lvujani kn`j vn{n vdungj'

=' Atut eng btnijun} bdinvn }npju zng` kd{kden!kden

Atut eng btnijun} bdinvn }npju vdungj ejend{nc vdgdijujng zng` tatagzn

kd{kden!kden ngun{n }nut vdungj edg`ng vdungj zng` injg) adgonej an}ninc zng`

ejcnenvj enina vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju ej end{nc vdgdijujng' Cni jgj ud{onej bn{dgn

bdujenbunctng }dkn`jng vdungj nbng v{l}d} vdgng`ngng vn}mn vngdg bdinvn }npju

zng` knjb' ]dinjg jut ud{onejgzn vd{kdenng atut eng btnijun} bdinvn }npju ngun{n

vdungj zng` }nut eng zng` injg ot`n }d{jg` ejanghnnubng lidc vden`ng`

vdg`tavti) ejangn vden`ng` }d{jg` adanghnnubnggzn edg`ng mn{n adgmnavt{

UK] bdinvn }npju zng` btnijun} kn`t} edg`ng zng` {dgenc) enavnb ong`bn


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:

vngong`gzn bdinvn }npju en{j end{nc vdgdijujng gngujgzn bt{ng` ejvd{mnznj in`j

atut eng btnijun}gzn' Ejangn cni jgj adaktnu cn{`n otni zng` ej}nanbng ngun{n

bdinvn }npju btnijun} kn`t} eng btnijun} {dgenc'

5' Vnonb vtg`tung

Nengzn vnonb vtg`tung zng` ejkd{jbng bdvnen vden`ng` vdg`tavti

adg`nbjknubng kd{unakncgzn kjnzn vdan}n{ng zng` cn{t} ejbditn{bng) }dcjg``n

adgjaktibng bdgnjbng cn{`n enina vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju ej end{nc vdgdijujng

zng` ejkdkngbng bdvnen vdungj nuntvtg blg}tadg'

4' Bt{ng` nbujhgzn bdilavlb ungj

Bt{ng` nbujhgzn bdilavlb ungj ej end{nc vdgdijujng ad{tvnbng }tnut

an}ninc) ejangn vdungj ujenb envnu kdbd{on}nan enina adaktejenznbng eng

adan}n{bng v{letb}j bdinvn }npjugzn) nbjknugzn ad{dbn ujenb kj}n adg`t{ng`j

kjnzn t}ncn ungj nuntvtg adgdgutbng cn{`n otni v{letb}j bdinvn }npjugzn'

8' Vdgmt{jng bdinvn }npju

An{nbgzn vdgmt{jng bdinvn }npju ej end{nc vdgdijujng adaktnu vn{n

vdungj cn{t} kdbd{on db}u{n tgutb adg`nangbng t}ncnungj bdinvn }npju ud{}dktu'

Ud{bneng` vn{n vdgmt{j ud{}dktu adgzdknkbng bd{t}nbng vnen bdinvn }npju

vdungj) cni jgj ejbn{dgnbng ad{dbn ot`n adangdg UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{* zng`

kdita }jnv vngdg'


47/76

>6

Tvnzn Tvnzn zng` Ejinbtbng Tgutb Adg`nun}j An}ninc!An}nincVdan}n{ng Bdinvn }npju

>' Tvnzn zng` ejinbtbng tgutb adg`nun}j bt{ng`gzn vd{ngng idakn`n

vdgetbtg`

Tvnzn zng` ejinbtbng vdad{jgunc neninc edg`ng adg``ninbbng v{l`{na

kngutng vdgztitcng en{j ejgn} vd{ungjng) bct}t}gzn enina adakd{jbng kngutng

vdgztitcng udgung` ktejenzn bdinvn }npju zgn` knjb) }d{un kn`njangn adg`nun}j

cnan eng vdgznbju ungnang bdinvn }npju vdungj'

Gnatg cni jgj an}jc ej{n}n bt{ng` lidc vn{n vdungj bn{dgn kngutng

vdgztitcng zng` nen on{ng` }dbnij enung` adakd{jbng vdgztitcng bdvnen vn{n

vdungj'

;' Tvnzn zng` ejinbtbng tgutb adg`nun}j cn{`n otni bdinvn }npju zng`kd{hitbutn}j

Nengzn tvnzn en{j vdungj tgutb adaktnu }tnut }j}uda vdgotning kd{}nan

enina bdilavlb ungj) }dcjg``n vdungj envnu adajijbj vl}j}j enina adgdgutbng

cn{`n otni bdinvn }npju'

=' Tvnzn zng` ejinbtbng tgutb adg`nun}j atut eng btnijun} bdinvn }npjuzng` kd{kden!kden

Nengzn tvnzn en{j vdad{jgunc tgutb adakd{jbng vdgztitcng udgung`

kn`njangn udcgjb t}ncn ungj bdinvn }npju zng` knjb' Knjb jut enina vdgngnang)

vdadijcn{nng) vdgng`ngng cnan eng vdgznbju) }d{un vd{inbtng vn}mn vngdg'

Gnatg cni jgj ot`n an}jc ej{n}n bt{ng` lidc vdungj) bn{dgn on{ng`gzn

vdut`n} vdgztitc vd{ungjng enung` tgutb adakd{jbng vdgztitcng bdvnen vn{n

vdungj'


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>>

5' Tvnzn zng` ejinbtbng tgutb adg`nun}j vnonb vtg`tung

Ejcn{nv nengzn tvnzn vdad{jgunc tgutb adg`t{ng`j kjnzn vnonb vtg`tung

bdvnen vden`ng` bdinvn }npju) }dcjg``n kjnzn vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju gngujgzn

ujenb ejkdkngbng bdvnen vdungj nuntvtg blg}tadg'

4' Tvnzn zng` ejinbtbng tgutb adg`nun}j bt{ng` nbujhgzn bdilavlb ungj

Nengzn tvnzn en{j vdad{jgunc tgutb adakd{jbng vdgztitcng udgung`

vdakdgutbng eng vdakd{enznng bdaknij bdilavlb ungj) n`n{ gngujgzn envnu

idkjc atenc enina adakd{jbng vdgztitcng) eng kngutng enina t}ncn ungj bdinvn

}npju vdungj'

8' Tvnzn zng` ejinbtbng tgutb adg`nun}j vdgmt{jng bdinvn }npju vdungj

Nengzn tvnzn en{j vdad{jgunc edg`ng kdbd{on }nan edg`ng vjcnb

bdvlij}jng }dudavnu tgutb adgng`ngj eng adakdgutb uja bct}t} vdgng`ngng

an}ninc vdgmt{jng }npju vn{n vdungj'


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>;

BD]JAVTING ENG ]N[NG

Bd}javting

En{j }dit{tc ngnij}j} zng` ejinbtbng ud{cnenv cn}ji vdgdijujng vdan}n{ng

bdinvn }npju ej ed}n Angnguj) envnu ej}javtibng kncpn ?

>' Ud{envnu ; #etn* }nit{ng vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju ej ed}n Angnguj znjut

vdungj vden`ng` vdg`tavti , n`dg VB] #}nit{ng vdan}n{ng J* eng vdungj

BTE VB] #}nit{ng vdan}n{ng JJ*'

;' ]dujnv vden`ng` vdg`tavti,n`dg eng blvd{n}j adg`dakng htg`}j vdan}n{ng

vnijg` }dejbju 0 htg`}j vdan}n{ng znjut htg`}j vdakdijng) vdgotning) }l{un}j)

u{ng}vl{un}j) klg`bn{) vdgzjavngng'

=' ]nit{ng vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju ej end{nc vdgdijujng ejvd{lidc }cn{d v{lhju

zng` kd{kden ngun{n vden`ng` vd`tavti,n`dg eng BTE eng }cn{d v{lhju BTE'

5' Vnen }nit{ng vdan}n{ng J) vd{}dgun}d bdgnjbng cn{`n ujg`bnu VB] idkjc kd}n{

ejkngejg` ujg`bnu vdungj) }deng`bng vnen }nit{ng vdan}n{ng bdetn) vd{}dgun}d

bdgnjbng cn{`n ejujg`bnu VB] idkjc bdmji ejkngejg` ujg`bnu vdungj'

4 Gjinj dhj}jdg}j zng` ud{envnu vnen }nit{ng vdan}n{ng J eng JJ bdinvn }npju ej

end{nc vdgdijujng neninc idkjc bdmji en{jvnen 46$) }dcjg``n }nit{ng vdan}n{ng

bdinvn }npju ej end{nc vdgdijujng ej end{nc vdgdijujng dhj}jdg'

8' Vnen }nit{ng vdan}n{ng J) vd{}dgun}d bdgnjbng cn{`n ujg`bnu VB] idkjc kd}n{

ejkngejg` ujg`bnu vdungj) }deng`bng vnen }nit{ng vdan}n{ng bdetn) vd{}dgun}d

bdgnjbng cn{`n ejujg`bnu VB] idkjc bdmji ejkngejg` ujg`bnu vdungj'


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>=

0' Bldhj}jdg cn{`n MVL jgud{gn}jlgni kd{gjinj 6):3=) n{ujgzn edg`ng vd{}dgun}d

vd{tkncng vdgjg`bnung cn{`n MVL jgud{gn}jlgni > $) anbn vd{}dgun}d

vd{tkncng cn{`n UK] gnjb }dkd}n{ 6):3= $'

3' An}ninc!an}ninc zng` ejcnenvj enina vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju vnen tatagzn

neninc bt{ng`gzn vd{ngng idakn`n vdgetbtg`) cn{`n otni bdinvn }npju zng`

kd{hitbutn}j) atut eng btnijun} bdinvn }npju zng` kd{kden!kden) vnonb

vtg`tung) bt{ng` nbujhgzn bdilavlb ungj eng vdgmt{jng bdinvn }npju'

:' Tvnzn!tvnzn zng` ejinbtbng tgutb adg`nun}j an}ninc vdan}n{ng bdinvn

}npju zng` ejcnenvj neninc adg`ninbbng v{l`{na kngutng vdgztitcng

vd{ungjng) knjb jut udgung` kn`njangn vdg`dilinng t}ncn ungj bdinvn }npju zng`

knjb) eng vdakd{enznng bdidakn`nng bdilavlb ungj) }d{un adg``ninbbng

blvd{n}j zng` nen'

]n{ng

>' Bdvnen Vdungj

! N`n{ vdungj envnu kd{t}ncn adgjg`bnubng bd}d{n`nang atut eng btnijun}

v{letb}j bdinvn }npjugzn edg`ng mn{n adgjg`bnubng udbgjb ktejenzn'

! Vdungj }dknjbgzn adgotni cn}ji UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{* adinitj

n`dg,vden`ng` vdg`tavti'

! N`n{ vdungj ejcn{nvbng tgutb envnu adg`notbng vdakdgutbng bdilavlb ungj

zng` kdita ud{kdgutb ej end{nc vdgdijujng'

;' Bdvnen Vden`ng`

! Vden`ng` ejcn{nvbng anavt adajgjanij}n}jbng kjnzn u{ng}vl{un}j edg`ng

mn{n adajijbj u{ng}vl{un}j }dgej{j'


51/76

>5

=' Bdvnen Vdad{jgunc

! Vdad{jgunc cn{t} idkjc adavd{cnujbng enina vdgzdejnng idakn`n!idakn`n

vdgetbtg` kn`j vdungj) }dvd{uj adakdgutb Bdilavlb Ungj) adg``ninbbng

bd`jnung vdgztitcng vd{ungjng }dvd{uj adg`nbujhbng bdaknij v{l`{na

Kjakjg`ng An}zn{nbnu eng Kjakjg`ng Ed}n'

! Adavd{atenc t{t}ng vden`ng` vdg`tavti kd}n{ eng BTE enina t{t}ng

neajegj}u{n}j vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju) }dcjg``n ujenb adatgmtibng kjnzn

dblglaj ujg``j) zng` adavdg`n{tcj cn{`n otni vdungj'

5' Bdvnen Vdgdijuj }dingotugzn

! Vdgdijuj }dingotugzn n`n{ adingotubng vdgdijujng adg`dgnj dxnitn}j vd{ngng

vdad{jgunc enina adgetbtg` t}ncn vd{bdakng`ng bdinvn }npju ej end{nc

vdgdijujng'


52/76

>4

[JG@BN]NG

Vtu{n Kj}tb Anulgeng` #6=6=65663, ]DV* edg`ng Oteti Ngnij}j} Unun

Gjn`n eng Din}uj}jun} U{ng}aj}j Cn{`n MVL Jgud{gn}jlgni Ud{cnenv Cn{`n

UK] #Ungeng Ktnc ]d`n{* Bdinvn ]npju' #]utej Bn}t} ? Ed}n Angnguj Bdm'

Ctun{non Ujg``j Bnk' Vneng` Inpn}*' Vdgdijujng jgj ejinb}ngnbng vnen kting

Hdk{tn{j ;66: zng` ejkjakjg` lidc Jkt J{' J}bngen{jgj) AA eng

Jkt E{' J{' Unxj ]tv{jngn) A]'

Vdgdijujng jgj ejinbtbng tgutb adg`dunctj kn`njangn ]j}uda Unun Gjn`n

eng Din}uj}jun} U{ng}aj}j Cn{`n MVL Jgud{gn}jlgni Ud{cnenv Cn{`n UK] Bdinvn

]npju ej end{nc vdgdijujng'

Vdgdijujng jgj ejinb}ngnbng ej Ed}n Angnguj Bdm' Ctun{non Ujg``j Bnk'

Vneng` Inpn} zng` ejudgutbng }dmn{n vtvl}}jxd edg`ng vdujakng`ng kncpn

Ed}n Angnguj Bdm' Ctun{non Ujg``j Bnk' Vneng` Inpn} adtvnbng }ninc }nut ed}n

zng` vdgetetbgzn neninc vdungj bdinvn }npju' ]navdi ejnakji }dmn{n ]javid

[ngela ]navijg` edg`ng adg``tgnbng aduled ]ilxjg' Nenvtg otainc }navdi

}dkngznb =6 }navdi)

Nenvtg cn}ji vdgdijujng jgj neninc }dkn`nj kd{jbtu ?

Ud{envnu ; #etn* }nit{ng vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju ej ed}n Angnguj znjut

}nit{ng vdan}n{ng > adijvtuj vdungj vden`ng` vdg`tavti,n`dg VB] eng

}nit{ng JJ adijvtuj vdungj BTE VB] #}nit{ng vdan}n{ng JJ*'

]dujnv vden`ng` vdg`tavti eng blvd{n}j adajijbj htg`}j vdan}n{ng

vnijg` }dejbju 8 htg`}j vdan}n{ng znjut htg`}j vdakdijng) vdgotning) }l{un}j)

u{ng}vl{un}j) klg`bn{ atnu eng vdgzjavngng'


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>8

]nit{ng vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju adajijbj }cn{d v{lhjuzng` kd{kden ngun{n

vden`ng` vd`tavti,n`dg eng BTE eng }cn{d v{lhjuBTE ej end{nc vdgdijujng

Gjinj dhj}jdg}j vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju vnen }nit{ng vdan}n{ng J eng JJ ej

end{nc vdgdijujng neninc idkjc bdmji en{j 46$) }dcjg``n }nit{ng vdan}n{ng ej

end{nc vdgdijujng nneninc dhj}jdg'

Vnen }nit{ng vdan}n{ng J) vd{}dgun}d bdgnjbng cn{`n ej ujg`bnu VB] idkjc

kd}n{ ejkngejg`bng ej ujg`bnu vdungj) }deng`bng vnen }nit{ng vdan}n{ng JJ)

vd{}dgun}d bdgnjbng cn{`n ejujg`bnu VB] idkjc bdmji ejkngejg` ujg`bnu vdungj'

An}ninc!an}ninc zng` ejcnenvj enina vdan}n{ng bdinvn }npju vnen

tatagzn neninc bt{ng`gzn vd{ngng idakn`n vdgetbtg`) cn{`n otni bdinvn

}npju zng` kd{hitbutn}j) atut eng btnijun} bdinvn }npju zng` kd{kden!kden)

vnonb vtg`tung) bt{ng` nbujhgzn bdilavlb ungj eng vdgmt{jng bdinvn }npju'

Tvnzn!tvnzn zng` ejinbtbng tgutb adg`nun}j an}ninc vdan}n{ng bdinvn

}npju zng` ejcnenvj neninc edg`ng adg`ninbbng v{l`{na kngutng vdgztitcng

vd{ungjng) knjb jut udgung` kn`njangn vdg`dilinng t}ncnungj bdinvn }npju zng`

knjb) eng vdakd{enznng bdidakn`nng bdilavlb ungj) }d{un adg``ninbbng

blvd{n}j zng` nen'


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>0

[JPNZNU CJETV

Vtu{n Kj}tb Anulgeng`) incj{ vnen ung``ni ;6 An{du >:34) ej [ngunt

V{nvnu) }dkn`nj ngnb bdijan en{j dgna kd{}nten{n en{j nzncngen C'J{' Jpng [jxnj

Nina) AA eng Jktgen Co' Insaz Gt{ijin'

Vdgejejbng zng` vd{gnc ejudavtc vdgtij} neninc }dkn`nj kd{jbtu ?

>' Unctg >::6) an}tb UB Vd{ujpj Vneng` ]jedavtng

;' Unctg >::>) an}tb ]dblinc En}n{ Vd{mlgulcng unanu unctg >::0

=' Unctg >::0) a}ntb ]dblinc Ingotung Adgdg`nc Vd{unan ej ]IUVG >

Adeng unang unctg ;666'

5' Unctg ;666) an}tb ]dblinc Adgdg`nc Tata ej ]ATG J Kl`l{ unanu

unctg ;66=

4' Unctg ;66=) ejud{jan ej Edvn{udadg ]l}jni Dblglaj Vd{ungjng Hnbtiun}

Vd{ungjng Tgjxd{}jun} ]tanud{n Tun{n adinitj onit{ ]VAK

8' Kting otgj otij ;660 adg`jbtuj VBI ej bdmnaung Vn{ktitcng bnktvnudg

Enj{j'

0' Kting Hdk{tn{j ;663 adinb}ngnbng vdgdijujng }b{jv}j ej Ed}n Angnguj

Bdmnanung Ctun{non Ujg``j Bnktvnudg Vneng` Inpn}'


55/76

>3

BNUN VDG@NGUN[

]d`nin vtoj eng }ztbt{ vdgtij} vngonubng bdvnen Utcng Zng` Ancn D}n

nun} }d`nin bn}jc bn{tgjnGzn }dcjg``n vdgtij} envnu adatinj) adgoningj) eng

adg`nbcj{j an}n vd{btijncng }d{un envnu adgzdid}njbng }b{jv}j jgj edg`ng }dknjb!

knjbgzn'

Nenvtg }b{jv}j jgj kd{oteti Ngnij}j} Unun Gjn`n eng Din}uj}jun}

U{ng}aj}j Cn{`n MVL Jgud{gn}jlgni Ud{cnenv Cn{`n UK] #Ungeng Ktnc

]d`n{* Bdinvn ]npju' #]utej Bn}t} ? Ed}n Angnguj Bdm' Ctun{non Ujg``j

Bnk' Vneng` Inpn}*Vnen bd}davnung jgj) edg`ng }d`nin bd{dgencng cnuj vdgtij} jg`jg

adg`tmnvbng ud{jan bn}jc zng` }dkd}n{!kd}n{gzn nun} }d`nin n{ncng) kjakjg`ng

eng }n{ng zng` udinc ejkd{jbng }dinan vdgzt}tgng }b{jv}j jgj eng nun} }d`nin

kngutng enina vdgzt}tgng }b{jv}j jgj bdvnen ? Jkt J{' J}bngen{jgj) AA }dkn`nj

Bdutn Blaj}j Vdakjakjg` eng E{' J{' Unxj ]tv{jngn) A]) }dkn`nj Ng``lun

Blaj}j Vdakjakjg`' Vdgtij} ot`n adg`tmnvbng ud{jan bn}jc bdvnen ?

>' Knvnb J{' Itctu ]jclakjg`) AV) }dkn`nj Bdutn Edvn{udadg ]l}jni Dblglaj

Vd{ungjng Hnbtiun} Vd{ungjng Tgjxd{}jun} ]tanud{n Tun{n'

;' ]dit{tc ]unh Vdg`non{ eng Vd`npnj Edvn{udadg ]DV bct}t}gzn }d{un Vd`npnj

Hnbtiun} Vd{ungjng vnen tatagzn'

]dingotugzn vdg`cn{`nng }dujg``j!ujg``jgzn tgutb Nzncngen

C'J{' Jpng [jxnj Nina) AA eng Jktgen Co' Insaz Gt{ijin) zng` udinc

adakd}n{bng) adgejejb) adgelnbng) adakd{jbng bn}jc }nzng` eng adakd{j

etbtg`ng al{ji antvtg anud{ji bdvnen vdgtij} cjg``n }nnu jgj' Ud{jan bn}jc ot`n

bdvnen Bnbngen eng Nejgen zng` udinc adakd{jbng }dang`nu eng kngutng


56/76

>:

bdvnen vdgtij} enina adgoningj an}n vd{btijncng ej Edvn{udadg ]l}jni Dblglaj

Vd{ungjng Hnbtiun} Vd{ungjng Tgjxd{}jun} ]tanud{n Tun{n'

Vdgtij} ot`n adg`tmnvbng ud{jan bn}jc bdvnen udang!udang zng` udinc

adgetbtg` enina vdgzdid}njng }b{jv}j jgj) ej ngun{ngzn znjut ? Zlcnggn) Mcjbl)

Glxde) ]jalg) An{}ni) Len) [dxl) Itmbz) B{j}ul) Dej) @jk}lg) ]tmj) Xjgn) Gj}n)

eng Olgn }d{un tgutb {dbng!{dbng ]DV 6= ungvn ud{bdmtnij'

Vdgtij} adgznen{j kncpn }b{jv}j jgj an}jc kdita }davt{gn) lidc bn{dgn

jut vdgtij} adg`cn{nvbng b{jujb eng }n{ng zng` kd{}jhnu adakng`tg edaj

bd}davt{gnng }b{jv}j jgj' Nbcj{ bnun vdgtij} adg`tmnvbng ud{jan bn}jc) }dal`n

}b{jv}j jgj envnu kd{anghnnu kn`j bjun }datn'

Adeng) An{du ;66:

Vdgtij}


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;6

ENHUN[ J]J

[JG@BN]NG ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' j

[JPNZNU CJETV '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' jjj

BNUN VDG@NGUN[ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' jx

ENHUN[ J]J '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' xj

ENHUN[ UNKDI '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' js

ENHUN[ @NAKN[ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' s

ENHUN[ INAVJ[NG ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

analisis tataniaga dan elastisitas transmisi harga cpo internasional terhadap harga tbs (tandan buah...

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