analisis pengaruh kualitas pelayanan jasa terhadap kepuasan pelanggan pada pt. pln (persero) rayon...

7/31/2019 ANALISIS PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN JASA TERHADAP KEPUASAN PELANGGAN PADA PT. PLN (PERSERO) RAYO

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B@BIKXKX ZE@DB_UF AUBIK\BX ZEIB[B@B@ NBXB\E_FBLBZ AEZUBXB@ ZEIB@DDB@ ZBLB Z\. ZI@

&ZE_XE_G+ _B[G@ MBABXXB_ \KMU_

Lkbnuab` Gief>

UHFKA \_KXTB@LB_K

B?22 :4 4??

\eibf Lkxe|unuk Gief>

Lgxe` Zemokmok`d

Zemokmok`d K Zemokmok`d KK

Zrgc. Lr. F. Bol. _bfmb` Ablkr) M.Xk Lrb. Leogrb _krb) M.Xk

@KZ. 2;3


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BOX\_BH\

Uhfka \rkxtb`lbrk. ?:22. B`bi{xkx K`ciu`he gc Rubik|{ gc Xeskhex Bdbk`|x

Hux|gmex Xb|kxcbh|kg` B| Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ Mbabxxb _b{g` Ebx| . &duklel o{ Zgc. L.

F. Bol. _bfmb` Ablk) M.Xk b`l Lb. Leogb _kb) M.Xk+

\fkx exebhf bkmx |g le|emkè b`l b`bi{~e fgt muhf k`ciue`he |fe rubik|{ gc

xeskhe |g |fe iesei gc xb|kxcbh|kg` cei| o{ hux|gmex tfg uxe xeskhex gc Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+

_b{g` Ebx| Mbabxxb.

\fe mglei uxel k` |fkx exebhf be |fe me|fgl gc goxesb|kg`) k`|esketx)

ruex|kg``bkex) b`l ik|eb|ue x|ul{ uxk`d b Ikàe| xhbie b`l me|fgl gc le|emk`b|kg` gc |fe

xbmzie uxel tbx bhhkle`|bi xbmzik`d gc bx mb`{ bx 2:: xbmziex. \fe me|fgl gc b`bi{xkx

tee uxel mui|kzie ikèb edexxkg` me|fglx.

\fe exui|x xfgtel |fb| |fe rubik|{ gc xeskhe tfkhf hg`xkx|x gc _ebikokik|{ &V 2+)

_exzg`xkseèxx &V?+) Bxxub`he &V8+) Emzfb|{ &V


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AB\B ZE@DB@\B_

Le`db` bfmb| Biibf XT\ lb` le`db` fklb{bf @{b) bafk`{b zeùikx lbzb|

me`{eiexbkab` xakzxk le`db` nului B`bikxkx Ze`dbruf Aubik|bx Zeib{b`b` Nbxb

\erfblbz Aezubxb` Zeib`ddb` Zblb Z\. ZI@ &Zerxerg+ _b{g` Mbabxxbr

\kmur.

Lbibm ze`{uxu`b` xakzxk k`k) zeùikx ob`{ba me`dfblbzk |b`|b`db` lb`

fbmob|b` xefk`ddb ze`{uxu` memou|ufab` tba|u {b`d huauz ibmb u`|ua me`hbzbk

fbxki {b`d mbaxkmbi. @bmu`) zeùikx me`{blbk xezeùf`{b bab` ae|eob|bxb` zblb

lkk zeùikx xefk`ddb zeùikx lbzb| meèkmb xbb` lb` ak|ka {b`d xkcb|`{b

memob`du` lemk aexemzu`bb` xakzxk k`k. Gief abe`b k|u zeùikx me`duhbzab`

|ekmb abxkf aezblb>

2. B{bfb`lb |ehk`|b Bb`d B|mblnk lb` Kou`lb Fn. _ble`d b|bx hk`|b lb` abxkf

xb{b`d {b`d |klba bab` |edb`|kab`) luau`db`) zefb|kb``{b lb` b|bx lgb-

lgb`{b xeibmb k`k.

?. Ababa |ehk`|b Fbzxba Zkblfb lb` Blka xb|u-xb|u`{b {b`d zbik`d `babi

Kifbm Fbok B|mgag) |ekmb abxkf b|bx luau`db` lb` lgb`{b.


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8. Zgc. L. F. _bfmb` Ablk) M.Xk lb` Lb. Leogb _kb) M.Xk xeibau Lgxe`

Zemokmok`d b|bx ae|uiuxb` fb|k lb` aexbobb``{b lbibm memokmok`d)

me`luau`d lb` me`dbbfab` ze`uikx.


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auikbf lb` meèmb`kau lkxbb| xelkf lb` xe`b`d. \ekmb abxkf nudb b|bx

zexbfbob|b``{b. Xemgdb zexbfbob|b` {b`d k`lbf k`k bab` xeibiu blb lb`

|e|bz boblk. Mkxx U Bii...

2?.Oub| _bmb{b`|g {b`d xulbf lub |bfu` ieokf meèmb`kau lkabib xuxbf lb`

xe`b`d) me`dfkouau lkxbb| au|ezgnga) lkxbb| aubzuf lb` me`nblk xgxga

zbù|b` oub|au) memoekau xemb`db| lbibm fbi ze`{eiexbkb` xakzxk. K igse

{gu se{ muhf..

28.\emb`-|emb` b`dab|b` :4 {b`d |klba mu`dak` zeùikx xeou|ab` xb|u zexb|u)

|ekmb abxkf b|bx ob`|ub` {b`d lkoekab` xeibmb zeùikx me`{eiexbkab`

xakzxk.

2


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LBC\B_ KXK

FBIBMB@ NULUI ... k

FBIBMB@ ZE@DEXBFB@ kk

BOX\_BA ... kkk

AB\B ZE@DB@\B_ .. s

LBC\B_ KXK .. skkk

LBC\B_ DBMOB_ . vkk

LBC\B_ \BOEI vkkk

OBO K ZE@LBFUIUB@

2.2 Ib|b Oeibab`d .... 2

2.? Zeumuxb` Mbxbibf 5

2.8 \unub` Zeèik|kb` 3

2.< Mb`cbb| Zeèik|kb` . 3

2.5 Xkx|emb|kab Zeùikxb` 4

OBO KK IB@LBXB@ \EG_K

?.2 Ze`de|kb` Zembxbb` 6

?.? Abba|ekx|ka Nbxb .. 2:

?.?.2 Ze`de|kb` Nbxb 2:

?.?.? Hkk-hkk Nbxb 22

?.8 Aubik|bx Nbxb b|bu Ib{b`b` . 2?

?.8.2 Ze`de|kb` Aubik|bx 2?

?.8.? Ze`de|kb` Aubik|bx Nbxb'Ib{b`b` .. 28


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?.8.8 Lkme`xk Aubik|bx Nbxb 2

Aubik|bx nbxb lkleck`kxkab` xeobdbk ze`{bmzbkb` nbxb {b`d bab` meieokfk |k`dab|

aeze`|k`db` ag`xume`. Leck`kxk |exeou| me`eab`ab` zblb aeieokfb` lbk |k`dab|

aeze`|k`db` ag`xume` xeobdbk k`|k lbk aubik|bx nbxb.


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Xbibf xb|u mglei aubik|bx zeib{b`b` {b`d ob`{ba lknblkab` bhub` lbibm kxe|

zembxbb` blbibf mglei XesRubi &Xeskhe Rubik|{+ xeze|k {b`d lkaemob`dab` gief

Zbbxubmb`) êk|fbmi) lb` Oe{ xeze|k {b`d lkau|kz gief Igzk{gblk &?::2+ lbibm

xeb`dabkb` zeèik|kb` meeab |efblbz e`bm xea|g nbxb) ezbbxk) zebib|b` umbf

|b`ddb) ab|u aelk|) bxub`xk) xbmou`db` |eiezg` nbba nbuf) zeobàb` k|ei) lb`

zkbib`d xeauk|bx.

XesRubi &Xeskhe Rubik|{+ lkob`du` b|bx blb`{b zeob`lk`db` lub cba|g

u|bmb {bk|u zexezxk zeib`ddb` b|bx zeib{b`b` {b`d `{b|b meeab |ekmb &zeheksel

xeskhe+ le`db` zeib{b`b` {b`d xexu`dduf`{b lkfbbzab`'lkk`dkàb` &evzeh|el

xeskhe+.

?.8.8 Lkme`xk Aubik|bx Nbxb

Ag`xez aubik|bx zeib{b`b` meuzbab` cba|g ze`kibkb` {b`d meecieaxkab`

zexezxk ag`xume` |efblbz ikmb lkme`xk xzexkcka lbk akènb ib{b`b`. Zbbxubmb`

e| bi) 2;;: &lbibm Ag|ie) ?::4>53+ me`{kmzuiab` obftb blb ikmb lkme`xk XesRubi

&Xeskhe Rubik|{+ {b`d lkzbabk u`|ua me`duau aubik|bx zeib{b`b`){bk|u >

2. \b`dkoiex) b|bu oua|k ckxka {bk|u aembmzub` xub|u zeuxbfbb` lbibm

meù`nuaab` eaxkx|e`xk`{b aezblb zkfba eax|e`bi. Ze`bmzkib` lb`

aembmzub` xbb`b lb` zbxbb`b ckxka zeuxbfbb` lb` aeblbb`

ik`dau`db` xeak|b`{b blbibf oua|k `{b|b lbk zeib{b`b` {b`d lkoekab`

gief zemoek nbxb.


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?. _eikbokik|{) b|bu aeb`lbib` {bk|u aembmzub` zeuxbfbb` u`|ua

memoekab` zeib{b`b` xexubk {b`d lknb`nkab` xehbb baub| lb`

|ezehb{b.

8. _exzg`xkse`exx b|bu ae|b`ddbzb` {bk|u xub|u aembub` u`|ua memob`|u

lb` memoekab` zeib{b`b` {b`d hezb| &exzg`xkc+ lb` |ezb| aezblb

zeib`ddb`) le`db` ze`{bmzbkb` k`cgmbxk {b`d neibx.

2. \b`dkoie &fbi-fbi {b`d |eikfb|+

Blbibf oua|k ckxka xub|u zeuxbfbb` lbibm me`u`nuaab` eaxkx|e`xk`{b aezblb

zkfba eax|e`bi. Ze`bmzkib` lb` aembmzub` xbb`b lb` zbxbb`b ckxka zeuxbfbb`

lb` aeblbb` ik`dau`db` xeak|b`{b blbibf oua|k `{b|b lbk zeib{b`b` {b`d lkoekab`

gief zemoek nbxb.


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K`lkab|g {b`d lbzb| lkuau lbk |b`dkoie blbibf xeobdbk oekau| >

b. Ze`bmzkib` iub cbxkik|bx ckxka zeuxbfbb` >

K. Ag`lkxk delu`d.

KK. Ag`lkxk xbb`b ze`u`nb`d aedkb|b` xefbk-fbk.

o. Ze`bmzkib` lbibm zeuxbfbb` >

K. Ag`lkxk aeoexkfb`.

KK. Xubxb`b lbibm delu`d.

KKK. Xkauibxk ulbb &se`|kibxk+.

KS. Ze`hbfb{bb` lbibm ub`db`.

S. Numibf igae| {b`d |exelkb.

SK. Zgx|e) xzb`lua b|bu ogxu xeobdbk xbb`b ze`u`nb`d aedkb|b` zeuxbfbb`

xefbk-fbk.

?. _eikbokik|{ &aefb`lbib`+

Lbibm u`xu k`k) zembxb lk|u`|u| u`|ua me`{elkbab` zglua'nbxb {b`d fb`lbi.

Zglua'nbxb nb`db` xbmzbk me`dbibmk aeuxbab`'aedbdbib`. Le`db` ab|b ibk`)

zglua'nbxb |exeou| xeibiu obka. Zbb b`ddg|b zeuxbfbb` nudb fbux nunu lbibm

me`{eiexbkab` mbxbibf xefk`ddb zeib`ddb` |klba mebxb lk|kzu. Xeibk` k|u) zembxb

nudb fbux |ezb| nb`nk okib me`nb`nkab` xexub|u aezblb zeib`ddb`. Xeabik ibdk zeiu

lkzefb|kab` obftb nb`nk ouab` xeaelb nb`nk) `bmu` nb`nk fbux lk|ezb|k. Gief abe`b

k|u) |kme xhfeluie zeiu lkxuxu` le`db` |eik|k.


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K`lkab|g {b`d lbzb| lkuau lbk_eikbokik|{ blbibf xeobdbk oekau| >

b. Memoekab` zeib{b`b` xexubk nb`nk.

o. Meibauab` zeib{b`b` zblb xbb| ze|bmb.

h. Me`{elkbab` zeib{b`b` zblb tba|u {b`d lknb`nkab`.

8. _exzg`xkseèxx &ae|b`ddbzb`+

_ex|gb` hezb| xbnk Mh. Lg`bilx me`ddu`bab` nbm ze`duaub` xeobdbk

agmk|me` u`|ua meib{b`k zeib`ddb` le`db` zeib{b`b` hezb|. Okib xb|u me`k| |eibf

oeibiu lb` zeib`ddb` oeium meèkmb meù zexb`b`) mbab zkfba ex|gb` bab`

memoekab` ogùx meù ibk`. Zbb b`ddg|b zeuxbfbb` nudb fbux memefb|kab`

nb`nk xzexkcka aezblb zeib`ddb . U`xu ibk` {b`d nudb ze`|k`d lbibm fbi hezb|

|b`ddbz k`k blbibf b`ddg|b zeuxbfbb` xeibiu xkbz memob`|u zeib`ddb`. Bzbzu`

zgxkxk xexegb`d lbibm zeuxbfbb` fe`lba`{b xeibiu memefb|kab` zeib`ddb` {b`d

me`dfuou`dk zeuxbfbb`.

Lbibm fbi k`k okxb lkb|kab` aembmzub` me`gig`d ag`xume` lb` memoekab`

zeib{b`b` {b`d hezb|. K`lkab|g {b`d lbzb| lkuau lbk exzg`xkseèxx blbibf xeobdbk

oekau|>

b. Ab{btb` hezb| |b`ddbz |efblbz nbxb {b`d lkou|ufab` zeib`ddb`.

o. Zeib{b`b` {b`d |ezb| zblb zeib`ddb`.

h. Aek`dk`b` u`|ua memob`|u zeib`ddb`.


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b. Ab{btb` memoek |bfu ag`xume`) bzb zeib{b`b` {b`d lkou|ufab`

ag`xume` lb` bab` lkaenbab`.

o. Zekibau ab{btb` {b`d memoekab` ae|e`b`db` obdk ag`xume` obftb

|b`xbaxk {b`d lkibauab``{b |enbmk`.

5. Emzb|f{ &Emzb|k+

U`|ua metunulab` xkabz emzb|k) xe|kbz b`ddg|b zeuxbfbb` fe`lba`{b lbzb|

me`deigib tba|u bdb mulbf lkfuou`dk) obka meibiuk |eiezg` b|buzu` oe|emu

ib`dxu`d. Lek`d |eiezg` uxbfbab` mbaxkmum |kdb abik) ibiu xedeb lknbtbo. K`db|)

tba|u {b`d lkmkikak zeib`ddb` xb`db| |eob|bx xefk`ddb |klba mu`dak` me`u`ddu


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|eibiu ibmb. Uxbfbab` zuib u`|ua meibauab` agmu`kabxk k`lksklu bdb fuou`db`

le`db` zeib`ddb` ieokf babo. B`ddg|b zeuxbfbb` nudb fbux membfbmk zeib`ddb`)

b|k`{b zeib`ddb` |eablb`d xeze|k b`ba aehki {b`d me`dk`dkàb` xedbib xexub|u

b|bu zeib`ddb` |eablb`d xeze|k gb`d |ub {b`d heete|.

Le`db` membfbmk zeib`ddb`) ouab` oeb|k b`ddg|b zeuxbfbb` fbux

abibf lb` fbux me`dk{bab` ze`lbzb| zeib`ddb`) |e|bzk zbik`d |klba me`hgob

u`|ua meibauab` agmzgmk ouab` meibauab` zeibtb`b`.

Fbi k`k me`{b`dau| bzb {b`d lkbxbab` ag`xume` ae|kab oeagmu`kabxk

le`db` ab{btb`. K`lkab|g ze`duaub` lbkEmzfb|{ xeze|k lk obtbf k`k >

b. Ab{btb` memoek aexemzb|b` oe|b`{b zblb zeib`ddb`.

o. Ab{btb` memoek zefb|kb` zeùf xbb| oefuou`db` le`db` zeib`ddb`.

h. Ab{btb` membfbmk aezeiub` {b`d afuxux lbk zeib`ddb`.

Eieme`-eieme` aubik|bx zeib{b`b` {b`d |eibf lkxeou|ab` lk b|bx) fbux

lkbmu le`db` obka. Bzbokib |klba) fbi |exeou| me`kmouiab` aexe`nb`db` b`|bb

zeuxbfbb` lb` zeib`ddb` abe`b zeoelbb` zexezxk |e`|b`d tunul zeib{b`b` {b`d

lkoekab` me`dbibmk zeoelbb` le`db` fbbzb` zeib`ddb`.

Meùu| Ag|ie &?::4>58+) zembxbb` zglua'nbxb {b`d lkfbxkiab` |klba

fb`{b memou|ufab` zembxbb` eax|e`bi |e|bzk nudb zembxbb` k`|e`bi lb`

k`|eba|kc. &Dbmob ?.2+.


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Zembxbb` ea|e`bi me`ddbmobab` zeaenbb` `gmbi {b`d lkibauab` gief

zeuxbfbb`) me`{kbzab` zeib{b`b` zkmb) memoek fbdb) me`lkx|kouxkab` lb`

memzgmgxkab` nbxb k|u aezblb ag`xume`. Zembxbb` k`|e`bi me`neibxab`

zeaenbb` {b`d lkibauab` gief zeuxbfbb` u`|ua meib|kf lb` memg|ksbxk zedbtbk`{b

u`|ua meib{b`k zeib`ddb` le`db` obka. Zembxbb` k`|eba|kc me`ddbmobab`

aebfikb` zedbtbk lbibm meib{b`k zeib`ddb`.

Dbmobr ?.2

\kdb Ne`kx Zembxbrb` lbibm K`lux|rk Nbxb

Zeuxbfbb`

Zembxbrb` Zembxbrb`

K`|er`bi Eax|er`bi

Ab{btb` Zembxbrb` Zeib`ddb`

K`|erba|kc

Xumoer > Ag|ier &?::4>5

Zglua lb` NbxbZglua lb` Nbxb


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2. Xe|kbz zeib`ddb` blbibf gb`d {b`d zbik`d ze`|k`d lk xe|kbz okx`kx

?. Zeib`ddb` |klba oedb`|u`d aezblb zgluxe`) |b|bzk zgluxe` {b`d oedb`|u`d

aezblb zeib`ddb`.

8. Zeib`ddb` |klba me`ddb`ddu aenb zgluxe`. zeib`ddb` oe|unub` u`|ua

memoek zgluxe` zeaenbb`.


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Ag|ie &?::4 > 244+ me`leck`kxkab` aezubxb` zeib`ddb` >

Zebxbb` xe`b`d b|bu aehetb xexegb`d {b`d mu`hui xe|eibfmemob`lk`dab` akènb &fbxki+ zglua {b`d lkzkakab` |efblbz akènb

&b|bu fbxki+ {b`d lkfbbzab`. Nkab akènb oeblb lk obtbf fbbzb`)zeib`ddb` |klba zubx. Nkab akènb memeùfk fbbzb` zeib`ddb` zubx.

Nkab akènb meieokfk fbbzb`) zeib`ddb` bmb| zubx b|bu xe`b`d.

Lbk leck`kxk lk b|bx lbzb| lk|bka aexkmzuib` obftb aezubxb` zeib`ddb` {b`d

lk|k`nbu lb` xkxk zeib`ddb` {bk|u me`de`bk bzb {b`d |eibf lkbxbab` zeib`ddb` b|bx

zeib{b`b` {b`d |eibf lkoekab` lkob`lk`dab` le`db` bzb {b`d meeab k`dkàb`.

Xelb`dab` leck`kxk aezubxb` zeib`ddb` meùu| _b`dau|k &?::< > 53+>

Obftb {b`d lkmbaxul le`db` aezubxb` ag`xume` blbibf zeoelbb` b`|bb |k`dab|

aeze`|k`db` lb` akènb b|bu fbxki {b`d lkbxbab`.

Zeib`ddb` bab` mebxb zubx okib aek`dk`b` zeib`ddb` |eibf |ezeùfk gief

zeuxbfbb` xexubk le`db` {b`d lkfbbzab`. Le`db` blb`{b `kibk |bmobf lbk xub|u

zglua) mbab zeib`ddb` me`nblk ieokf zubx lb` aemu`dak`b` u`|ua me`nblk

zeib`ddb` xub|u zglua |exeou| lbibm tba|u ibmb bab` xb`db| oexb. Aezubxb`

zeib`ddb` lbzb| lkze`dbufk gief oeobdbk mbhbm cba|g) b`|bb ibk` aubik|bx zglua)

zeib{b`b`) ba|ksk|bx ze`nubib`) lb` `kibk-`kibk zeuxbfbb`.

U`|ua me`dfblbzk zexbk`db` lb` zeuobfb` zekibau ag`xume` |exeou|

mbab ob`{ba zeuxbfbb` {b`d oezuxb| zblb zeib`ddbìbf {b`d lbzb| memoekab`

`kibk Xuzekgaezblb meeab) lb` meme`b`dab` zexbk`db`. Zeuxbfbb` bab` |eux


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oeuxbfb le`db` xeaub| |e`bdb u`|ua memze|bfbàb` zeib`ddb``{b abe`b okb{b

{b`d lkaeiubab` u`|ua me`bka zeib`ddb` obu bab` ieokf |k`ddk lkob`lk`dab` okb{b

u`|ua memze|bfbàb` zeib`ddb` {b`d blb.

Gief abe`b k|u) memze|bfbàb` zeib`ddb` xeibiu ieokf ze`|k`d lkibauab`

lkob`lk`dab` le`db` me`bka zeib`ddb` obu. Au`hk u`|ua memze|bfbàb`

zeib`ddb` blbibf le`db` memoekab` aezubxb` zeib`ddb` {b`d |k`ddk. Zeib`ddb`

{b`d mebxb zubx bab` oexelkb lb|b`d aemobik me`duib`dk zemoeikb``{b lb`

meeagme`lbxkab` aezblb gb`d ibk` u`|ua memoeik.

?.

b. Mu|u zglua b|bu nbxb[bk|u me`de`bk mu|u zglua b|bu nbxb {b`d ieokf oemu|u lkikfb| lbk ckxka`{b.

Hg`|gf`{b nbk`db` ikx|ka Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ {b`d huauz iubx lb` |enb`dabu.

o. Mu|u zeib{b`bÒeobdbk ne`kx zeib{b`b` bab` xeibiu lkak|ka gief zeib`ddb`) |e|bzk okib

zeib{b`b` memeùfk fbbzb` zeib`ddb` mbab xehbb |klba ib`dxu`d zeib{b`b`

lkab|bab` oemu|u. Hg`|gf`{b zeib{b`b` ze`dblub` zeib`ddb` {b`d xedeb

lkb|bxk b|bu lkzeobkak okib blb {b`d uxba.


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h. FbdbFbdb blbibf fbi {b`d zbik`d xe`xk|kc u`|ua meme`ufk aeou|ufb` zeib`ddb`.

Zeib`ddb` bab` he`leu`d memkikf zglua b|bu nbxb {b`d memoekab`

ze`btbb` fbdb ieokf e`lbf lbk {b`d ibk`. Hg`|gf`{b okib Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+

|klba me`bkaab` |bkc ikx|ka mbab zeib`ddb` bab` memoekab` `kibk {b`d obka

b|bu fbdb {b`d lk|e|bzab` xexubk le`db` cbxkik|bx {b`d lkxelkbab`.

l. Tba|u ze`{ebfb`Mbaxul`{b obftb obka ze`lkx|kouxkb` mbuzu` ze`{ebfb` zglua b|bu nbxb

lbk zeuxbfbb` okxb |ezb| tba|u lb` xexubk le`db` zenb`nkb` {b`d |eibf

lkxezbab|k.

e. Aebmb`b`Zeib`ddb` bab` mebxb zubx okib zglua b|bu nbxb {b`d lkdu`bab` blb nbmk`b`

aebmb`b``{b {b`d |klba memobfb{bab` zeib`ddb` |exeou|.

?.28:+ blb emzb|

me|gle u`|ua me`duau aezubxb` zeib`ddb`) {bk|u >

2. Xkx|em Aeiufb` lb` Xbb`K`lux|k {b`d oetbtbxb` zeib`ddb` bab` me`{elkbab` cgmuik obdk

zeib`ddb` u`|ua meibzgab` aexuabb` lb` aeiufb``{b. Xeibk` k|u lbzb| oeuzb ag|ba

xbb` lb` |eiezg` ze`dblub` obdk zeib`ddb`. Biu k`cgmbxk k`k memoekab` ob`{ba

dbdbxb` obka lb` k`lux|k lbzb| oedeba ieokf hezb| u`|ua me`{eiexbkab` mbxbibf.


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?. Xusek Aezubxb` Zeib`ddb`

K`lux|k |klba lbzb| me`ddu`bab` |k`dab| aeiufb` xeobdbk uaub` aezubxb`

zeib`ddb`. K`lux|k {b`d exzg`xkse me`duau aezubxb` zeib`ddb` le`db`

me`dblbab` xusek oeabib) {bk|u le`db` me`dkkmab` lbc|b ze|b`{bb` b|bu

meèizg` xehbb bhba lbk zeib`ddb` u`|ua me`de|bfuk zebxbb` meeab |efblbz

oeobdbk akènb k`lux|k. Xeibk` k|u lk|b`{bab` |e`|b`d akènb k`lux|k xbk`db``{b.

8. Dfgx| Xfgzzk`d &Zeib`ddb` Ob{b`db`+

Zeib`ddb` ob{b`db` blbibf me`{uuf gb`d oezub-zub me`nblk zeib`ddb`

lb` meibzgab` |k|ka-|k|ka aub| mbuz` |k|ka-|k|ka iembf {b`d lkbibmk tba|u memoeik

zglua lbk k`lux|k xe`lkk mbuzu` k`lux|k xbk`db``{b. Xeibk` k|u zeib`ddb`

ob{b`db` meibzgab` bzbabf tkb`kbdb |exeou| me`b`db`k`{b le`db` obka b|bu

|klba.


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?.5 Aerb`dab Zkakr

U`|ua me`duau |k`dab| aezubxb` zeib`ddb`) oeium blb x|b`lb obau {b`d

lbzb| lknblkab` zelgmb`) xeibk` abe`b aezubxb` k|u xkcb|`{b eib|kse nudb fbbzb`

lb` k`|eze|bxk zeib`ddb` oeoelb-oelb zuib. \e|bzk xehbb emzkka aezubxb`

zeib`ddb` lbzb| lkzbfbmk gief zeuxbfbb` le`db` meèik|k 5 &Ikmb+ lkme`xk aubik|bx

zeib{b`b` {bk|u> eikbokik|{ &aefb`lbib`+) bxxub`he &nbmk`b`+) exzg`xkseèxx &lb{b

|b`ddbz+) |b`dkokik|{ &oua|k ckxka+) lb` emzfb|{ &emzb|k+. Nkab Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+

mbmzu me`nbobab` aeikmb lkme`xk |exeou| lbibm xub|u meab`kxme zeib{b`b`)

mbab aezubxb` zeib`ddb` ieokf mulbf lktunulab` b|bu le`db` ab|b ibk` fbbzb`

ag`xume` u`|ua mebxb zubx le`db` zeib{b`b` Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ bab` ieokf

me`leab|k ae`{b|bb`. Zeib{b`b` lkab|bab` oeaubik|bx bzbokib ag`xume` mebxb

zubx) obka zblb xbb| |enblk`{b ag`|ba zeib{b`b` zblb xk|ubxk |e|e`|u mbuzu` lk xbb|

zbxhb zemoeikb`.

Zeib`ddb` Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ lkab|bab` zubx bzbokib |elbzb| aexexubkb` b`|bb

fbbzb` ag`xume` xe|eibf me`desbiubxk xub|u zglua le`db` zeib{b`b` {b`d

lk|ekmb`{b. Ae|klbazubxb` bab` |kmoui nkab fbbzb` lb` aek`dk`b` ag`xume` |klba

xexubk le`db` aubikckabxk zeib{b`b` {b`d lk|ekmb`{b. Xehbb xkx|emb|ka) aeb`dab

oezkak lbibm zeùikxb` k`k lbzb| lkdbmobab` xeobdbk oekau| >


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Dbmobr ?.? Obdb` Aerb`dab Zkakr

Z\. ZI@ &Zerxerg+

Aubik|bx Zeib{b`b` &V+

_eikbokik|{

&V2+

_exzg`xkse`exx

&V?+

Bxxurb`he

&V8+

Emzfb|{

&V


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?.3 Fkzg|exkx

Oelbxbab` mbxbibf zgaga ze`eik|kb` lb` |unub` {b`d k`dk` lkhbzbk) mbab

xeobdbk fkzg|exkx blbibf >

2. Lkludb obftb aubik|bx zeib{b`b` nbxb {b`d |elkk lbk \b`dkoie) _ebikokik|{)

_exzg`xkse`exx) Bxxub`he) lb` Emzb|f{ meme`dbufk aezubxb` zeib`ddb`

zblb Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ _b{g` Mbabxxb \kmu.

?. Lkludb obftbBxxub`he blbibf sbkboei {b`d lgmk`b` oeze`dbuf |efblbz

aezubxb` zeib`ddb` Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ _b{g` Mbabxxb \kmu.


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OBO KKK

ME\GLE ZE@EIK\KB@

8.2 Igabxk Zeèik|kb`

Lbibm ze`{uxu`b` zeèik|kb` k`k) mbab zeùikx meibauab` zeèik|kb` zblb Z\.

ZI@ &Zexeg+ _b{g` Mbabxxb \kmu Ni. Ob|bb Okb @g. 8 Oblga. Bibxb` zeùikx

memkikf go{ea |exeou| blbibf le`db` ze|kmob`db` obftb zeùikx oelgmkxkik lk

ag|b {b`d xbmb {bk|u lk Mbabxxb) xefk`ddb memzemulbf lbibm zegiefb` lb|b

xe|b tba|u) |e`bdb lb` okb{b lbzb| lkdu`bab` xeeckxke` mu`dak`.

8.? Me|gle Ze`dumzuib` Lb|b

Xeobdbk zeie`dabz lbibm zemobfbxb` k`k mbab lkzeiuab` blb`{b lb|b b|bu

k`cgmbxk obka lbk lbibm zeuxbfbb` mbuzu` lbk iub zeuxbfbb`. Zeùikx

memzegief lb|b {b`d oefuou`db` le`db` me`ddu`bab` me|gle xeobdbk oekau| >

8.?.2 Zeèik|kb` Ibzb`db` &Ckeil _exebhf+

[bk|u zeèik|kb` {b`d lkibauab` zblb zeuxbfbb` oexb`dau|b` u`|ua

memzegief lb|b {b`d oefuou`db` le`db` zeùikxb` le`db` hbb>

2. Goxesbxk

[bk|u xub|u oe`|ua zeèik|kb` {b`d lkibauab` zeùikx le`db` meibauab`

ze`dbmb|b`) obka xehbb oefblbzb` ib`dxu`d mbuzu` xehbb |klba ib`dxu`d xeze|k

memoekab` lbc|b ze|b`{bb` u`|ua lknbtbo.


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?. Tbtb`hbb

[bk|u xub|u oe`|ua zeèik|kb` {b`d lkibauab` le`db` metbtb`hbbk zkfba-

zkfba {b`d oexb`dau|b` lbibm gdb`kxbxk u`|ua memzegief lb|b {b`d oefuou`db`

le`db` mb|ek zemobfbxb`.

8. Auexkgè

[bk|u xub|u hbb ze`dumzuib` lb|b le`db` memoekab` lb|b b|bu me`{eobab`

lbc|b aezblb exzg`le`) le`db` fbbzb` meeab bab` memoekab` exzg` b|bx

lbc|b ze|b`{bb` |exeou|.

8.?.? Zeèik|kb` Aezux|babb` &Ikob{ _exebhf+

[bk|u zeèik|kb` {b`d lkibauab` le`db` memobhb oeoebzb ouau ik|eb|u-

ik|eb|u) me`dumzuiab` lgaume`) bxkz) mbuzu` hb|b|b` ze`|k`d gdb`kxbxk {b`d

blb fuou`db``{b le`db` zembxbibfb` zeùikxb` xakzxk k`k lb` xeib`nu|`{b lk gibf

aemobik.

8.8. Ne`kx lb` Xumoer Lb|b

8.8.2 Ne`kx Lb|b

Blbzu` ne`kx lb|b {b`d lkdu`bab` lbibm ubkb` k`k blbibf xeobdbk oekau|>

2. Lb|b Aub`|k|b|kc

Blbibf lb|b {b`d lkzegief lbk zeuxbfbb` {b`d lbzb| lkoua|kab`

le`db` b`dab-b`dab {b`d bab` lkgibf lb` lkb`bikxb xexubk le`db` me|gle

b`bikxkx xefk`ddb lbzb| |eikfb| fbxki`{b.


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?. Lb|b Aubik|b|kc

Blbibf lb|b {b`d lkzegief lbk fbxki tbtb`hbb le`db` zkfba-zkfba

{b`d oeaeze`|k`db` oeuzb lb|b ikxb` le`db` ze`neibxb` me`de`bk

zemobfbxb`.

8.8.?. Xumoe Lb|b

U`|ua meù`nb`d aeie`dabzb` zemobfbxb` lbibm zeùikxb` xakzxk k`k.

Zeùikx memzegief lb|b {b`d oexumoe lbk >

2. Lb|b Zkme

Lb|b zkme lkzegief meibiuk tbtb`hbb le`db` zb`lub` auexkgè

aezblb exzg`le`. Ne`kx ze|b`{bb` {b`d lkdu`bab` lbibm auexkgè blbibf

higxel e`lel ruex|kg`x) {bk|u oe`|ua ze|b`{bb` le`db` oeoebzb bi|e`b|kse

nbtbob` obdk exzg`le`.

?. Lb|b Xeau`le

Lb|b xeau`le blbibf lb|b {b`d lkzegief meibiuk ze`hb|b|b`

lgaume`-lgaume` zeuxbfbb` lb` lbk k`lux|k |eabk| {b`d blb

fuou`db``{b le`db` zemobfbxb` zeùikxb`.


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8.

Tkib{bf deèbikxbxk {b`d |elkk b|bx go{ea b|bu xuo{ea {b`d memzu`{bk aubik|bx

lb` abba|ekx|ka |e|e`|u {b`d lk|e|bzab` gief zeèik|k u`|ua lkzeibnbk lb` aemulkb`

lk|bka aexkmzuib``{b.

Zeèik|kb` k`k lkibauab` le`db` ze`dbmokib` lb|b lbk zbb exzg`le`. Lb|b

{b`d lkbmoki blbibf lbk xbmzei {b`d metbakik xeiuuf zgzuibxk. Mbab xbmzei {b`d

lkbmoki lbk zgzuibxk fbux oe|ui-oe|ui ezexe`|b|kse &metbakik+.

8.48+ blbibf >

Obdkb` lbk numibf lb` abba|ekx|ka {b`d lkmkikak gief zgzuibxk |exeou|

Numibf xbmzei lbibm zeèik|kb` lk|e`|uab` oelbxbab` umux Xigsk` lkau|kz

gief Fuxek` Umb &?::5>2:6+ blbibf xeobdbk oekau|>

@

` =2 ! @e

?


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Lk mb`b >

` > Uaub` Xbmzei

@ > Uaub` zgzuibxk {bk|u numibf |g|bi zeib`ddb`'ag`xume` _umbf

\b`ddb &_\+ {b`d me`ddu`bab` nbxb Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+

e > @kibk ak|kx

Lbibm ze`eik|kb` k`k numibf zgzuibxk zeib`ddb` le`db` ob|bx aexbibfb` {b`d

lkk`dk`ab` blbibf 2: %) lkae|bfuk numibf |g|bi zeib`ddb` Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ _b{g`

Mbabxxb \kmu blbibf 42.::: zeib`ddb` {b`d |elkk lbk ;5 % zeib`ddb` umbf

|b`ddb) mbab @ = 34.

@` =

2 ! @e?

34.


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Xbmzik`d Baxkle`|bi meùu| Xudkg`g &?::3>48+ blbibf>

\ea`ka zeè`|ub` xbmzei oelbxbab` aeoe|uib`) {bk|u xkbzb xbnb {b`d xehbb

aeoe|uib` oe|emu le`db` zeèik|k lbzb| lkdub`bab` xeobdbk xbmzei) okib lkzb`lb`d

gb`d {b`d aeoe|uib` lk|emuk hghga le`db` xumoe lb|b.

8.5. Me|gle B`bikxkx

U`|ua memoua|kab` fkzg|exkx {b`d |eibf lkaemuabab`) mbab lbibm

zeèik|kb` k`k lkdu`bab` lub mbhbm me|gle b`bikxkx) {bk|u >

8.5.2 B`bikxkx Aubik|b|kc

[bk|u me|gle b`bikxkx {b`d lkdu`bab` le`db` hbb me`neibxab` oeoebzb

bdume`|bxk {b`d oeabk|b` ib`dxu`d le`db` zembxbibfb`. Lbibm fbi k`k) zeùikx

me`ddu`bab` oeoebzb |egk b|bu ag`xez |e`|b`d zekibau ag`xume`.

8.5.? B`bikxkx Aub`|k|b|kc

B`bikxkx {b`d me`ddu`bab` lb|b-lb|b {b`d lk`{b|bab` lbibm oe`|ua b`dab lk

mb`b lb|b |exeou| meuzbab` sbkboie-sbkboei {b`d lkb`ddbz oeze`dbuf

|efblbz zekibau ag`xume` lb` ze`dbuf`{b |efblbz aezubxb` zeib`ddb` Z\. ZI@

&Zexeg+ lk Mbabxxb lbibm ab|edgk-ab|edgk {b`d zblb bafk`{b bab` me`nblk |g|bi

xag lbk ze`dkxkb` auexkgè gief exzg`le`.


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8.3. Ze`duaurb` K`x|rume` Ze`eik|kb`

Ze`dkxkb` auexkg`e lkuau le`db` me`ddu`bab` xabib ikae| {b`d |elkk

b|bx> xb`db| xe|unu) xe|unu) huauz xe|unu) |klba xe|unu) xb`db| |klba xe|unu. Aeikmb

ze`kibkb` |exeou| lkoek ogog| xeobdbk oekau| >

2. Nbtbob` xb`db| xe|unu lkoek ogog| 5.

?. Nbtbob` xe|unu lkoek ogog|

b. 2):: 2)6: = xb`db| |klba xe|unu

o. 2)62 ?)3: = |klba xe|unu

h. ?)32 8)


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l. 8) Aezubxb` Zeib`ddb` |efblbz zeib{b`b` nbxb Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+

V > Aubik|bx Zeib{b`b` Nbxb Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+

V2 >_ebikbokik|bx

V? >_exzg`xkse`exx

V8 >Bxxub`he

V< >Emzb|f{

V5 > \b`dkoie

b > Ag`x|b`|b


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o > Ageckxke` Ageibxk

e >Eg |em

8.4.?. Unk C &Unk Xeemzba+

Unk C lkdu`bab` u`|ua me`dunk |k`dab| xkd`kckab` ageckxke` edexk sbkboei

k`leze`le` xehbb xeemzba |efblbz sbkboei leze`le`. Ib`dabf-ib`dabf u`|ua

meibauab` unk C xeobdbk oekau|>

Fkzg|exkx

Fg = Aubik|bx zeib{b`b` xehbb xkmui|b` |klba memzu`{bk ze`dbuf {b`d

xkd`kckab` |efblbz aezubxb` zeib`ddb`.

Fb = Aubik|bx zeib{b`b` xehbb xkmui|b` memzu`{bk ze`dbuf {b`d


\k`dab| xkd`kckab`xk

\k`dab| xkd`kckab`xk {b`d lkdu`bab` blbibf :):5 & = 5%+.

Meè`|uab` Cfk|u`d oelbxbab` gu|zu| zgdbm XZXX 28 b|bu umux.

Meè`|uab` C|boei

Meè`|uab` C|boei oelbxbab` lc 2 &numibf sbkboei+ lb` lc ? &`-a-2+ zblb

|boei gu|zu| aemulkb` me`hbk zblb |boei C) b|bu lbzb| lkhbk zblb zgdbm

Mx. Evhei le`db` hbb zblb heii agxg`d le`db` me`de|ka = ck`s&|k`dab|

xkd`kckab`xk) lc2) lc?+ ibiu |eab` e`|er.


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Ak|ekb ze`dunkb`

Fg lk|ekmb nkab Cfk|u`d C|boei

Fg lk|giba nkab Cfk|u`d 0 C|boei

Memob`lk`dab` Cfk|u`d le`db` C|boei

8.4.8. Unk | &Unk Zbxkbi+

Unk | lkdu`bab` me`de|bfuk bzbabf sbkboei k`leze`le` xehbb zbxkbi

memzu`{bk ze`dbuf {b`d xkd`kckab` |efblbz sbkboei leze`le`. Ib`dabf-ib`dabf

u`|ua meibauab` unk | xeobdbk oekau| >

Fkzg|exkx

2+ Fg2 = Sbkboei _eikbokik|{ xehbb zbxkbi |klba memzu`{bk ze`dbuf

{b`d xkd`kckab` |efblbz aezubxb` zeib`ddb`.

Fb2 = Sbkboei _eikbokik|{ xehbb zbxkbi memzu`{bk ze`dbuf {b`d


?+ Fg? = Sbkboei_exzg`xkse`exx xehbb zbxkbi |klba memzu`{bk ze`dbuf


Fb? = Sbkboei_exzg`xkse`exx xehbb zbxkbi memzu`{bk ze`dbuf {b`d


8+ Fg8 = Sbkboei Bxxub`he xehbb zbxkbi |klba memzu`{bk ze`dbuf



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Fb8 = Sbkboei Bxxub`he xehbb zbxkbi memzu`{bk ze`dbuf {b`d



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8.6. Leck`kxk Gzerbxkg`bi Sbrkboei

Oekau| k`k bab` lkneibxab` me`de`bk sbkboei-sbkboei {b`d lkdu`bab`

zeùikx >

\boei 8.2

\boei Gzerbxkg`bi Sbrkboei

Sbrkboei

Zeèik|kb`Leck`kxk Sbrkboei Xuo Sbrkboei K`lkab|gr Xabib

Aubik|bxNbxb

&Sbkboei V+

Aubik|bx Nbxb blbibf|k`dab| aeu`dduib`

{b`d lkfbbzab` lb`ze`de`lbikb` b|bx

|k`dab| aeu`dduib`|exeou| u`|ua

memeùfk aek`ddk`b`zeib`ddb`. \nkz|g`g

&?::3>5;+

_ebikokik|{&Aeb`lbib`+ {bk|u

aembmzub`zeuxbfbb` u`|ua

memoekab`zeib{b`b` xexubk {b`d

lknb`nkab` xehbbbaub| lb` |ezehb{b.

2.Memoekab` zeib{b`b`xexubk nb`nk.

?.Meibauab` zeib{b`b`zblb xbb| ze|bmb.

Ikae|

_exzg`xkseèxx

&Ae|b`ddbzb`+{bk|uxub|u aembub` u`|ua

memob`|u lb`

memoekab`zeib{b`b` {b`d hezb|&exzg`xkc+ lb` |ezb|

aezblb zeib`ddb`)le`db` ze`{bmzbkb`

k`cgmbxk {b`d neibx.

2. Ab{btb` hezb| |b`ddbz|efblbz nbxb {b`dlkou|ufab` zeib`ddb`.

?. Zeib{b`b` {b`d |ezb|

zblb zeib`ddb`.

Ikae|

Bxxurb`he &Nbmk`b`+{bk|u ze`de|bfub`)

aexgzb`xb`|u`b`) lbàembmzub` zbb

zedbtbk zeuxbfbbù`|ua meùmoufab`

bxb zehb{b zbbzeib`ddb` aezblb

zeuxbfbb`.

2. Ab{btb` memoek |bfuag`xume`) bzb

zeib{b`b` {b`dlkou|ufab` ag`xume`

lb` bab` lkaenbab`.?. Zekibau ab{btb` {b`dmemoekab` ae|e`b`dbòbdk ag`xume` obftb

|b`xbaxk {b`dlkibauab``{b |enbmk`.

Ikae|


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Emzb|f{ &Emzb|k+

{bk|u memoekab`

zefb|kb` {b`d |uiuxlb` oexkcb| k`lksklubib|bu zkoblk {b`d

lkoekab` aezblb zbbzeib`ddb` le`db`

oeuzb{b membfbmkaek`dk`b` ag`xume`.

2. Ab{btb` membfbmkaezeiub` {b`d afuxux

lbk zeib`ddb`.?. Ab{btb` memoekaexemzb|b` oe|b`{b

zblb zeib`ddb`.

Ikae|

\b`dkoie &Oua|k

Ckxka+ {bk|uaembmzub` xub|u

zeuxbfbb` lbibmmeù`nuaab`

eaxkx|e`xk`{b aezblbzkfba eax|e`bi.

Ze`bmzkib` lbàembmzub` xbb`b

lb` zbxbb`b ckxkazeuxbfbb` lb`

aeblbb` ik`dau`db`xeak|b`{b blbibf

oua|k `{b|b lbk

zeib{b`b` {b`dlkoekab` giefzemoek nbxb.

2. Ze`bmzkib` lbibmzeuxbfbb`

?. Ze`bmzkib` iub cbxkik|bx

ckxka zeuxbfbb`

Ikae|

Aezubxb`

Zeib`ddb`&Sbkboei [+

Aezubxb` Zeib`ddb`

blbibf zeoelbb`b`|bb |k`dab|

aeze`|k`db` lbàkènb b|bu fbxki {b`d

lkbxbab`. _b`dau|k

&?::< > 53+

2. Zglua obu {b`dlk|btbab` lbzb|memeùfk aeou|ufb`

?. Aubik|bx zeib{b`b` {b`dlkibauab` |eibf

memoekab` aezubxb`

Ikae|


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OBO KS

DBMOB_B@ UMUM ZE_UXBFBB@


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57/133

Lbibm zeaemob`db` xeib`nu|`{b ZI@ Evzigk|bxk SK xeibk` memobtbfk

oeoebzb u`k| ZI\L nudb memobtbfk u`k| ZI@ Hbob`d Mbabxxb lb` ZI\U

Mbabxxb {b`d lkexmkab` zblb |bfu` 2;42 gief Zexkle` Xgefb|g. Xeme`|bb ZI@

Hbob`d Mbabxxb memobtbfk u`k|-u`k| aenb b`|bb ibk` ZI@ _b`|k`d Xe`dab`d)

Tb|b`xgzze`d) Ae`lbk xe|b u`k| ze`duxbfbb` zemob`dak| {bk|u ZI\L Og`|gbib.

\bfu` 2;4? Zemek`|bf _K me`deiubab` ZZ. 26 |bfu` 2;4? |e`|b`d

Zeuxbfbb` Umum Ikx|ka @edbb {b`d memzu`{bk b|k ze`|k`d obdk ZI@ abe`b

meuzbab` lbxb fuaum zeuobfb` x|b|ux lbk Zeuxbfbb` @edbb me`nblk

Zeuxbfbb` Umum. Zblb |b`ddbi ?2 Mbe| 2;48 oelbxbab` Zeb|ub` Me`|ek

Zeaenbb` Umum lb` \e`bdb Ikx|ka @g. :2'Z_\'2;48 |e`|b`d X|ua|u Gdb`kxbxk

lb` Zemobdkb` \udbx Zeuxbfbb` Umum Ikx|ka @edbb) ZI@ Evzigk|bxk SK oeuobf

`bmb`{b me`nblk ZI@ Evzigk|bxk SKKK.

Xeobdbk |k`lba ib`nu| Zeb|ub` Me`|ek |exeou|) Lkeaxk ZI@ me`deiubab`

XA.@g.:5:'LK_'2;48 |b`ddbi ?: Ga|goe 2;48 |e`|b`d X|ua|u Gdb`kxbxk lb`

\udbx-|udbx Zgaga Zeum Ikx|ka @edbb Evzigk|bxk SKKK {b`d lk lbibm`{b |elbzb|

u`k| zeibaxb`b {bk|u Xea|g \eiig lb` Hbob`d Mbabxxb.

\bfu` 2;45 Me`|ek ZU\I me`deiubab` Zeb|ub` Me`|ek @g.

:28'Z_\'2;48 {b`d me`{eou|ab` obftb Zeuxbfbb` memzu`{bk u`xue zeibaxb`b

kbibf ZI@ Zg{ea lb` ZI@ Tkib{bf. U`k| ZI@ Zg{ea blbibf u`xu zeibaxb`b {b`d

oe|udbx meibaxb`bab` |udbx zeuxbfbb` lbibm oklb`d zemob`du`b` {b`d

lk|e|bzab` le`db` Aezu|uxb` Me`|ek b|bx uxui Lkeaxk le`db` okb{b BZO@ b|bu


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B`ddbb` Zeuxbfbb`. Xeme|bb u`k| ZI@ Tkib{bf blbibf u`xu zeibaxb`b lk

tkib{bf aenb {b`d oexb`dau|b` {b`d memzu`{bk |udbx xeibk` me`{eie`ddbbab`

zemob`dak|b`) ze`{biub` lb` ze`lkx|kouxkb` nudb ze`duxbfbb` |e`bdb ikx|ka.

Lkeaxk Zeum Ikx|ka @edbb me`eok|ab` Xub| Aezu|uxb` @g. :2:'LK_'2;34

xeobdbk |k`lba ib`nu| lbk Zeb|ub` Me`|ek lk b|bx {b`d me`duobf xeou|b` ZI@

Evzigk|bxk SKKK me`nblk ZI@ Tkib{bf SKKK le`db` tkib{bf aenb meikzu|k zgzk`xk

Xuibtexk Xeib|b` lb` Xuibtexk \e`ddbb.

Le`db` oeuobf`{b x|b|ux ZI@ me`nblk Zeuxbfbb` Zexegb` &Zexeg+

oelbxbab` ZZ @g. ?8 |bfu` 2;;< mbab ZI@ Tkib{bf SKKK nudb oeuobf `bmb`{b

me`nblk Z\ ZI@ &Zexeg+ Tkib{bf SKKK. Zeuobfb` x|b|ux k`k me`db`lu`d b|k

obftb ZI@ xembak` lk|u`|u| u`|ua lbzb| me`k`dab|ab` ak`enb`{b.

Ag`lkxk umum Z\ ZI@ &Zerxerg+ Tkib{bf SKKK

Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ Tkib{bf SKKK &xeib`nu|`{b lkxeou| ZI@ Tkib{bf SKKK+

memkikak lbebf aenb {b`d me`hbauz ? tkib{bf zgsk`xk {bk|u Xuibtexk Xeib|b` lb`

Xuibtexk \e`ddbb. Numibf ze`lulua aelub zgsk`xk |exeou| fbmzk me`hbzbk 2:

nu|b nktb le`db` bebi abtbxb` xeiubx 3? kou am? ieokf.

Meikfb| ag`lkxk degdbckx lb` zg|e`xk xumoe lb{b bibm {b`d lkmkikak mbab

ze`{elkbb` |e`bdb ikx|ka {b`d lbzb| lkaemob`dab` xb`db| oebdbm. Oelbxbab`

abnkb` {b`d lkibauab`) xbb| k`k ne`kx zuxb| ikx|ka {b`d lkmkikak ZI@ Tkib{bf SKKK

meikzu|k Zuxb| Ikx|ka \e`bdb Bk &ZI\B |embxua Mk`kfklg+) Zuxb| Ikx|ka \e`bdb

Ubz &ZI\U+ lb` Zuxb| Ikx|ka \e`bdb Dbx &ZI\D+. Xeme`|bb u`|ua aeze`|k`db`


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gzebxkg`bi lb` zeib{b`b` ZI@ Tkib{bf SKKK memobtbfk 6 u`k| Hbob`d &Mbabxxb)

Zbe-zbe) Tb|bmzgè) Zk`b`d) Ouiuaumob) Zbigzg) Ae`lbk lb` Obu-obu+) ? u`k|

Xea|g &\eiig lb` Obabu+ xe|b 2 U`k| Ze`db|u Oeob`.

Lbibm me`nbibàb` cu`dxk`{b) ZI@ Tkib{bf SKKK oe|unub` me`duxbfbab`

zemob`dak|b` ze`{biub` lb` ze`lkx|kouxkb` |e`bdb ikx|ka xe|b me`lgg`d

ze`k`dab|b` aedkb|b` eag`gmk) me`duxbfbab` aeu`|u`db` bdb lbzb| memokb{bk

ze`demob`db``{b xe|b me`nblk zek`|kx aedkb|b`-aedkb|b` uxbfb ze`{elkbb` |e`bdb

ikx|ka {b`d oeium lbzb| lkibaxb`bab` gief xea|g xtbx|b lb` agzebxk lk Xuibtexk

Xeib|b` lb` \e`ddbb.

Le`db` bebi aenb {b`d xelemkakb` iubx xe|b le`db` |g|bi numibf zeib`ddb`

{b`d fk`ddb xbb| k`k me`hbzbk 2)? nu|b zeib`ddb` mbab neibx fbi k`k meuzbab`

|b`|b`db` {b`d xb`db| oeb| obdk ZI@. Oe|bzb |klba" Lk xb|u xkxk ZI@ mbxkf lkoeob`k

le`db` mkxk xghkbi u`|ua me`duxbfbab` aembamub` obdk ba{b|. Xeme`|bb lk xkxk

ibk` ZI@ fbux me`duxbfbab` zgck| xeobdbk hkk xub|u zeuxbfbb` {b`d xefb| lb`

oeaemob`d.

Le`db` |g|bi bxxe| xeoexb _z. 2? |ki{u`) lkikfb| lbk xedk bxxe| mbab ZI@

meuzbab` zeuxbfbb` |eoexb lk K`lgèxkb. Ob{b`dab` lbk ag|b fk`ddb zeigxga

lexb) ak|b bab` xe`b`|kbxb me`numzbk bxxe| ZI@ |exeou|. Fbi k`k memoua|kab`

obftb aefblkb` ZI@ memkikak cu`dxk x|b|edk abe`b meikob|ab` zeib{b`b` obdk

zeib`ddb` {b`d oebdbm le`db` oeobdbk |k`dab| aefkluzb` xghkbi eag`gmk {b`d

oebdbm zuib. Meikfb| fbi |exeou| xe|b me`dk`db| zbxbi 88 UUL


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zemek`|bf oefba u`|ua hbmzu |b`db`. Afuxux`{b lbibm fbi zeè|bzb` |bkc {b`d

|e`|u xbnb le`db` memze|kmob`dab` ob`{ba bxzea {b`d |elbzb| lk aelub xkxk

b`|bb zeib`ddb` lb` ZI@. Bzbabf |bkcc {b`d lk|e|bzab` gief zmek`|bf bab`

mbmzu me`hbzbk |k|ka kmzbx &oeba ese`| zgk`|+ |efblbz okb{b gzebxkg`bi {b`d

lkaeiubab` gief ZI@7 U`|ua me`nbtbo`{b) huauz ak|b meikfb| zblb ae`{b|bb`

obftb fk`ddb xbb| k`k ZI@ mbxkf xuoxklk gief zemek`|bf.

Xbibf xb|u ae`lbib {b`d lkbibmk gief ZI@ blbibf lbibm fbi zemeùfb`

aeou|ufb` mbx{bbab| bab` |e`bdb ikx|ka {b`d xembak` me`k`dab| xefk`ddb

lkbxbab` zeiu u`|ua me`du`lb`d zkfba xtbx|b lbibm fbi ze`{elkbb` |e`bdb ikx|ka.

Lb` xbb| k`k fbi |exeou| xulbf |eebikxbxk. Ze`{elkbb` |e`bdb ikx|ka xulbf ouab`

meuzbab` mg`gzgik ZI@ ibdk. Le`db` blb`{b zexbk`d k`k) mbu |klba mbu ZI@

fbux memoe`bfk lkk bdb lbzb| xuskse. ZI@ fbux oeaenb aebx u`|ua

me`duzb{bab` uzkbf zgluaxk ze aTf {b`d xemubf mu`dak` u`|ua mebkf

aeu`|u`db` xehbb mbaxkmbi `bmu` |b`zb me`dbobkab` mu|u lb` aeb`lbib`. U`|ua

|b`xmkxk lb` ze`lkx|kouxkb` fk`ddb xbb| k`k memb`d mbxkf lkaubxbk gief ZI@. Fbi

k`k xemb|b-mb|b abe`b mbxkf lkbxbab` memblbk. Xeme`|bb xtbx|b fb`{b oedeba

lk oklb`d zemob`dak|b``{b xbnb.

Akxkx eag`gmk {b`d |enblk lk @edbb ak|b lb` meùu``{b `kibk |uab mb|b

ub`d uzkbf |efblbz lgiib) neibx xb`db| meme`dbufk akènb ZI@. Xeobdbk

dbmobb`) ze|umoufb` numibf zeib`ddb` lk ZI@ Tkib{bf SKKK |bfu` 2;;; fb`{b

xeoexb


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me`u`nuaab` ze`uu`b` {b`d lbx|kx okib lkob`lk`dab` le`db` ze|umoufb`

xeoeium |enblk`{b akxkx.


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Xub|u gdb`kxbxk {b`d neibx x|ua|u k`cgmbxk`{b okbxb`{b lkdgig`dab`

gdb`kxbxk cgmki) xelb`dab` aegdb`kxbxkb` k`cgmbxk |enblk le`db` blb`{b nbik`b`

fuou`db` aenb {b`d |klba lk|e|bzab` le`db` exmk lbibm gdb`kxbxk |exeou|.

Lbibm xeoubf zembfbmb` umum) x|ua|u gdb`kxbxk xe|kbz gdb`kxbxk

|elbzb| oeoebzb u`xu) {bk|u >

2. Blb`{b xeaeigmzga gb`d

?. Blb`{b xeaeigmzga gb`d {b`d xbik`d oeaenb xbmb

8. Blb`{b xub|u |unub` |e|e`|u


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Xumoer > Z\. ZI@ &Zerxerg+ Hbob`d Mbabxxbr) ?:22


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Z\. ZI@ &Zerxerg+ TKIB[BF XUIXEI_B

HBOB@D MBABXXB_

_B[G@ MBABXXB_ \KMU_

Xumoer > Z\. ZI@ &Zerxerg+ _b{g` Mbabxxbr \kmur) ?:22

MB@BNE_ \KMU_

XUZE_SKXG_ H\_ #

AEIGIB _EA

XUZE_SKXG_

ZE@LBZB\B@

XUZE_SKXG_

[B@ZEI

XUZE_SKXG_

GZLKX\XUZE_SKXG_ BZZ XUZE_SKXG_ AEU

# BLM

\E_BMZKIBLMK@KX\_BXK

\erbmzki U|. [b`.

Zid

\erbmzki U|. [b`.

Zid

\erbmzki Ze`bdkfb`

\erbmzki Ze`bdkfb`

Nuru U|. Ze`bdkfb` \erbmzki Hb|er

\erbmzki Bzz

\erbmzk Bzz

\erbmzki Bzz

\erbmzki Bzz

\erbmzki

Blmk`kx|rbx

\erbmzki

Blmk`kx|rbx

\erbmzki Xurse

Lb|b Zid.

\erbmzki Bzz


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2. Mb`bne Hbob`d

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Deèbi Mb`bde oe|udbx memok`b meumuxab`)

me`{uxu`) me`dbbfab` aeoknbab` |ea`kx lb` blmk`kx|bxk zblb obdkb`-

obdkb` {b`d |eabk| oelbxbab` zgdbm aenb lb` |bde| u`|ua meù`nb`d

ze`hbzbkb` xbxbb` zeuxbfbb`.

?. B`bi{x| Akènb

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Mb`bne Hbob`d oe|udbx me`{uxu` |bde| akènb

lb` memoekab` k`cgmbxk) mbxuab` ae mb`bne'mb`bneme` hbob`d zekfbi

ib`dabf-ib`dabf ze`hbzbkb` akènb xexubk |bde| {b`d |eibf lk|e|bzab` lb`

_ABZ.

8. Gcckhe Blmk`kx|bxk Ag`|ba

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Mb`bne Hbob`d oe|udbx me`db|u lb`

me`dbbfab` aedkb|b` blmk`kx|bxk ag`|ba xexubk zeb|ub` lb` zeu`lb`d-


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u`lb`db` {b`d oeibau. Xeibk` k|u) me`{uxu` ib`dabf aedkb|b` zeibaxb`bb`

blmk`kx|bx ag`|ba xexubk e`hb`b aenb'_ABZ.


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me`{kbzab` aeou|ufb` B\A lb` xbb`b ibk``{b {b`d lkou|ufab` Mb`bne)

lb` memoub| xub| Zeibaxb`b Fbkb` &ZF+ Mb`bne.

6. Bxkx|e` Mb`bne BZZ

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Mb`bne Hbob`d oe|udbx me`dagglk`bxkab`

zee`hb`bb`) ze`dgzebxkb` lb` zemeikfbbb` BZZ) me`nbdb ae|exelkbb`

lb` aeb`lbib` BZZ xexubk x|b`lb {b`d blb'oeibau.

;. Xuzeskxg Gzebxk lb` Zemeikfbbb` BZZ

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Bxkx|e` Mb`bne BZZ oe|udbx me`dbtbxk lb`

me`dbbfab` ib`dabf aedkb|b` zee`hb`bb`) ze`dgzebxkb` lb` zemeikfbbb`

BZZ xe|b zeobkab``{b bdb aeb`lbib` x{x|em ze`duaub` |e|bz |enbdb.

2:.Xuzeskxg Zeèbb`

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Bxkx|e` Mb`bne BZZ oe|udbx me`dagglk`k lb`

me`dbtbxk zeibaxb`bb` zeaenbb` zeèbb` xefk`ddb xbxbb` zeèbb` lbzb|

|ehbzbk) me`{uxu` e`hb`b aenb Xuzeskxgk Zeèbb` xexubk e`hb`b aenb

Bxmb` BZZ xeobdbk zelgmb` aenb) lb` memekaxb BZZ {b`d |eibf lk|eb

xeobdbk obfb` esbiubxk.

22.Bxkx|e` Mb`bne Lkx|kouxk

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Mb`bne Hbob`d oe|udbx meibaxbàb` agglk`bxk

lb` ze`de`lbikb` cu`dxk lkx|kouxk) ag`x|uaxk lb` zemob`dak|b` &ikxlex+

u`|ua ze`hbzbkb` |bde| akènb b`|bb ibk` > xuxu|) XBKLK) XBKCK) |bb abig)

GBC) |e|ko blmk`kx|bxk) tba|u) okb{b lb` akènb XLM Lkx|kouxk.


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2?.Bxxkx|b`| E`dkèe Zee`hb`bb` Lkx|kouxk

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Bxkx|e` Mb`bne Lkx|kouxk oe|udbx me`{uxu`

e`hb`b aenb zemeikfbbb` lb` ze`demob`db` lkx|kouxk.

28.Bxxkx|b`| E`dkèe'Nu`kg E`dkèe Xuse{ # Dbmob

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Bxkx|e` Mb`bne Lkx|kouxk oe|udbx memoub| lb|b

lb` dbmob nbk`db` fbxki xuse{ ibzb`db`.

2


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24.Bxxkx|b`| E`dkèe Zezbb|g ZLAO

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d E`dkèe Agglk`b|g Gzebxk ZLAO oe|udbx

meè`|uab` lbzb| |klba`{b zeaenbb` |exeou| lkibaxb`bab` le`db` hbb

ZLAO) memoub| cg|g lbk zeaenbb` {b`d bab` lkibaxb`bab` lb`memoub|

hb|b|b` ag`lkxk lk ibzb`db`.

26.Bxxkx|b`| E`dkèe Aezbib _ed Nbdb ZLAO


me`dbtbxk lb` me`de`lbikab` zeaenbb` lbibm aeblbb` oe|edb`db`

&ZLAO+) me`dagglk`k lb` me`dbtbxk zeibaxb`bb` zeaenbb` ZLAO lk

ibzb`db`) lb` meibaxb`bab` zeaenbb` xexubk le`db` XGZ.

2;.Nu`kg E`dkèe ZLAO


meibaxb`bab` zeaenbb` zemeikfbbb` lb` zeiubxb` nbk`db` |b`zb

meibauab` zemu|uxb` lkx|kouxk |e`bdb ikx|ka xexubk le`db` XGZ lb`

meibaxb`bab` ze`deigibb` zebib|b` lb` xbb`b aenb ibk``{b {b`d

oefuou`db` le`db` oklb`d |udbx.

?:.Xuzeskxg Zemeikfbbb` Lkx|kouxk

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Bxkx|e` Mb`bne Lkx|kouxk oe|udbx me`dagglk`k

lb` me`dbtbxk zeibaxb`bb` zemeikfbbb` nbk`db` lkx|kouxk xe|b zeobkab`

db`ddub` nbk`db` bdb aeb`lbib` x{x|em ze`lkx|kouxkb` |e`bdb ikx|ka |e|bz


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|enbdb) lb` me`{uxu` e`hb`b aedkb|b` Zemeikfbbb` Lkx|kouxk xeobdbk

zelgmb` aenb.

?2.Bxkx|e` Mb`bne Zemob`dak|b`

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Mb`bne Hbob`d oe|udbx meibaxb`bab` agglk`bxk

lb` ze`de`lbikb` cu`dxk zemob`dak|b` u`|ua ze`hbzbkb` |bde| GBC lb`

\bb Abig) me`{uxu` e`hb`b aenb Bxkx|e` Mb`bne Zemob`dak|b` u`|ua

zelgmb` aenb) me`dagglk`bxkab` lb` memok`b obtbfb`) lb` me`db|u

e`hb`b zemeikfbbb` zekglkh &\G) XG) MG+ lb` u|k` mexk` u`|ua

aeb`lbib` lb` ae|exelkbb` zemob`dak|.

??.Bxxkx|b`|'Nu`kg E`dk`ee B@ES Gzebxk Zemob`dak|b`

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Bxkx|e` Mb`bne Zemob`dak|b` oe|udbx

meibaxb`bab` b`bikxbxk lb` esbiubxk Xkx|em Gzebxk Zemob`dak|b`)

me`{uxu` e`hb`b aenb zemob`dak|b` xeobdbk zelgmb` aenb) lb` memobdk

|udbx u`|ua me`{eiexbkab` zeaenbb` lbibm b`dab zeibaxb`bb` |udbx lk

ik`dau`db` zee`hb`bb` zemob`dak|b`.

?8.Bxxkx|b`|'Nu`kg E`dk`ee Zee`hb`bb` Obfb` Obab

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Bxkx|e` Mb`bne Zemob`dak|b` oe|udbx memoub|

zee`hb`bb` aeou|ufb` OOm lb` zeiumbx.

?


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?5.Bxxkx|b`| E`dkèe'Nu`kg E`dkèe Zemeikfbbb` Ikx|ka

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Bxkx|e` Mb`bne Zemob`dak|b` oe|udbx

me`k`dab|ab` aeb`lbib` zebib|b` ikx|ka ZI\L.

?3.Bxkx|e` Mb`bne @kbdb # Zeib{b`b` Zeib`ddb`

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Mb`bne Hbob`d oe|udbx meibaxb`bab` agglk`bxk

lb` ze`de`lbikb` cu`dxk zemobhbb` me|e) zemoub|b` eae`k`d ikx|ka)

zemouaub` zeib`ddb`) ze`bdkfb` zku|b`d zeib`ddb` lb` zku|b`d bdu-bdu)

u`|ua me`k`dab|ab` akènb ze`nubib` |e`bdb ikx|ka) igxkx) `g` |ea`kx) zku|b`d

zeib`ddb` lb` zku|b`d bdu-bdu lb` ze`dbmb`b` ze`lbzb|b` zeuxbfbb`.

?4.B`bi{x|'Bxxkx|b`| B`bi{x| _kxe| Zbxb

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Bxkx|e` Mb`bne @kbdb # Zeib{b`b` Zeib`ddb`

oe|udbx me`deigib lb` me`desbiubxk zeibaxb`bb` kxe| zbxb) xuse{) lb|b

zg|e`xk) lb` xedme`|bxk zbxb) zeiubxb` nbk`db` ZO'ZL lb` mui|kdu`b u`|ua

me`k`dab|ab` akènb zembxbb`.

?6.B`bi{x|'Bxxkx|b`| B`bi{x| Aeou|ufb` \e`bdb Ikx|ka


oe|udbx meibauab` esbiubxk aeou|ufb` |e`bdb ikx|ka) lb` memoub| zg{eaxk

ze`nubib` lb` zg{eaxk ze`lbzb|b` ze`nubib` lb` ze`lbzb|b` ibk`-ibk`) u`|ua

me`k`dab|ab` akènb zembxbb`.


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?;.Bxxkx|b`| Gcckhe'Nu`kg Gcckhe Blmk`kx|bxk @kbdb


oe|udbx me`dbde`lbab` xub| mbxua lb` xub| aeiub.

8:.Xuzeskxg Zeib{b`b` Zeib`ddb`


oe|udbx meibaxb`bab` ze`dbtbxb` lb` ze`deigibb` cu`dxk blmk`kx|bxk

zeib`ddb` lb` zemouaub` zeib`ddb`) u`|ua me`k`dab|ab` ak`enb zembxbb`

lb` ze`nubib`.

82.Xuzeskxg Hb|e


oe|udbx mee`hb`bab`) me`dagglk`bxkab`) meibaxb`bab` lb`

me`de`lbikab` zemobhbb` me|e lb` _u|e Obhb Me|e lbibm b`dab

me`dbmb`ab` ze`lbzb|b` zeuxbfbb`.

8?.Xuzeskxg Xkx|em K`cgmbxk


oe|udbx me`dagglk`k zeibaxb`bb` aenb gzebxkg`bi lb` zemeikfbbb`

x{x|em k`cgmbxk {b`d fb`lbi lbibm ze`dk`zu|b`) ze`{bnkb`'gu|zu| lb|b)

ze`deigibb` lb|b) ze`{kmzb`b` lb|b lb` meibauab` ze`dgzebxkb` lb`

zemeikfbbb` fbltb mbuzu` xgc|tbe.


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zgaga lb` cu`dxk u`k| aenb`{b xefk`ddb x{x|em zg|eaxk ze`lbzb|b` lb`

ze`ekmbb` abx lbzb| |exeie`ddbb xehbb aelkoei.

84.Xuzeskxg Bau`|b`xk

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Bxkx|e` Mb`bne Aeub`db` oe|udbx mee`hb`bab`)

me`dagglk`bxk) me`de`lbikab` lb` me`desbiubxk zeibaxb`bb` zgxex

bau`|b`xk {b`d |eabk| le`db` |udbx zgaga lb` cu`dxk u`k| aenb`{b xexubk

le`db` aeoknbab` lb` x|b`lb {b`d oeibau) xefk`ddb k`cgmbxk {b`d

lkfbxkiab` lbzb| |exbnk xehbb baub|) k`cgmb|kse lb` |ezb| tba|u.

86.Bxkx|e` Mb`bne XLM lb` Blmk`kx|bxk

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Mb`bne Hbob`d oe|udbx meibaxb`bab`

zee`hb`bb`) agglk`bxk lb` ze`de`lbikb` cu`dxk aezedbtbkb`

aexeae|bkb|b`) zeoeabib`) lb` ze`hbzbkb` FGZ &Fbk Gb`d Zeib|kfb`+)

K\G &K`se`|g{ \u` Gse+) |e|ko blmk`kx|bxk) |e|uo tba|u lb` okb{b u`|ua

me`k`dab|ab` ak`enb XLM.

8;.Bxxkx|b`| B`bi{x| Agmu`kabxk

Le`db` b|bxb` ib`dxu`d Bxkx|e` Mb`bne XLM # Blmk`kx|bxk oe|udbx

meibaxb`bab` |udbx-|udbx aefumbxb` lb` ba|kc meibauab` xgxkbikxbxk

mbxbibf-mbxbibf ae|e`bdb ikx|kab` obka ae mbx{bbab| umum mbuzu`

meibiuk melkb mbxxb) xexubk bbfb` lb` aeoknbab` mb`bneme`.


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zeab`|gb` lb` aeub`db` zeoeabib`) xeae|bkb|b` {b`d |eabk| le`db` |udbx

zgaga lb` cu`dxk u`k| aenb`{b.

5


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OBO S

B@BIKXKX LB@ ZEMOBFBXB@

5.2. Abrba|erkx|ka _exzg`le`

Oelbxbab` fbxki ze`dumzuib` lb|b {b`d lkzegief meibiuk auexkg`e {b`d

lkoekab` aezblb zeib`ddb` Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ _b{g` Mbabxxb \kmu xeobdbk

exzg`le`) mbab lbzb| lkae|bfuk abba|ekx|ka xe|kbz zeib`ddb`. Fbi k`k lkibauab`

le`db` fbbzb` obftb k`cgmbxk k`k lbzb| me`nblk mbxuab` obdk Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+

_b{g` Mbabxxb \kmu lbibm me`{uxu` x|b|edk zeib{b`b` {b`d xexubk le`db`

abba|ekx|ka zeib`ddb``{b lk mbxb {b`d bab` lb|b`d.

Abba|ekx|ka'kle`|k|bx exzg`le` k`k oelbxbab` ne`kx aeibmk`) ze`lklkab`

|ebafk) zgcexk'zeaenbb`) ceaue`xk zembabkb` lb` ceaue`xk zemblbmb`.

5.2.2 Ne`kx Aeibmk` _exzg`le`

\boei 5.2

Abrba|erkx|ka _exzg`le` oerlbxbrab` ne`kx aeibmk`

Ne`kx Aeibmk` Creaue`xk

&Grb`d+

Zrexe`|bxe

&%+

Zkb 38 38

Tb`k|b 84 84

\g|bi 2:: 2::

Xumoe > lb|b lkgibf) ?:22

Oelbxbab` ne`kx aeibmk`) exzg`le` |e`{b|b lklgmk`bxk gief zeib`ddb`

{b`d oene`kx aeibmk` Zkb xeob`{ba 38 gb`d le`db` zexe`|bxe 38 % lb` xkxb`{b

blbibf exzg`le` tb`k|b xeob`{ba 84 gb`d b|bu 84 %. Numibf exzg`le` zkb {b`d


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ieokf ob`{ba lkob`lk`d exzg`le` tb`k|b meuzbab` cba|g aeoe|uib` abe`b zblb

xbb| ze`{eobb` auexkg`e) exzg`le` {b`d oezb|kxkzbxk ieokf ob`{ba ag`xume`

zkb) `bmu` lemkakb` zeoelbb` ne`kx aeibmk` okxb me`kmouiab` ze`lbzb| b|bu

xulu| zb`lb`d {b`d oeoelb lbibm me`kibk aubik|bx zeib{b`b` {b`d lkoekab` Z\.

ZI@ &Zexeg+ _b{g` Mbabxxb \kmu.

5.2.? Ze`lklkab` \erbafkr _exzg`le`

\boei 5.?

Abrba|erkx|ka _exzg`le` oerlbxbrab` Ze`lklkab` \erbafkr

Ze`lklkab` \erbafkr Creaue`xk

&Grb`d+

Zrexe`|bxe

&%+

XL ? ?

XMZ 8 8

XMB 4: 4:

Xbnb`b ?: ?:

Zbxhbxbnb`b 5 5

Numibf 2:: 2::

Xumoe > lb|b lkgibf) ?:22

Oelbxbab` ze`lklkab` |ebafk {b`d lkmkikak exzg`le`) lbzb| lkikfb| obftb

xeobdkb` oexb exzg`le`) 4: b|bu 4:% lkb`|bb`{b |bmb|b` XMB) ?: gb`d b|bu

?:% xbnb`b) 5 gb`d b|bu 5% zbxhbxbnb`b) 8 gb`d b|bu 8% XMZ) lb` |bmb|b` XL ?

gb`d b|bu ?%.\k`dab| ze`lklkab` {b`d lk|emzuf xexegb`d me`u`nuaab` |k`dab|

ze`de|bfub` lb` tbtbxb` {b`d lkmkikak) {b`d bab` oeze`dbuf zblb aembmzub`

b`bikx|kx |efblbz xub|u zembxbibfb` xeze|k zeib{b`b` {b`d lkoekab` gief Z\. ZI@

&Zexeg+ _b{g` Mbabxxb \kmu.


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5.2.8. Zrgcexk'Zeaernbb` _exzg`le`

\boei 5.8

Abrba|erkx|ka _exzg`le` oerlbxbrab` Zrgcexk'Zeaernbb`

Zrgcexk'Zeaernbb` Creaue`xk

&Grb`d+

Zrexe`|bxe

&%+

Zeibnb'Mbfbxkxtb 3 3

Zedbtbk'Ab{btb`


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5.2.


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xeob`{ba ?3 gb`d b|bu ?3%) ? abik xeob`{ba ?2 gb`d b|bu ?2%) lb` 8 abik

xeob`{ba 2: gb`d b|bu 2:%.

5.?. Ze`e`|ub` _b`de

Xuse{ k`k me`ddu`bab` xabib Ikae| le`db` xag |e|k`ddk lk |kbz

ze|b`{bb``{b blbibf 5 lb` xag |ee`lbf blbibf 2. Le`db` numibf exzg`le`

xeob`{ba 2:: gb`d) mbab >

Xag |e|k`ddk > 2:: v 5 = 5::

Xag |ee`lbf > 2:: v 2 = 2::

5:: 2::Xefk`ddb b`de u`|ua fbxki xuse{ = = 6:

5

_b`de xagr >

b. 2:: 26: = xb`db| |klba xe|unu

o. 262 ?3: = |klba xe|unu

h. ?32 8


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zeiu memoekab` ze`ebzb` aubik|bx zeib{b`b`) xeobo le`db` blb`{b ze`k`dab|b`

aubik|bx zeib{b`b`) mbab bab` lbzb| meme`dbufk aezubxb` zeib`ddb`.

Lbibm me`k`dab|ab` aubik|bx zeib{b`b` zeib`ddb` zblb Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+)

mbab zeiu lkibauab` b`bikxkx me`de`bk aubik|bx zeib{b`b`. Fbi k`k oe|unub` u`|ua

lbzb| meikfb| xeobdkb` oexb ze`dbuf aubik|bx zeib{b`b` {b`d lkoekab` gief Z\.

ZI@ &Zexeg+. Blbzu` lkme`xk-lkme`xk aubik|bx zeib{b`b` {b`d meikzu|k>

_eikbokik|{ &V2+)_exzg`xkse`exx &V?+)Bxxub`he &V8+)Emzfb|{ &V


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b. Zblb ze|b`{bb` ze|bmb {bk|u ba|ksbxk 'edkx|bxk zeib`ddb` xexubk le`db`

tba|u {b`d |eibf lk|e|bzab` xe|eibf iu`bx memob{b zex{bb|b`) xeob`{ba 22

gb`d &22%+ me`nbtbo xb`db| xe|unu) 5; gb`d &5;%+ me`nbtbo xe|unu) ?? gb`d

&??%+ me`nbtbo `e|bi) lb` 6 gb`d &6%+ me`nbtbo |klba xe|unu.

o. Zblb ze|b`{bb` aelub {bk|u zeib{b`b` ze`dblub` hezb| lb` fb`lbi) xeob`{ba

2; gb`d &2;%+ me`nbtbo xb`db| xe|unu)


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?.5.8 Zer|b`{bb` me`de`bk sbrkboei_exzg`xkse`exx &V?+

\boei 5.4

\b`ddbzb` rexzg`le` |erfblbz sbrkboei _exzg`xkse`exx

@G. \b`ddbzb` XX X @ \X X\X xagr

Zer|b`{bb` C % C % C % C % C %

2. Aexkbzb` ze|udbx lbibm meib{b`k

zeib`ddb`

?< ?< 33 33 4 4 8 8


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l. Zblb Ze|b`{bb` aeemzb| {bk|u ze|udbx memoek k`cgmbxk {b`d neibx lb` mulbf

lkme`de|k gief zeib`ddb`) xeob`{ba ?5 gb`d &?5%+ me`nbtbo xb`db| xe|unu)

3: gb`d &3:%+ me`nbtbo xe|unu) 22 gb`d &22%+ me`nbtbo `e|bi) lb` < gb`d

&


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o. Zblb ze|b`{bb` aelub {bk|u ze|udbx mbmzu me`nbtbo xe|kbz ze|b`{bb`

zeib`ddb`) xeob`{ba 88 gb`d &88%+ me`nbtbo xb`db| xe|unu)


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h. Zblb ze|b`{bb` ae|kdb {bk|u ze|udbx mulbf lkfuou`dk zeib`ddb` lb`

me`du|bmbab` aeze`|k`db` zeib`ddb`) xeob`{ba 26 gb`d &26%+ me`nbtbo

xb`db| xe|unu)


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Lbk |boei lkb|bx lbzb| lkxkmzuiab` obftb |b`ddbzb` exzg`le` |efblbz

sbkboei oua|k ckxka &|b`dkoie+ {b`d lkmkikak Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ oeblb zblb b`de

aeemzb| &xe|unu+.

b. Zblb ze|b`{bb` ze|bmb {bk|u ze`bmzkib` ze|udbx bzk lb` zgcexkg`bi)

xeob`{ba ?8 gb`d &?8%+ me`nbtbo xb`db| xe|unu) 54 gb`d &54%+ me`nbtbo

xe|unu) 2< gb`d &2


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5.


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95/133

:)??;V2 = oexb`{b ageckxke` sbkboei eikbokik|{ {b`d oeb|k xe|kbz ze`k`dab|b`

sbkboei eikbokik|{ xeoexb 2%) mbab aezubxb` zeib`ddb` me`k`dab|

:)??; le`db` bxumxk sbkboei ibk``{b &exzg`xkseèxx) bxxub`he)

emzfb|{ lb` |b`dkoie+ ag`x|b`.

:)26?V? = oexb`{b ageckxke` sbkboei exzg`xkseèxx {b`d oeb|k xe|kbz

ze`k`dab|b` sbkboei exzg`xkseèxx xeoexb 2%) mbab aezubxb`

zeib`ddb` me`k`dab| :)26? le`db` bxumxk sbkboei ibk``{b &eikbokik|{)

bxxub`he) emzfb|{ lb` |b`dkoie+ ag`x|b`.

:)858V8 = oexb`{b ageckxke` sbkboei bxxub`he {b`d oeb|k xe|kbz ze`k`dab|b`

sbkboei bxxub`he xeoexb 2%) mbab aezubxb` zeib`ddb` me`k`dab|

:)858 le`db` bxumxk sbkboei ibk``{b &eikbokik|{) exzg`xkseèxx)

emzfb|{ lb` |b`dkoie+ ag`x|b`.

-:)8;?V< = oexb`{b ageckxke` sbkboei emzfb|{ {b`d oeb|k xe|kbz ze`k`dab|b`

sbkboei emzfb|{ xeoexb 2%) mbab aezubxb` zeib`ddb` bab` meùu`

:)8;? le`db` bxumxk sbkboei ibk``{b &eikbokik|{) exzg`xkseèxx)

bxxub`he) lb` |b`dkoie+ ag`x|b`.

:)?::V5 = oexb`{b ageckxke` sbkboei |b`dkoie {b`d oeb|k xe|kbz ze`k`dab|b`

sbkboei |b`dkoie xeoexb 2%) mbab aezubxb` zeib`ddb` me`k`dab|

:)?:: le`db` bxumxk sbkboei ibk``{b &eikbokik|{) exzg`xkseèxx)

bxxub`he) lb` emzfb|{+ ag`x|b`.


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X|b`lb egxeoexb 2)523 b|k`{b xeiuuf sbkboei {b`d lkfk|u`d lbibm unk XZXX

memkikak |k`dab| sbkboei ze`ddb`ddu xeoexb 2)523.

Fbxki edexk oedb`lb lk b|bx me`u`nuaab` obftb sbkboei oeobx {ba`k

eikbokik|{) exzg`xkse`xx) bxxub`he) lb` |b`dkoie oeze`dbuf zgxk|kc |efblbz

sbkboei |ekab| {ba`k aezubxb` zeib`ddb`. Xelb`dab` sbkboei emzfb|{ oeze`dbuf

`edb|kc |efblbz aezubxb` zeib`ddb`. Lk mb`b xe|kbz ae`bkab` {b`d |enblk zblb

sbkboei oeobx bab` lkkau|k zuib gief ae`bkab` sbkboei |ekab|. Xeibk` k|u lbk fbxki

|exeou| lbzb| lkikfb| obftb sbkboei oeobx {b`d lgmk`b` blbibf sbkboei bxxub`he

xeoexb :)858.

5.5.? Ageckxke` Le|ermk`bxk

Ageckxke` le|emk`bxk lkdu`bab` u`|ua me`de|bfuk aembmzub` sbkboei

k`leze`le` lbibm me`neibxab` sbkboei leze`le`. Oexb`{b agecexke` le|emk`bxk

lbzb| lkikfb| zblb xrube lb` lk`{b|bab` lbibm zexe`|bxe. Fbxki ageckxke`

le|emk`bxk lbzb| lkikfb| zblb |boei oekau| k`k

\boei 5.28Mglei Xummbr{&o+

Mglei _ _ Xrube

Blnux|el _

Xrube

X|l. Eg gc

|fe Ex|kmb|e Luok`-Tb|xg`

2 )46?&b+ )32? )5;2 2)525 2)645

b Zelkh|gx> &Hg`x|b`|+) \B@DKOIE) EMZFB\[) BXXU_B@HE) _EIKBOKIK\[) _EXZG@XKSE@EXXo Leze`le`| Sbkboie> AEZUBXB@WZEIB@DDB@

Xumoe > Lb|b lkgibf XZXX 28) ?:22


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@kibk xrube xeoexb :)32?) {b`d b|k`{b sbkboei _ebikokik|{)

_exzg`xkse`exx) Bxxub`he) Emzfb|{ lb` \b`dkoie mbmzu me`neibxab` aezubxb`

zeib`ddb` zblb Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ _b{g` Mbabxxb \kmu xeoexb 32)?%) xeme`|bb

xkxb`{b xeoexb 86)6% &2::%-32)?%+ aezubxb` zeib`ddb` Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ _b{g`

Mbabxxb \kmu lkneibxab` gief cba|g xeibk` aubik|bx zeib{b`b`.

5.5.8 Unk C

Unk xkmui|b` b|bu unk C meuzbab` unk xehbb oexbmb-xbmb u`|ua me`dunk

xkd`kckab` ze`dbuf sbkboei aubik|bx nbxb {b`d |elkk b|bx eikbokik|{) exzg`xkse`exx)

bxxub`he) emzfb|{) |b`dkoie xe|b oexbmb-xbmb |efblbz sbkboei aezubxb`

zeib`ddb`.

\boei 5.2 &Hg`x|b`|+) \B@DKOIE) EMZFB\[) BXXU_B@HE) _EXZG@XKSE@EXX) _EBIKOKIK\[o Leze`le`| Sbkboie> AEZUBXB@WZEIB@DDB@

Xumoe> Lb|b lkgibf XZXX 28) ?:22

Ib`dabf-ib`dabf u`|ua meibauab` unk C xeobdbk oekau| >

Fkzg|exkx

Fg = Aubik|bx zeib{b`b` xehbb xkmui|b` |klba memzu`{bk ze`dbuf {b`d



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Fb = Aubik|bx zeib{b`b` xehbb xkmui|b` memzu`{bk ze`dbuf {b`d xkd`kckab`

|efblbz aezubxb` zeib`ddb`.

\k`dab| xkd`kckab`

\k`dab| xkd`kckab` {b`d lkdu`bab` blbibf :.:5 & = 5 %+ lb` zblb |boei 5.28)

|k`dab| xkd`kckab`xk xeoexb :.::: b|bu xeoexb :% b|k`{b obftb sbkboei

k`leze`le` oeze`dbuf |efblbz sbkboei leze`le` le`db` |k`dab| xkd`kckab`xk

xeoexb : %.

Me`e`|uab` C|boei

Le`db` me`ddu`bab` |k`dab| ae{bak`b` ;5 %) = 5 %) lc 2 lbzb| lk|e`|uab`

le`db` zexbmbb` oekau| >

lc 2 = numibf sbkboei1 b|k`{b lc 2 = 5

xelb`dab`) lc ? = `-a-21 b|k`{b lc ? = ;


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Xehbb |egk|kx aubik|bx zeib{b`b` memkikak ze`dbuf {b`d xkd`kckab` |efblbz

aezubxb` zeib`ddb`) xeze|k {b`d lkab|bab` _b`dau|k &?::53+ obftb aezubxb`

zeib`ddb` zeoelbb` b`|bb |k`dab| aeze |k`db` lb` akènb b|bu fbxki {b`d

lkbxbab`. [ba`k me`de`bk bzb {b`d |eibf lkbxbab` zeib`ddb` b|bx zeib{b`b` {b`d

|eibf lkoekab` lkob`lk`dab` le`db` bzb {b`d meeab k`dkàb`.

Oelbab` ze`dunkb` x|b|kx|ka le`db` me|gle unk C) lk mb`b |k`dab| xkd`kckab`

{b`d lkzegief ieokf aehki {ba`k xeoexb :)::: lbk x|b`lb xkd`kckab` {ba`k 5 % b|bu

:):5 lb` zeob`lk`db` b`|bb Cfk|u`d lb` C|boei) lk mb`b Cfk|u`d xeoexb ?;)5;6 ieokf

oexb lbk C|boei {ba`k ?)82) mbab lbzb| lkxkmzuiab` obftb Fb lk|ekmb b|bu aubik|bx

zeib{b`b` memkikak ze`dbuf {b`d xkd`kckab` |efblbz aezubxb` zeib`ddb`.

Nblk lbzb| lkxkmzuiab` obftb oelbxbab` |egk lb` fbxki x|b|kx|ka zeèik|kb`

oelbxbab` unk C) aubik|bx zeib{b`b` memkikak ze`dbuf {b`d xkd`kckab` |efblbz

aezubxb` nbxb.

5.5.< Unk |

Ze`dunkb` k`k u`|ua meikfb| xenbuf mb`b ze`dbuf xehbb xe`lkk-xe`lkk

sbkboei V |efblbz sbkboei [.

Oelbxbab` fbxki ze`dgibfb` le`db` zgdbm XZXX 28 mbab lk lbzb| fbxki

unk |) {b`d fbxki`{b lkb`daum zblb |boei oekau| k`k >


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8+ Meèè`|uab` |fk|u`d

Oelbxbab` |boei 5.25) mbab |fk|u`d u`|ua sbkboei _ebikokik|{ xeoexb

8)?88.

? = ?)5% &unk ? xkxk+ le`db` lerbnb|

aeoeobxb` &lc+ = à-2 b|bu 2::-5-2= ;


102/133

Bzbokib ak|b meibauab` b`bikxkx oelbxbab` fbxki ze`eik|kb` {b`d |elbzb| zblb

|boei 5.25) ak|b lbzb| meikfb| ze`dbuf ebikokik|{ le`db` memefb|kab` `kibk |fk|u`d

lb` |k`dab| xkd`kckab`xk lbk sbkboei |exeou|.

Oelbxbab` |boei 5.25) | fk|u`d u`|ua sbkboei ebikokik|{ xeoexb 8)?88. U`|ua

me`de|bfuk ze`dbuf sbkboei k`k le`db` me`ddu`bab` |fk|u`d) mbab ak|b fbux

memob`lk`dab` b`|bb |fk|u`d lb` ||boei. Bzbokib |fk|u`d 0 ||boei) mbab sbkboei |exeou|

zu`{b ze`dbuf |efblbz sbkboei leze`le`. U`|ua me`de|bfuk `kibk ||boei) mbab

lbzb| lkdu`bab` zexbmbbb` xeobdbk oekau|1 lc> ` a 2) lk mb`b ` meuzbab` |g|bi

xbmzei) a blbibf numibf sbkboei k`leze`le`. Nblk lc = 2:: 5 2= ;


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Lbk ze`neibxb` xehbb |egk lb` fbxki x|b|kx|ka lbk zeèik|kb`) lbzb|

lkxkmzuiab` obftb oe`b ebikokik|{ memkikak ze`dbuf xkd`kckab` |efblbz aezubxb`

zeib`ddb`.

Ib`dabf-ib`dabf meibauab` unk | u`|ua sbkboei _exzg`xkseèxx xeobdbk

oekau| >

2+ Fkzg|exkx

Fg? = Sbkboei _exzg`xkseèxx xehbb zbxkbi |klba memzu`{bk ze`dbuf


Fb? = Sbkboei _exzg`xkseèxx xehbb zbxkbi memzu`{bk ze`dbuf {b`d


?+ \k`dab| Xkd`kckab`

\k`dab| xkd`kckab` {b`d lkdu`bab` blbibf :):5 & = 5%+. Oerlbxbrab`

|boei 5.25 xkd`kckab`xk sbkboei _exzg`xkseèxx xeoexb :):


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? = ?)5% &unk ? xkxk+ le`db` lerbnb|aeoeobxb` &lc+ = `a-2 b|bu 2::-5-2= ;


105/133





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Ib`dabf-ib`dabf meibauab` unk | u`|ua sbkboeiBxxub`he xeobdbk oekau| >

2+ Fkzg|exkx

Fg8 = Sbkboei Bxxub`he xehbb zbxkbi |klba memzu`{bk ze`dbuf


Fb8 = Sbkboei Bxxub`he xehbb zbxkbi memzu`{bk ze`dbuf {b`d




|boei 5.25 xkd`kckab`xk sbkboei Bxxub`he xeoexb :)::: b|k`{b sbkboei

Bxxub`he ieokf oexb lbk |k`dab| xkd`kckab`xk xefk`ddb lbzb| lkab|bab`

obftb Fg lk|ekmb.


Oelbxbab` |boei 5.25) mbab |fk|u`d

u`|ua sbkboei Bxxub`he xeoexb

3)4;


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3+ Memob`lk`dab` |fk|u`d le`db` ||boei

@kibk |fk|u`d 0 ||boei&3)4;< 0 2);63+

Oelbxbab` |egk) lkneibxab` obftbBxxub`he meuzbab` obdkb` lbk aubik|bx

zeib{b`b`. Lk mb`b Bxxub`he &nbmk`b`+ meuzbab` ze`de|bfub`) aembmzub`)

aexgzb`b`) lb` xkcb| lbzb| lkzehb{b {b`d lkmkikak zbb ab{btb` u`|ua memob`|u

zbb zeib`ddb`. Xembak` |k`ddk nbmk`b` {b`d lkoekab`) mbab |k`dab| aezubxb`

zeib`ddb` bab` me`k`dab|. Fbi k`k |enblk abe`b zeib`ddb` mebxb obftb zeib{b`b`

{b`d meeab lbzb|ab` xexubk le`db` fbbzb``{b.


|boei 5.25) ak|b lbzb| meikfb| ze`dbuf Bxxub`he le`db` memefb|kab` `kibk |fk|u`d

lb` |k`dab| xkd`kckab`xk lbk sbkboei |exeou|.

Oelbxbab` |boei 5.25) | fk|u`d u`|ua sbkboeiBxxub`he xeoexb 3)4; ` a 2) lk mb`b ` meuzbab` |g|bi



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lkxkmzuiab` obftb sbkboei Bxxub`he memkikak ze`dbuf |efblbz aezubxb`

zeib`ddb`.

Oelbxbab` |k`dab| xkd`kckab`xk) bzbokib |k`dab| xkd`kckab`xk oeblb lk obtbf

b|bu ieokf aehki lbk 5%) mbab sbkboei |exeou| oeze`dbuf |efblbz sbkboei

leze`le` lb` oedk|uzuib xeobika`{b. Lbk fbxki ze`eik|kb` lkzegief |k`dab|

xkd`kckab`xk xeoexb :)::: b|bu :%. Nblk lbzb| lkab|bab` obftb |k`dab| xkd`kckab`xk

sbkboei Bxxub`he oeblb lkobtbf x|b`lb) b|k`{b sbkboei k`k memkikak ze`dbuf

|efblbz sbkboei leze`le`.


lkxkmzuiab` obftb oe`bBxxub`he memkikak ze`dbuf xkd`kckab` |efblbz aezubxb`

zeib`ddb`.

Ib`dabf-ib`dabf meibauab` unk | u`|ua sbkboeiEmzfb|{ xeobdbk oekau| >

2+ Fkzg|exkx

Fg< = Sbkboei Emzfb|{ xehbb zbxkbi |klba memzu`{bk ze`dbuf {b`d


Fb< = Sbkboei Emzfb|{ xehbb zbxkbi memzu`{bk ze`dbuf {b`d




|boei 5.25 xkd`kckab`xk sbkboei Emzfb|{ xeoexb :)::: b|k`{b sbkboei


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|boei 5.25) ak|b lbzb| meikfb| ze`dbufEmzfb|{ le`db` memefb|kab` `kibk |fk|u`d lb`

|k`dab| xkd`kckab`xk lbk sbkboei |exeou|.

Oelbxbab` |boei 5.25) |fk|u`d u`|ua sbkboei Emzfb|{ xeoexb Q-4)556]. U`|ua







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lkxkmzuiab` obftb oe`b Emzfb|{ memkikak ze`dbuf xkd`kckab` |efblbz aezubxb`

zeib`ddb`.

Ib`dabf-ib`dabf meibauab` unk | u`|ua sbkboei \b`dkoie xeobdbk oekau| >

2+ Fkzg|exkx

Fg5 = Sbkboei \b`dkoie xehbb zbxkbi |klba memzu`{bk ze`dbuf {b`d


Fb5 = Sbkboei \b`dkoie xehbb zbxkbi memzu`{bk ze`dbuf {b`d




|boei 5.25 xkd`kckab`xk sbkboei \b`dkoie xeoexb :)::2 b|k`{b sbkboei

\b`dkoieieokf oexb lbk |k`dab| xkd`kckab`xk xefk`ddb lbzb| lkab|bab`

obftb Fg lk|ekmb.


Oelbxbab` |boei 5.25) mbab |fk|u`d u`|ua sbkboei \b`dkoie xeoexb 8)84;.

? = ?)5% &unk ? xkxk+ le`db` lerbnb|

aeoeobxb` &lc+ = `a-2 b|bu 2::-5-2= ;


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5+ Ak|ekb ze`dunkb`

Fg lk|ekmb nkab ||boei |fk|u`d ||boei

Fg lk|giba nkab |fk|u`d 9 -||boei ' |fk|u`d 0 ||boei

3+ Memob`lk`dab` |fk|u`d le`db` ||boei

@kibk |fk|u`d 0 ||boei&8)84; 0 2);63+

Oelbxbab` |egk) lkneibxab` obftb \b`dkoie meuzbab` obdkb` lbk aubik|bx

zeib{b`b`. Lk mb`b \b`dkoie meuzbab` oua|k ckxka lbk zeuxbfbb` oeuzb ze`b|bb`

k`|ekg) aebzkb` lb` aeoexkfb` xe|b |ef`gigdk {b`d hb`ddkf. Xembak` me`luau`d

ag`lkxk ckxka zeuxbfbb` mbab |k`dab| aezubxb` zeib`ddb` bab` me`k`dab|. Fbi k`k

|enblk abe`b zeib`ddb` mebxb obftb zeib{b`b` {b`d meeab lbzb|ab` xexubk

le`db` fbbzb``{b.


|boei 5.25) ak|b lbzb| meikfb| ze`dbuf \b`dkoie le`db` memefb|kab` `kibk |fk|u`d

lb`

|k`dab| xkd`kckab`xk lbk sbkboei |exeou|.

Oelbxbab` |boei 5.25) |fk|u`d u`|ua sbkboei Emzfb|{ xeoexb 8)84;. U`|ua







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ak|b ikfb| zblb |boei | zblb lc ;


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xeze|k ae|ezb|b` tba|u okib oenb`nk) nunu lbibm zeib{b`b` lb` oeuxbfb

me`dfk`lbk aexbibfb`. Fbi k`k oeb|k zeuxbfbb` memoekab` nbxb`{b xehbb |ezb|

xeme`nba xbb| ze|bmb. Aeb`lbib` lk xk`k meuzbab` xenbuf mb`b zbb ab{btb` okxb

xehbb hezb| |b`ddbz lbibm membfbmk lb` me`db|bxk zembxbibfb` {b`d lkfblbzk

gief zbb zeib`ddb`. Xembak` fb`lbi fbxki {b`d lkzeikfb|ab` gief zbb ab{btb`

mbab zembxbibfb` {b`d lkfblbzk gief zbb zeib`ddb` bab` hezb| |exeiexbkab`.

Xembak` |k`ddk |k`dab| aeb`lbib` Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ _b{g` Mbabxxb \kmu) mbab

bab` meme`dbufk aezubxb` zeib`ddb`.

?. Ze`dbuf sbkboei _exzg`xkse`exx &Ae|b`ddbzb`+ |efblbz aezubxb`zeib`ddb`.

_exzg`xkse`exx &Ae|b`ddbzb`+ oeze`dbuf xkd`kckab` |efblbz aezubxb`

zeib`ddb`. Lb{b |b`ddbz meuzbab` aek`dk`b` zbb ab{btb` Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+

_b{g` Mbabxxb \kmu u`|ua memob`|u zbb zeib`ddb` lb` memoekab` zeib{b`b`

le`db` |b`ddbz) xeze|k xkbz memob`|u zeib`ddb`) aehezb|b` lbibm zeib{b`b` lb`

agmu`kabxk {b`d ib`hb. Lb{b |b`ddbz lk xk`k lbzb| oeb|k exzg` b|bu aexkdbzb`

ab{btb` lbibm memob`|u zeib`ddb` lb` memoekab` zeib{b`b` {b`d hezb|.

Xembak` |k`ddk lb{b |b`ddbz {b`d lkzeikfb|ab` gief zbb ab{btb` mbab

zembxbibfb` {b`d lkfblbzk gief zbb zeib`ddb` bab` hezb| |exeiexbkab`. Xembak`

|k`ddk |k`dab| lb{b |b`ddbz Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ _b{g` Mbabxxb \kmu) mbab bab`

meme`dbufk aezubxb` zeib`ddb`.


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8. Ze`dbuf sbkboei Bxxub`he &Nbmk`b`+ |efblbz aezubxb` zeib`ddb`.Bxxub`he &Nbmk`b`+ oeze`dbuf xkd`kckab` |efblbz aezubxb` zeib`ddb`.

Nbmk`b` meuzbab` ze`de|bfub`) aembmzub`) aexgzb`b`) lb` xkcb| lbzb| lkzehb{b

{b`d lkmkikak zbb ab{btb` Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ _b{g` Mbabxxb \kmu u`|ua

memob`|u zbb zeib`ddb`) xeze|k zeib{b`b` xgzb`) |bmzki lbibm meibaxb`bab`

|udbx lb` ze`de|bfub` memblbk. Xembak` |k`ddk nbmk`b` {b`d lkzeikfb|ab` gief

zbb ab{btb` Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ _b{g` Mbabxxb \kmu) mbab bab` meme`dbufk

aezubxb` zeib`ddb`.


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lb` aeib`hbb` lbibm memoekab` zeib{b`b` aezblb xe|kbz zeib`ddb`. Fbi k`k lbzb|

lkikfb| lbk xeobdkb` oexb exzg`le` {b`d me`{b|bab` zexe|unub``{b) b|k`{b

ag`lkxk ckxka zblb Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ _b{g` Mbabxxb \kmu xulbf xexubk le`db`

aek`dk`b` zeib`ddb`. Xembak` me`luau`d ag`lkxk ckxka lk Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ _b{g`

Mbabxxb \kmu) mbab bab` meme`dbufk aezubxb` zeib`ddb`.


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OBO SK

ZE@U\UZ

3.2. Aexkmzuib`

Lbk fbxki ze`eik|kb` {b`d lkibauab` zblb obo xeoeium`{b) lbzb| lk|bka

oeoebzb aexkmzuib` xeobdbk oekau| >

2. Fbxki ze`eik|kb` me`de`bk b`bikxkx ze`dbuf aubik|bx zeib{b`b` |efblbz

aezubxb` zeib`ddb` zblb Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ _b{g` Mbabxxb \kmu ) lbzb|

lkoub| oeoebzb aexkmzuib` xeobdbk oekau| >

Zexbmbb` edexk [ =


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?. Lbk ikmb sbkboei {b`d meme`dbufk aezubxb` zeib`ddb` Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+

_b{g` Mbabxxb \kmu) sbkboei {b`d zbik`d lgmk`b` blbibf sbkboei

Bxxub`he &Nbmk`b`+ oelbxbab` fbxki unk |. Sbkboei Bxxub`he &Nbmk`b`+

memzu`{bk `kibk |fk|u`d &3)4;

2. Bxxub`he memzu`{bk ze`dbuf |eoexb |efblbz aezubxb` zeib`ddb`.

K`lkab|g nbmk`b` {b`d lgmk`b` blbibf ab{btb` |bmzki lb` memzu`{bk

ze`de|bfub` {b`d memblbk. U`|ua k|u xeobka`{b) ab{btb` |e|bz

memze|bfb`ab` zgib aenb xeibmb k`k) {bk|u |bmzki lb` xe`b`|kbxb |e|bz

me`k`dab|ab` ze`de|bfub``{b {b`d xbibf xb|u`{b lbzb| lkzegief meibiuk

oeobdbk zeib|kfb` {b`d lkblbab` gief zeuxbfbb`.

?. _exzg`xkse`exx memzu`{bk ze`dbuf |eoexb aelub |efblbz aezubxb`

zeib`ddb`. K`lkab|g lb{b |b`ddbz {b`d lgmk`b` blbibf aehezb|b` ab{btb`

lbibm meib{b`k aeze`|k`db` zeib`ddb` xe|b aembmzub` lb` aembub`

ab{btb` me`nbik` agmu`kabxk. U`|ua k|u) xeobka`{b ab{btb` ieokf hezb|

lbibm meib{b`k zeib`ddb`) xeze|k zeiu blb obdkb` hux|gme xeskhe {b`d

oe|udbx me`db|bxk aeiufb` b|bu zembxbibfb` {b`d lkfblbzk zeib`ddb` xe|b


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oe|udbx memoekab` k`cgmbxk aezblb zeib`ddb` {b`d oeabk|b` le`db`

zemob{bb` |bdkfb`) lb` ab{btb` {b`d oe|udbx lk obdkb` hux|gme xeskhe

fbux memzu`{bk aembmzub` agmu`kabxk {b`d obka xefk`ddb okxb ib`hb

lbibm oeagmu`kabxk le`db` zeib`ddb`.

8. \b`dkoie memzu`{bk ze`dbuf |eoexb ae|kdb |efblbz aezubxb` zeib`ddb`.

K`lkab|g oua|k ckxka {b`d lgmk`b` blbibf ub`d k`|ekg lb` eax|ekg lb`

aeoexkfb` ub`d zeib{b`b`. U`|ua k|u xeobka`{b lbibm meibauab` ze`b|bb`

k`|ekg lb` eax|ekg |e|bzk bzk) xeze|k) auxk u`|ua |emzb| lulua zeib`ddb`

lk|b|b xehbb ze obkx xefk`ddb ieokf bzk xe|b xe|kbz ub`db` xeibiu

lkoexkfab` xe|kbz xbb| bdb |eikfb| oexkf lb` me`ddu`bab` |ea`gigdk {b`d

ieokf hb`ddkf lbibm memoekab` zeib{b`b` xeze|k ze`ddu`bb` `gmg

b`|kb` xehbb eiea|g`ka.


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LBC\B_ ZUX\BAB

Cb`l{ \nkz|g`g) # Dedgkux Hfb`lb ?::3) Mb`bneme` Zeib{b`b` Nbxb) Zeèok|

B`lk) [gd{bab|b.

Cell{ _b`dau|k) ?:: Fe`lb \eduf) _g``{ B`|g`kux _uxik) Ze`{u`|k`d

> Bdux Fbxb` Zub B`ddbtknb{b) Mb`bneme` Zembxbb` &Mbae|k`d

Mb`bdeme`| ;e+) Elkxk K`lgèxkb Nkikl Xb|u) Zefbiik`lg) Nbab|b.

------------- # De{ Bmx|g`d) 2;;4) Bikf Obfbxb> Bievb`le Xk`lgg) Ze`{u`|k`d>

Oe`{bmk` Mgib`) Lbxb-lbxb Zembxbb`) Elkxk Nkikl Lub) Zefbiik`lg)

Nbab|b.

------------) Xtee Fgg` B`d) Xket Me`d Ieg`d) # Hfk` \kg`d \b`) ?:: êk` Kxb) Ze`{u`|k`d> \k Mbdb`k`dxkf) Mb`bneme` Zembxbb` >

Zexzea|kc Bxkb) Elkxk Ae|kdb Nkikl Xb|u) Z\. K@LEAX Aeigmzga

D_BMELKB) Nbab|b.


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----------- ?::4) Bikf Obfbxb > Oe`{bmk` Mgib`) Ze`{u`|k`d> Obmob`d Xbtknk)

Mb`bneme` Zembxbb`) Elkxk 2? Nkikl 2) Z\. K@LEAX) Nbab|b.

---------- ?::6) Bikf Obfbxb`> Oe`{bmk` Mgib`) Ze`{u`|k`d> Obmob`d Xbtknk)

Mb`bneme` Zembxbb`) elkxk 2? Nkikl ?) Z\. K@LEAX) Nbab|b.

Auxtblk) ?::


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123/133

Aezblb[|f >Obzba'Kou'Xl'k _exzg`le`

Xbibm xenbf|eb)

Lbibm b`dab ze`{eiexbkb` x|ulk zblb xeoubf zeduub` |k`ddk lk Mbabxxb) le`db`

okglb|b xeobdbk oekau| >

@bmb > Uhfka \kxtb`lbk

@KM > B?22 :4 4??

Bibmb| > Ni. K. Xu|bmk Og`|gb U|bb @g. 32

@g. \eiz > :

B@BIKXKX ZE@DB_UF AUBIK\BX ZEIB[B@B@ NBXB \E_FBLBZ

AEZUBXB@ ZEIB@DDB@ ZBLB Z\. ZI@ &ZE_XE_G+ _B[G@

MBABXXB_ \KMU_.

Xb`db| me`dfbbzab` zb|kxkzbxk b`lb u`|ua lbzb| meiub`dab` xelkak| tba|u lb`

lbzb| memob`|u xb{b lbibm me`nbtbo oeoebzb ze|b`{bb`.

Blbzu` ze|b`{bb` me`de`bk kle`|k|bx exzg`le` {b`d blb lk lbibm auexkg`e k`k

oexkcb| ze|b`{bb` |e|u|uz) mbab kle`|k|bx exzg`le` bab` lkbfbxkbab`.

Ze|u`nua ze`dkxkb` >

2. Kle`|k|bx _exzg`le`

Nbtboibf ze|b`{bb` lk obtbf k`k le`db` me`dkx k|k|ka-|k|ka {b`d blb b|bu

memoekab` |b`lb oe`b &+ zblb nbtbob` {b`d lkzkikf.?. Ze|b`{bb` Me`de`bk Aubik|bx Zeib{b`b`

Kxkibf ze|b`{bb` le`db` memoe |b`lb oe`b &+ zblb nbtbob` {b`d me`uru|b`lb oe`b.

2 = Xb`db|\klbaXe|unu &X\X+? = \klbaXe|unu &\X+8 = @e|bi &@+


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XU_SE[ ZE@DUAU_B@ \K@DAB\ AEZUBXB@

ZEIB@DDB@ Z\. ZI@ &ZE_XE_G+ _B[G@ MBABXXB_ \KMU_

Kle`|k|bx_exzg`le`Nbtboibf ze|b`{bb` lk obtbf k`k le`db` me`dkxk k|k|ka-|k|ka {b`d blb b|bu

memoekab` |b`lb oe`b &+ zblb nbtbob` {b`d lkzkikf.

2. Ne`kxAeibmk` > b. Zkb

o. Tb`k|b

?. Ze`lklkab`\ebafk > b. XL

o. XMZ

h. XMB

l. Xbnb`b 2

e. Zbxhbxbnb`b

8. Zgcexk'Zeaenbb`B`lb > b. Zeibnb'Mbfbxkxtb

o. Zedbtbk'Ab{btb`

h. Tkbxtbx|b

l. Ibk`-ibk`

b. 9 _z. 5:.:::

o. _z. 5:.::: _z. 2::.:::

h. _z. 2::.::: _z. 25:.:::

l. 0_z. 25:.:::

5. Zemblbmb` Ikx|ka ze ouib` > b. 2 Abik

o. ? Abik

h. 8 Abik

l. < Abik

e. Ibk``{b


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LBC\B_ ZE_\B@[BB@

B. _EBIKOKIK\[@G. ZE_\B@[BB@ XX X HX \X X\X

2. Ba|ksbxk 'edkx|bxk zeib`ddb` xexubk

le`db` tba|u {b`d |eibf lk|e|bzab`

xe|eibf iu`bx memob{b zex{bb|b`

?. Zeib{b`b` ze`dblub` hezb| lb` fb`lbi

8. K`cg |bdkfb`'okiik`d xexubk le`db`

zembabkb`


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C. AEZUBXB@ ZEIB@DDB@

@G. ZE_\B@[BB@ XX X HX \X X\X

2. Meùu| abmk xeibmb k`k Z\. ZI@

&Zexeg+ memoekab` zeib{b`b` nbxb

zeèb`db` {b`d memubxab` xexubk

le`db` {b`d lkfbbzab`

?. Meùu| abmk Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+

memzu`{bk nbk`db` {b`d huauz iubx lb`

|enb`dabu

8. Zkfba Z\. ZI@ &Zexeg+ xeibiu

me`b`ddbzk aeiufb` abmk le`db` hezb|

lb` |ezb|.


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@ g_EBIKOKIK\[ _EXZG@XKSE@ EXX BXXU_B@ HE EM ZFB \[ \B@ DKOIE AEZUBXB@ ZEIB@DDB@

2 ? 8 < \G\BI 2 ? 8 < \G\BI 2 ? 8 < \G\BI 2 ? 8 < \G\BI 2 ? 8 < \G\BI 2 ? 8 < \G\BI

2 < < < 5 24 < < < 5 24 < < < 8 25 < < < < 23 5 8 < 5 24 < < 5 ? 25

? < < < ? 2< < 5 8 < 23 < < < 8 25 < 5 < ? 25 < 8 5 < 23 5 < < 8 23

8 < < < < 23 5 < < < 24 5 5 < < 26 < < 8 8 2< < < 5 5 26 5 ? < 5 23

< < < < 5 24 5 < ? < 25 < < < < 23 8 8 < < 2< < < 5 < 24 < ? ? 5 28

5 < < < < 23 < < < 5 24 5 < 5 5 2; < < < < 23 < < < < 23 8 8 8 8 2?

3 < 8 8 < 2< < < < < 23 < < < < 23 8 < 8 < 2< < < < 8 25 < 8 < < 25

4 < < 5 5 26 < < < 8 25 < 5 < < 24 8 5 5 < 24 < < < 5 24 < 8 5 ? 2

analisis pengaruh kualitas pelayanan jasa terhadap kepuasan pelanggan pada pt. pln (persero) rayon...

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